Banaras Hindu University,: Faculty of Law

BANARAS HINDU UNIVERSITY,
FACULTY OF LAW
SESSION 2020-25 (BA.LLB 1st Semester)
ECONOMICS ASSIGNMENT:” INDIFFERENCE CURVE”
SUBMITTED BY: SUBMITTED TO:
SHIVANGI SINGH :20225BLT020 DR. BAGISHA SUMAN

CONTEMPORARY CHALLENGES BY THE NATION-STATE
SYSTEM
A large body of people united by common descent, history, culture, or language,
inhabiting a particular state or territory is called a nation.
A state is an organised political community living under a single system of
government and may or may not be sovereign. With these terminologies clear we
can now focus on the concept of a ‘nation-state’ that stresses on people, living in a
particular state, having or sharing the same history, tradition and language.
The process of formation of nation state started in Europe as early as the sixteenth
century. The earlier nation states were largely monarchies. Bonds of nationality
and language, strengthened natural boundaries, grouped the feudal fragments into
more and more permanent combinations. This eventually led to the formation of
France, Spain, Switzerland, the Netherlands, Russia and later and Germany and
Italy as nation states.
The earlier nation states were largely monarchies however they have slowly
transitioned into constitutional monarchies and finally democracies in large part of
Europe. For most part this transition has been peaceful, however sometimes they
have turned violent like in the case of French Revolution. It has led to the growth
of the concept of liberty, equality, popular sovereignty and rule of law.
The present-day structure of Europe was acquired by the end of 19th century with
fiercely enforced state monopolies such as defence, taxation, law etc. The
omnipotence and omnipresence, the superlative attributes of god which were
dethroned during the French revolution were now promised by the state itself.
This model was adopted by the third world countries, many of which had recently
earned independence from their European colonisers. Most of these countries had
no experience of governance, most of them have had a history filled with conflicts
and civil wars. In the breakneck pace of decolonisation, nations were thrown
together in months: often the newly independent population fell into conflict to
control the rich resources and state apparatus. Many newly formed states were
controlled by leaders who favoured their own tribes and communities and
disregarded the needs of a newly formed nation. For e.g., Shah of Iran, Saddam
Hussain (Iraq), Robert Mugabe (Zimbabwe).
The present-day system of nation state face new challenges which are effectively
decreasing the power and control of the state machinery, such as globalization,
increased radicalization and volatile states as mentioned above.
The process of globalization has decreased the control the state earlier has on its
citizens and started the techno-financial revolution. We have come in a time and
age where we cannot ignore the influence of big data companies on politics all
over the world. They have assumed functions associated with states from
cartography to surveillance. They are gatekeepers to a new social reality; they
create a de-territorialised form of citizenship. Moreover, the emergence of new
technology such as cryptocurrencies such as bitcoin will replace more state
functions. Surprisingly, Toni Lane Casserly, a multi- time crypto and blockchain
entrepreneur envisioned a world where our citizenship will be based on the bitcoin
technology and self-sovereignty, suggesting the concept of state nation was
approaching irrelevancy.
Another problem faced by the system of nation state itself is decreasing
international ties for the sake of growing ‘nationalistic” interests. Nations are
themselves not subject to any laws. The society of nations have weakened
especially after the cold war. The regulator i.e., the United Nations has not been
able to control the power struggle between nations for greater control. The end of
the cold war has not ended the U. S’s lawlessness of international law. In fact, it
has led to formation of new power blocs such as the trade war between US and
China.
To combat the challenges faced by an ever-changing globalized world it is
necessary that the nations cooperate with each other once again. If there is a clash
between national interest and universal human interest, universal human interest
should be given precedence. Also, there is need to upgrade the foundations of the
nation state system to adopt to the new technologically advanced world.
BIBLIOGRAPHY
An Introduction to Political Theory by O.P Gauba
https://www.theguardian.com/news/2018/apr/05/demise-of-the-nation-state-ra
na-dasgupta

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BANARAS HINDU UNIVERSITY,

SESSION 2020-25 (BA.LLB 1st Semester)

ECONOMICS ASSIGNMENT:” INDIFFERENCE CURVE”

SUBMITTED BY: SUBMITTED TO:

SHIVANGI SINGH :20225BLT020 DR. BAGISHA SUMAN

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