Computer

Networks

Hamayun Khan
Lecturer CS & IT
Superior University, Lahore
hamayun.khan@superior.edu.pk
IP V4 Subnetting
Quotes of the day
⚫ Rabi Zidni Elma.
⚫ Aay ALLAH mairy Elam main izafa kr.

⚫ Seek of knowledge from cradle to the

grave.
So Far we Study in IPv4
⚫ Header
⚫ Address format
⚫ Classful IP Address
⚫ Class A
⚫ 0 to 127
⚫ Class B
⚫ 128 to 191
⚫ Class C
⚫ 192 to 223
⚫ Class D
⚫ 224 to 239
⚫ Class E
⚫ 240 to 255
Routing
⚫ The data communication is done through
the Network id (1st part) of an IP Address.
⚫ The data is reach first to the destination
network (using Network id) and then to
that particular host (Destination) in that
network (using Host id).
Network Address and Network
Mask
⚫ Network Address: The First address of a
Network is the network address of that
network, which specify the network.
⚫ All the data communication in WAN is done
through the Network address, so that the
data first reach to network and then to Host.
⚫ Network Mask: A network mask or a default
mask in classful addressing with n leftmost bits
all set to 1s and (32 − n) rightmost bits all set to
0s.
Default Network Masks
Network Address
⚫ To extract the network address from the
destination address of a packet, a router
uses the AND operation.
⚫ When the destination address (or any
address in the block) is ANDed with the
default mask, the result is the network
address.
⚫ AND Operation:
⚫ 1 AND 1 = 1
⚫ 1 AND 0 = 0
⚫ 0 AND 1 = 0
⚫ 0 AND 0 = 0
 Example
⚫ Example: A router receives a packet with the
destination address 131.24.67.32. Show how the
router finds the network address of the packet.
⚫ Solution: Since the class of the address is B, the
router applies the default mask for class B,
255.255.0.0 to find the network address.
⚫ Dest. Add. : 10000011. 00011000. 01000011.
00100000
AND
⚫ Mask: 11111111.11111111.00000000.00000000
⚫ Net. Add. : 10000011. 00011000.
00000000.00000000
⚫ = 131.24.0.0
 Example
⚫ Example: A router receives a packet with the
destination address 131.24.67.32. Show how the
router finds the network address of the packet.
⚫ Solution: Since the class of the address is B, the
router applies the default mask for class B,
255.255.0.0 to find the network address.
Three-Level Addressing:
Subnetting
⚫ The IP addresses were originally designed with
two levels of addressing.
⚫ To reach a host on the Internet, we must first
reach the network and then the host.
⚫ It soon became clear that we need more than
two hierarchical levels, for two reasons.
⚫ First, an organization that was granted a block
in class A or B needed to divide its large
network into several subnetworks for better
security and management.
⚫ Second, the blocks in class A and B are larger
and most of the IP address then lost so class A
or B could divide the block into smaller
subblocks.
Subnetting
⚫ In subnetting, a network is divided into
several smaller sub-networks (subnets)
⚫ Each sub network having its own sub
network address.
⚫ For a network here we will use /n,
⚫ Where the “n” will show the length of
the network id.
Subnet Mask
⚫ The network mask is use when a network is
not subnetted.
⚫ When we divide a network to several sub
networks, we need to create a sub network
mask (or subnet mask) for each sub
network.
⚫ A sub network has subnet id and host id.
Subnet Mask Cont.
⚫ Subnetting increases the length of the net
id and decreases the length of host id.
⚫ When we divide a network to “s” number of
subnetworks, each of equal numbers of hosts,
⚫ we can calculate the subnetid for each
subnetwork.
 Subnet Mask cont.
⚫ For Example: Calculate a subnet mask for a
network 141.14.0.0/16. we want to make 4 sub
networks for this IP address uing subnet.
⚫ First we have to calculate Subnet Mask.
⚫ We need 4 networks so 22 = 4. so we require 2
more bits to add them in Network Id bits, so
now we have 16 + 2 = 18 network id bits.
⚫ So Subnet mask for this class B will now =
⚫ 11111111.11111111.11000000.00000000
⚫ OR: 255.255.192.0
Subnet Mask cont.
Subnetting Host IDs
⚫ Now we can further subdivide a single IP to
Sub networks through Subnetting.
⚫ In Each Subnet the First and Last IP
address will be reserved.
⚫ First IP Address will be the Network
Address for that small network (Sub
Network).
