F.A.L.

CONDUCIVE ENGINEERING REVIEW CENTER

2ND Floor, Cartimar Building, C.M. Recto Avenue, Quiapo, Manila

MATHEMATICS 17. For what value of c will make f(t) = tan (ct +
3) have a period of 2π?
Lecture No.1: Plane & Spherical A. 1 C. 2
Trigonometry B. 1/2 D. 4

Prepared by: <Daniel A. Olesco> 18. The top of a tower is sighted from point a and
found to have an angle of elevation of 26°. When
sighted at point b that is 300 m closer to the tower,
1. Which of the following is equal to 100 grads? the angle of elevation is 56°. Points a and b are on
A. 1.5π rad B. 1500 mils the same horizontal plane with the base of the tower.
What is the height of the tower in meters?
C. 0.50 rev D. 90 degrees
A. 218 C. 175
B. 197 D. 205
2. Find the reference angle and the first negative
coterminal angle, respectively of 135°
19. The angle of elevation of the top of the vertical
A. 45°,−45° B. 45°,−225° tower from points A and B are 25°and 50°,
C. 45°,−135° D. 45°,−315° respectively. The points A and B are 300 m apart and
on the same horizontal plane with the foot of the
3. The sum of the two interior angles of the triangle tower. The horizontal angle subtended by A and B at
is equal to the third angle and the difference of the the foot of the tower is 90°. Find the height of the
two angles is equal to 2/3 of the third angle. Find tower in meters.
the third angle. A. 140.54 C. 112.55
A. 15° B. 90° B. 128.65 D. 130.27
C. 75° D. 120°
20. A pole cast a shadow 15m long when the angle of
4. Simplify the expression: elevation of the sun is 61°. If the pole is leaned
4cosysiny (1 − 2sin^2(y)) 15°from the vertical directly towards the sun,
A. 2sin𝑦 B. cos2𝑦 determine the length of the pole in meters.
C. cos4𝑦 D. sin4𝑦 A. 46.27 C. 43.29
B. 54.23 D. 52.31
5. Solve for θ in degrees.
21. The perimeter if triangle ABC = 180 m. A =
1 46.567°, B = 104.478°, what is the dimension of the
𝑐𝑜𝑠 (6𝜃) = side opposite the biggest angle in meters?
Csc(3  9) A. 77 C. 78
A. 6 B. 8 B. 60 D. 80
C. 7 D. 9
22. A 40 m high tower stands vertically in a hillside
6. Simplify (tan θ + cot θ)^2 sin^2 θ - tan^2 θ (sloping ground) which makes an angle of 18°with the
A. 1 B. sin𝜃 horizontal. A tree also stands vertically up the hill
C. cos𝜃 D. 2 from the tower. An observer on top of the tower finds
the angle if depression of the top and the bottom of
the tree is 26°and 38° respectively. Find the height
7. Given that the value of sinx – cosx = −1/3, find of the tree in meters.
the numerical value of sin2x.
A. 11.33 C. 9.36
A. 1/9 C. 4/9 B. 10.61 D. 8.79
B. 8/9 D. 2/9
23. For a spherical triangle with sides 130°,30° and
8. If sinx cosx + sin2x = 1, what are the values of 90°, which of the following is true?
x? A. It is Right C. It is Oblique
A. 32.20°,69.30° C. −20.67°,69.30° B. It is Quadrantal D. It doesn’t exist
B. 20.90°,69.10° D. −32.20°,69.10°
24. The area of an equilateral spherical triangle is
9. If tanx + tany = 25 and cotx + coty = 30, what is 10π.sq.m, find the measure of each angle if its radius
tan(x + y)? is 10.
A. 150 C. 200 A. 54° C. 72°
B. 100 D. 250 B. 66° D. 84°

10. If coversine θ is 0.134, find the value of θ. 25. Find the volume of a spherical hexagon whose
A. 60° C. 30° angles are 145,120,155,126,137 and 148 degrees. The
B. 45 ° D. 20° radius of the sphere is 10.
A. 645.8 C. 665.8
11. In triangle ABC, AB = 18m and BC = 6m. Which of B. 685.8 D. 655.8
the following values can be equal to side AC?
A. 10m C. 12m 26. In the spherical triangle A = 120 deg B = 135
B. 11m D 13m deg and c = 30deg. What is angle C ?

