Production Technology of Turmeric and Ginger

LECTURE 14
PRODUCTION TECHNOLOGY OF
TURMERIC AND GINGER
INTRODUCTION
• Scientific name: Curcuma longa
• Family: Zingiberaceae
• Herbaceous plant
• Economical part: dried rhizome
• Area in India: 1,04,500 ha
• Annual production in India: 3,28,800 tonnes
BOTANY
• Herbaceous perennial with a thick under ground rhizome
• Primary and secondary rhizomes called fingers
• Leaves are broadly lanceolate with long stalks
• Flowers are born on separate peduncle
Important species
• Curcuma longa- widely cultivated type
• Curcuma aromatica- Cochin turmeric or Kasturi manjal
• Curcuma angustifolia- East Indian arrow root- having plenty of starch in
rhizome
• Curcuma amada- mango ginger- flavour of raw mango
Cochin turmeric or Kasturi manjal
Curcuma aromatica
• East Indian arrow root
• Curcuma angustifolia
• Plenty of starch in rhizome
• Mango ginger
• Curcuma amada
• Flavour of raw mango
CLIMATE
• Grown in diverse tropical condition from sea level to 1500m in the
hills
• Temperature range: 20 to 300 C
• Rainfall: 1500 to 2250 mm per annum
SOIL
• It is grown in different types of soil from
- lights black
- loam
- red soils
- clay loam
• Thrives best in a well drained soil rich in humus content
VARIETIES
TNAU VARIETIES
PLANTING
• Kerala and West coastal areas: April – May with the receipt of pre-
monsoon showers
• Andhra Pradesh and Tamil Nadu: May – June or July – August
• Turmeric is a shade loving plant
• Castor or Sesbania grandifolia may be raised along the borderlines in

the field
PLANTING
• Whole or split mother rhizomes weighing 35 to 44g
• Rhizomes are treated with 0.3 percent Malathion for 30 minutes before storing
• Two system of planting: flat beds and ridges and furrows (45cm) methods are
adopted in India
• Small pits are made with hand hoe in ridges with a spacing of 15cm
• Pits covered with soil or dry powdered cattle manure
• Optimum spacing : 45 x 15cm
• Seed rate: 1500-2000 kg of rhizomes/ha

MANURING
• Farm yard manure @ 10t/ha is applied as basal dressing
• Neem cake 200 kg/ha
• N- 125kg/ha
• N - 25kg each at basal, 30,60,90 and 120 days after planting respectively
• P2O5: 60 kg as basal
• K2O: 60 kg (60 kg – half as basal and half at 90 days)
• After planting: FeSO4 @ 30 kg/ha
MULCHING
• The crop is to be mulched

immediately after planting with
banana leaves
• Pseudostem or sugarcane trash

@ 12-15 tonnes per hectare
• Repeated for second time after

50 days
PESTS
Shoot borer (Conogethes punctiferalis)
• Larvae bore into pseudo stems and feed on

internal tissues
• Frass is extruded and the withered central shoot is

a characteristic symptom
• Malathion (0.1%) at 21 day intervals

Rhizome scale (Aspidiotus hartii)
• Appear as encrustations on the

rhizomes
• They feed on sap and when the

rhizomes are severely infested, they
become shrivelled and desiccated
affecting its germination
Root knot nematode Burrowing nematode
Meloidogyne sp. Radopholus similis
DISEASES
Leaf Blotch
• Taphrina maculans
• Small, oval, rectangular or irregular
brown spots on either side of the
leaves
• Scorched appearance and the
rhizome yield is reduced
• Mancozeb @ 0.2%
Leaf spot
• Caused by Colletotrichum capsici

• Appears as brown spots of various sizes
on the upper surface of the young leaves
• The spots are irregular in shape and
white or grey in the centre
• Later, two or more spots may coalesce
and form an irregular patch covering
• The affected leaves eventually dry up
• The rhizomes do not develop well
• Controlled by spraying Zineb 0.3% or
Bordeaux mixture 1%
Rhizome rot
• Caused by Pythium graminicolum or P.
aphanidermatum
• The collar region of the pseudo stem

becomes soft and water soaked, resulting
in collapse of the plant and decay of
rhizomes
• Treating the seed rhizomes with

