1.

2
Mole Concept
Mole ?
MOLE (MOL)
- Atom and molecules are so small, impossible to count.

- No usable scale can be devised to weigh them in

calibrated units.
- It is convenient to denote a special unit to describe a very
large number of atoms.
Example for object:

Atom ?
Chemist measure atoms and molecules in moles
Mole (mol)
The amount of substance that contain as many elementary
particles (atoms/molecules/ions) as there are atoms in
exactly 12.000g of 12C.

1 mol of C-12 atoms has

a mass of exactly 12.00 grams
Avogadro’s Constant, NA
define as the number of atoms in 12.0 g of C-12,

atom
NA = 6.02 X 1023 mol-1 (particles)
molecules
Other particles
per mole
Equivalent to one mole
Example 1:

1. 1 mol of Na atoms contains 6.02 x 1023 atoms of Na

Exercises: Fill in the blanks.
1.0 mol sodium contains 6.02 x 1023 atoms

1.0 mol H2 contains 6.02 x 1023 H2 molecules

2 x 6.02 x 1023 H atoms

1.0 mol CO2 contains 6.02 x 1023 CO2 molecules

2 x 6.02 x 1023 O atoms
6.02 x 1023 C atoms

1.0 mol MgCl2 contains 6.02 x 1023 Mg2+ ions

2 x 6.02 x 1023 Cl- ions
Molar Mass
The mass (in grams) of 1 mol of units (atoms/
molecules/electrons/ions) of a substance.
Unit : grams per mole (g/mol @ gmol-1)

Example 2 :
Molar mass of carbon-12 = 12.0 gmol-1
Example 3 :
Molar mass of sodium = 23.0 gmol-1
The molar mass of any substance is numerically equal to its
formula weight in amu.
Example 4:
Given:
Relative atomic mass of nitrogen, N is 14.0

The mass of 1 N atom = 14.0 amu

The mass of 1 mol of N atom = 14.0 g

The molar mass of N atom = 14.0 g mol1

The molar mass of nitrogen gas, N2= 28.0 g mol1

8
Example 5: Given :
Relative molecular mass, of CH4 = 16.0
The mass of 1 CH4 molecule = 16.0 amu

The mass of 1 mol of CH4 molecule = 16.0 g

The molar mass of CH4 molecule = 16.0 g mol1

9
 Interconverting Masses, Moles and Number of
Particles
mass (g)
Number of mole 
Molar Mass (g mol-1 )
Example 6:
Calculate the number of moles of 8.73 g of magnesium, Mg?
[Relative atomic mass of Mg = 24.3]

Answer : mass (g)

Number of moles  molar mass (gmol1 )
8.73 (g)

24.3 (gmol 1 )
 0.359 mol 10
Example 7:
Calculate the mass of 0.433 moles of calcium nitrate, Ca(NO3)2.
[Relative mass of Ca = 40.1; N = 14.0; O = 16.0]

Answer :
mass (g)
Number of moles 
molar mass (gmol1 )

mass (g)
0.433 mol 
40.1  2(14.0  (3 x 16.0)) (gmol1 )
mass  71.055 g
Example 8:
Calculate the number of moles of molecules for
3.011 x 1023 molecules of oxygen gas.

Answer :
6.02 x 1023 molecules of O2 equivalent to 1 mol of O2 molecule

3.011 x 1023 molecules of O2 equivalent to

3.011 x 10 23 molecules x 1 mol of molecule O 2

6.02x1023 molecules

 0.5002 mol of molecules O 2

12
Example 9: Calculate the number of moles of atoms for 1.204
x 1023 molecules of nitrogen gas.
Answer :
6.02 x1023 molecules of N2 equivalent 1 mol of N2 molecule

1.204 x 1023 molecules of N2 equivalent to ? mol N2 molecules

1.204 x 10 23 molecules x 1 mol N2 molecule

6.02x10 23 molecules
 0.2 mol N2 molecules

1 mole of N2 molecule contains 2 mol of N atoms

0.2 mole of N2 molecules contains
0.2 mol N2molecules x 2 moles N atom
1 mol N2 molecule
 0.4 moles N atom 13
 Molar volume is a volume occupied by 1 mol of gas.

