DHARMSINH DESAI UNIVERSITY, NADIAD

FACULTY OF TECHNOLOGY
DEPARTMENT OF CHEMICAL
ENGINEERING

LABORATORY MANUAL

HEAT TRANSFER
[CH-505]

PREPARED
BY
Dr. ANAND P.DHANWANI
 Thermal Conductivity of Composite Wall
INTRODUCTION:

A sketch of the apparatus is shown in Figure. The essential parts are Heater plate,
Composite Wall made of Mild Steel, Asbestos & Wood and thermocouples in position as
shown in the same figure.
For the measurement of the thermal conductivity K what is required is to have one
dimensional heat flow through the flat specimen, an arrangement for maintaining its faces
at the constant temperature and metering method to measure the heat flow through a known
area.
Knowing the heat input to the central plate heater, the temperature difference across the
each specimen, its thickness and the area, one can calculate the K by the following formula.

K = q * L / [ 2 * A * ( Th - Tc ) ]
where,
K Thermal Conductivity of the sample, W/m C
q Heat flow rate in the specimen, W
A Area of the specimen, m2
Th Hot side average temperature, C
Tc Cold side average temperature, C
L Thickness of the specimen, m

APPARATUS DESCRIPTION:
Two sections of Composite Walls are positioned on either side of the plate heater (Ni-Cr
wire packed in upper and lower mica sheets, 1500 W).

Two thermocouples (1 & 2) are used to measure the hot face temperature at the upper and
lower heater plate, 3 & 4 are used to measure the temperature at the other end of Mild Steel
Plate (20 mm), 5 & 6 to measure temperature at far end of Asbestos sheet (15 mm) and 7
& 8 for far end of the wooden plate (10 mm). (See Figure). Diameter of the plates is 300
mm.
Specimens are held in position by the help of C clamps. The whole assembly is enclosed
in wooden box with one side transparent for visualization.
Voltmeter and Ammeter are used to measure the energy input to the heater. This energy
input to the heater can be varied using Dimmerstat. Digital Temperature indicator with
selector switch on the control panel indicates the temperature at different positions in the
composite wall. Indicator Lamp indicates ON/ OFF position of the heater. MCB has been
provided to switch ON/ OFF the power to the equipment.

Aim: TO DETERMINE THE OVERALL THERMAL CONDUCTIVITY OF COMPOSITE WALL.

PROCEDURE:
 Insert male socket of control panel and test set-up in proper position.
 Start the main switch of control panel.
 Increase slowly the input to heater by the dimmerstat starting from 0volts position.
 Adjust input equal to 150 watts maximum by voltmeter and ammeter.
 See that this input remains constant throughout the experiment.
 Wait till a satisfactory steady state condition is reached. This can be checked by
reading temperatures of thermocouples 1 to 2, 3 to 4, 5 to 6 and 7 to 8.
 Note down the readings in the observation table with time as given below.

PRECAUTIONS:
 Keep the Dimerstat to 0 voltage position before switching on the main switch of the
set up.
 Increase the heater voltage gradually during initial set-up experimentation.
 Never use the heater at full capacity for longer period of time.
OBSERVATION TABLE:

Sr. No. (1) (2) (3)

Time
Voltage (V) V
Current (Amp) I
Heat Input (W) Q=V*I
Heater T1
Plate T2
Thermocouple Position
Temperature (oC)

MS T3
Plate T4
Asbestos T5
Plate T6
Wooden T7
Plate T8
Mean Heater
T12 =
Temperature
(T1 + T2) / 2
(oC)
Mean MS Plate
T34 =
Temperature
(T3 + T4) / 2
(oC)
Mean Asbestos Plate T56 =
Temperature (oC) (T5 + T6) / 2
Mean Wooden Plate T78 =
Temperature (oC) (T7 + T8) / 2
CALCULATIONS:-

Heat Transfer Area Perpendicular to Heat Flow,

A = ( / 4) * D2
= (3.14/4) * (0.3)2
= 0.07065 m2

Heat Input by Heater

Q =V*I
=
= W
Thermal Conductivity for individual specimen,

Ki = (Q * Li) / [2 * A * (Th i, av - Tc i, av)]

i = 1, 2 and 3 for MS, asbestos and Wooden Plate respectively.

Thermal Conductivity for MS Plate,

K1 = (Q * L1) / [2 * A* (T12 – T34)]
= (Q * 0.020)/[ 2* 0.07065* (T12 – T34)]
=
= W/m 0c
Where L1 = Thickness of MS Plate = 20 mm

Thermal Conductivity for Asbestos Plate,

K2 = (Q * L2) / [2 * A * (T34 – T56)]
= (Q * 0.015)/[ 2* 0.07065* (T34 – T56)]
=
= W/m 0c

Where L2 = Thickness of MS Plate = 15 mm

Thermal Conductivity for Wooden Plate,
K3 = (Q * L3) / [2 * A * (T56 – T78)]
= (Q * 0.010)/[ 2* 0.07065* (T56 – T78)]
=
= W/m 0c
Where L3 = Thickness of MS Plate = 10 mm

Overall Thermal Conductivity,

Koverall = (Q * L) / [2 * A * {((T1 + T2) / 2) – ((T8 + T7) / 2)}]
=
=
= W/ m C
RESULT:
Thermal
Conductivity of MS K1
Plate (w/m C)
Thermal
Conductivity of
K2
Asbestos Plate (w/m
C)
Thermal
Conductivity of
K3
Wooden Plate (w/m
C)
Overall Thermal
Ko
Conductivity (w/m2C)

CONCLUSION:
 PIN FIN APPARATUS
Extended surfaces or fins are used to increase the heat transfer rates from a surface to the
surrounding fluid wherever it is not possible to increase the value of the surface heat
transfer coefficient or the temperature difference between the surface and the fluid. Fins
are fabricated in variety of forms. Fins around the air cooled engines are a common
example.

As the fins extend from primary heat transfer surface, the temperature difference with
the surrounding fluid diminishes towards the tip of the fin. The aim of the experiment is to
study the temperature distribution and the effectiveness of the fin, which plays an important
role in fin design.
The apparatus consists of a simple pin fin which is fitted in a rectangular duct. The
duct is attached to suction end of a blower. One end of fin is heated by an electrical heater.
Thermocouples are mounted along the length of fin and a thermocouple notes the duct fluid
temperature. When top cover over the fin is opened and heating started, performance of fin
with natural convection can be evaluated and with top cover closed & blower started, fin
can be tested in forced convection.

