AMT 3101 Prelim Module No. 1 REVISE

Republic of the Philippines
PHILIPPINE STATE COLLEGE OF AERONAUTICS

Villamor, Piccio Garden, Pasay City
Institute of Engineering and Technology
Learning Module 1
Basic History
and Introduction
of Rocket
Propulsion
1|Page
I. Introduction:
Looking at the star-studded sky particularly at night. Sometimes, I hum the childhood
rhyme “twinkle twinkle little star, how I wonder what you are.” I am sure most of you must
feel happy gazing at a dark clear sky. Besides, when you relax in the moonlight away
from the din and bustle of a hectic life in a remote village during your vacation, you may
look at the sky and feel like going to the moon in your imagination. You may wonder how
to travel to outer space. It is not that you are attracted by the beauty of the moon or stars.
Rather the charisma of celestial objects like the sun, stars, planets, and moon has
impressed several poets and writers to create volumes of literary work since ages.
Humans from time immemorial have been baffled by the exotic beauty of the celestial
bodies in space. The desire of modern humans to know more about these bodies in space
has led to the invention of the telescope, which has been instrumental in unraveling a
plethora of knowledge about space. Today, humans are able to send spacecraft even to
distant celestial bodies like the moon and mars. If one wants to travel above 25 km into
space, one cannot use an air-breathing turbojet because of the non-availability of
sufficient oxygen. One must consider using a non-air-breathing propulsive device, which
can carry both fuel and an oxidizer.
II. Module Learning Outcome:

• Discuss the inventions of rockets and the history of rocket ship.
• Discuss the history of Rocket Propulsion.
III. Topic Learning Outcome:
• Creating a timeline for the history of rocket propulsion.
Time Commitment for this Module

Reading Materials : 1 hour
Video Material : 19 Minutes
Assessment : 41 Minutes
2|Page
Table of Contents
I. Introduction ............................................................ p.2
II. Module Learning Outcome…………………………..p.2
III. Topic Learning Outcome…………………………….p.2
Brief History of Rocket Propulsion
1.1 200 B.C………………………………………………………………. p.5
1.2 AD 67…………………………………………………………………..p.5
1.3 AD 10 ………………………………………………………………….p.5
1.3.1 Wan Hu…………………………………………………………………p.6
1.4 1275……………………………………………………………………..p.6
1.5 1812……………………………………………………………………..p.6
1.6 World War I……………………………………………………………..p.6-7
1.7 1919……………………………………………………………………..p.7
1.8 1923……………………………………………………………………...p.7
1.9 1925……………………………………………………………………...p.7
1.10 1927……………………………………………………………………...p.7
1.11 1932……………………………………………………………………...p.7
1.12 December 1934…………………………………………………………p.7
1.13 October 3, 1942…………………………………………………………p.8
1.14 Post World War II……………………………………………………….p.8
1.15 1956……………………………………………………………...………p.8
1.16 April 12, 1961……………………………………………………………p.9
1.17 July 20,1969……………………………………………………………..p.9
1.8 Assessment……………………………………………………………..p.10
IV. Honesty Clause…………………………………………………..…p.11
1.18 Reference………………………………………………………………..p.11
3|Page
BRIEF HISTORY
OF
ROCKET PROPULSION
4|Page
1. BRIEFHISTORY OF ROCKET
PROPULSION
3.1. 200 BC
The Chinese Han Dynasty that prevailed the developed
rockets which were used, of course, for fireworks at that
time. (See. Fig. 1.3)
1.2. AD 67
-But the early invention of the basic principle for a jet engine
goes back to the Hero of Alexandria, an Egyptian
mathematician and inventor who had invented several
machines utilizing water, air, and steam. (See. Fig.1.4)
-It shows a schematic of the aeropile of Hero, which is

