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    Probability Class 12 Notes - Chapter 13

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    Avantika S
    This document discusses probability and conditional probability. It provides examples of calculating probabilities of events occurring from sample spaces of coin tosses. Formulas for conditional probability are also defined.

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    Probability Class 12 Notes - Chapter 13

    Uploaded by

    Avantika S
    21 views1 page
    This document discusses probability and conditional probability. It provides examples of calculating probabilities of events occurring from sample spaces of coin tosses. Formulas for conditional probability are also defined.

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    Probability Class 12 Notes

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    This document discusses probability and conditional probability. It provides examples of calculating probabilities of events occurring from sample spaces of coin tosses. Formulas for conditional probability are also defined.

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as DOCX, PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as docx, pdf, or txt
    21 views1 page

    Probability Class 12 Notes - Chapter 13

    Uploaded by

    Avantika S
    This document discusses probability and conditional probability. It provides examples of calculating probabilities of events occurring from sample spaces of coin tosses. Formulas for conditional probability are also defined.

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as DOCX, PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as docx, pdf, or txt
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    Probability Class 12 Notes - Chapter 13

    The sample space of an experiment of tossing three coins is S = {TTT, HHH, TTH, HHT, THT,
    HTH, HTT, THH}. Since the sample space comprises of 8 elements, therefore, the probability of
    occurring each sample point is ⅛. Let A and B be the events of displaying 2 heads and 1st coin
    showing tail respectively. Then, A = {HHT, HHH, THH, HTH} and B = {THT, THH, TTT,
    TTH}. Therefore P(A) = P({HHT}) + P ({HHH}) + P ({THH}) + P ({HTH})  = ⅛ + ⅛ + ⅛ + ⅛
    = ½. Similarly, P(B) = P({THT}) + P({THH}) + P ({TTT}) + P ({TTH}) = = ⅛ + ⅛ + ⅛ + ⅛ =
    ½. Also, A ∩ B = {THH} and P({THH}) = P(A ∩ B) = ⅛.
    The sample point of B which is favorable to event A is THH. Thus, P(A) considering B as the
    sample space (S) = ¼. This P(A) is known as the conditional probability of A provided B has
    already occurred. The conditional probability of an event is denoted by P (A|B). Thus, from the
    above case P(A|B) = ¼.
    Or, P(A|B)=TotaleventsfavourabletoA∩BTotaleventsfavourabletoB
    Now, dividing both numerator and denominator by total elementary events of the S (sample
    space) we get:
    P(A|B)=n(A∩B)nSn(B)nS=P(A∩B)P(F)
    The above equation is valid only when P(A) ≠ 0. Hence, the conditional probability can be
    described as:

     0 ≤ P (P|Q) ≤ 1
     P (P′|Q) = 1 – P (P|Q)
     P ((P ∪ Q)|R) = P (P|R) + P (Q|R) – P ((P ∩ Q)|R)
     P (P ∩ Q) = P (P) P (Q|P), P (P) ≠ 0
     P (P ∩ Q) = P (P) P (P|Q), P (Q) ≠ 0
    If P and Q are independent, then

     P (P ∩ Q) = P (P) P (Q)
     P (P|Q) = P (P), P (Q) ≠ 0
     P (Q|P) = P (Q), P(P) ≠ 0

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