JAIPUR ENGINEERING COLLEGE AND RESEARCH CENTRE

Year & Sem – IV year & VII Sem

Subject – Internet of Things &7CS4-01
Unit – I

1
1
 Internet of Things CSE/ VIISem

UNIT-I

Introduction to IoT
 Vision of Computer Science Department
To become renowned Centre of Excellence in Computer Science and Engineering and
make competent engineers and professionals with high ethical values prepared for
lifelong learning.

Mission of Computer Science Department
M1 - To impart outcome based education for emerging technologies in the field of
computer science and engineering.
M2 - To provide opportunities for interaction between academia and industry.
M3 - To provide platform for lifelo learning by accepting the change in technologiesM4
- To develop aptitude of fulfilling social responsibilities.

COURSE OUTCOMES (CO)
CO1: Understand the revolution of internet in field of cloud, wireless network,
embedded system and mobile devices.
CO2: Apply IOT design concepts in various dimensions implementing software
and hardware.
CO3: Analyze various M2M and IOT architectures.
CO4: Design and develop various applications in IOT.
MAPPING OF CO & PO
Subject Code L/T/P CO P P P P P P PO PO P P P P P P
O O O O O O 7 8 O O O O S S
1 2 3 4 5 6 9 1 1 1 O O
0 1 2 1 2
Understand the revolution of internet in field
of cloud, wireless network, embedded system
L and mobile devices.
H H M M M M - -- M M M H H H

L Apply IOT design concepts in various

IOT 7CS4-
dimensions implementing software and
01
hardware. H H H H H M - -- L M M H H H

L Analyze various M2M and IoT architectures.

H M M L M M - L M L L H M M

L Design and develop various applications in

IOT. H M H H H M M L H H H H H H
SYLLABUS
LECTURE PLAN
Unit No./ Total Lecture Reqd. Topics Lect. Reqd. Lect. No.
1. Introduction to subject and scope 1 1
2. Introduction to learning, Types of learning and Applications 1 2
3. Supervised Learning 1 3
4. Linear Regression Model 1 4
5. Naïve Bayes Classifier 1 5
Unit-I (10)
6. Decision Tree 1 6
7. K-nearest Neighbor 1 7
8. Logistic Regression 1 8
9. Support Vector Machine 1 9
10. Random Forest Algorithm 1 10
1. IoT sensors 1 11
2. IoT actuators 1 12
3. Humidity sensor 1 13
Unit-II (7) 4. Ultrasonic sensor 1 14
5. Temperature sensor 1 15
6. Arduino and Raspberry Pi 1 16
7. IoT OS 1 17
BC-1 ARM Processor 1 18
LECTURE PLAN
Unit No./ Total Lecture
Topics Lect. Reqd. Lect. No.
Reqd.
1. IoT architecture 1 19
2. Reference model 1 20
3. Representational state transfer (REST) 1 21
4. Uniform resource identifier 1 22
Unit-III (9) 5. Challenges in IoT 1 23
6. Design challenges 1 24
7. Development challenges 1 25
8. Security challenges 1 26
9. Other challenges 1 27
1. Machine to Machine vs IoT 2 28
2. Software defined networks 1 29
Unit- IV (8) 3. Network function virtualization 1 30
4. Difference between SDN and IoT 2 31
5. Difference between NFV and IoT 2 32
1. IoT applications 1 33
2. Home automation 1 34
3. Smart cities 1 35
4. Environment and energy 1 36
Unit- V (8)
5. Retail 1 37
6. Logistics 1 38
7. Agriculture and Industries 1 39
8. Health and lifestyle 1 40
BC-2 IoT Platforms 1 41
 Internet of Things CSE/ VII
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RECOMMENDED BOOKS
• T1 :- “Vijay Madisetti and Arshdeep Bahga, “Internet of Things (A Hands-on-
Approach), 1st Edition, VPT, 2014”.