SPECIFICATIONS –

1) Fins – 12.7 mm O.D., effective length 102 mm with 5 Nos. of thermocouple positions
along the length, made of brass, mild steel and aluminum - one each. Fin is screwed in
heater block which is heated by a band heater.
2) Duct - 150 x 100 mm cross section, 1000 mm long connected to suction side of blower.
3) F.H.P. centrifugal blower with orifice and flow control valve on discharge side.
4) Orifice - dia. 22 mm, coefficient of discharge Cd = 0.64.
5) Measurements and controls-
a) Dimmerstat to control heater input, 0 - 230 V, 2 amp.
b) Voltmeter 0 - 250 V, for heater supply voltage.
c) Ammeter 0 - 2 amp. for heater current.
e) Multichannel digital temperature indicator.
f) Water manometer connected to orificemeter.
THEORY -
Let A = cross sectional area of the fin, m2.
P = circumference of the fin, m.
L = length of the fin = 0.102 m.
T1 = Base temperature of the fin.
Tf = Duct fluid temperature ( channel No. 6 of temperature indicator)
 = Temperature difference of fin and fluid temperature
= T - Tf .
h = heat transfer coefficient, w / m2 oC.
Kf = Thermal conductivity of fin material.
= 110 W / m K for brass.
= 46 W / m K for mild steel.
= 232 W / m K for aluminum.
Heat is conducted along the length of fin and also lost to surroundings. Applying first
law of thermodynamics to a control volume along the length of fin at a station which is
at length ‘x’ from the base,
d2T h.P
------ - ----  = 0 - - - - - - - - - - - 1
d x2 kf . A
  = ( C1 . e mx ) + ( C2 . e-mx ) - - - - - - - - 2

h.P
where, m = ----------- - - - - - - - - - 3
kf . A
with the boundary conditions of  = 1 at x = 0.
1 = T1 - Tf , assuming tip to be insulated.
d
----- = 0 at x = L results in obtaining equation (2 ) in the form
dx

 T - Tf cosh m ( L - x )
---- = --------------- = ------------------------ ------- (4)
1 T1 - Tf cosh m.L
This is the equation for temperature distribution along the length of the fin.
Temperatures T1 and Tf will be known for the given situation and the value of ‘h’
depends upon mode of convection i.e. natural or forced.

EXPERIMENTAL PROCEDURE

A) NATURAL CONVECTION -
Open the duct cover over the fin. Ensure proper earthing to the unit and switch on the
main supply. Adjust dimmerstat so that about 80 volts are supplied to the heater. The fin
will start heating. When the temperatures remain steady, note down the temperatures of
the fin and duct fluid temperature. Repeat the experiment at different inputs to heater.
OBSERVATIONS -
Sr. No. Input Fin Temperatures0c Duct fluid temp. 0c
V I T1 T2 T3 T4 T5 T6

B) FORCED CONVECTION -
Close the duct cover over the fin. Start the blower. Adjust the dimmerstat so that about
100 - 110 volts are supplied to the heater. When the temperatures become steady, note
down all the temperatures and the manometer difference.
Repeat the experiment at different inputs and at different air flow rates.
OBSERVATION TABLE -
Sr. No. Manometer difference Fin Temperatures 0c Duct fluid temp.0c
H ( m of water ) T1 T2 T3 T4 T5 T6
CALCULATIONS -
NOMENCLATURE -
Tm = Average fin temperature = (T1 + T2 + T3 + T4+ T5 ) / 5
T = Tm - Tf
Tmf = mean film temperature = (Tm + Tf ) / 2
a = Density of air, kgm / m3
w = Density of water, kgm / m3 = 1000 kgm / m3
D = Diameter of pin fin = 12  10-3 m.
d = Diameter of orifice = 22 x 10-3 m.
Cd = coefficient of discharge of orifice = 0.64
 = Dynamic viscosity of air, N-s /m2.
Cp = Specific heat of air, kJ /kg 0C.
 = Kinematic viscosity, m2 / s.
kair = Thermal conductivity of air, w / m 0C
 = volume expansion coefficient = 1 / (Tmf + 273 )
H = manometer difference, m of water.
V = velocity of air in duct, m /s.
Q = volume flow rate of air, m3 /s.
Vtmf = velocity of air at mean film temperature.
All properties are to be evaluated at mean film temperature.

Natural Convection -

The fin under consideration is horizontal cylinder loosing heat by natural convection. For
horizontal cylinder, Nusselt number,
Nu = 1.10 ( Gr . Pr ) 1/6 ------- for 10-1  Gr . Pr  104.
Nu = 0.53 ( Gr . Pr ) 1/4 ------- for 104  Gr . Pr  109 .
Nu = 0.13 ( Gr . Pr ) 1/3 ------- for 109  Gr . Pr < 1012 .
where, Gr = Grashof number,

g .  . D3 . T
 = ------------------
2

Pr = Prandtl number
Cp . 
= -----------
kair
Determine Nusselt number.
Now, Nu = ( h . D ) / k air.
 h =
From h, determine ‘m’ from equation ( 3 )
Using h and m , determine temperature distribution in the fin from equation (4).

The rate of heat transfer from the fin can be calculated as

q =  h . P . kf . A  ( T1 -Tf ) tanh mL ------- (5)
and effectiveness of the fin can be calculated as,
tanh mL
 = --------------- ------- (6)
mL

Forced Convection -
As in natural convection, for horizontal cylinder loosing heat by forced convection,
Nu = 0.615 ( Re ) 0.466 - - - - - for 40 < Re < 4000
Nu = 0.174 ( Re ) 0.618 - - - - - for 4000 < Re < 40000
where,
Vtmf . D
Re = ------------


V . ( Tmf + 273 )
Vtmf = ----------------------------------------------_____
( Tf + 273 )

Velocity of air is determined from air volume flow.


Q = Cd -----d2  2 . g . H ( w / a ) m3 / s.
4
V = Q / Duct cross sectional area
= Q / ( 0.15 x 0.1 ) m/s.
From Nusselt number, find out 'h' and from 'h', find out 'm'.
Now temperature distribution, heat transfer rate and effectiveness of the fin can be
calculated using equations 4, 5 and 6 respectively.

CONCLUSION -
1) Comment on the observed temperature distribution and calculation by theory , it is
expected that observed temperatures should be slightly less than their calculated values
because of radiation and non-insulated tip.
2) Plot the graphs of temperature distribution in both natural and forced convection.

PRECAUTIONS -
1) Operate all the switches and controls gently.
2) Do not obstruct the suction of the duct or discharge pipe.
3) Open the duct cover over the fin for natural convection experiment.
4) Fill up water in the manometer and close duct cover for forced convection experiment.
5) Proper earthing to the unit is necessary.
6) While replacing the fins, be careful for fixing the thermocouples. Incorrectly fixed
thermocouples may show erratic readings.
 PROPERTIES OF AIR

T  Cp  x 106 k Pr v x 10 6
0
C kgm/m3 kJ/kgm-K N-Sec / m2 W/m-K m2 /Sec
0 1.293 1.005 17.2 0.0244 0.707 13.28
10 1.247 1.005 17.7 0.0251 0.705 14.16
20 1.205 1.005 18.1 0.0259 0.703 15.06
30 1.165 1.005 18.6 0.0267 0.701 16.00
40 1.128 1.005 19.1 0.0276 0.699 16.96
50 1.093 1.005 19.6 0.0283 0.698 17.95
60 1.060 1.005 20.1 0.0290 0.696 18.97
70 1.029 1.009 20.6 0.0297 0.694 20.02
80 1.000 1.009 21.1 0.0305 0.692 21.09
90 0.972 1.009 21.5 0.0313 0.690 22.10
100 0.946 1.009 21.9 0.0321 0.688 23.13
120 0.898 1.009 22.9 0.0334 0.686 25.45
140 0.854 1.013 23.7 0.0349 0.684 27.80
 Pin Fin Apparatus

