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Unit 2

GIS is a system for collecting, storing, analyzing and outputting geospatial data to support decision making. It has four main components: people, data, software, and hardware. Data is a key element and can come from various sources like remote sensing, maps and ground surveys. Popular GIS software includes ArcGIS, MapInfo and Erdas Imagine. The procedures used to analyze and query the data determine the quality of the results produced by the GIS system. Maps come in different types like topographic, thematic and political maps and are classified based on their scale and purpose.

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32 views

Unit 2

GIS is a system for collecting, storing, analyzing and outputting geospatial data to support decision making. It has four main components: people, data, software, and hardware. Data is a key element and can come from various sources like remote sensing, maps and ground surveys. Popular GIS software includes ArcGIS, MapInfo and Erdas Imagine. The procedures used to analyze and query the data determine the quality of the results produced by the GIS system. Maps come in different types like topographic, thematic and political maps and are classified based on their scale and purpose.

Uploaded by

Ashritha Battula
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Introduction

to
GIS and Data types
Geographic Information System (GIS)
Definition of Geographic Information System (GIS) is
defined as an information system that is used to input,
store, retrieve, manipulate, analyze and output
geographically referenced data or geospatial data,

Purpose:
To support decision making for planning and management
of land use, natural resources, environment,
transportation, urban facilities, and other administrative
records.
BASIC CONCEPT OF GIS 5/5
 Functions of GIS  Components of GIS
Data collection
 Capture data
Data storing, processing &
analysis
 Store data
 Query data

 Analyze data

Output production
 Display data
 Produce output

a b • Data collection
- using GPS & RS
- paper maps are also
sources of data

c d

Source: Schuurman (2004)

8
Sources (Photos):
a) http://www.picsearch.com/pictures/fashion/
• Data storing, processing & • Output production jewelry/watch%20brands/garmin.html
analysis - statistical report, maps b) b), c), d) Lwin & Murayama (2008)
BASIC ELEMENTS OF GIS 1/7

 People

 Data

 Software

 Hardware

 Procedures/Methods

10
BASIC ELEMENTS OF GIS 2/7

 1. People
are the most
important part of a
GIS
define and develop b c d
the procedures used
by a GIS
can overcome
shortcoming of the
other 4 elements
(data, software, • Ground truth data collection
hardware, • Data storing, processing and analysis
procedure), but not Sources (Photos):
a) Brooks (undated)
vice-versa b) http://www.asdi.com/remote-sensing/
11
applications/ground-truthing
c), d) Lwin & Murayama (2008)
BASIC ELEMENTS OF GIS 3/7
Remote Sensing and topographic data
 2. Data
Data is the
information used
within a GIS
Since a GIS often
incorporates data from
multiple sources, its
accuracy defines the
quality of the GIS.
GIS quality determines
Ground truth data
the types of questions
and problems that
may be asked of the
GIS 12

Source: Rahman (2009)


BASIC ELEMENTS OF GIS 4/7
 2. Data – more examples

13
BASIC ELEMENTS OF GIS 5/7

 3. GIS software  Popular GIS Software


It encompasses not only to Vector-based GIS
the GIS package, but all the ArcGIS (ESRI)
software used for databases, ArcView
drawings, statistics, and MapInfo
imaging.
The functionality of the
software used to manage Raster-based GIS
the GIS determines the type Erdas Imagine (Leica)
of problems that the GIS ENVI (RSI)
may be used to solve. ILWIS (ITC)
The software used must IDRISI (Clark Univ.)
match the needs and skills of
14
the end user.
BASIC ELEMENTS OF GIS 6/7

 4. Hardware
The type of hardware
determines, to an
extent, the speed at
which a GIS will
operate.
Additionally, it may
influence the type
of software used.
To a small degree, it
may influence the
types/ personalities
of the

people working 15
with the GIS. Source: Schuurman (2004)
BASIC ELEMENTS OF GIS 7/7

 6. Procedures/

Methods
The procedures used to
input, analyze, and query
data determine the
quality and validity of the
final product.

The procedures used are simple


the steps taken in a well defined
and consistent method to
produce correct and
reproducible results from the 16
GIS system.
Source: ESRI
FOUR M’s in GIS:
• These four M’s are key activities which can be enhanced by using
information system through GIS.
• GIS is based on a mathematical framework of primitive map analysis
operations analogous to those of traditional statistics and algebra.
• From this perspective, GIS forms a tool box for processing maps and
fundamental concepts of spatial measurement.
CO-ORDINATE SYSTEM
The maps are classified as
1. Topographical map
2. Physical maps
3. Thematic maps
4. Political maps
5. Resource map
6. Road maps
THEMATIC MAPS
Population Map
Annual Rainfall
POLITICAL MAP
• Large scale ranges upt0 1:50,000
• Medium scale ranges from- 1:50,000 to 1:250,000
• Small scale ranges from- > 1:250,000
Types of scales:
• Fraction scale

• Graphic scale

• Verbal scale
Fraction scale
• If two points are 1km apart in the field, they may be represented on the
map as separated by some fraction of that distance, say 1 cm. in this
instance, the scale is 1 cm to a km.
• In India, commonly used scales rae
1:1,00,000,00
1:250,000
1:50,000
1:10,000
• This method is called as Representation Fraction method
GRAPHIC SCALE:

• This scale is a line printed on the map and divided into units that are
equivalent to some distance such as 1km or 1 mile.

• The measured ground distance appears directly on the map in graphical


representation.

VERBAL SCALE:

• This is an expression in common speech such as “four centimeters to


kilometre”, “an inch to mile”

• Eg: 1 inch on the map=16 miles on map


MAP & GLOBE
GLOBE:
• A globe is a 3-dimentional sphere.
• It represents whole earth.
• A globe can be used to get a broad level picture of world.
• A globe being spherical in shape , spins around
an axis.
• A globe cannot be used for navigation
MAP:
• It is 2-dimentional.
• It may represent whole earth or a part of it.
• Maps provide specific information about
different places.
• Maps are representation on a piece of
paper, does not spin.
• Maps can be used for navigation from
one place to another.

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