Mancozeb 0.3% for 30 minutes prior to
storage and at the time of sowing prevents
the disease
• When the disease is noticed in the field,

the beds should be drenched with
Mancozeb 0.3%
HARVEST
• Depending upon the variety, the crop becomes ready for harvest in 7-9
months
• Usually it extends from January – March
• Early varieties mature in 7 to 8 months
• Medium varieties mature after 9 months
• The land is ploughed and the rhizomes are gathered by hand picking or
the clumps are carefully lifted with a spade
• Harvested rhizomes are cleaned of mud and other extraneous matter
adhering to them
• The average yield per hectare is 20 to 25 tonnes of green rhizome
Washing of rhizome
Curing Drying
Polishing
Colouring
INTRODUCTION
• Scientific name: Zingiber officinale

• Family: Zingiberaceae
• Herbaceous perennial
• Rhizome is used as a spice
• India is a leading producer of ginger in the world
• Cultivated in most of the states in India
• 70% of production: Kerala, Meghalaya, Arunachal Pradesh, Mizoram,
Sikkim, Nagaland and Orissa
BOTANY
• Herbaceous perennial with underground rhizomes
• Serial leafy shoots, sheathy and linear
Flowers
• Borne on a spike, condensed, oblong and cylindrical with numerous
scar bracts
• Yellow with dark purplish spots
• Bisexual, epigynous, stamens only one, ovary inferior, three carpellary
Fruit
• Oblong capsule, seeds glabrous and fairly large
CLIMATE
• Grows well in warm and humid climate
• Cultivated from sea level to an altitude of 1500 m above sea level
• Ginger can be grown both under rain fed and irrigated conditions
• For successful cultivation of the crop
- a moderate rainfall at sowing time till the rhizomes sprout
- fairly heavy and well distributed showers during growing period
- dry weather for about a month before harvesting
SOIL
• Ginger thrives best in well drained soils like sandy loam, clay loam,
red loam or lateritic loam
• A friable loam rich in humus is ideal
• Exhausting crop- not desirable to grow ginger in the same soil year
after year
VARIETIES
• Prominent indigenous cultivars: Maran, Kuruppampadi, Ernad,

Wayanad, Himachal and Nadia
• Exotic cultivars: Rio-de-Janeiro
• High Altitude Research Station, Pottangi, Orissa- Suprabha, Suruchi

and Surari
Indigenous collections
S.No Cultivar Special features
1 Assam Rhizome bold, highly flavoured, highly fibrous
2 Burdwan-1 Bold, pungent, flavoured
3 Ernad Chernad Bold, highly pungent and fibrous
4 Gurubathani Bold, highly pungent and fibrous
5 Himachal Pradesh Bold, lemon flavoured, dry ginger production
6 Nadia Slender rhizome, lemon flavoured and less fibrous
7 Wyanad local Bold, pungent and less fibrous
8 Tura Rhizome slender, pungent, flavoured and fibrous
SEASON
• West Coast of India- first fortnight of May with the receipt of pre monsoon
showers
• Irrigated conditions- middle of February or early March
• Burning the surface soil and early planting with the receipt of summer
showers results in higher yield and reduces disease incidence
LAND PREPARATION
• The land is to be ploughed 4 to 5 times or dug thoroughly with receipt of early
summer showers to bring the soil to fine tilth
• Beds of about 1 m width, 15 cm height and of convenient length are prepared

with an inter-space of 50 cm in between beds
• Irrigated crop: ridges are formed 40 cm apart
• In areas prone to rhizome rot disease and nematode infestations, solarization of

beds for 40 days using transparent polythene sheets is recommended
PLANTING
• Propagation: portions of rhizomes known as seed rhizomes
• Seed rhizomes are cut into small pieces of 2.5-5.0 cm length weighing 20-25 g each
having one or two good buds
• Kerala- seed rate: 1500 to 1800 kg/ha