Sample Calculation
OBSERVATIONS - ( NATURAL TYPE ) ; -
Sr Input Fin temperatures0c Duct fluid temp. 0c
No vxI T1 T2 T3 T4 T5 T6
1) 70 V& 0.3A 94 91 89 87 86 29
Calculations-
94 + 91 + 89 + 87 +86
Ts = ------------------------------------ = 89.4 0C
5
0
Tm = 89.4 C
Ta = 29 0C
T = 89.4 - 29 = 60.4 0C
Tmf = 74.9 0C
9.81 x ( 1 / 333 )x ( 0.012 )3 x 60.4
Gr = -------------------------------------------------- = 8544.18
( 18.97 x 10 -6) 2
Pr = 0.696
 Gr Pr = 8544.18 x 0.696 = 5946.75
Nu = 1.1 (5946.75)0.17 = 4.682
4.682 x 0.029
h = -------------------------- = 11.13 Watts / m 2 0k
0.012

h.p
m = -------------
Kf. A

Where, p = 0. 0377 m kf = 110 Watts / m 0k A = 0.000113 m 2

11.13 x 0.0377
 m = --------------------- = 5.81
110 x 0.000113

q = 11.13 x 0.0377 x 110 x 0.000113 x (94 - 29 ) [tan h (5.81) (0.102 ) ] =2.5 watts.

 = tan h 5.81x 0.102 / 5.81x 0.102 = 0.90

T -Tf cos h m (l - x )
--------------- = -------------------
T1 -Tf cosh ml

T2 - 29 cos h [ (0.069) ]
--------------- = -----------------------
94 -29 cosh [ ( 0.092) ]

T2 = 93.88 0c.

OBSERVATIONS - ( FORCED TYPE ) ; -

Manometer difference = 96 mm.
Sr Input Fin temperatures0c Duct fluid temp. 0c
No vxI T1 T2 T3 T4 T5 T6
.
1) 120 V& 0.6A 139 133 127 124 119 28

139 + 133 + 127 + 124 + 119

Tm = ------------------------------------------ = 128.4 0C
5
0
Tf = 28 C
T = 128 - 28 = 100.4 0
C
Tmf = (128.4 + 28) / 2 = 78.2 0C
Q = 0.64 x  /4 x (0.022 ) 2 2 x 9.81 x 0.096 (1000 / 1 ) = 0.01055 m3 /s.

0.01055
v = -------------- = 0.7035 m/s.
0.15 x 0.1

0.7035 ( 78.2 + 273 )

Vtmf = --------------------------- = 0.704
(28 + 273 )

0.704 x 0.012
Re = ------------------- = 400.31
21.09 x 10 -6

1 1
 = ---------------- = ------------------- = 2.85 x 10 -3
Tmf + 273 78.2 + 273

9.81 x  x D3 x T 9.81 x 2.85 x 10 -3 x ( 0.012)3

Gr = ---------------------- = ------------------------------------------- = 4.50 x 10-3
v2 21.09 x 10 -6

Pr = 0.692
Gr. Pr = 4.50 x 10-3 x 0.692 = 3116.44

Nu = 0.615 ( Re ) = 0.615 ( 400.56 ) 0.466

= 10.03
now,

Nu . Kair 10.03 x 0.0305

h= -------------- = ----------------------- = 25.49 W/ m 2 K.
D 12 x 10 -3

h.p
m = -------------
Kf. A

Where, p = 0. 0377 m kf = 232 Watts / m k A = 0.000113 m 2

25.49 x 0.0377
 m = --------------------- = 6.05
232 x 0.000113

q = ( h . p Kf . A )1/2 x ( T1 - Tf )tanh mL
= (25.49 x  x 0.012 x 232 x 1.13 x 10 -4 )1/2 x (139 - 28 ) tanh ( 6.05 x 0.102)
= 9.67 watts.
tanh mL tanh (6.05 x 0.102 )
 = ------------------- = ---------------------------- = 0.89
mL 6.05 x 0.102

Temp. distribution along the length of the fin.

T - Tf cosh m ( L - x )
--------------- = ------------------------
T1 - Tf cosh m.L

T - 28 cosh 6.05 ( 0.092 - 0 )

--------------- = --------------------------------
139 - 28 cosh 6.05 ( 0.092 )
 T1 = 13 9 0C -----------------------------------------------( 1 )

T - 28 cosh 6.05 ( 0.102 - 0.023 )

--------------- = ------------------------------------
139 - 28 cosh 6.05 ( 0.092 )

T2 = 135 0C -----------------------------------------------( 2 )

T - 28 cosh 6.05 ( 0.102 - 0.046 )

--------------- = -------------------------------- -------
139 - 28 cosh 6.05 ( 0.092 )

T3 = 129 0C -----------------------------------------------( 3 )

T - 28 cosh 6.05 ( 0.102 - 0.069 )

--------------- = --------------------------------
139 - 28 cosh 6.05 ( 0.092 )

T4 = 125 0C -----------------------------------------------( 4 )

T - 28 cosh 6.05 ( 0.102 - 0.092 )

--------------- = ---------------------------------------
139 - 28 cosh 6.05 ( 0.092 )
T5 = 124 0C --------------------------------------------z--( 5 )

( NOTE : - This sample calculation is only for reference purpose. )

 EMISSIVITY MEASUREMENT APPARATUS

INTRODUCTION
All the bodies emit and absorb the thermal radiation to and from surroundings. The rate of
thermal radiation depends upon the temperature of body. Thermal radiation's are
electromagnetic waves and they do not require any medium for propagation.
When thermal radiation strikes a body, part of it is reflected, part of it is absorbed and
part of it is transmitted through body.
The fraction of incident energy, reflected by the surface is called reflectivity () . The
fraction of incident energy, absorbed by the surface is called absorptivity () and the
fraction of incident energy transmitted through body is called transmissivity ()

The surface which absorbs all the incident radiation is called a black surface.
For a black surface , +  +  = 1
The radiant flux, emitted from the surface is called emissive power (e).
The emissivity of a surface is ratio of emissive power of a surface to that of black surface
at the same temperature. Thus,

e
 = -----------
eb

THE APPARATUS

The apparatus uses comparator method for determining the emissivity of test plate. It
consists of two aluminum plates, of equal physical dimensions. Mica heaters are provided
inside the plates. The plates are mounted in an enclosure to provide undisturbed
surroundings.
One of the plates is blackened outside for use as a comparator (because black surface has
 = 1 ). Another plate is having natural surface finish. Input to heaters can be controlled
by separate dimmerstats. Heater input is measured on common ammeter and voltmeter.
One thermocouple is fitted on surface of each plate to measure the surface temperature with
digital temperature indicator. By adjusting input to the heaters, both the plates are brought
to same temperature, so that conduction and convection losses from both the plates are
equal and difference in input is due to different emissivities.
Holes are provided at back side bottom and at the top of enclosure for natural circulation
of air over the plates. The plate enclosure is provided with perspex acrylic sheet at the front.