12. If sin A = - 4/5 , A is in quadrant 3 , A. 800 B. 850

cos B is - 1/5 and B is in quadrant 2 , What is C. 870 D. 890
the value of cot ( A – B ) ?
A. -1.51 B. -1.56 27. An airplane flew from manila (14°36′ N,121°05′
E). at a course of S 30° E maintain a certain altitude
C. -0.991 D. -0.8876
and following a great circle path. if its groundspeed
is 350 knots, after how many hours will it cross the
13. If a + b + c = 180°and tana + tanb + tanc = 3, equator?
find the numerical value of tana tanb tanc. A. 2.87 C. 3.17
A. 1/3 C. 3 B. 2.27 D. 3.97
B. 2 D. ½
28. Find the distance in nautical miles between Manila
14. Find the number of radians in cot−1(−5.2418). and San Francisco. Manila is located at 14°36′N
A. -10.8 C. -0.189 LATITUDE and 121°05′E LONGITUDE. San Francisco is
B. -1.38 D. -0.723 situated at 37°48′N and 122°24′W LONGITUDE.
a. 7856.2 nautical miles
15. Find the value of x: b. 5896.2 nautical miles
arctan (1 – x ) + arctan ( 1 + x) = arctan ( 1/8) c. 6326.2 nautical miles
A. 4 B. 6 d. 6046.2 nautical miles
C. 6 D. 2

16. What is the period of f(t) = 2cos(πx/3 –1)?

A. 3 C. 6
B. 2 D. 4
 F.A.L. CONDUCIVE ENGINEERING REVIEW CENTER
2ND Floor, Cartimar Building, C.M. Recto Avenue, Quiapo, Manila

CONCEPTS Reference Angle

When an angle is drawn on the coordinate plane with a
vertex at the origin, the reference angle is the angle
Trigonometry between the terminal side of the angle and the x-axis.
It is the study of triangles by applying the relations
between the sides and the angles. The reference angle is always between 0° and 90°.

The term trigonometry comes from the word “trigonon”

which means “triangle” and “metria” meaning
“measurements”.

Two Branches of Trigonometry

1. Plane Trigonometry
- It deals with triangles in the two dimensions
of the plane.

2. Spherical Trigonometry
- It concerns with triangles extracted from the
surface of a sphere.

Angle
It is define as the union of two non-collinear rays
that have a common starting point. The two rays are
referred to as the arms of the angle and the common
starting point is called its vertex.

Quadrant Reference Angle

1 θ
2 180° − θ
3 θ − 180°
4 360° − θ

Coterminal Angle
Types of Angles Angles having the same initial and terminal sides.
1. Null Angle - 0°
2. Acute Angle - 0° < 𝜙 < 90°
3. Right Angle - 90°
4. Obtuse Angle - 90° < 𝜙 < 180°
5. Straight Angle - 180°
6. Reflex Angle - 180° < 𝜙 < 360°
7. Full Angle - 360°

Angle Pairs Relationships

1. Complementary Angles
- two angles whose sum is 90°.

2. Supplementary Angles
- two angles whose sum is 180°.

3. Explementary or Conjugate Angles

- two angles whose sum is 360°.

Angle Unit Conversion

360°(Sexagesimal System) is equivalent to:
1. 2‫ ח‬radians (Circular System)
2. 1 revolution
3. 6400 mils (Mil System)
The coterminal angle β of angle θ at k number of
4. 400 grads (Centesimal System)
revolutions is:
5. 400 gon
β = θ + k(360°)
k - positive integer for counterclockwise rotation
Angle in Standard Position negative integer for clockwise rotation
An angle whose vertex lies at the origin of a
rectangular coordinate system and whose initial side
is directed along the positive direction of x-axis of General Classifications of Plane
that coordinate system.
Triangles
1. Right Triangle
- a triangle that has a right angle.

2. Oblique Triangle
- a triangle that does not have a right angle. It
can be an obtuse or acute triangle.
 F.A.L. CONDUCIVE ENGINEERING REVIEW CENTER
2ND Floor, Cartimar Building, C.M. Recto Avenue, Quiapo, Manila

Pythagorean Theorem 5. Sum and Difference of two angles

6. Double angle identities

Fundamental Trigonometric Functions

7. Power of Functions

8. Half angle identities

SOH-CAH-TOA
CHO-SHA-CAO

Quadrant Signs of Trigonometric Functions

Trigonometric Identities
These are equations that express relations among
trigonometric functions which are true for allvalues
of the variables involved.

