EST 200 : DESIGN AND ENGINEERING

MODULE 4

Manu Prasad
Asst. Professor, Dept. of ECE
AWH Engineering College, Kozhikode 08
Email : manuprasad@awhengg.org
 SYLLABUS

• Design Engineering Concepts:-Project-based Learning and Problem-based

Learning in Design. Modular Design and Life Cycle Design Approaches.
Application of Biomimicry, Aesthetics and Ergonomics in Design. Value
Engineering, Concurrent Engineering, and Reverse Engineering in Design.
 PROBLEM-BASED LEARNING

• It empowers learners to conduct research, integrate theory and practice, and

apply knowledge and skills to develop a viable solution to a defined problem,’
• It is a teaching pedagogy that is student- centered
• Students learn about a topic through the solving of problems and generally
work in groups to solve the problem where, often, there is no one correct
answer.
 PROBLEM-BASED LEARNING

• Problem-based learning typically follow prescribed steps:

1. Presentation of an "ill-structured" (open-ended, "messy") problem
2. Problem definition or formulation (the problem statement)
3. Generation of a "knowledge inventory" (a list of "what we know
about the problem" and "what we need to know")
4. Generation of possible solutions
5. Formulation of learning issues for self-directed and coached
learning
6. Sharing of findings and solutions
PROBLEM-BASED LEARNING (PBL)
PBL - EXAMPLE
PBL - EXAMPLE
PBL - EXAMPLE
PBL - EXAMPLE
PBL - EXAMPLE
 ACTIVE ENGAGE IN LEARNING

✓MEMORIZE CONTENT

✓WORK TOGETHER

✓BUILD A STRONG WEB OF INTER CONNECTED

INFORMATION

✓SOLVE REAL WORLD PROBLEMS

 PROJECT-BASED LEARNING

• Project-based learning is an instructional approach where we learn by

investigating a complex question, problem or challenge.
• It promotes active learning, engages students, and allows for higher order
thinking
• Students explore real-world problems and find answers through the
completion of a project.
• Students also have some control over the project they will be working on, how
the project will finish, as well as the end product.
 PROJECT-BASED LEARNING

• Involves
• Knowledge
• Critical thinking
• Collaboration
• communication
 DIFFERENCE BETWEEN PROBLEM BASED
AND PROJECT BASED LEARNING

• students who complete problem-based learning often share the outcomes and
jointly set the learning goals and outcomes with the teacher.
• On the other hand, project-based learning is an approach where the goals are
set. It is also quite structured in the way that the teaching occurs.
 DIFFERENCE

PROJECT BASED LEARNING PROBLEM BASED LEARNING

• goals are set and quite structured • often share the outcomes and jointly set
the learning goals and outcomes
• often multidisciplinary and longer
• more likely to be a single subject and
• follows general steps
shorter
• involves authentic tasks that solve real-
• provides specific steps
world problems
• uses scenarios and cases that are perhaps
less related to real life
PROJECT BASED LEARNING
VS
PROBLEM BASED LEARNING
 ASSIGNMENTS – PROBLEM BASED
LEARNING

• Answer any two

• Design a new waste management system in your residence area, especially for plastic
waste
• How can you market your own product within limited budget
• Plan your relative’s wedding by following covid protocol
 ASSIGNMENT – PROJECT BASED
LEARNING

• Answer any two

• Analyzing the five most popular social media platforms for teens, then predict and
design a new platform based on existing trends and past trajectory of change.
• Solving the problem of negative and/or ‘fake news.’
• Imagine and discuss college education system in 2050
 MODULAR DESIGN

• Module' means separate elements

• Modular design is an approach in which a product is designed for
assembling in module-wise fashion.
• Modular products are the artifacts that are composed of many
modules
• These modules function together to get the overall function of
the product.
• Modular products can be machines, assemblies and components
that fulfill various overall functions through the combination of
distinct building blocks or modules.
• In a modular product (or modular system), the overall function
performed by the product is the results achieved through a
combination of discrete units (modules).
 MODULARIZATION

