HVAC system

HVAC stands for heating, ventilation and air conditioning, HVAC is particularly important in
the design of medium to large industrial and office buildings such as skyscrapers and in hospitals
where safe and healthy building conditions are regulated with temperature and humidity, as well
as "fresh air" from outdoors.

HVAC system operation description:

Chilled water cycle
In operation a liquid water to be chilled flows through the evaporator, where boiling refrigerant
absorbs heat from liquid, the chilled liquid is then piped to air handle units through primary and
secondary pumps, absorbing the heat from the air the warmed liquid is then returned to the
chiller to complete the chilled liquid circuit.

FIG. 1-typical chilled water cycle

Condenser water cycle

Condenser water is supplied to the chiller from an external source like cooling tower which
condensed the hot vapour refrigerant and pumped to cooling tower for rejection of heat and then
pumped to the condenser again after mixed with makeup water

The chiller requires only that the minimum condenser water temperature be no lower than the
value determined by this formula
min ECWT=LCWT - C range + 17 F°

ECWT: Entering condenser water temperature

LCWT: leaving chilled water temperature

C range :condensing water temperature range at the given load condition

C range = ( load percent

10 ) * 1.5 in F°

FIG. 2-typical condenser water cycle

Refrigerant cycle
The refrigerant vapour, which is produced by the boiling action in the evaporator ,flows to the
compressor where rotating impeller increases its pressure, temperature and discharges it into
condenser, water flowing through the condenser tubes absorb heat from the refrigerant vapour
causing it to condense , the condensed refrigerant drains from condenser into liquid return line
where the expansion orifice which decrease the pressure of liquid refrigerant and meters the flow
of liquid refrigerant to the evaporator to complete the cycle.

FIG. 3-– REFRIGERANT FLOW-THRU CHILLER

HVAC system mainly components in Children's Cancer

Hospital Egypt 57357:
 3 chillers each one capacity 700 TR
 22 air handling unit
 3 cooling tower
 202 Fan coil unit served patient room and shielded rooms
 1. Chillers
Its machines that chill water to circulate to airside components throughout the building

FIG. 4 -chiller front view

FIG. 5-chiller rear view

Mainly consist of:

1. Evaporator
Construction description

Its One-shell pass and two-tube passes heat exchanger flooded type heat exchanger. A distributor
trough provides uniform distribution of refrigerant over the entire shell length. Stainless steel mesh
eliminators or suction baffles are located above the tube bundle to prevent liquid refrigerant carryover
into the compressor. A 2" liquid level sight glass is located on the side of the shell to aid in determining
proper refrigerant charge. The evaporator shell contains dual refrigerant relief valves.
2. Condenser
Construction description

Its One-shell pass and two-tube passes heat exchanger with a discharge gas baffle to prevent direct
high velocity impingement on the tubes. A separate subcooler is located in the condenser to enhance
performance. Dual refrigerant relief valves are located on condenser shells with optional isolation
refrigerant isolation valves.

Design load
evaporator Condenser
Passes 2 2
Design working 300 300
pressure
Fouling factor 0.0005 0.001
Pressure drop 10.6 8.8
Nozzle 2 17
arrangement in
Nozzle 3 18
arrangement out
Return temp 57 85
Leaving temp 42 100
GPM 1120 1325
Tube 181 260

3. Compressor
Its single stage centrifugal type powered by electric motor and fitted with pre rotation vanes
which control the capacity and maintain a constant leaving chilled liquid temperature
 4. Compressor lubrication system
The chiller lubrication system consists of oil pump, oil heater, oilfilter; oil cooler and all
interconnecting oil piping and passages, there are main points within the motor and compressor
which must be supplied with forced lubrication as follows:

1. Compressor Drive Shaft (Low Speed)

a. Shaft seal.
b. Front and rear journal bearings – one on each side of driving gear.
c. Low speed thrust bearing (forward and reverse).
2. Compressor Driven Shaft (High Speed)
a. Forward and reverse high speed thrust Bearing.
b. Two journal bearings.
3. Speed Increasing Gears
a. Meshing surfaces of drive and pinion gear teeth.