considered to be the first device in the world to illustrate the
reactive thrust principle much before Newton, who
established the third law of motion. (See Fig. 1.5) (Fig. 1.3)
The name of this device derives from the two Greek words aeolos and pila, which
mean the ball (pila) of Aeolus, the Greek god of the wind.
This device consists of a metal boiler, a connecting pipe, and
rotating joints that carry two opposing jets. It may be noted in
Figure 1.5 that the heat from the burning fuel is utilized to convert
water into steam. Two tubular pipes attached to the head of the
boiler carry the steam to two nozzles. The steam that issues from
the two nozzles forms two opposing jets, which can make the
system rotate. It is really an interesting device for demonstrating
the principle of reactive thrust, which is the basis of rocket
propulsion.
Hero of Alexandria (Fig. 1.4.)
1.3. AD 10
-the real rocket was invented by the Chinese around the tenth century AD while
experimenting with gunpowder and bamboo.
-The gunpowder was discovered in the ninth century AD by a Taoist alchemist.
Subsequently, Feng Jishen managed to fire a rocket using gunpowder and bamboo, and
this is considered to be the first rocket engine to leave the ground.
5|Page
In the beginning, a bamboo tube closed on one side is filled with gunpowder with a small
opening in the tail end. On igniting the gunpowder, high-pressure hot gas, which had
moved around in an erratic manner, is ejected from the small opening. Later, a bamboo
stick was attached to the gunpowder-loaded bamboo rocket to give stability to the rocket,
which is similar to our present-day fireworks rocket.
1.3.1. Wan Hu
-Developed a rocket sled
-which comprised of a series of rockets attached to the
seat. Unfortunately, he died while operating this device
due to an explosion of the rockets. But later on, the
concept behind these toy rockets was developed
further for use as a deadly weapon in war
Wan Hu (Fig. 1.5)
1.4. 1275
-During the Japanese invasion, Kublai Khan used gunpowder artillery to win the war.
Around the thirteenth century, rockets were used as bombardment weapons even in
Western countries like Spain and was generally brought by the Arabs and Mongol hordes.
Later on, similar devices made of metal were used in India during wars mainly by Mughals
and Marathas. Subsequently, Hyder Ali and his son Tipu Sultan created havoc in the
British army by using military rockets during several battles in the seventeenth century.
Tipu Sultan had 5000 rocketeers in his army, which was about one-seventh of his total
army’s strength. Learning from the battle experience with Tipu Sultan, the British army
led by Sir William Congrieve began developing a series of barrage rockets ranging in
weight from 8 to 136 kg.
1.5. 1812
-Congrieve-designed rockets were used at sea
against Napoleon’s army
Congrieve-designed rocket (Fig. 1.6)
1.6. World War I
-During the First World War, the work on rocket engines was expedited by various
countries to win the war. For the first time, rockets were fired from aircraft to shoot down
hydrogen gas–filled balloons that were used for moving armies. During this period, it was
found that solid propellants are difficult to handle and hence scientists across the globe
started serious experiments for developing liquid fuel–fired rocket engines
6|Page
- Konstantin Tsiolkovsky was the first person to propose the idea of a liquid-propellant
rocket engine (LPRE)
-Robert H. Goddard in America and Wernher von Braun in Germany were successful
in designing and developing LPREs
-Goddard had initiated his experiments in rocket engines while studying for his doctorate
in Clark University in Worcester, United Sates.
1.7. 1919
-Goddard published a paper titled “A Method of Reaching Extreme Altitudes,” in which
he presented a mathematical analysis of his ideas on rocketry and suggested how to fly
to the moon.
1.8. 1923
-Hermann Oberth wrote a book titled as The Rocket into Interplanetary Space, which
attracted the attention of many youngsters who had dreams of space flight.
1.9. 1925
-Wernher von Braun came across this interesting book and got into rocketry. Five years
later, von Braun had joined Oberth to assist him in his rocket experiments.
1.10. 1927
-Goddard launched a liquid-powered rocket, designed and developed by him at his Aunt
Effie Goddard’s farm in Auburn, Mass, which flew only 46 m.
1.11. 1932
-The German Army, accepting von Braun’s idea of rocketry, took many initiatives for
developing rockets to win the war.
1.12. December 1934