• T2 :- “Jan Holler , Vlasios Tsiatsis, Catherine Mulligan, Stefan Avesand, Stamatis

Karnouskos, David Boyle, “From Machine-to-Machine to the Internet of Things:
Introduction to a New Age of Intelligence”,1st Edition, Academic Press, 2014”.

• T3 :- “Getting Started with Raspberry Pi, Matt Richardson & Shawn Wallace,
O’Reilly (SPD), 2014, ISBN: 9789350239759”.

• T4:- “Michael Margolis, “Arduino Cookbook”, 2nd edition, O’Reilly, 2012”.

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SUBJECT DETAILED BLOWN UP FOR UNIT -I
 Internet of Things CSE/ VII

BEFORE UNIT I WE FIRST DISCUSSED Sem

• IoT and its definition

• History
• How IOT works
• Lifecycle
• Characteristics of IoT
• What internet of things do?
• How many IOT devices are today?
• Applications
• Real life applications
• Future with IOT
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SO LETS START WITH HISTORY
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HISTORY
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WHAT IS IOT??
• Internet Of Things is Fully Networked and Connected Devices
sending analytics data back to cloud or data center.
• The definition of Internet of things is that it is the network in which
every object or thing is provided unique identifier and data is
transferred through a network without any verbal communication.
• Scope of IoT is not just limited to just connecting things to the
internet, but it allows these things to communicate and exchange
data, process them as well as control them while executing
applications.
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IOT
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FORMAL DEFINITION OF IOT

• The Internet of Things (IoT) is the network of physical objects or

"things" embedded with electronics, software, sensors, and network
connectivity, which enables these objects to collect and exchange data.
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HOW IOT WORKS??
• Internet of Things (IoT), also sometimes referred to as the Internet of
Everything (IoE), consists of all the web-enabled devices that collect, send and
act on data they acquire from their surrounding environments using embedded
sensors, processors and communication hardware.

• These devices, often called "connected" or "smart" devices, can sometimes talk
to other related devices, a process called machine-to-machine (M2M)
communication, and act on the information they get from one another.

• Humans can interact with the gadgets to set them up, give them instructions or
access the data, but the devices do most of the work on their own without
human intervention.
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HOW IOT WORKS??
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IOT LIFECYCLE
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CHARACTERISTICS OF IOT
• Dynamic Global network & Self-Adapting : Adapt the changes
w.r.t changing contexts
• Self Configuring : Eg. Fetching latest s/w updates without manual
intervention.
• Interoperable Communication Protocols : Communicate
through various protocols
• Unique Identity : Such as Unique IP Address or a URI
• Integrated into Information Network : This allows to
communicate and exchange data with other devices to perform
certain analysis.
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WHAT INTERNET OF THINGS DO?
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HOW MANY IOT DEVICES ARE THERE TODAY? Sem

• In the year 2017 there were 8.4 billion IoT connected devices in the
whole worldwide.

• While in the year 2018 it increased to 9.2 Billion.

• It is expected that in the year 2020 the IoT connected devices in

the worldwide would be 20.8 Billion.
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APPLICATIONS OF IOT
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SENSORS IN EVEN THE HOLY COW!!
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THINGS IN IOT

• Refers to IoT devices which have unique identities that can perform
sensing, actuating and monitoring capabilities.

• IoT devices can exchange data with other connected devices or collect
data from other devices and process the data either locally or send the
data to centralized servers or cloud – based application back-ends for
processing the data.
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GENERIC BLOCK DIAGRAM OF AN IOT Sem

DEVICE
• An IoT device may consist of
several interfaces for
connections to other devices,
both wired and wireless.
• I/O interfaces for sensors
• Interfaces for internet
connectivity
• Memory and storage interfaces
• Audio/video interfaces
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FUTURE WITH IOT
• Internet of Things Wearable devices is the future. You can control your car with a smart watch like
automatically parking it and for closing or to open the doors.