• Dividing a product into discrete units based on some criteria is called as

modularization of a product.
• As we have seen, modular products or modular Systems are built up on
separable or inseparable units called as modules.
• The basic idea behind modular design is to organize a complex system as a set
of distinct component that can be developed independently and then
assembled together to perform a function
 MODULARIZATION

Modules

Production
Function Module
Module
(Based on the function to be
performed by the module) (Based on production
considerations)
 MODULAR DESIGN PROCESS

• We give importance to designing of module rather than the product as a

whole
• Stage 1 : clarify the task
• Stage 2 : establish function structure
• Stage 3 : searching for solution principles and concept varients
• Stage 4 : selecting and evaluating
• Stage 5 : Preparing design and dimensioned layouts
• Stage 6 : Preparing production document
 ADVANTAGES OF MODULAR DESIGN

• Minimizing cost
• Design of a singe part is easier as designer can concentrate only in one section
• Module can be separately improved without affecting the entire product
• A part of module can be updated
• Replacement of a parts becomes cheaper
• Shorten the design cycle
• Improves reliability and quality
 LIFE CYCLE DESIGN

• The application of the life cycle concept to the design phase of the product
development process is known as Life Cycle Design (LCD)
• a design intervention which takes into consideration all the phases of a product’s
life cycle
• Development
• Production
• Distribution
• Use
• Maintenance
• Disposal
• Recovery
 LIFE CYCLE DESIGN

• As a design approach, Life Cycle Design is characterized by three main aspects:

• the perspective broadened to include the entire life cycle;
• the assumption that the most effective interventions are those made in the first phases of
design;
• the simultaneity of the operations of analysis and synthesis on the various aspects of the
design problem.
• Main phases of a product’s life cycle
• Recognition and design development
• Pre-production
• Production
• Distribution
• Use
• Retirement,
 LIFE CYCLE DESIGN

• The selection of design alternatives must be guided by considering the main

factors of product success (design targets), in relation to all the phases of the
life cycle:
• Resources utilization
• Manufacturing planning
• Life cycle cost
• Product properties (ease of production, functionality, safety, quality, reliability,
aesthetics)
• Company policies
• Environmental protection.
 ERGONOMICS IN DESIGN

• The word derived from Greek,‘ergon’ means work and ‘nomos’ means laws
• Ergonomics is basically the science of analyzing work and then designing items
(tools, equipment, products) and methods to most appropriately fit the
capabilities of the user.
• Ergonomics design approach focuses on human comfort and decreased fatigue
through product design.
• Means, during the design phase of a product, all the aspects of the product that
can cause discomfort while using that product are identified. Then, analyzes the
causes of the discomfort and appropriate solutions will be incorporated in the
product design
 ERGONOMICS IN DESIGN

• Ergonomic design applied to an office

chair will focus on how much it is
comfortable for a Person who sits on it
during office work.
• A chair ergonomically designed for
dining purpose and a chair meant for
relaxed sitting at beach will be different.
• It is, because, the kind of comfort and
function to be provided by the chairs in
these situations are different
 FACTORS CONSIDERED IN
ERGONOMICS DESIGN
• To develop an ergonomic design (for a product or system), the designer will
have to consider and analyse anthropometric data (dimensions of human
body), posture of working while using the product, kind of movements and
kind of workspace.
• ultimately, ergonomic design involves every aspect of user-product interaction,
for the comfortable utilization of a product.
 ANTHROPOMETRY

• Anthropometry is the science that measures the

range of body sizes in a population.
• While designing products, it is very important
for a designer to remember that people come in
many sizes and shape.
• The anthropometric data vary considerably
between human races.
• Age and occupation of the user is also relevant
in anthropometric study.
• Working posture is another important factor to
be considered in ergonomic design. Posture can
be standing, sitting, reaching, moving and
combinations of any of these (such as sitting and
moving, standing and reaching, etc.).
UNIVERSAL DESIGN CONCEPT