-von Braun scored his first success with an A2 rocket using ethanol and liquid oxygen.
1934 and 1941
von Braun and his colleagues conducted several experiments on new designs with
incremental success. With plenty of initial hiccups, he and his team managed to
successfully
7|Page
1.13. October 3, 1942

-With plenty of initial hiccups, he and
his team managed to successfully
launch the famous A-4 rocket engine,
known in history as V-2 (vengeance
weapon number two)
The rocket followed its programmed
trajectory perfectly, and landed on
target 193 km away. This launch is
considered to mark the beginning of
space age.
1.13.1 Wernher von Braun was the
first person along with his research
group who had successfully launched
a long-range ballistic missile.
V-2 (Fig.1.7)
1.14. Post-World War II
The Americans and Russians scooped out the technology of the V2 rocket engine, based
on which their space program flourished at the time. After 10 years, army colonel Sergei
Korolev, who worked in Germany during World War II, became the chief designer of
spacecraft and was responsible for developing the Vostok, Voshkod, and Soyuz
spacecraft, which had carried all Soviet cosmonauts into orbit. Even the entire research
team of von Braun moved to the United Sates and provided leadership in the development
of an ambitious American space program.
1.15.1956
The Army Ballistic Missile Agency was established at Redstone Arsenal under von
Braun’s leadership to develop the Jupiter intermediate-range ballistic missile.
Subsequently, von Braun, along with the entire Army Ballistic Missile Agency, joined
NASA to augment the ambitious space program of America. Both Americans and
Russians abandoned the V2 rocket design of Germany and developed their own design
for the next generation of rocket engines.
8|Page
1.16.April 12, 1961
The Russians launched their first satellite known as
Sputnik and sent the first man, Yuri Gagarin.
(See Figure 1.8)
1.17.July 20, 1969

American engineers and scientists landed on the moon
Sputnik (Fig. 1.9)
9|Page
Assessment
• During 200 B.C of History of Rocket Propulsion, what dynasty the developed
rockets which were used, of course, for fireworks at that time.?
Answer:
• Who wrote the book of The Rocket into Interplanetary Space?
Answer:
• Who propose the liquid-propellant rocket engine (LPRE)?
Answer:
• Who was the first person along with his research group who had successfully
launched a long-range ballistic missile?
Answer:
• The name of this device derives from the two Greek words and which
mean the ball (pila) of Aeolus, the Greek god of the wind.
Answer:
CRITERIA:
Percentage Criteria
30% Relevance: it directly answers the question
30% Understanding of the topic
15% Clear style, including accurate spelling, clear sentence
construction and punctuation
15% Use of own words, except where directly quoting from another
source
10% Organization of material into a coherent structure:
introduction, argument and evidence, conclusion
10 | P a g e
Honesty Clause
HONESTY CLAUSE
My signature below constitutes my pledge that all of my writing

is my own work, with the exceptions of those portions which are
properly documented
_____________________ _____________________
Student Signature Parent Signature
Reference:
Fundamentals of Rocket Propulsion by Mishra, D. P. (Aerospace engineer), page. 2
11 | P a g e

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Republic of the Philippines

PHILIPPINE STATE COLLEGE OF AERONAUTICS

II. Module Learning Outcome:

Time Commitment for this Module

-It shows a schematic of the aeropile of Hero, which is

Congrieve-designed rocket (Fig. 1.6)

1.6. World War I

1.12. December 1934

1.13. October 3, 1942

1.14. Post-World War II

1.17.July 20, 1969

Sputnik (Fig. 1.9)

My signature below constitutes my pledge that all of my writing

Fundamentals of Rocket Propulsion by Mishra, D. P. (Aerospace engineer), page. 2

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