Cowpea

Cowpea
Prepared by :
Mausham pokhrel
Exam Roll no: 3310
Class roll no : 22 (UGC)
Introduction
• Botanical Name: Vigna unguiculata (L)
• Family: Fabaceae
• Annual herbaceous crop.
• Well developed tap roots.
• Origin : Africa
• Well adapted to relatively dry environment like Asia, Africa, Southern
Europe and central America.
Contd…
• One of the most important food legume crops.
• A drought tolerant and warm weather crop.
• Has the ability to fix atmospheric nitrogen through its nodules.
• Grows well in poor soil with
1. More than 85% sand
2. Less than 0.2% organic matter
3. Low level of phosphorus
Origin and Distribution
• A native of southern African region, cowpea has spread far and wide
and has become deeply entrenched in the local cropping and food
systems of more than 100 countries in the tropics and soft tropics,
covering all the continents.
• There has been considerable discussion in speculation about the
center of origin and domestication of cowpea.
• It was initially speculated that both India and Africa may be centers of
origin and domestication of cowpea.
Botanical classification
• Kingdom: plantae
• Division: Magnoliophyta
• Class: Magnoliopsida
• Order: Fabales
• Family: Fabaceae
• Sub- family: Faboideae
• Genus: Vigna
• Species: unguiculata
Morphology
• Growing 15 to 80 centimeter high.
• Leaves
• Alternate, trifoliate with petioles 5 to 25 cm long.
• The lateral Leaflets are opposite and asymmetrical.
• Inflorescence
• Raceme
• Flowers
• White, cream, yellow, purple.
• Pods
• 10-23cm long with 10-15 seed/pod.
• Seeds
• Variable in size in shape, square to oblong and variously colored, including
white, brown, maroon, cream and green.
Nutritive content
• (per 100g of edible portion)
• water: 11%
• Protein: 23.4%
• Fat: 1.8%
• Carbohydrate: 63.3%
• Calcium: 76mg
• Iron: 5.7mg
Climatic and soil requirements
• It is warm season growing crops, grown in rainy season on mid-hills
and high hills and grown on other season except rainy and winter
season on Terai region.
• It can be grown on wide range of soil.
• Sandy loam to clay ranging from acidic to basic (pH of 4.5-8.0)
• Sandy to clay Loam soil and well drained with pH of 6 to 7.
• Temperature: 20-30 centigrade.
Manure and fertilizers
• Well decomposed FYM 10-15mt/ha at field preparation
• Recommended Dose: 2:3:3 kg NPK/ropani
• It is legume crop and has ability of N fixation so, less amount of
nitrogen is applied as compared to other nutrient.
• Liquid fertilizer as per required.
Seed rate and sowing
• Seed rate: 2kg/ropani
• Spacing
• Row to row : 120 cm
• Plant to plant: 20 cm
• Sowing time
• High hills : Chaitra- Baisakh
• Mid hills : Magh- Baisakh and shrawan-Bhadra
• Terai : Bhadra- Asoj
Interculture and irrigation
• Adequate moisture should be present on field before sowing of seeds.
• Frequency of application of water : every four days during first 3
weeks, and then every seven days.
• Removal of weeds after 35 - 40 days of sowing with the help of hoe or
khurpi.
staking
• Cowpea is a vine crop and it requires staking.
• Steaking provides support to help keep plants off the ground while
assisting in their opera growth habit. But varieties which do not have
vines doesn’t require staking. For example, Malepatan.
• Staking is major operation in cowpea as vine cannot hold weight of
fruits upright and fruits will decay in contact of soil.
pruning
• When cowpea is grown on very fertile soil, or when irrigation is
excessive during the vegetative phase, irrigation should be reduced, or
vines should be pruned.
• Improved yield: By pruning, the plant directs energy to the main stem,
enhancing pod formation and overall yield.
• Disease control: Pruning helps in reducing the risk of fungal diseases by
removing infected or weak plant parts.
• Maintain plant shape: Pruning helps maintain an upright growth habit,
reducing the risk of lodging.
Varieties
• Khumal taney
• Aakash
• Prakash
• 40-dine
• malepatan
Harvesting and yield
• Harvested at 3 different stage of maturity
Green snaps 45-60 days after planting
Green mature 60-90 days after planting
Dry 90-110 days after planting
• Depend on
Temperature
Manual picking and use of mechanical harvestor
Yield : 200-400 kg ropani
Post harvest - technology
• Dry cowpea seed
• Cleaned
• Graded
• Fumigated
• Packed in small plastic bags for sale to market
• moisture content reduced up to 8-9% for safe storage.
Major insect and pests
• Leaf hoppers
• Pod borers
• Aphids
• Scale bugs
• Melay bugs
• Blue butterfly
• Whitefly
• Blister beetle
Major disease
• Collar rot
• Web blight
• Cowpea yellow mosaic virus
• Fungal wilt
• Anthracnose
• Damping off
• Brown rust
• Southern blight
Refrences
• https://nepalindata.com/ Tarkari kheti prabidhi
• www.aitc.gov.np ( Krishi diary 2081)
• Jones, A. R., & Sutherland, W. L. (2011). Cowpea production and
utilization. Field Crops Research, 123(2), 99-108.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.fcr.2010.12.005
• Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (FAO). (n.d.).
Cowpea. Retrieved November 23, 2024, from http://www.fao.org

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Green mature 60-90 days after planting

Dry 90-110 days after planting

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