• Your wearable device may also detect the dangers around you. We already have devices that track our
activity and exercise habits.

• In the near future, we may also be able to easily track our calorie intake and eating habits automatically. So
everything is going to be easy except that making everything easy is tough.

• Here are some examples of IoT wearable devices that are already available in the market.

1. Sync Smart band Activity Tracker

2. Fitbit Surge Smart Watch
3. Hicon Wearable Smart Bracelet
4. Beddit Sleep tracker
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PHYSICAL DESIGN OF IOT

• IOT
Protocols
• Things in
IOT
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IOT PROTOCOLS Sem

• Link Layer
• 802.3 – Ethernet
• 802.11 – WiFi
• 802.16 – WiMax
• 802.15.4 – LR-WPAN
• 2G/3G/4G
• Network/Internet Layer
• IPv4
• IPv6
• 6LoWPAN
• Transport Layer
• TCP
• UDP
• Application Layer
• HTTP
• CoAP
• WebSocket
• MQTT
• XMPP
• DDS
• AMQP
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IOT PROTOCOLS…LINK LAYER…ETHERNET Sem

Sr.No Standard Shared medium

1 802.3 Coaxial Cable…10BASE5

2 802.3.i Copper Twisted pair …..10BASE-T

3 802.3.j Fiber Optic……10BASE-F

4 802.3.ae Fiber…..10Gbits/s

Data Rates are provided from 10Gbit/s to 40Gb/s and higher

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IOT PROTOCOLS…LINK LAYER…WIFI Sem

Sr.No Standard Operates in

1 802.11a 5 GHz band

2 802.11b 2.4GHz band

and 802.11g
3 802.11.n 2.4/5 GHz bands

4 802.11.ac 5GHz band

5 802.11.ad 60Hz band

• Collection of Wireless LAN

• Data Rates from 1Mb/s to 6.75 Gb/s
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IOT PROTOCOLS…LINK LAYER…WIMAX Sem

Sr.No Standard Data Rate

1 802.16m 100Mb/s for mobile stations
1Gb/s for fixed stations

• Collection of Wireless Broadband standards

• Data Rates from 1.5Mb/s to 1 Gb/s
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IOT PROTOCOLS…LINK LAYER…LR- Sem

WPAN
• Collection of standards for low-rate wireless personal area
networks

• Basis for high level communication protocols such as

Zigbee
• Data Rates from 40Kb/s to 250Kb/s
• Provide low-cost and low-speed communication for power
constrained devices
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IOT PROTOCOLS…LINK LAYER…2G/3G/4G –

Sem

MOBILE COMMUNICATION
Sr.No Standard Operates in
1 2G GSM-CDMA

2 3G UMTS and CDMA 2000

3 4G LTE

• Data Rates from 9.6Kb/s (for 2G) to up to 100Mb/s (for

4G)
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IOT PROTOCOLS…NETWORK/INTERNET Sem

LAYER
• Responsible for sending of IP datagrams from source to destination
network

• Performs the host addressing and packet routing

• Host identification is done using hierarchical IP addressing schemes such
as IPV4 or IPV6
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IOT PROTOCOLS…NETWORK LAYER Sem

• IPV4
• Used to identify the devices on a network using hierarchical addressing scheme
• Uses 32-bit address scheme
• IPV6
• Uses 128-bit address scheme
• 6LoWPAN (IPV6 over Low power Wireless Personal Area Network)
• Used for devices with limited processing capacity
• Operates in 2.4 Ghz
• Data Rates of 250Kb/s
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IOT PROTOCOLS…TRANSPORT Sem

LAYER

• Provide end-to-end message transfer capability independent of

the underlying network
• It provides functions such as error control, segmentation, flow-
control and congestion control
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IOT Sem