EXPERIMENTAL PROCEDURE
1. Blacken one of the plates with the help of lamp black (Normally this is blackened at the
works, but if blackening is wiped out, then blackening is necessary)
2. Keep both the dimmer knobs at ZERO position.
3. Insert the supply pin-top in the socket ( which is properly earthed ) and switch 'ON' the
mains supply.
4. Switch ON the mains switch on the panel.
5. Keep the meter selector switch ( toggle switch ) at the black plate side position.
6. Adjust dimmer of black plate, so that around 110 - 120 volts are supplied to
black plate.
7. Now, switch the meter selector switch on other side.
8. Adjust test plate voltage slightly less than that of black plate ( say 100 -110 volts)
9. Check the temperatures (after, say 10 minutes ) and adjust the dimmers so that
temperatures of both the plates are equal and steady. Normally, very minor adjustments
are required for this.
10. Note down the readings after the plate temperatures reach steady state.

OBSERVATIONS
Plate I n put Surface Temp.0C
V I
Test Plate T1 =
Black plate T2 =

Enclosure temp.  T3 = 0C
CALCULATIONS
1) Enclosure Temp.
TE = T3 0C
= ( T3 + 273.15 ) K
2) Plate surface temp.
T = T1 = T2 = 0C
TS = ( T + 273.15 ) K
3) Heat input to black plate,
Wb = V x I watts
4) Heat input to test plate,
WT = V x I watts
5) Surface area of plates

A = 2 x ------ D2 + [   D  t ]
4
= 0.0447 m2

Where, D = dia. of plates = 0.16 m.

and , t = thickness of plates = 0.009 m.

6) For black plate,

Wb = WCVb + WCdb + WRb ------------ ( i )
Where,
WCVb = Convection losses
WCdb = Conduction losses
WRb = Radiation losses
Similarly, for test plate,
WT = WCVT + WCDT + WRT ------------- ( ii)
as both plates are of same physical dimensions, same material & at same temperatures,
WCVb = WCVT & WCDb = WCDT
Subtracting equation ( ii) from ( i ) we get,
Wb  WT = WRb  WRT
= [   A  b ( TS4  TE4 ) ]  [   A  T ( TS4  TE4 ) ]
 =   A  ( TS4  TE4 ) ( b   )
as emissivity of black plate is 1,
Wb  WT =   A  ( TS4  TE4 ) ( 1   )
where,
 = Emissivity of test plate
 = Stefan Boltzmann constant = 5.667 x 108 W/m2 K4

[ Note - Emissivity of oxidized aluminum plate i.e. test plate is normally within the range
of 0.3 to 0.7.]

CONCLUSION
The emissivity of test plate was found to be ------ at the temperature of ------ K

PRECAUTIONS
1) Black plate should be perfectly blackened.
2)Never put your hand or papers over the holes provided at the top of
enclosure.
3) Keep at least 200mm distance between the back side of unit and the wall.
4) Operate all the switches and knobs gently.
 HEAT TRANSFER IN FORCED CONVECTION
Whenever a fluid is being forced over the heated surface, forced convection

heat transfer occurs. The apparatus consists of a circular pipe, through which cold

fluid, i.e. air is being forced. Pipe is heated by a band heater outside the pipe.

Temperature of pipe is measured with thermocouples attached to pipe surface. Heater

input is measured by a Voltmeter and Ammeter. Thus, heat transfer rate and heat

transfer coefficient can be calculated.

SPECIFICATIONS -

1. Test pipe - 33 mm I.D. & 500 mm Long.

2. Band heater for pipe.

3..Multichannel Digital Temperature Indicator 0 - 300 0C using

Chromel / Alumel thermocouples.

4. Dimmerstat 2Amps. 240 Volts. for heater input control.

5. Voltmeter 0- 200 volts

6. Ammeter 0- 2 Amps.

7. Blower to force the air through test pipe.

8. Orificemeter with water manometer.

EXPERIMENTAL PROCEDURE -
1. Put 'ON' mains supply.
2. Adjust the heater input with the help of dimmerstat.
3. Start the blower and adjust the air flow with valve.
4. Wait till steady state is reached and note down the reading in the observation
table.
OBSERVATIONS :

Sr. No. Volt Amp. Temperatures o c Manometer Difference

V I T1 T2 T3 T4 T5 T6 T7 hw

CALCULATIONS -
0
1. Air inlet temp. T1 = C
0
2. Air outlet temp. T7 = C
3. Density of air at atmospheric temperature = kg/m3
(Density can be found out from the chart of properties of air.)
4. Diameter of orifice = 22 mm.

Manometer difference = Water head = hw mtrs.

Air head, ha = hw ( w / a )

Where, w = Density of water = 1000 Kg / m 3

 Air volume flow rate,

Q = Cd x ao x 2 g ha m 3 /Sec.

Where, Cd = 0.64
a o = c. s. area of orifice.
5. Mass flow rate of air ,

ma = Q x a Kg /sec.
Velocity of air ,
Q
V = ------ m /sec.
ap
Where ,

a p = Cross sectional area of pipe

= 8.33 x 10 -4 m2

6. Heat gained by air, q = ma x Cpa x ( T7 - T1 )

Where, Cpa = Specific heat of air = 1 kJ / Kg K. OR 103 J / Kg K.

7. Average inside surface temperature,
T2 + T3 + T4 + T5 + T6
O
Ts = -------------------------------------- C
5
8. Bulk mean temp. of air ,
T1 + T7
Tm = --------------- 0C
2
9. Average surface heat transfer coefficient , -
Actual Heat Loss Due To Forced Convection = q - Heat Loss Due To Radiation
 Heat Loss Due To Radiation ( q1 ) , -
q1 = 0.4 x A x ( Ts4 - Ta4 ) x  -------- ( - Stefan Boltzmann Constant )
Actual Heat Loss = q - q 1
q-q1
 h expt = ---------------------- W / m2 k
A x ( Ts - Tm )
where, A = Inside surface area of the pipe =  x di x l
=  x 0.033 x 0.5
= 0.0518 m 2.

di = Inside dia. Of pipe = 0.033 mtrs.

10. Reynolds number-
VxD
ReD = -----------

 = Kinematic viscosity at Tm.

D = 0.033 m.

If ReD < 2000 , flow is laminar.

 h. D
For laminar flow --------- = 4.36.
kair
If Reynoulds number exceeds 2000, flow is turbulent.
For turbulent flow,
h.D
NuD = ---------
kair

= 0.023 ( ReD ) 0.8 ( Pr.) n

Where, n = 0.4 when fluid is being heated.

Or n = 0.3 when fluid is being cooled.

Determine htheo from Nu.

NOTE - The calculated values and actual values may differ appreciably because
of heat losses. The heat loss through natural convection , conduction and heat loss
through insulation over the heater is not considered , but they are present . Also, the
heat flux is not uniform practically , as assumed in theory , which gives difference
between actual & theoretical value .