⚫ The Last IP address will be the Broadcast
Address for that small network (Sub
Network).
⚫ It mean that the a sub network will always
support to -2 sub host ids.
 Example (with out subnetting)
⚫ We have an IP address: 141.14.0.0
⚫ It is Class B IP address.
⚫ This network can have 216 = 65536 – 2 = 65534
Hosts.
⚫ It is a single Network.
Example (Using Subnetting)
⚫ We have an IP address: 141.14.0.0
⚫ It is Class B IP address.
⚫ This network can have 216 = 65536 – 2 =
65534 Hosts.
⚫ But we want to have let suppose 4 sub
networks of this single network
⚫ As 2n = 4 if n = 2, so 22 = 4
⚫ So we require 2 extra bits to add in the
network id bits.
Example Cont.
⚫ IP address: 141.14.0.0
⚫ Network ID: 141.14.0.0/16
⚫ 4 Networks = 2 bits
⚫ 141.14.0.0/18
⚫ Now we have 18 bits for Network id and the
remaining bits for host id = 32-18 = 14
⚫ So now we can make 4 networks and each
network will have 214 = 16384 – 2 = 16382
Hosts.
Example Cont.
⚫ IP address: 141.14.0.0
⚫ Binary :
10001101.00001110.00000000.0000000
⚫ Network Mask for Class B: 255.255.0.0
⚫ Or: 11111111.11111111.00000000.00000000
⚫ For Subnetting: for 4 sub networks
⚫ IP address: 141.14.0.0/18
⚫ Subnet Mask:
11111111.11111111.11000000.00000000
⚫ Or: 255.255.192.0
Example cont.
⚫ First Subnet:
⚫ IP address: 141.14.0.0/18
⚫ Hosts in each network 214 = 16384 – 2 =
16382
⚫ Range:
⚫ 141.14.0.0 to 141.14.63.255
⚫ 1st Subnet ID: 141.14.0.0/18
Example cont.
⚫ 2nd Subnet: Range:
⚫ 141.14.64.0 to 141.14.127.255
⚫ 2nd Subnet ID: 141.14.64.0/18
⚫ 3rd Subnet: Range:
⚫ 141.14.128.0 to 141.14.191.255
⚫ 3rd Subnet ID: 141.14.128.0/18
⚫ 4th Subnet: Range:
⚫ 141.14.192.0 to 141.14.255.255
⚫ 4th Subnet ID: 141.14.192.0/18
Example cont.
Example to Find the Subnet
Address of a host IP
⚫ A network is divided into four subnets.
Since one of the addresses in a subnet is
141.14.120.77, Find the subnet address.
⚫ Sol: As the IP is from Class B i.e.
141.14.120.77
⚫ Divided into 4 sub networks so 2 bits are
reserved.
⚫ So the subnet mask is
⚫ 11111111.11111111.11000000.00000000
⚫ Or: 255.255.192.0
Example Cont.
⚫ IP address: 141.14.120.77
⚫ Binary : 10001101.00001110.01111000.01001101
⚫ Subnet mask: 255.255.192.0
⚫ Or: 11111111.11111111.11000000.00000000
⚫ Subnet Address: IP AND subnet mask:
⚫ 10001101.00001110.01111000.01001101
AND
⚫ 11111111.11111111.11000000.00000000
⚫ Subnet Address:
⚫ 10001101.00001110.01000000.00000000
= 141.14.64.0
Example Cont.
Exercise
⚫ What is the subnet address if the IP
address is 19.30.84.5 and the mask is
255.255.192.0?
Solution
Exercise
⚫ A company is granted the IP address
201.70.64.0, The company needs six
subnets. Design the subnets.
Solution
⚫ The Address is of Class C: 201.70.64.0
⚫ The company needs six subnets. This number
6 is not a power of 2. The next number that is
a power of 2 is 8 (23).
⚫ We need 3 more 1s in the subnet mask. The
total number of 1s in the subnet mask is 27 (24
+ 3).
⚫ The total number of 0s is 5 (32 ‐ 27). The mask
is
11111111 11111111 11111111 11100000
Or 255.255.255.224
⚫ The number of subnets is 8.
⚫ The number of addresses in each subnet is 25
(5 is the number of 0s) = 32-2 = 30
Address Range
Exercise
⚫ A subnet has a subnet address of
141.14.64.0, find the address range in the
subnets if its subnet masks are
1. 255.255.224.0
2. 255.255.240.0
Solution
⚫ Subnet address : 141.14.64.0
⚫ Class B:
1. For 255.255.224.0
2. .11100000.00000000 total bits
are 5+8=13
As 224 = 128 + 64 + 32
So 3 bits are Reserved for Network and 5 for
host in 2nd Octat

Total Number of Hosts bits = 8 + 5 = 13

Because 2^n-2 is the formula of host
Total Number of Host = 213 = 8192 – 2 = 8190
Solution cont.
⚫ Subnet address : 141.14.64.0
⚫ Class B:
2. For 255.255.240.0
As 240 = 128 + 64 + 32 + 16
So 4 bits are Reserved for Network and 4
for host in 2nd Octat
Total Number of Hosts bits = 8 + 4 = 12
Total Number of Host = 212 = 4096 – 2 =
4092
Solution Cont.
Yet another Exercise
⚫ Mask 255.255.255.192
⚫ How many subnets are possible?
⚫ How many hosts are there in one subnet?
⚫ Is it possible to divide one of the subnet in
two? How?
Do it (Your Self as follow)
Home Work
⚫ Do your self of book chapter No. 5
⚫ Do the examples and exercise.

⚫ Book Name: TCP – IP protocol suite

⚫ By: Behrouz A. Forouzan