• The designer must recognize the special

needs of different users, including the
individuals with disabilities.
• The disability can be temporary or
permanent.
• Few examples for disabilities include broken
bones, sprained joints, pregnancy, handicap,
differently able, aging, etc.
• Universal design is an approach in ergonomics
design, which considers all people; common
and special people; who are potential users of
a product.
 ADVANTAGES OF ERGONOMIC DESIGN

• Proper consideration of ergonomic design can bring lots of advantages in

working environment
• health issues can be solved
• Increase savings because of productive, sustainable and effective work environment
• Reduce medical expenditure
 EXERCISE

• Ergonomically design a vegetable knife for your kitchen, consider gripping

material, shape, safety and placement of knife
 AESTHETICS IN DESIGN

• The word 'aesthetics' is derived from the Greek word 'aesthetikos' meaning
sensory perception.
• Aesthetics is the feel that a human being perceives.
• When a person perceives a sense of pleasure through any of the senses while
using a product, then we can say that the product is aesthetically appealing.
• Example: a beautiful person, a good food, nice perfume
 AESTHETICS IN ENGINEERING

• Products are intentionally designed to generate a defined perception in

potential customers
• Aesthetics of a product (that is how a customer feels about a product) is a
very important aspect for its business merit and acceptability.
• This feel (or perception) enables the customer to distinguish and choose a
product from similar products.
• Few examples for demarcation of percept ions are; hot and cold, smooth and
rough, soft and hard, heavy and light, dark and bright, sweet and sour, loud and
quiet, sharp and dull, spacious and congested, etc.. customers generally
combine few of these feels (or attributes) and arrive at conclusion of a product
as reliable, enjoyable and precise.
 AESTHETICS IN DESIGN

• The customer may not know why a product is aesthetically appealing for them.
it an be appealing because the designer has incorporated some specific
attributes the design in order to create such a feel in the customer.
 BIO-MIMICRY IN DESIGN

• “Biomimicry borrows nature's blueprints, recipes, processes, and ecosystem

strategies and then comes up with design principles to solve our own
problems
 VALUE OF ENGINEERING(VE)

• Technique for improving the value of the

product, project and process
• The term value defined as the ratio of
function to cost

𝑓𝑢𝑛𝑐𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛
Value =
𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑡
 CONCURRENT ENGINEERING

• It is an approach in product design process marketi

in which people from various functional ng

areas works together simultaneously to

develop a product. Quality
control
R&D

• Since people from various fields are

working simultaneously for the PRODUCT
development, this kind of engineering is
also known as Simultaneous Engineering or Manufac
Design
Parallel Engineering. turing

• This approach is adopted to improve the

Planning
efficiency of product design and reduce the
product development cycle time.
 ADVANTAGES OF CE

• Reduce design time

• Reduce manufacturing
• Reduce cost for design changes
• Ensure correct data and information transfer between various sections
• Simultaneous thinking leads to amazing innovations
• Every person has feel of belongingness to the product
 REVERSE ENGINEERING

• Reverse Engineering is an approach in which an existing product is

analyzed and another product is developed in light of the analysis.
• The product that is analyzed can be own product of the producer or
a product from a competitor.
• In reverse engineering, a product is dissected or dis-assembled to
find out in detail how a part works an why is it used. This
information obtained by this process can then be applied to solve
own design problem or develop a new product.
• Reverse Engineering is essentially a functional decomposition process
in the reverse direction.
• an existing product is analyzed into subsystems, which are further
analyzed into deep to ultimately establish the product concept
• This analysis will help the designer to identify weak side of the design
 ACTIVITY

• Objective : To purpose a new design for screw driver based on reverse

engineering method
• Design requirement : conventionally for different screws different
heads are available. Present requirement is to develop a screw driver
that can handle any screws without changing the heads. You can change
the designs as per your wish
 REFERENCES

• Basics of product development DESIGN AND ENGINEERING by Dr. Sadiq A

• https://youtu.be/XbH7-Qa9xaU