PROTOCOLS…TCP
• Transmission Control Protocol
• Connection Oriented
• Ensures Reliable transmission
• Provides Error Detection Capability to ensure no duplicacy of packets and retransmit
lost packets
• Flow Control capability to ensure the sending data rate is not too high for the receiver
process
• Congestion control capability helps in avoiding congestion which leads to degradation
of n/w performance
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IOT
PROTOCOLS…UDP

• User Datagram Protocol

• Connectionless
• Does not ensures Reliable transmission
• Does not do connection before transmitting
• Does not provide proper ordering of messages
• Transaction oriented and stateless
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IOT PROTOCOLS…APPLICATION
Sem

LAYER…HYPER TRANSFER PROTOCOL

• Forms foundation of World Wide Web(WWW)
• Includes commands such as GET,PUT, POST, HEAD, OPTIONS,
TRACE..etc
• Follows a request-response model
• Uses Universal Resource Identifiers(URIs) to identify HTTP resources
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IOT PROTOCOLS…APPLICATION Sem

LAYER…COAP
• Constrained Application Protocol
• Used for Machine to machine (M2M) applications meant for constrained
devices and n/w’s
• Web transfer protocol for IoT and uses request-response
model
• Uses client –server architecture
• Supports methods such as GET,POST, PUT and DELETE
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IOT PROTOCOLS…APPLICATION Sem

LAYER…WEBSOCKET
• Allows full-duplex communication over single socket
• Based on TCP
• Client can be a browser, IoT device or mobile application

IoT Protocols…Application
Layer…MQTT
• Message Queue Telemetry Transport , light-weight messaging protocol
• Based on publish-subscribe model
• Well suited for constrained environments where devices have limited processing, low
memory and n/w bandwith requirement
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IOT PROTOCOLS…APPLICATION LAYER…XMPP Sem

• Extensible messaging and presence protocol

• For Real time communication and streaming XML data between n/w
entities
• Used for Applications such as Multi-party chat and voice/video calls.
• Decentralized protocol and uses client server architecture.
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IOT PROTOCOLS…APPLICATION LAYER…DDS Sem

• Data Distribution service is a data-centric middleware standard for

device-to-device or machine-to-machine communication.
• Publish subscribe model where publishers create topics to which
subscribers can use.
• Provides Quality-of-service control and configurable reliability.
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IOT PROTOCOLS…APPLICATION LAYER…AMQP Sem

• Advanced Messaging Queuing Protocol used for business messaging.

• Supports both point-to-point and publisher/subscriber models, routing
and queuing
• Broker here receives messages from publishers and route them over
connections to consumers through messaging queues.
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LOGICAL DESIGN OF IOT Sem

• Logical design of an IoT system

refers to an abstract
representation of the entities and
processes without going into the
low-level specifics of the
implementation.
• An IoT system comprises a
number of functional blocks that
provide the system the
capabilities for identification,
sensing, actuation,
communication and management.
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LOGICAL DESIGN OF IOT Sem

• Device : Devices such as sensing, actuation, monitoring and control functions.

• Communication : IoT Protocols
• Services like device monitoring, device control services, data publishing services and
device discovery
• Management : Functions to govern the system
• Security : Functions as authentication, authorization, message and content integrity,
and data security
• Applications
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REQUEST–RESPONSE COMMUNICATION MODEL Sem

• Request–Response is a
communication model in which
the client sends requests to the
server and the server responds to
the requests.

• When the server receives a

request, it decides how to
respond, fetches the data,
retrieves resource
representations, prepares the
response and then sends the
response to the client.