STP : Standard Temperature Pressure

0oC 1 atm
273.15 K 760 torr
101325 N m-2
101325 Pa
At STP :
 the molar volume of an ideal gas is 22.4 L mol
-1

I mol of any gas occupies 22.4 L

At room temperature:
1 mol of any gas occupies 24.0 L
Temperature : 25oC
298.15 K

Pressure : 1 atm
 Standard Molar Volume

‘’’’’’’’’’ ‘’’’’’’’’’ ‘’’’’’’

‘’’’’’’’’’ ‘’’’’’’’’’ ‘’’’’’’’’’

Example 10:
Calculate the volume occupied by 1.60 mol of Cl2 gas at STP.

Answer :

At STP,
1 mol Cl2 occupies 22.4 L

1.60 mol Cl2 occupies 1.60 mol x 22.4 L

1 mol

= 35.8 L
Example 11:

Calculate the volume occupied by 19.61 g of N2 at STP.

Answer :
19.61 g  0.7000 mol
mol of N2 =
2(14.0) gmol1

At STP:
1 mol of N2 occupies 22.4 L
0.7000 mol of N2 occupies 0.7000 mol x 22.4 L
1 mol

= 15.69 L
Exercise
1. Calculate the mass of 7.528 x 1023 molecules of
methane, CH4 . (Ans :
2. A sample of CO2 has a volume of 56 cm3 at STP.
Calculate:
i) The number of moles of gas molecules . ()
ii) The number of CO2 molecules . (x 1021 m
iii) The number of oxygen atoms in the sample.
)

19
 CHEMICAL FORMULA

Empirical Formula
- formula that shows the simplest ratio of all elements in
a molecule.

Molecular Formula
- formula that shows the actual number of atoms of each
element in a molecule
Example 12:

Empirical Formula Molecular Formula

H2O H2O

CH2O C6H12O6

NH2 N2H4

- The relationship between empirical formula and

molecular formula is :

Molecular formula = n (Empirical formula)

Example 13: A sample of hydrocarbon contains 85.7% carbon
and 14.3% hydrogen by mass. Its molar mass is 56 g mol-1.
Determine the empirical formula and molecular formula of the
compound.
Answer
Assume : mass of hydrocarbon = 100 g
Element C H
Mass (g) 85.7 14.3
85.7 
14.3
Number of mole 
(mole) 12.0 1.0
= 7.1417 = 14.3
7.1417 14.3
Simplest ratio  
7.1417 7.1417
= 1.0 = 2.0
Empirical Formula : CH2
 (CH2 )n  molar mass
(12.0  2(1.0))n  56
56
n
14.0
4

Molecular formula = n (Empirical formula)

Molecular formula = 4 (CH2)
Molecular Formula = C4H8
Example 14:

A white solid was analysed and found to contain

40.0% Carbon, 6.7% Hydrogen and 53.3% oxygen
by mass. What is the empirical formula of the
substance?
Answer Total % by mass = 40.0% + 6.7% + 53.3 %
= 100 %
Assume : Mass of hydrocarbon = 100 g
Element C H O
Mass (g) 40.0 6.7 53.3
6.7 53.3
Number of mole  40.0  
12.0 1.0 16.0
= 3.333 = 6.700 = 3.331
3.333 / 3.331 6.700 / 3.331 3.331 / 3.331
Simplest mole
ratio = 1 = 2 = 1

Therefore, the empirical formula is C H2 O

 Empirical Formula By Combustion Data
Example 15:
Combustion of 2.30g of an organic sample, X,
Yields 3.30 g CO2 and 1.80 g of H2O. Determine the
empirical formula of X.
Strategy : Relate the information given
Organic X contains elements: C, H & O

Mass of organic X = 2.30 g Mass of CO2 = 3.30 g

Mass of C + H + O = 2.30 g Mass of H2O = 1.80 g

Mass of C = ? Mass of H = ? Mass of O = ?

Answer

g CO2 mol CO2 mol C gC

Mass of C
3.30 g CO 2
Mole of CO2 =  0.075 mol CO 2
44.0 g/mol CO 2

1 mol of CO2 contain 1 mol of C

0.075 mol of CO2 contain 0.075 mol of C
Mass of carbon = no. of mole C x molar mass C
= 0.075 x 12.0
= 0.90 g C
 g H2O mol H
mol H2O gH

Mass of H = ?
1.80 g H2O
Mole of H2O =  0.10 mol H2O
18.0 g/mol H2O
1 mol of H2O contain 2 mol of H
0.10 mol of H2O contain 0.20 mol of H