• Higher altitudes: 2000 to 2500 kg/ha
• Seed rhizomes are treated with Mancozeb 0.3% for 30 minutes, shade dried for 3-4
hours and planted at a spacing of 20-25 cm along the rows and 20-25 cm between
the rows
• The seed rhizome bits are placed in shallow pits prepared with a hand hoe and
covered with well rotten farm yard manure and a thin layer of soil and levelled
MANURING
• Well decomposed cattle manure/ compost @ 25-30 tonnes/ha
• Neem cake @ 2 tonnes/ha at the time of planting helps in reducing the

incidence of rhizome rot disease/ nematode and increasing the yield
• RDF: 75 kg N, 50 kg P2O, 5 and 50 kg K2O per ha
• Beds are earthed up, after each top dressing with the fertilizers
• Zinc deficient soils: basal application of zinc fertilizer up to 6 kg

zinc/ha gives good yield
MULCHING
• Mulching the beds with green leaves/organic

wastes is essential to prevent soil splashing and
erosion of soil due to heavy rain
• Adds organic matter to the soil
• Checks weed emergence and conserves

moisture during the latter part of the cropping
season
INTERCULTIVATION PRACTICES
• Weeding is done just before fertilizer application and mulching

• 2-3 weedings are required depending on the intensity of weed growth
• Proper drainage channels are to be provided when there is stagnation
of water
• Earthing up is essential to prevent exposure of rhizomes and provide
sufficient soil volume for free development of rhizomes.
• It is done at 45 and 90 days after planting
Diseases
Soft rot
• Pythium aphanidermatum, P. vexans and P.

myriotylum
• Fungus multiplies with build up of soil
moisture
• Collar region becomes water soaked
• Light yellowing of the tips of lower leaves
• Drooping, withering and drying of pseudo
stems
• Mancozeb 0.3% for 30 minutes applied before
storage
HARVEST
• The crop is ready for harvest in about 8

months after planting when the leaves turn
yellow, and start drying up gradually
• The clumps are lifted carefully with a

spade or digging fork
• Fresh ginger: 6 months
• Dry ginger: after 8 months
• Yield: 12 - 15 t/ha
HARVEST
HARVEST
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LECTURE 14

• Andhra Pradesh and Tamil Nadu: May – June or July – August

• Turmeric is a shade loving plant

• Castor or Sesbania grandifolia may be raised along the borderlines in

• Pits covered with soil or dry powdered cattle manure

• Optimum spacing : 45 x 15cm

• Seed rate: 1500-2000 kg of rhizomes/ha

• The crop is to be mulched

• Pseudostem or sugarcane trash

• Repeated for second time after

• Larvae bore into pseudo stems and feed on

• Frass is extruded and the withered central shoot is

• Malathion (0.1%) at 21 day intervals

• Appear as encrustations on the

• They feed on sap and when the

• Caused by Colletotrichum capsici

• The collar region of the pseudo stem

• Treating the seed rhizomes with

• When the disease is noticed in the field,

• Scientific name: Zingiber officinale

• A friable loam rich in humus is ideal

• Prominent indigenous cultivars: Maran, Kuruppampadi, Ernad,

• Exotic cultivars: Rio-de-Janeiro

• High Altitude Research Station, Pottangi, Orissa- Suprabha, Suruchi

• Irrigated conditions- middle of February or early March

• Beds of about 1 m width, 15 cm height and of convenient length are prepared

• Irrigated crop: ridges are formed 40 cm apart

• In areas prone to rhizome rot disease and nematode infestations, solarization of

• Kerala- seed rate: 1500 to 1800 kg/ha

• Neem cake @ 2 tonnes/ha at the time of planting helps in reducing the

• RDF: 75 kg N, 50 kg P2O, 5 and 50 kg K2O per ha

• Zinc deficient soils: basal application of zinc fertilizer up to 6 kg

• Mulching the beds with green leaves/organic

• Adds organic matter to the soil

• Checks weed emergence and conserves

• Weeding is done just before fertilizer application and mulching

• Pythium aphanidermatum, P. vexans and P.

• The crop is ready for harvest in about 8

• The clumps are lifted carefully with a

• Fresh ginger: 6 months

• Dry ginger: after 8 months

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