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Hereditary Notes:: Types of Chromosomes

DNA contains hereditary information stored in genes and is housed in chromosomes found in the cell nucleus. Chromosomes exist in pairs and are passed down, one from each parent. They can be autosomes or sex chromosomes, determining sex. Cells undergo mitosis, dividing nucleus and cytoplasm to produce two identical daughter cells through the phases of prophase, metaphase, anaphase and telophase. Meiosis produces gametes with half the normal chromosome number for sexual reproduction.

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Claudine Cabanero Caballero
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35 views

Hereditary Notes:: Types of Chromosomes

DNA contains hereditary information stored in genes and is housed in chromosomes found in the cell nucleus. Chromosomes exist in pairs and are passed down, one from each parent. They can be autosomes or sex chromosomes, determining sex. Cells undergo mitosis, dividing nucleus and cytoplasm to produce two identical daughter cells through the phases of prophase, metaphase, anaphase and telophase. Meiosis produces gametes with half the normal chromosome number for sexual reproduction.

Uploaded by

Claudine Cabanero Caballero
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Hereditary Notes:

DNA
❖ A double stranded, helical nucleic acid.
❖ There are 4 different bases (parts/building
❖ blocks) that make up DNA.
❖ Adenine, Guanine, Thymine, and Cytosine. Often referred to as A’s,
G’s, T’s, and C’s
❖ Stores your hereditary information, it stores the information for your
genes!!
❖ Deoxyribonucleic Acid

Gene
● The basic physical and functional unit of heredity
● A portion of DNA that codes for a protein

Chromosomes
● are thread-like structures located inside the nucleus of animal and
plant cells.
● Found in the nucleus.
● Chromosomes are really just the form DNA
● Humans have 46 chromosomes.
● One set of 23 chromosomes from mom.
● One set of 23 chromosomes from dad.
● Human Chromosomes

Types of Chromosomes:
● Autosomes = Body chromosomes or non sex chromosomes (
humans have 44 or 22 pairs)
● Sex Chromosomes = XX or XY (23rd pair for humans) determines the
sex of the offspring
● XX- Female
● XY- Male
Types of Chromosomes based on the position of centromere:

Chromatid:
● Two exact copies of a chromosome that are connected together.
● The point where they are connected near the middle is called the
centromere.
● Chromatids are made when new cells are going to be made.

Eukaryotic Chromosome Structure:


■ Chromosomes are only visible when a cell is dividing so we usually see
them in their double-stranded form.

Diploid (2n) ​: two sets of chromosomes


● Found in all the non-sex cells or autosomes of an organism's body
(with a few exceptions).
● Examples include humans (46), crayfish (200), etc.

Haploid (n):​ contains one set of chromosomes.


● In the life cycle of many animals, only sperm and egg cells(sex cells)
have the haploid number.
● Examples include humans (23), crayfish (100), etc.

Vocabulary
● Gamete​: sex cells= sperm or egg
● Fusion of gametes forms a zygote.
● A zygote always has a full or diploid (2n) number of chromosomes
- A fertilized egg cell. (sperm + egg)

Homologous Chromosomes

- are made up of ​chromosome pairs​ of approximately the same


length, centromere position, and staining pattern, for genes with the
same corresponding loci. One ​homologous chromosome​ is
inherited from the organism's mother; the other is inherited from the
organism's father.
• Chromosomes containing the same type of genetic information
• one comes from male parent, one comes from female parent
- The first 22 pairs of homologous chromosomes are called
autosomes or autosomal chromosomes.
- The 23rd pair of chromosomes determines the sex of the
individual and are called sex chromosomes.

- The sex chromosomes of a female are XX.


- The sex chromosomes of a male are XY

Cell cycle
- The sequence of growth and division of a cell

2 major Phase
- Interphase
- Mitosis
Interphase
● the stage in the life cycle of a cell where the cell grows and DNA
together with the organelles replicated , nucleus split into 2
● 93% of a cell’s life is spent in interphase.
● 3 phases

– G1 phase​ = cells do most of their growing


• Increase in size and synthesize new proteins and organelles

– S phase ​= chromosomes are replicated and the synthesis and DNA


molecules takes place
• Usually if a cell enters S phase and begins replication, it completes
the rest of the cycle

– G2 phase​ = many of the organelles and molecules required for cell


division are produced
• Shortest of the 3 phases of interphase
Chromosomes
• ​Chromatin​ - granular material visible within the nucleus; consists of
DNA tightly coiled around proteins
• ​Chromatid -​ one of two identical “sister” parts of a duplicated
chromosome
• ​Centromere​ - an area where the chromatids are attached to one
another
Cell Division

Is the process where cells divides, producing 2 daughter cells


– Each daughter cell is an exact replica of the parent cell

2 types
- Mitosis
- Meiosis

Mitosis
2 Stages
1. Mitosis​- division of the nucleus into two identical cell nuclei.
• In some Human cells, interphases last 16 hours, while mitosis lasts only 2
hours.
2. Cytokinesis​- division of the cytoplasm

Mitosis is Divided into 4 phases:


❏ Prophase
❏ Metaphase
❏ Anaphase
❏ Telophase
• Followed with Cytokinesis

A. Prophase
• 1st and longest phase of mitosis
• ​Events:
– Chromosomes become visible
– Centrioles separate and move to opposite sides of the cell
– Chromosomes become attached to fibers in the spindle at the centromere
– Chromosomes coil more tightly
– Nucleolus disappears
– Nuclear envelope breaks down

B. Metaphase
• Often lasts only a few minutes
• ​Events:
– Chromosomes line up across the center of the cell
– Microtubules connect the centromere of each chromosome to the two
poles of the spindle

C. Anaphase
• Centromeres split
• Sister chromatids separate and move to opposite poles
• Anaphase ends when chromosomes stop moving

D. Telophase
• Chromosomes begin to disperse into a chromatin
• Nuclear envelope re-forms around each cluster of chromosomes
• Spindle begins to break apart
• Nucleolus becomes visible

E. Cytokinesis
• Occurs at the same time as telophase

• ​Animal cells:
– Cell membrane is drawn inward until the cytoplasm is pinched into 2
nearly equal parts

• Plant cells:
– Cell plate forms midway between the divided nuclei
– Cell wall begins to appear in the cell plate

• Result? 2 new identical cells

Mitosis​: occurs in body cells/somatic cells


- produces genetically identical cells
- results in diploid (2n) cells
Ex​.46 chromosomes in humans
- takes place throughout an organism’s lifetime

Cell cycle Importance: Mitosis


1.development of embryos
2.growth and development of our bodies
3.Production of new cells
4.Replacement of cells that are old, lost or damaged

Note: cells normally dies( apoptosis: cell death)


Uncontrolled Cell Growth
● Cancer- disorder in which some of the body’s own cells lose the
ability to control growth
● Cancer cells do not respond to the signals that regulate the growth of
most cells

Meiosis
is a process where a single cell divides twice to produce four cells
containing half the original amount of genetic information. These cells are
our sex cells – sperm in males, eggs in females.

• Diploid (2n) → haploid (n)


• Meiosis is sexual reproduction.
• Has two divisions (meiosis I and meiosis II).
• Sex cells divide to produce gametes (sperm or egg).
• Gametes have half the # of chromosomes.
• Occurs only in gonads (testes or ovaries).
- Male: spermatogenesis
- Female: oogenesis
• Meiosis is similar to mitosis with some chromosomal differences.

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