Mass of hydrogen = 0.20 x 1.0 = 0.20 g H

Mass of O = ?
Mass of C + H + O = 2.30 g
Mass of O = 2.30 – 0.90 – 0.20
Mass of O = 1.20 g
 Element C H O
Mass (g) 0.90 0.20 1.20
Number of 0.90 / 12.0 0.20 / 1.0 1.20 / 16.0
mole = 0.075 = 0.200 = 0.075
Simplest 0.075 / 0.075 0.200 / 0.075 0.075 / 0.075
mole = 1 = 2.667 = 1
ratio
1x3 = 3 2.667 x 3 =8 1x3 = 3
The empirical formula is C3 H8 O3

Never round off values close to whole number in order to get a

simple ratio, but multiply the value by a factor until you get a whole
number.
Another method of calculation
Example 15:

Combustion of 2.30g of an organic sample, X,

Yields 3.30 g CO2 and 1.80 g of H2O. Determine the
empirical formula of X.
Answer Mass of C = ?

1 mol CO2 1 mol C 12.0 g C

Mass of C = 3.30 g CO2 x x x
44.0 g CO2 1 mol CO2 1 mol C

Mass of C = 0.90 g C
Combustion of 2.30g of an organic sample, X,
Yields 3.30 g CO2 and 1.80 g of H2O. Determine the
empirical formula of X.

Mass of H = ?

1 mol H2O 2 mol H 1.0 g H

Mass of H = 1.80 g H2O x x x
18.0 g H2O 1 mol H2O 1 mol H
Mass of H = 0.20 g H

Mass of O = ? Same as previous method

Mass of C + H + O = 2.30 g
Mass of O = 2.30 – 0.90 – 0.20
Mass of O = 1.20 g
 CONCENTRATION UNITS
Solute is the substance being dissolved and present in the
smaller amount

Solvent is the substance doing the solving and present in

the larger amount

Solution is a homogenous mixture of 2 or more substances

that formed when amount of solute dissolves
completely in a solvent

Concentration is the amount of solute

present in a given quantity of solvent
in a solution
Example 16:

SUGAR SUGAR SOLUTION

WATER +

solute - sugar
Solvent - water
 Expression of Concentration

A. Molar concentration (or molarity)

B. Molal concentration (or molality)
C. Percentage by mass (% w/w)
D. Percentage by volume (% v/v)
E. Mole fraction
A MOLARITY, M
- the number of mole of solute dissolved in
1 L of solution.
- unit: mol L1 @ mol dm3 @ molar, M

moles of solute (mol)

Molarity , M =
volume of solution (L)

1L = 1 dm3
1 ml = 1 cm3
1 dm3 = 1000 cm3
Example 17:

1.46 molar glucose (C6H12O6)

or
1.46 mol/L glucose (C6H12O6)

1.46 mole of glucose (C6H12O6) 1 L of the solution

(solute)
Example 18:
A matriculation student prepared a solution by dissolving
5.528 x 10-3 mol of sodium carbonate, Na2CO3 in 250.0 cm3
of water. Calculate its molarity.
Answer
Solute = ? sodium carbonate, Na2CO3
Solvent = ? water, H2O
Solution = ? sodium carbonate solution,Na2CO3 + H2O
V of solution: 250.0 cm3 = 250 ml = 0.25 L
Molarity,M = mole solute (mol)
Volume of solution (L)
= 5.528 x 10-3 mol
0.25 L
= 0.0221 mol L-1
Example 19:

A student prepared a solution of NaCl by dissolving 1.461 g

of NaCl in a 250 mL volumetric flask. What is the molarity
of this solution.
Answer
Solute == ?NaCl Solvent
Solute Solvent== ?H2O Solution
Solution == ?NaCl + H2O

Mass of NaCl (g)

Mole of NaCl =
Molar mass of NaCl (g/mol)

1.461 g
=
58.5 g/mol
= 0.0250 mol NaCl
 Moles of NaCl = 0.0250 mol
V of NaCl solution: 250.0 cm3 = 250 ml = 0.25 L

Moles of NaCl (mol)

Molarity, M =
Volume of NaCl solution (L)

0.0250 mol
=
0.250 L

= 0.100 mol/L NaCl solution @

= 0.100 M NaCl solution
Example 20:
How many grams of calcium chloride, CaCl2 should be used to
prepare 250.00 mL solution with a concentration of 0.500 M.