PRECAUTIONS -
1. While putting 'ON' the supply, keep dimmerstat at zero position and blower
switch 'OFF'.
2. Operate all the switches and controls gently.
3. Do not obstruct the flow of air while experiment is going on.
 PROPERTIES OF AIR

T  Cp  x 106 k Pr v x 106
0 C kgm/m3 kJ/kgm-K N-Sec / m2 W/m-K m2
/Sec
0 1.293 1.005 17.2 0.0244 0.707 13.28
10 1.247 1.005 17.7 0.0251 0.705 14.16
20 1.205 1.005 18.1 0.0259 0.703 15.06
30 1.165 1.005 18.6 0.0267 0.701 16.00
40 1.128 1.005 19.1 0.0276 0.699 16.96
50 1.093 1.005 19.6 0.0283 0.698 17.95
60 1.060 1.005 20.1 0.0290 0.696 18.97
70 1.029 1.009 20.6 0.0297 0.694 20.02
80 1.000 1.009 21.1 0.0305 0.692 21.09
90 0.972 1.009 21.5 0.0313 0.690 22.10
100 0.946 1.009 21.9 0.0321 0.688 23.13
120 0.898 1.009 22.9 0.0334 0.686 25.45
140 0.854 1.013 23.7 0.0349 0.684 27.80
 CONCENTRIC TUBE HEAT EXCHANGER
( PLAIN TUBE TYPE)

Heat exchangers are the devices in which the heat is transferred from one fluid to
another. Exchange of heat is required at many industrial operations as well as chemical
processes. Common examples of heat exchangers are radiator of a car, condenser of a
refrigeration unit or cooling coil of an air conditioner.
Heat exchangers are of basically three types - i ) Transfer type - in which both fluids
pass through the exchanger and heat gets transferred through the separating walls between
the fluids , ii ) Storage type - in this, firstly the hot fluid passes through a medium having
high heat capacity and then cold fluid is passed through the medium to collect the heat.
Thus hot and cold fluids are alternately passed through the medium,
iii ) Direct contact type - in this type, the fluids are not separated but they mix with each
other and heat passes directly from one fluid to the other.
Transfer type heat exchangers are the type most widely used. In transfer type heat
exchangers, three types of flow arrangements are used, viz. parallel, counter or cross flow.
In parallel flow, both the fluids flow in the same direction while in counter flow, they flow
in the opposite direction. In cross flow, they flow at right angles to each other.
The apparatus consists of two concentric tubes in which fluids pass. The hot fluid is
hot water which is obtained from an electric geyser. Hot water flows through the inner
tube, in one direction. Cold fluid is cold water which flows through the annulus. Control
valves are provided so that direction of cold water can be kept parallel or opposite to that
of hot water. Thus, the heat exchanger can be operated either as parallel or counter flow
heat exchanger. The temperatures are measured with thermometers. Thus, the heat transfer
rate, heat transfer coefficient, L.M.T.D. and effectiveness of heat exchanger can be
calculated for both parallel and counter flow.
SPECIFICATIONS -
1) Heat exchanger - a ) Inner tube -  12.7 mm O.D., 11.0 mm I.D. copper tube.
b ) Outer tube -  22 mm NB G.I. pipe.
c ) Length of heat exchanger is - 1.5 m.
2) Electric heater - 3 kw capacity to supply hot water.
3) Valves for flow and direction control - 5 Nos.
4) Thermometers to measure temperatures - 10 to 110 0C - 4 Nos.
5) Measuring flask and stop clock for flow measurement.
EXPERIMENTAL PROCEDURE -
1) Start the water supply. Adjust the water supply on hot and cold sides. Firstly, keep the

valves V2 and V4 closed and V1 - V3 opened so that arrangement is parallel flow.

2) Put few drops of oil in thermometer pockets. Put the thermometers in the thermometer
pockets.
3) Switch 'ON' the geyser. Temperature of water will start rising. After temperatures
become steady, note down the readings and fill up the observation table.
4) Repeat the experiment by changing the flow.

5 ) Now open the valves V2 and V4 and then close the valves V1 & V3. The arrangement

is now counter flow.

6) Wait until the steady state is reached and note down the readings.
OBSERVATION TABLE
HOT WATER COLD WATER

TYPE OF TEMPERATURES TIME FOR TEMPERATURES TIME FOR

FLOW 1 LIT.WATER 1LIT.WATER

IN OC OUT OC Xh Sec IN OC OUT OC Xc Sec

PARALLEL
FLOW
COUNTER
FLOW
CALCULATIONS -
1) Hot water inlet temp. thi = oC
o
Hot water outlet temp. tho = C.

2) Hot water flow rate, mh -

Let time required for 1 lit. of water be xh sec.

Mass of 1 lit. water = 1kg.

mh = 1 / xh kg/s.

3) Heat given by hot water ( inside heat transfer rate )

qh = mh . cp . ( thi - tho ) watts.

Where, cp = Specific heat of water = 4200 J/kg . K .

4) Similarly, for cold water,
Heat collected by cold water ( outside heat transfer rate )
qc = mc . cp . ( tco - tci ) watts.
5) Logarithmic mean temperature difference ( LMTD )
Ti - To
LMTD = Tm = ---------------------
ln ( Ti / To )
where , for parallel flow, for counter flow,

Ti = thi - tci Ti = thi - tco

To = tho - tco To = tho - tci

6) Overall heat transfer coefficient , U -

a) Inside overall heat transfer coefficient, Ui -
Inside diameter of tube = 0.021 m

inside surface area of the tube, Ai =  . di . l =  x 0.021 x 1.5 = 0.1 m2.

Now, qh = Ui . Tm . Ai

 Ui = qh / (Tm . Ai ) w / m2 oC
b) Outside overall heat transfer coefficient ,Uo -
outside diameter of tube = 0.0127 m.

outside surface area of the tube, Ao =  . do . l =  x 0.0127 x 1.5 = 0.0598 m2.

Similarly, qc = Uo . Tm . Ao.

 Uo = qc / Tm . Ao
7) Effectiveness of heat exchanger -

Rate of heat transfer in heat exchanger

 = --------------------------------------------------
Maximum possible heat transfer rate

mh . cp . ( thi - tho )
 = ---------------------------------
( m . cp )s ( thi - tci )

where, ( m. cp )s is smaller of two capacity rates of mh or mc.

RESULTS -

HEAT TRANSFER RATE LMTD

Inside Outside (watts) o Ui Uo

C
(Watts) w /m2OC w /m2OC

PARALLEL
FLOW
COUNTER
FLOW

PRECAUTIONS
1) Never switch on the geyser unless there is water supply through it.
2) If the red indicator on geyser goes off during operation, increase the water supply,
because it indicates that water temperature exceeds the set limit.
3) Ensure steady water flow rate and temperatures before noting down the readings, as
fluctuating water supply can give erratic results.