Components of compressor lubrication system:

 OIL PUMP
For normal operation, the oil pump should operate at all times during chiller operation.
On shutdown of the system for any reason, the oil pump operates and continues to run for 150 seconds.
The system cannot restart during that time interval.
 OIL HEATER
During long idle periods, the oil in the compressor oil reservoir tends to absorb as much refrigerant as it
can hold, depending upon the temperature of the oil and the pressure in the reservoir. As the oil
temperature is lowered, the amount of refrigerant absorbed will be
Increased. If the quantity of refrigerant in the oil becomes excessive, violent oil foaming will result as the
pressure within the system is lowered on starting. This foaming is caused by refrigerant boiling out of the
oil as the pressure is lowered. If this foam reaches the oil pump suction, the bearing oil pressure will
fluctuate with possible temporary loss of lubrication, causing the oil pressure safety cutout to actuate and
stop the system.
 Oil cooler
It’s used to cool the oil when it is over heated and to achieve the optimum viscosity range of oil which
decreases the friction to the minimum value.
 Oil filter
Used to get rid from the foreign solid particle like aluminum particle which may be exits due the relative
motion or the friction between the compressor and its casing

5. Motor
Responsible for drive the compressor and control of pre rotation vane position we have to
types
1- solid state starter
Is a reduced voltage starter that controls and maintains a constant current flow to motor
during stat up
 Disadvantage: Advantage
normal efficiency lower cost
Can’t be used in emergency will cause a failure
to the emergency generator due to the high
starting current

2 -variable speed drive

It’s designed to vary the compressor motor speed and pre rotation vane position by controlling
the frequency and voltage of electrical power to motor. The control logic automatically adjust
motor speed and compressor pre rotation vane position for maximum part load efficiency by
analyzing information fed to it by sensor located throughout the chiller

Advantage Disadvantage

Can be used in emergency due to gradually higher cost

Increase in the current at start up
Higher efficiency
 2. Air handler components and fan coil unit

1) Blower/fan

Air handlers typically employ a large squirrel cage blower driven by an AC induction motor.
Flow rate may also be controlled by inlet vanes or outlet dampers on the fan. Some residential air
handlers (central 'furnaces' or 'air conditioners')

Multiple blowers may be present in large commercial air handling units, typically placed at the
end of the AHU and the beginning of the supply ductwork (therefore also called "supply fans").
They are often augmented by fans in the return air duct ("return fans") pushing the air into the
AHU. This also can be useful in case of fire by operating the return fan to draw the smoke and
open the exh.damper 100% and when the fire was putdown operate normal to provided fresh air

2) Heating and/or cooling elements

Air handlers need to provide both heating and cooling to change the supply air temperature
depending on the location and the application.

air handling units contain coils that circulate hot water for heating, and chilled water for cooling.
Coils are typically manufactured from copper for the tubes, with copper or aluminium fins to aid
heat transfer. Cooling coils will also employ eliminator plates to remove and drain condensate.
The hot water is provided by a boiler, and the chilled water is provided by a chiller.

3) Mixing chamber

In order to maintain indoor air quality, air handlers commonly have provisions to allow the
introduction of outside air into, and the exhausting of air from the building. In temperate
climates, mixing the right amount of cooler outside air with warmer return air can be used to
approach the desired supply air temperature. A mixing chamber is therefore used which has
dampers controlling the ratio between the return, outside, and exhaust air.By that I can decreses
the load on the chillers or boilers and saving power and increase efficiency

4) Control and safety

DPS (differential pressure switch)

FIG. 6-DPS

Differential pressure switches used for monitoring filter, fan and heat exchange coils in air
handling systems.

We placed DPS( differential pressure switch) in three in the A.H.U

 Heat exchange coil

to monitor the flow of air on the water tubes and fins any pressure difference send signal to
BMP control system and it indicate that the contamination of dust or fouling on tubes which
obstacle the flow of air

 Filters

Gives an indication about the condition of the filter.If the filter is Plugged measure high pressure
difference after and before the filter and Maintenance team must disassembly the filter and
clean it

 Blower/fan

To check that the blower work safely and if problems in the electrical motor or speed
transmission belts will be observed through difference in pressure between the intake side and
discharge side