Answer Solute = CaCl2;Solvent = H2O; Solution= CaCl2

+ H2O

nCaCl2 = MCaCl2 x Vsolution

= 0.500 mol/L x 250 x 10-3 L
nCaCl2 = 0.125 mol

Mass of CaCl2 = nCaCl2 x molar mass

= 0.125 mol x 111.1 g/mol
Mass of CaCl2 = 13.9 g
 B MOLALITY
- the number of moles of solute per 1 kg of solvent
in a solution.
(unit: mol kg1 @ molal @ m)

moles of solute (mol)

Molality , m =
mass of solvent (kg)

Mass of solution = mass of solute + mass of solvent

Volume of solution  volume of solvent
Example 21:

Calculate the molality of a solution prepared by

dissolving 0.2880 mol of CaCl2 in 271 g of water?

Answer
Solute == ?CaCl2
Solute Solvent == H?2O
Solvent
Moles of
of CaCl
CaCl22==0.2880
? mol Mass
Massof of water
water = ?
= 271/1000 kg

moles of solute (mol)

Molality , m =
mass of solvent (kg)

Molality  0.2880 mol

271 x 10 3 kg
 1.06 mol kg1
Example 22: Calculate the molal concentration of ethylene
glycol (C2H6O2) solution containing 8.40 g of ethylene glycol
in 200 g of water. The molar mass of ethylene glycol is 62
g/mol.
Answer :
Solute = C2H6O2 Solvent = H2O
Moles of C2H6O2 = ? mol Mass of water = (200/1000) kg
Molality,m = mole of solute (mol)
No. of moles of C2H6O2: mass of solvent (kg)
Molality,m = mole of C2H6O2 (mol)
= 8.40 g mass of water (kg)
62 g/mol Molality = 0.135 mol
= 0.135 mol 0.2 kg
= 0.675 mol kg-1
Exercise
A solution containing 8.89 g glycerol(C3H8O3) in 75.0
g of ethanol (C2H6O). What is the molality of the
solution?
Ans : 1.29 molal
 Molality
Moles of C3H8O3
Mole of glycerol, C3H8O3 =
Mass of solvent (C2H6O) (in kg)
Mass of C3H8O3 (g)
= 0.0966 mol
Mass of C3H8O3 (g/mol) = = 1.29 m
0.075 kg
8.89 g
=
92.0 g/mol
Molality of C3H8O3
= 0.0966 mol
= 1.29 m C3H8O3 solution
 C MOLE FRACTION, X
Mole fraction is : the ratio of the number of moles
of one component to the total of number of moles
present.

nA
Mole fraction of A, XA = nTotal

Where;
nA = the no. of moles of component A in the mixture
nTotal = the total no. of moles in all component in the
mixture
= nA + nB + ……
If a solution containing A, B and C:
nA
∴ Mol fraction of A, XA=
nA + n B + nC

nA
= n
T

 No unit for mole fraction

 Mole fraction always smaller than 1.000.
 Total mole fraction in mixture, nT = 1.000
Example 23:
What is the mole fraction of CuCl2 in a solution prepared by
dissolving 0.30 mole of CuCl2 in 40.0 mole of H2O ?

Answer
Mole fraction of CuCl2,
X CuCl2 nCuCl2
=
(nCuCl2 + nH2O)

= 0.30 mol
(0.30 + 40.0) mol
= 0.0074

UNIT
Example 24:

A sample of ethanol, C2H5OH contains 200.0 g of ethanol

and 150.0 g of water. Calculate the mole fraction of
(a) ethanol
(b) water
in the solution.
 Answer
n ethanol  mass(g) n water  mass (g)
molar mass(gmol1) molar mass(gmol
1)

 200.0 g  150.0 g
46.0 gmol-1 18.0 gmol1

 4.3478 mol  8.3333 mol

X ethanol  n
ethanol X water = 1 - Xethanol
n n
ethanol water = 1 - 0.3429
4.3478 mol
= 0.6571

(4.3478  8.3333) mol

 0.3429
 D

- The ratio of the mass of a solute to the mass of the

solution, multiplied by 100 percent

= mass of solute (g) x 100%

% w/w mass of solution (g)
mass of solute (g) x 100 %
% w/w =
(mass of solute + mass of solvent) (g)

Mass of solution = mass of solute + mass of solvent

Example 25:

Given that 10% percent by mass of NaOH in the solution.