SAMPLE CALCULATIONS
 ( CONCENTRIC TUBE HEAT EXCHANGER )
OBSERVATION TABLE : -
HOT WATER COLD WATER

TYPE OF TEMPERATURES TIME FOR TEMPERATURES TIME FOR

FLOW 1 LIT.WATER 1LIT.WATER

IN OC OUT OC Xh Sec IN OC OUT OC Xc Sec

PARALLEL 44 38.5 41.81 23.5 26 16.41

FLOW
COUNTER 40.5 35.5 35.22 23 26 19.94
FLOW

CALCULATIONS -
1) Hot water inlet temp. thi = 44 oC
o
Hot water outlet temp. tho = 38.5 C.

2) Hot water flow rate, mh -

Let time required for 1 lit. of water be xh sec.= 41.81sec

Mass of 1 lit. water = 1kg.

mh = 1 / xh kg/s.

= 1 / 41.81 kg/s
= 0.024 kg/s

3) Heat given by hot water ( inside heat transfer rate )

qh = mh . cp . ( thi - tho ) kwatts.

= 0.024 x 4.2 x ( 44 - 38.5)

= 0.55 kw.
Where, cp = Specific heat of water = 4200 J/kg . K .

4) Similarly, for cold water,

Heat collected by cold water ( outside heat transfer rate )
 qc = mc . cp . ( tco - tco )
= 0.061 . 4.2 ( 26- 23.5)
= 0.64 kw.

5) Logarithmic mean temperature difference ( LMTD )

Ti - To
LMTD = Tm = ---------------------
ln ( Ti / To )
20.5 - 12.5
LMTD = Tm = --------------------- = 16.17 0c
ln ( 20.5 / 12.5 )
where , for parallel flow, for counter flow,

Ti = thi - tci = 44 - 23.5= 20.5 , Ti = thi - tco = 40.5-26=14.5

To = tho - tco =38.5 -26=12.5 , To = tho - tci = 35.5- 23=12.5

6) Overall heat transfer coefficient , U -

a) Inside overall heat transfer coefficient, Ui -
Inside diameter of tube = 0.011 m

inside surface area of the tube, Ai =  . di . l =  x 0.011 x 1 = 0.03454 m2.

Now, qh = Ui . Tm . Ai
 Ui = qh / (Tm . Ai )
Ui =0.55 / (16.17. 0.03454 ) = 0.925 kw/ m2 0c

b) Outside overall heat transfer coefficient ,Uo -

outside diameter of tube = 0.012 m.

outside surface area of the tube, Ao =  . do . l =  x 0.012 x 1 = 0.03768 m2.

Similarly, qc = Uo . Tm . Ao.

 Uo = qc / Tm . Ao
Uo = 0.64 /16.17 x 0.03768
= 1.05 kw/ m2 0c
7) Effectiveness of heat exchanger -

Rate of heat transfer in heat exchanger

 = --------------------------------------------------
Maximum possible heat transfer rate

mh . cp . ( thi - tho )
 = ---------------------------------
( m . cp ) ( thi - tci )

0.024 x4.2 ( 44 - 38.5 )

 = ---------------------------------
0.024 x4.2 ( 44 - 23.5 )
= 0.268

where, ( m. cp ) is smaller of two capacity rates of mh or mc.

Note :- Sample calculations are only for reference purpose.

 PLATE TYPE HEAT EXCHANGER APPARATUS

Heat exchangers are the devices used to transfer the heat from one fluid to other.
Transfer of heat is needed for many applications. Commonly used types of heat
exchangers are transfer type, storage type and direct contact type. In transfer type, both,
hot and cold fluids are passing simultaneously through the heat exchanger and heat is
being transferred through the separating wall between them. Transfer type exchangers
are simple for connections and installations, hence are used in many applications.
In transfer type heat exchangers, different type of flow arrangements are used, viz,
parallel, counter or cross flow .The latest type being plate type heat exchanger. The
plate type heat exchanger consists of parallel plates stacked together. The hot fluid is hot
water obtained from water heater. The cold fluid is tap water. Hot water enters at its
inlet port, flows through the alternate plates in the stack and comes to the opposite end
of the plates. It reverses its direction during flow. Cold water enters on the opposite side
of the hot water entrance at lower part of the plates. It passes through the alternate
plates and leaves out the stack through outlet at upper diagonally opposite end of plates.

SPECIFICATIONS-
4) Heat exchanger - No. of plates - 5 with passages of hot and cold fluids
between alternate plates. Plate size –510 x 210 mm (external)
Effective heat transfer area- 460 x 160 mm x 5 nos. = 0.368 m2.( for one fluid )
2) Instantaneous water heater, 3 Kw capacity, to supply hot water.
3) Thermometers for measuring the water temperatures.
4) Valves to control hot and cold water flow.

SERVICES REQUIRED FROM CUSTOMER-

1) Water supply about 15 lit/min at constant head .
2) Single Phase AC supply.
3) Floor space of about 1 m x 1 m.
4) Suitable drain arrangements for water.
EXPERIMENTAL PROCEDURE -
1) Connect the water supply and start the flow of water to both the inlets.
2) Connect the main electric supply and switch ‘ON’ the water heater.

NEVER SWITCH ON THE HEATER BEFORE STARTING WATER SUPPLY.

3) Observe water inlet and outlet temperatures.
4) Wait till steady state is reached and note down the observations.
5) Repeat the procedure by changing the water flow rates.

OBERVATIONS
COLD WATER HOT WATER
Sr. Inlet Outlet Time for 10 cm Inlet Outlet Time for 10
No. temp rise of water in temp temp
temp. cm rise of
Tco0c the measuring Thi0c Tho0c
water in the
Tci0c tank.
‘tc’ measuring

tank.

‘th’

DATA
1) Sp. heat of water, ‘Cpw’ = 4200 J/Kg K
2) Heat transfer area, ‘A’ = 0.368 m2

CACULATIONS.
1) Hot water inlet temp. Thi = 0c

Hot water outlet temp .Tho = 0c

Cold water inlet temp Tci = 0c

Cold water outlet temp. Tco = 0c

0.14 x 0.15 x 0.1

2) Mass flow rate = ------------------------ x 1000 kg/s
 t

where, ‘t’ may be ‘tc’ or ‘th’ for mc & mh respectively.

3) Heat collected by cold water -

Qc = mc x cpw x( tco - tci ) KJ/s

Heat lost by hot water -

Qh = mh x cpw x(Thi - Tho) KJ/s

4) Logarithmic mean temperature difference (LMTD)

As plate heat exchanger is cross flow heat exchanger,
T = F x LMTD cf oc

where, LMTD cf = LMTD if the arrangement was for counter flow,

( Thi - Tco ) - (Tho - Tci )
LMTD cf = __________________________________

ln ( Thi - Tco )  ( Tho - Tci )

and, F = correction factor
for finding out correction factor, values of R and S are required
R= Tco  Tci / Thi  Tho
S = Thi  Tho / Thi Tci
Find out value of F from graph attached using values of R and S.