• Stateless communication model

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PUBLISH–SUBSCRIBE COMMUNICATION MODEL Sem

• Publish–Subscribe is a
communication model that
involves publishers, brokers and
consumers.
• Publishers are the source of data.
Publishers send the data to the
topics which are managed by the
broker. Publishers are not aware of
the consumers.
• Consumers subscribe to the topics
which are managed by the broker.
• When the broker receives data for
a topic from the publisher, it sends
the data to all the subscribed
consumers.
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PUSH–PULL COMMUNICATION MODEL Sem

• Push–Pull is a communication
model in which the data
producers push the data to
queues and the consumers pull
the data from the queues.
Producers do not need to be
aware of the consumers.
• Queues help in decoupling the
messaging between the producers
and consumers.
• Queues also act as a buffer which
helps in situations when there is a
mismatch between the rate at
which the producers push data
and the rate at which the
consumers pull data.
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EXCLUSIVE PAIR COMMUNICATION MODEL Sem

• Exclusive Pair is a
bidirectional, fully duplex
communication model that
uses a persistent connection
between the client and the
server.
• Once the connection is set
up it, remains open until the
client sends a request to
close the connection.
• Client and server can send
messages to each other after
connection setup.
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REST-BASED COMMUNICATION APIS Sem

• Representational State Transfer

(REST) is a set of architectural
principles by which you can
design web services and web
APIs that focus on a system’s
resources and how resource
states are addressed and
transferred.
• REST APIs follow the request–
response communication
model.
• REST architectural constraints
apply to the components,
connectors and data elements
within a distributed
hypermedia system.
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REST-BASED COMMUNICATION APIS CONSTRAINTS Sem

• Client – Server
Client Server
• Stateless
• Cacheable Request
• Layered System
• Uniform Interface Response
• Code on demand
Request

Response
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WEBSOCKET-BASED COMMUNICATION APIS Sem

• WebSocket APIs allow bi-

directional, full duplex
communication between
clients and servers.
• WebSocket APIs follow the
exclusive pair
communication model.
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DIFFERENCE BETWEEN REST AND WEBSOCKET-BASED

Sem

COMMUNICATION APIS
Comparison Based on REST Websocket
State Stateless Stateful
Directional Unidirectional Bidirectional
Req-Res/Full Duplex Follow Request Response Model Exclusive Pair Model
TCP Connections Each HTTP request involves setting Involves a single TCP
up a new TCP Connection Connection for all requests
Header Overhead Each request carries HTTP Headers, Does not involve overhead of
hence not suitable for real-time headers.
Scalability Both horizontal and vertical are Only Vertical is easier
easier
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IOT ENABLING TECHNOLOGIES Sem

• Wireless Sensor Network

• Cloud Computing

• Big Data Analytics

• Embedded Systems
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WSN

• Distributed Devices with sensors used to monitor the environmental

and physical conditions
• Consists of several end-nodes acting as routers or coordinators too
• Coordinators collects data from all nodes / acts as gateway that
connects WSN to internet
• Routers route the data packets from end nodes to coordinators.
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EXAMPLE OF WSNS IN IOT & PROTOCOLS USED
Example
• Weather monitoring system
• Indoor Air quality monitoring system
• Soil moisture monitoring system
• Survelliance systems
• Health monitoring systems
Protocols
• Zigbee
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CLOUD COMPUTING
Sem

• Deliver applications and services over internet

• Provides computing, networking and storage resources on demand
• Cloud computing performs services such as Iaas, Paas and Saas
• Iaas : Rent Infrastructure
• Paas : supply an on-demand environment for developing, testing,
delivering and managing software applications.
• Saas : method for delivering software applications over the Internet,
on demand and typically on a subscription basis.
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BIG DATA ANALYTICS
• Collection of data whose volume, velocity or variety is too large and
difficult to store, manage, process and analyze the data using
traditional databases.
• It involves data cleansing, processing and visualization
• Lots of data is being collected and warehoused
• Web data, e-commerce
• purchases at department/ grocery stores
• Bank/Credit Card transactions
• Social Network
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BIG DATA ANALYTICS
Variety Includes different types of data

• Structured
• Unstructured
• SemiStructured
• All of above
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BIG DATA ANALYTICS
Velocity Refers to speed at which data is processed

• Batch
• Real-time
• STreams
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BIG DATA ANALYTICS
Volume refers to the amount of data