From equation :
mass of solute (g)
% w/w = x 100%
mass of solution (g)

 10 g of NaOH dissolved in 100 g of solution

 10 g of NaOH dissolved in 90 g of solvent
(water)
Example 26:
A sample of 0.892 g of potassium chloride, KCl is dissolved in
54.3 g of water. What is the percent by mass of KCl in this
solution?
Answer
Solute = ?KCl ;; Solvent = ?H;2O ; Solution
Solution == ?KCl + H2O

% w/w = mass of solute (g) x 100%

mass of solution (g)
% w/w = 0.892 (g) x 100%
(0.892 + 54.3) (g)

= 1.616 %
Exercise
A solution is made by dissolving 4.2 g of sodium chloride,
NaCl in 100.00 mL of water. Calculate the mass percent of
sodium chloride in the solution.
Ans : 4.0%
% w/w = mass of solute (g) x 100%
mass of solution (g)
% w/w = 4.2 (g) x 100%
(100 + 4.2)g
= 4.0%
 E
- the ratio of the volume of a solute to the volume of the
solution, multiplied by 100 percent

Percentage by volume volume of solute

% (v/v) = x 100%
volume of solution

• Most often used for liquids and gas

Example 27:
A 200 mL of perfume contains 28 mL of alcohol. What
is the % concentration of alcohol by volume in this
solution?
Answer
Volume of solute
%(v/v) = x 100%
Volume of solution

= Volume of alcohol x 100%

Volume of perfume
28 mL
=
200 mL x 100%

= 14 %
Example 28:
A 350 cm3 sample of vinegar contains 2.10 cm3 of
ethanoic acid. What is the concentration of ethanoic
acid by volume in this sample?
Answer

Volume of solute x 100%

% v/v =
Volume of solution

% v/v = 2.10 cm3 x 100%

350 cm3

= 0.6 %
Exercise
Suppose you have 265.5 mL of an aqueous ethanol
solution that is 30.0 % ethanol by volume. How much
ethanol (in mL) is in the bottle? Answer = 79.65 mL
Answer
% v/v = Volume of solute x 100%
Volume of solution

Volume of ethanol x 100%

30% =
265.5

Volume of ethanol = 79.65 mL

 For question that give concentration and density,
can make assumptions based on concentration.
Unit Assumption (Suggestion)
Formula
Concentration
Exercise
An aqueous solution of ethylene glycol used as an automobile
engine coolant is 40.0% HOCH2CH2OH by weight and has a
density of 1.05g/ml. What are the

a) Molarity
b) Molality

of HOCH2CH2OH in the solution

Answer
Given : 40% w/w HOCH2CH2OH
Assume that : mass of solution = 100 g
Mass of HOCH2CH2OH = 40 g
Moles of solute (mol)
Molarity,M =
Volume of solution (L)
? 
Molarity,M = Mass / Molar Mass
Volume of solution (L)
Given : the density of solution = 1.05g/mL
Density, = Mass of solution
Volume of solution
100 g
1.05 g/ml =
Volume of solution
 volume of solution = 95.238 mL
 ?  40 g / 62 g/mol
Molarity,M =
Volume -3 L
95.238 xof10solution (L)

Molarity,M = 6.774 mol/L

Moles of solute (mol)

b) Molality,m =
Mass of solvent (kg)

Mass of solution = mass of solute + mass of solvent = 100g

100 = 40 + mass of solvent

 mass of solvent = 60g

40 g / 62 gmol-1
Molality, m =
60 x 10 -3 kg

Molality, m = 10.753 mol/kg

Exercise
1. An 8.00%(w/w) aqueous solution of ammonia has a
density of 0.9651 g mL-1. Calculate the
(a) molality
(b) molarity
(c) mole fraction
of the NH3 solution
2. How many grams of solute are present in 783 mL of
an aqueous solution of 0.35 M KOH solution?
3. A 15.00 mL sample of 0.450 M K2CrO4 is diluted to
100.00 mL. What is the concentration of the new
solution?
Answer 1 : a) 5.12 mol kg-1 , b) 4.54 mol L-1 ,c) 0.0843
2: 15.37 g KOH solution
3: 0.0675 M K2CrO4 solution
Answer 3:
MiVi = MfVf

Mi = 0.450 M Mf = ?

Vi = 15.00 mL Vf = 100.00 mL

Mi x Vi 0.450 M x 15.00 mL
Mf = =
Vf 100.00 mL

= 0.0675 M K2CrO4 solution