5) Heat transfer coefficient,

i ) Hot side heat transfer coefficient
Uh = Qh / A . T
ii) Out side heat transfer coefficient
Uc = Qc / A. T
6) Effectiveness of the heat exchanger ,
 = ( Tco - Tci ) / (Thi - Tci) ...........(if m c< m h)
OR
 = (Thi-Tho) / (Thi-Tci).............(if mh<mc)
 RESULTS :-

Obs. .No. T Ui Uo 

PRECAUTIONS :-
1) Start water supply before switching on the water heater put water heater OFF
before closing the water supply.
2) Use all the controls and switches gently.
3) Keep the flow rates in the prescribed range, mentioned in experimental procedure.
Too low flow rate for hot water may give very high water temperature, which may
cause thermostat to put off the heater. Too high flow rate will not give appreciable
temperature rise of water.
4) Use clean water for the experiment. water containing impurities or floating particles
may clog the tubes.
 DROPWISE AND FILMWISE CONDENSATION APPARATUS

AIM:
 To determine the inside and outside heat transfer coefficient of Filmwise and
Dropwise condenser.
 To study the Dropwise and Filmwise condensation phenomena

APPARATUS:
Filmwise and Dropwise Condensers enclosed in a Borosilicate Glass Tube
with flow control valves, Steam generator with heating elements, Digital
Temperature Indicator with selector switch, Rotameter.

THEORY:
The processes involving phase change, like boiling and condensation, are also
very important in engineering practice. Boilers and condensers are essential
components of modern thermal power plants; so are the evaporators and
condensers in the vapor compression refrigeration cycles. The phenomenon of
boiling heat transfer has also been successfully used in the cooling of nuclear
reactors and rocket motors where the energy dissipation rates are extremely large.
In order to be able to design these components effectively the phenomena of phase
change processes must be well understood.

The phenomena associated with boiling and condensation is much more complex
than the convection process. This is due to the fact that latent heat effects, surface
tension, surface characteristics and other properties of two phase systems are very
significant. High heat transfer rates associated with small temperature differences
are usually involved in boiling and condensation.
Condensation Heat Transfer:
The process of condensation is the reverse of boiling. Whenever a saturated
vapor comes in contact with a surface at a lower temperature, condensation occurs.
There are two modes of condensation; filmwise, in which the condensate wets the
surface forming a continuous film which covers the entire surface and dropwise in
which the vapor
condenses into small liquid droplets of various sizes which fall down the surface in
a random fashion.

Filmwise condensation:
generally occurs on clean uncontaminated surfaces. In this type of
condensation the film covering the entire surface grows in thickness as it moves
down the surface by gravity. There exists a thermal gradient in the film and so it
acts as a resistance to heat transfer. In dropwise condensation a large portion of the
area of the plate is directly exposed to the vapor, making heat transfer rates much
larger (5 to10 times) than those in filmwise.
condensation. Although dropwise condensation would be preferred to filmwise
condensation yet it is extremely difficult to achieve or maintain. This is because
most surfaces become ‘wetted’ after being exposed to condensing vapors over a
period of time. Dropwise condensation can be obtained under controlled conditions
with the help of certain additives to the condensate and various surface coatings but
its commercial viability has not yet been proved. For this reason the condensing
equipment in use is designed on the basis of filmwise condensation.
APPARATUS DESCRIPTION:
The apparatus consist of:
Steam Generator: (8 liter capacity) equipped with 2 kW heater and Pressure Gauge,
Manual Release Valve, Feed Line and Steam Line.

Dropwise Condenser:
MOC: Copper with chrome plating
Dimensions: ID (di) 16 mm
OD (do) 19 mm
Length (L) 170 mm
Filmwise Condenser:
MOC: Copper with Natural finish
Dimensions: ID (di) 16 mm
OD (do) 19 mm
Length (L) 170 mm
Temperature Indicator with Selector Switch measures the Temperature of :
T1 Steam Chamber Temp.
T2 Cooling Water In
T3 Filmwise Condenser Surface Temp
T4 Dropwise Condenser Surface Temp
T5 Cooling water outlet from film wise condensation surface
T6 Cooling water outlet from drop wise condensation surface

Rotameter (0.3-3.0 LPM) has been provided on the cooling water line to measure
the rate of water flowing through the condenser.
Ball valves have been provided to change the direction of cooling water flow
between either of the condensers.
EXPERIMENTAL PROCEDURE:

 Fill the steam generator with about 10 – 15 liter of water (preferably soft).
 Connect supply socket to the mains and switch on the heater.
 Switch on the heater while keeping the steam line and feed line valves in
closed position.
 Adjust the temperature of the steam near to the 105 – 110 OC.
 Allow the steam generation to take place.
 This may take 30 – 40 minutes depending on the initial temperature of the
feed water.
 The pressure of the generated steam will be indicated on the pressure gauge.
Note down the Pressure reading of the steam inlet.
 Now select the condenser to be tested first and open the ball valve of the
same for cooling water supply.
 Now start the supply of cooling water in the selected condenser (Dropwise
or Filmwise)
 Depending upon the type of condenser under test Dropwise or Filmwise
condensation can be visualized.
 If water flow rate is low than steam pressure in chamber will rise and pressure
gauge will read the pressure.
 If the water flow rate is matched than condensation will occur at more or less
at atmospheric pressure.
 Process of Dropwise and Filmwise condensation can be easily viewed
through the front glass window of main unit.
 Note down the inlet temperature of the cooling water, Outlet Cooling water
Temperature as indicated by the DTI.
 Slowly open the steam line valve and allow the steam to enter the steam
chamber.
  Observe the condensation phenomena and also note down the condenser
temperature, steam inlet temperature.
 Measure and note the cooling water flow rate through Rotameter provided.
 Repeat the above procedure for the second type of condenser.
 Use the wiper provided if the fog/ mist restricts the visualization of the glass
vessel.

PRECAUTIONS:
 Do not start heater supply unless water is filled in the test unit.
 Operate gently the selector switch of temperature indicator to read various
temperatures.
 Increase the temperature gradually of the heater during initial set-up
experimentation.
 Never use the heater at full wattage for longer period of time.
 Use the proper range of Rotameter.
 Operate the change over switch of temperature indicator gently from one
position to other, i.e. from 1 to 4 positions.

OBSERVATIONS:
Filmwise Condensation:
Cooling Water Flow Rate (mw): LPM
Temperature:
T Steam Chamber Temp:
T Cooling Water In:
T Filmwise Condenser Surface Temp:
T Cooling water outlet from film wise condensation surface
Dropwise Condensation:
Cooling Water Flow Rate (mw): LPM
Temperature:
T Steam Chamber Temp:
T Cooling Water In:
T Drop wise Condenser Surface Temp:
T Cooling water outlet from drop wise condensation surface

CALCULATIONS:
Normally steam will not be pressurized, but the pressure gauge reads some pressure than
properties of steam should be taken at that pressure or otherwise atmospheric pressure will
be taken.