• Terabyte
• Records
• Transactions
• Files
• Tables
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IOT LEVELS AND DEPLOYMENT TEMPLATES Sem

An IoT system comprises the following components:

• Device: An IoT device allows identification, remote sensing, actuating and
remote monitoring capabilities.
• Resource: Resources are software components on the IoT device for
accessing, processing and storing sensor information, or for controlling
actuators connected to the device. Resources also include the software
components that enable network access for the device.
• Controller Service: Controller service is a native service that runs on the
device and interacts with the web services. Controller service sends data
from the device to the web service and receives commands from the
application (via web services) for controlling the device.
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IOT LEVELS AND DEPLOYMENT TEMPLATES Sem

• Database: Database can be either local or in the cloud and stores the data
generated by the IoT device.
• Web Service: Web services serve as a link between the IoT device,
application, database and analysis components. Web service can be
implemented using HTTP and REST principles (REST service) or using the
WebSocket protocol (WebSocket service).
• Analysis Component: This is responsible for analyzing the IoT data and
generating results in a form that is easy for the user to understand.
• Application: IoT applications provide an interface that the users can use to
control and monitor various aspects of the IoT system. Applications also
allow users to view the system status and the processed data.
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IOT LEVEL-1 Sem

• A level-1 IoT system has a

single node/device that
performs sensing and/or
actuation, stores data,
performs analysis and hosts
the application.
• Level-1 IoT systems are
suitable for modelling low-
cost and low-complexity
solutions where the data
involved is not big and the
analysis requirements are
not computationally
intensive.
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IOT – LEVEL 1 EXAMPLE …HOME AUTOMATION SYSTEM
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IOT LEVEL-2 Sem

• A level-2 IoT system has a

single node that performs
sensing and/or actuation
and local analysis.
• Data is stored in the cloud
and the application is usually
cloud-based.
• Level-2 IoT systems are
suitable for solutions where
the data involved is big;
however, the primary
analysis requirement is not
computationally intensive
and can be done locally.
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IOT – LEVEL 2 EXAMPLE …SMART IRRIGATION

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IOT LEVEL-3 Sem

• A level-3 IoT system has a

single node. Data is stored
and analyzed in the cloud
and the application is
cloud-based.
• Level-3 IoT systems are
suitable for solutions
where the data involved is
big and the analysis
requirements are
computationally
intensive.
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Sensors used accelrometer and gyroscope

IOT – LEVEL 3 EXAMPLE …TRACKING PACKAGE

HANDLING
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IOT LEVEL-4 Sem

• A level-4 IoT system has multiple

nodes that perform local analysis.
Data is stored in the cloud and the
application is cloud-based.
• Level-4 contains local and cloud-
based observer nodes which can
subscribe to and receive
information collected in the cloud
from IoT devices.
• Level-4 IoT systems are suitable
for solutions where multiple
nodes are required, the data
involved is big and the analysis
requirements are computationally
intensive.
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IoT – Level 3 Example …Noise Monitoring Sem

Sound Sensors are used

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IOT LEVEL-5 Sem

• A level-5 IoT system has multiple end

nodes and one coordinator node.
• The end nodes perform sensing
and/or actuation.
• The coordinator node collects data
from the end nodes and sends it to
the cloud.
• Data is stored and analyzed in the
cloud and the application is cloud-
based.
• Level-5 IoT systems are suitable for
solutions based on wireless sensor
networks, in which the data involved
is big and the analysis requirements
are computationally intensive.
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IOT LEVEL-6 Sem

• A level-6 IoT system has multiple

independent end nodes that
perform sensing and/or actuation
and send data to the cloud.
• Data is stored in the cloud and the
application is cloud-based.
• The analytics component analyzes
the data and stores the results in
the cloud database.
• The results are visualized with the
cloud-based application.
• The centralized controller is aware
of the status of all the end nodes
and sends control commands to
the nodes.
THANKS....