1. Reciprocal relations

2. Even-odd identities

Ancient Trigonometric Functions

3. Cofunction Identities

4. Pythagorean relations
 F.A.L. CONDUCIVE ENGINEERING REVIEW CENTER
2ND Floor, Cartimar Building, C.M. Recto Avenue, Quiapo, Manila

Inverse Trigonometric Functions All Together Now!

We can have all of them in one equation:
y = A sin(B(x - C)) + D

Triangle Inequality Theorem

The triangle inequality states that the sum of the
lengths of any two sides of a triangle is greater than
the length of the remaining side.

For Sine & Cosine Function:

Amplitude: A
Period: 2‫ח‬/B

Periodic Trigonometric Functions For Tangent & Cotangent Function:

Some functions (like trigonometric Functions) repeat Amplitude: infinity
forever and are called Periodic Functions. Period: ‫ח‬/B

A. Element of Trigonometric Periodic Functions For Secant and Cosecant Function:

Amplitude: infinity
Period: 2‫ח‬/B

For All Trigonometric Functions:

Phase Shift: C (Shifted to the right positive)
Vertical Shift: D (Shifter upwards positive)

1. Period
- It goes from one peak to the next (or from any
point to the next matching point)

2. Amplitude
- The Amplitude is the height from the center line
to the peak (or to the trough). Or we can measure
the height from highest to lowest points and divide
that by 2.

Graph of Cosine and Secant Functions

3. Phase Shift
- The Phase Shift is how far the function is
shifted horizontally from the usual position.

Graph of Sine and Cosecant Functions

4. Vertical Shift
- The Vertical Shift is how far the function is
shifted vertically from the usual position.

Graph of Tangent and Cotangent Functions

 F.A.L. CONDUCIVE ENGINEERING REVIEW CENTER
2ND Floor, Cartimar Building, C.M. Recto Avenue, Quiapo, Manila

Important Propositions of Spherical

Applications Triangle
1. Angle of elevation 1. If 2 sides are equal, opposite angles are also
- The angle of elevation is the angle between a equal.
horizontal line from the observer and the line of 2. If first side is greater than the second side,
sight to an object that is above the horizontal angle opposite the first is also greater than the
line. 2nd side.
3. The sum of any 2 sides is greater than the 3rd
side.
4. The sum of 3 sides is less than 360.
5. The sum of 3 angles is between 180 and 540
degrees.
6. The sum of any two angles minus the 3rd angle is
less than 180 degrees.

Right Spherical Triangle

- A right spherical triangle is one with a right
angle.
- A spherical triangle with 2 right angles is
called birectangular spherical triangle.
2. Angle of Depression
- A spherical triangle with 3 right angles is
- The angle of depression is the angle between a
called trirectangular spherical triangle.
horizontal line from the observer and the line of
sight to an object that is below the horizontal
line. Solution of Right Spherical Triangle
using Napier’s Rule
1. Sin-Ta-Ad Rule (Sine-Tangent-Adjacent)
- The sine of any middle part is equal to the
product of the tangent of the adjacent parts.

2. Sin-Co-Op Rule (Sine-Cosine-Opposite)

- The sine of any middle part is equal to the
product of the cosine of the opposite parts.

Solutions to a Plane Oblique Triangles

1. Sine Law
- Use for cases such as SSA.

Napier’s Circle

Quadrantal Spherical Triangle

2. Cosine Law
- is a spherical triangle having a side of 90
- Use for cases such as SSS and SAS.
degrees.

Oblique Spherical Triangle

- is one with no angle equal to 90 degrees.

Solution of Oblique Spherical Triangle

1. Law of Sines

2. Law of Cosines for sides

Great Circle
- is a circle whose center coincides with the
center of the sphere.
- It is a circle on the surface of sphere that has
the same diameter as the sphere.
3. Law of Cosines for angles
Spherical Triangle
- consists of three arcs of great circles that form
the boundaries of a portion of a spherical
surfaces.