FIRST CALCULATE THE HEAT TRANSFER COEFFICIENT INSIDE THE

CONDENSER UNDER TEST.
For this properties of water are taken at bulk mean temperature of water
i.e. (Twi + Two) / 2.
Following properties are required:
 Density of water  kg / m3
 Kinematic Viscosity  m2/ sec
 Thermal Conductivity ‘k’ kcal / hr m C
 Prandtl Number Pr
 Reynolds Number NRe =  v di / 
Where
v (=mw*4/  * di2) = (Flowrate/Area)
di = Inner Diameter of Condenser

If this value of NRe > 2100 then flow is turbulent, below this value flow is laminar.
Normally flow will be turbulent in the tube.
 Nusselt Number NuD = 0.023 (ReD)0.4 (Pr)0.4
 Inside heat transfer coefficient ( hi ) = NuD * k/ di kcal / hr m2 C

CALCULATE HEAT TRANSFER COEFFICIENT ON OUTER SURFACE OF

THE CONDENSER HO:
For this properties of water are taken at bulk mean temperature of condensate
(Ts + Tw) / 2.
 Density of water  kg / m3
 Kinematic Viscosity  m2/ sec
 Thermal Conductivity ‘k’ kcal / hr m C
 Prandtl Number Pr
 Reynolds Number NRe =  v di / 

Where, Ts Temperature of steam,

Tw Temperature of condenser wall
do outside diameter of condenser

 ho = 0.725 * 2 * g * k3 / ( Ts - Tw) * do
From these values overall heat transfer coefficient (U) can be calculated,
1/ U = 1 / hi + (di / do) (1 / ho)
U= kcal / hr m2 C
The same procedure can be repeated for another condenser.
Except for some exceptional cases overall heat transfer coefficient for dropwise
condensation will be higher than that of filmwise condensation. Results may vary from
theory to some degree due to unavoidable heat losses from the glass tube walls.

RESULT:
SAMPLE CALCULATION:

First calculate the heat transfer coefficient inside the condenser under test. For this
properties of water are taken at bulk mean temperature of water
i.e. (Twi + Two) / 2. Following properties are required:
PHYSICAL PROPERTIES AT WATER MEAN TEMPERATURE

Dropwise Filmwise
Physical Properties
Condenser Condenser
Steam Pressure
P 1.5 1.5
Kg/cm2
Steam Temperature
O Ts 99.3 99.4
C
Mean Temperature
o Tm 35 35
C
Density of Water
 993.95 993.95
kg/m3
Viscosity
µ 0.00073 0.00073
Kg/ m s
Kinematics
 0.732*10-6 0.732*10-6
Viscosity m2/ s
Cooling Water
Q 2 2
Flowrate LPM
Vol. Flowrate
m 0.000033 0.000033
m3/s
Velocity
V 0.164 0.164
m/s
Thermal
Conductivity K 0.537 0.537
kcal / hr m C
Specific Heat
CP 0.997 0.997

Reynolds Number

ReD =  v di / 
 = 993.95*0.165*0.016/0.00073

= 3594

where

v = Velocity of Cooling Water Inside Condenser, m/s

= mw*4 /  * di2

where, mw = vol. Flowrate, m3/s

= Q/ 60000

=2/60000

=0.00003333

Q = Coo ling Water Flowrate, LPM

di = Inner Diameter of Condenser, m

 = Density of Water at mean Temperature, kg/m3

 = Viscosity of Water at mean Temperature, kg/ms

If this value of ReD > 2100 then flow is turbulent, below this value flow is laminar.

Normally flow will be turbulent in the tube.

Prandtl Number

NPr = Cp * μ / k

= 0.997*0.00073/0.537

= 4.878

Where

Cp = Specific Heat of Water,

 μ = Viscosity of Water, Kg/ m s

k = Thermal Conductivity of Condenser Material, kcal/ hr m OC

Nusselt Number

NuD = 0.023 (ReD)0.4 (Pr)0.4

= 0.023 * 35940.4 * 4.8780.4

= 1.1467

Thus Inside Heat Transfer Coefficient, kcal / hr m2 C

hi = NuD * k/ di

= 1.1467*0.537/0.016

= 38.48 kcal / hr m2 C

Normally steam will not be pressurised, but the pressure gauge reads some pressure

than properties of steam should be taken at that pressure or otherwise atmospheric

pressure will be taken. Now calculate the heat transfer coefficient outside the

condenser under test. For this properties of condensate are taken at bulk mean

temperature of Condenser wall and the Steam Inlet Temperature

i.e. (Tw + Ts) / 2. Following properties are required:

 PHYSICAL PROPERTIES AT CONDENSATE MEAN TEMPERATURE

Dropwise Filmwise
Physical Properties
Condenser Condenser
Steam Pressure
P 1.5 1.5
Kg/cm2
Steam Temperature
O Ts 99.3 99.4
C
Mean Tamp
0 Tm 78.45 82.2
C
Density of Water
 971.8 971.8
kg/m3
Viscosity
µ 0.000355 0.000355
Kg/ m s
Kinematics
 0.365*10-6 0.365*10-6
Viscosity m2/ s
Cooling Water
Q 2
Flowrate LPM
Vol. Flowrate
m 0.000033
m3/s
Velocity
V 0.164
m/s
Thermal
Conductivity K 0.579
kcal / hr m C
Specific Heat
CP 0.997
Calculate heat transfer coefficient on outer surface of the condenser ho.

Where, Ts Temperature of steam, Tw Temperature of condenser wall

ho = 0.725 * 2 * g * k3 / ( Ts - Tw) * do

= 0.725*2*9.81*0.579 3 /(99.3-78)*0.019

= 6.605 kcal / hr m2 C

From these values overall heat transfer coefficient (U) can be calculated,

1/ U = 1 / hi + (di / do) (1 / ho)

= 1/38.48 +(16/19)(1/6.605)

= 0.1534

Thus,

U = 6.5188 kcal / hr m2 C

The same procedure can be repeated for another condenser.

Except for some exceptional cases overall heat transfer coefficient for Dropwise

condensation will be higher than that of Filmwise condensation. Results may vary

from theory to some degree due to unavoidable heat losses from the glass tube walls.

SR.NO ITEM NAME SIZE MATERIAL QTY.

USED
1. Nipple ½“ GI 3

2.  ½“9“ GI 4

3.  ½ “  24 “ GI 1

4.  ½“2“ GI 3

5.  ½“3“ GI 1

6.  ½“6“ GI 2

7.  ½“9“ Copper 1

8. Elbow ½“ 3

9. Union ½“ 1

10. Ball valve ½“ 7

11. Gate valve ½“ 1

12. Coupling ½“ 3

13. Elbow (L- ½“ 2

type)

14. Glass tube 1

15. Glass
200  150 
(Distance
(6 “ )
piece )

16. Metal flange 6“ 2

DROPWISE – FILMWISE CONDENSATION APPARATUS

 STEAM
T1 INLET
WATER
INLET T2

T4 T3

DROPWISE CONDENSOR FILMWISE CONDENSOR

MOC: COPPER WITH Cr. PLATING MOC: COPPER WITH NATURAL FINISH
DI = 160 mm DI = 160 mm
DO = 190 mm DO = 190 mm
L = 170 mm L = 170 mm