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    Quantum Computing: Exercise Sheet 1: Steven Herbert and Anuj Dawar

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    Juan Diego
    This document contains an exercise sheet on quantum computing concepts with 14 questions. The questions cover topics such as: - Possible qubit states and their measurement probabilities - Operations on multi-qubit systems such as measurement and unitary transformations - Matrix representations of operators like the Hadamard gate and Pauli matrices - Properties of unitary operations and entangled states - Distinguishing quantum states using the Helstrom-Holevo bound - How quantum cloning could violate the no-signalling principle

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    Quantum Computing: Exercise Sheet 1: Steven Herbert and Anuj Dawar

    Uploaded by

    Juan Diego
    68 views2 pages
    This document contains an exercise sheet on quantum computing concepts with 14 questions. The questions cover topics such as: - Possible qubit states and their measurement probabilities - Operations on multi-qubit systems such as measurement and unitary transformations - Matrix representations of operators like the Hadamard gate and Pauli matrices - Properties of unitary operations and entangled states - Distinguishing quantum states using the Helstrom-Holevo bound - How quantum cloning could violate the no-signalling principle

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    This document contains an exercise sheet on quantum computing concepts with 14 questions. The questions cover topics such as: - Possible qubit states and their measurement probabilities - Operations on multi-qubit systems such as measurement and unitary transformations - Matrix representations of operators like the Hadamard gate and Pauli matrices - Properties of unitary operations and entangled states - Distinguishing quantum states using the Helstrom-Holevo bound - How quantum cloning could violate the no-signalling principle

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    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as pdf or txt
    68 views2 pages

    Quantum Computing: Exercise Sheet 1: Steven Herbert and Anuj Dawar

    Uploaded by

    Juan Diego
    This document contains an exercise sheet on quantum computing concepts with 14 questions. The questions cover topics such as: - Possible qubit states and their measurement probabilities - Operations on multi-qubit systems such as measurement and unitary transformations - Matrix representations of operators like the Hadamard gate and Pauli matrices - Properties of unitary operations and entangled states - Distinguishing quantum states using the Helstrom-Holevo bound - How quantum cloning could violate the no-signalling principle

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    Quantum Computing: Exercise Sheet 1

    Steven Herbert and Anuj Dawar

    1. Which of the following are possible states of a qubit?

    (a) √1 (|0i + |1i)


    2
    √
    3 1
    (b) 2 |1i − 2 |0i
    (c) 0.7|0i + 0.3|1i
    (d) 0.8|0i + 0.6|1i
    (e) cos θ|0i + i sin θ|1i
    (f) cos2 θ|0i − sin2 θ|1i
    (g) 21 + 2i |0i + 21 − 2i |1i
     

    For each valid state among the above, give the probabilities of observing |0i and |1i when the
    system is measured in the standard computational basis.
    What are the probabilities of the two outcomes when the state is measured in the basis
    √1 (|0i + |1i), √1 (|0i − |1i)?
    2 2

    2. A two-qubit system is in the following state


    1
    √ (|00i + 2i|01i − 3|10i − 4i|11i)
    30
    The first qubit is measured and observed to be 1. What is the state of the system after the
    measurement? What is the probability that a subsequent measurement of the second qubit
    will observe a 1?
       
    1 1 −1 0 −i
    3. Find the eigenvalues and associated eigenvectors of √2 and .
    1 1 i 0
    4. Uniqueness of dimension: Suppose that |v1 i, . . . , |vn i is a basis for V . Let |u1 i, . . . , |un+1 i be
    any collection of n + 1 vectors. Show that they cannot all be linearly independent, i.e. one
    of them must be expressible as a linear combination of the others.
       
    1 1 −1 0 −i
    5. Express each of the two linear operators √2 and as a linear combination of
    1 1 i 0
    outer products of computational basis vectors.

    6. Show that the Hadamard matrix and the three Pauli matrices are unitary.

    7. If I is the 2-dimensional identity matrix and H is the Hadamard operator, give matrix rep-
    resentations of the operators I ⊗ H and H ⊗ I.

    8. Let |ψi = α0 + β|1i, if |ψi is measured using measurement operators M0 = |0ih0| and
    M1 = |1ih1| verify that p(M0 ) = |α|2 and p(M1 ) = |β|2 .

    1
    9. Show that unitary operations are norm preserving. That is, if U is unitary, then the norm of
    U |ψi equals the norm of |ψi, for all |ψi.

    10. For the Pauli matrices X, Y and Z, show that XY = iZ.

    11. Suppose a two-qubit system is in the state 0.8|00i + 0.6|11i. A Pauli X gate (i.e. a NOT
    gate) is applied to the second qubit and a measurement performed (on each qubit) in the
    computational basis. What are the probabilities of the possible measurement outcomes?

    12. Show that the entangled state √1 (|00i + |11i) cannot be expressed as a tensor product of two
    2
    single qubit states.
    Hint: start with a general expression of a tensor product of two single qubit states, (α|0i +
    β|1i)(γ|0i + δ|1i) and multiply out.

    13. We wish to distinguish two quantum states:


    √
    3
    • In the first case, the state is either |0i or 2 |0i + 21 |1i.
    √
    3
    • In the second case, the state is either |0i or 12 |0i + 2 |1i

    Which of these cases do you expect to be able to distinguish with higher probability. Verify
    your answer using the Helstrom-Holevo bound.

    14. Describe (qualitatively) how, if cloning were possible, then the no-signalling principle could
    be violated.

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