Pile Groups (3) or Pile Cap
Pile Groups (3) or Pile Cap
Pile Groups (3) or Pile Cap
Groups
A number of piles driven or cast in situ, will sustain a much heavier load than a single pile can carry, esp. when connected by a
pile cap.
Please refer to applications 4.1
and 4.2 for sample calculations
Pile Spacing
Pile Spacing
Distribution of Loads in Pile Groups
• Often, if a pile group is subjected to vertical force, then the calculation of load distribution on single pile that is
member of the group is assumed to be the total load divided by the number of piles in the group.
• However if a group of piles is subjected to lateral load or eccentric vertical load or combination of vertical and
lateral load which can cause moment force on the group which should be taken into account during calculation of
load distribution.
Pile group under axial loading Pile group under general loading
Distribution of Load Between Vertical Piles of Pile Group Subjected to Eccentric Loading
• The load on any particular pile within a pile group may be computed by using elastic equation.
Please refer to application
4.3 for sample calculations
Distribution of Load Between Vertical Piles of Pile Group Subjected to Eccentric Loading (Cont.)
Distribution of Load Between Vertical Piles of Pile Group Subjected to Eccentric Loading (Cont.)
Example – Pile Loading 1
Given:
Required:
Distribution of Load Between Vertical Piles of Pile Group Subjected to Eccentric Loading (Cont.)
Example – Pile Loading 2
Given:
Required:
Distribution of Load Between Vertical Piles of Pile Group Subjected to Eccentric Loading (Cont.)
Example – Pile Loading 2 (Cont.)
Distribution of Loads in Pile Groups
Vertical loading and Bending
• First consider vertical forces, when resultant force, R is coincide with centroid
of group having N numbers of piles. Each pile receives an identical load,
• Now consider a bending loading is added to axial load to be supported by this
group. Let area of each pile is Ap and average stress on pile is qi, for any pile
that is located from centroid of pile group by a distance di.
As piles in group have identical cross‐sectional area,
The average stress becomes,
But q X Ap = Force on a particular pile,
Sometimes bending may occur about two principal axes and load on i‐th pile will be,
Distribution of Load Between Vertical Piles of Pile Group Subjected to Eccentric Loading (Cont.)
Example – Pile Loading 3
A column 500 (mm) square transmits an axial load of 2100 (kN) together with moments of 600 (kNM) and 450 (kNM) on
orthogonal axes as shown in the sketch below. The foundation has to be set on piles on solid bedrock at 6 (m) depth because
of the poor resistance qualities of the shallow strata. Determine the pile layout required.
Distribution of Load Between Vertical Piles of Pile Group Subjected to Eccentric Loading (Cont.)
Example – Pile Loading 3 (Cont.)
Distribution of Load Between Vertical Piles of Pile Group Subjected to Eccentric Loading (Cont.)
Example – Pile Loading 3 (Cont.)
Distribution of Load Between Vertical Piles of Pile Group Subjected to Eccentric Loading (Cont.)
Example – Pile Loading 3 (Cont.)
Vertical loading and Lateral Loading
Please refer to application 4.4 for sample calculations
Distribution of Loads in Pile Groups
Battered piles
• In case of piles in foundation system horizontal forces
are resisted by shear stress developed in piles and by
passive earth pressure. Batter piles are also a good
option to resist horizontal forces.
• Battered piles do not perform as good as vertical piles
to resist vertical loading. If the piles makes an angle θ
with the line normal to base of pile cap, also known
as batter angle, the efficiency of these piles is
reduced by factor cosθ with an adjustment of pile
number, N and moment of inertia of pile and pile
group, I are required due to reduction on efficiency.
Distribution of Loads in Pile Groups
Pile Groups with Inclined (Battered) Piles
• No Rotation of pile Cap
• Rotation of Pile Cap
No Rotation of pile Cap
Figure 2.6 Location of Elastic Centre
Rotation of Pile Cap (Cont.) Distribution of Loads in Pile Groups
Example 1 (Application 4.7)
Solution
θ 4
P1 1 V1
Figure AP 4.7
Distribution of Loads in Pile Groups
Rotation of Pile Cap
Figure 2.7
Distribution of Loads in Pile Groups
Rotation of Pile Cap (Cont.)
Please refer to application 4.8 for sample calculations
Settlement of Pile Groups
Settlement of Pile Groups
Elastic Compression of Piles
• The pile group settlement methods discussed in the following sections only consider soil
settlements and do not include the settlement caused by elastic compression of pile
material due to the imposed axial load.
• Therefore, the elastic compression should also be computed and this settlement added to
the group settlement estimates of soil settlement.
• The elastic compression, Δ, can be computed by the following expression:
Settlement of Pile Groups
Group Settlement in Cohesionless Soils
Pile Group Settlement in Clay
μ1 μ0
CONSOLIDATION SETTLEMENT
Terzaghi and Peck (1967) proposed that pile group settlements could be evaluated using an equivalent footing
situated at a depth of 1/3 D above the pile toe.
Settlement of Pile Groups
Settlement of Piles in Clay
CONSOLIDATION SETTLEMENT (CONT).
Settlement of Pile Groups
Settlement of Piles in Clay
• The settlement (Si) for an overconsolidated cohesive soil layer, where the pressure after the foundation
pressure increase is less than the soil preconsolidation pressure (po + ∆p < pc) , is obtained as
• The settlement for a normally consolidated cohesive soil layer (po = pc)
is:
where:
DESIGN PARAMETERS OF PILE CAPS:
• Shape of pile cap.
• Depth of pile cap.
• Amount of steel to be provided.
• Arrangement of reinforcement.
Shape of Pile Cap Pile Cap Design
• The first thing to consider in pile
cap design is to determine the
shape of the pile cap to use.
• The shapes vary according to
the number of piles in the pile cap
that can be deriving according to
the load in a column supporting it.
• The figure below shows the
most common use shapes of pile
cap Two Pile Cap Three Pile Cap
• and the recommended
dimensions.
Usually Overhang of 150 mm
Depth of Pile Cap Pile Cap Design
• The Federation of Piling Specialists recommend the following most effective pile cap depths for a range of pile
diameters as shown in table below: Pile cap depth for different pile diameters
Pile Diameters (mm) Depth of Pile Cap (mm)
300 700
350 800
400 900
450 1000
500 1100
550 1200
600 1400
750 1800
• For pile caps to be rigid, pile cap has to be quite deep with 600 mm as the minimum
depth. As a guide line the formula given in Reinforced concrete by Reynolds may be
followed.
• For Pile dia > 550 mm,
Pile cap depth (h) = (2 Pile Diameters + 100)mm
• For Pile dia ≥ 550 mm,
Pile cap depth (h) = ⅓ x( 8 Pile Diameters + 600) mm
Pile Cap Design
Amount of Steel to be Provided
• As for all members, normal detailing requirement must be checked. These include maximum and minimum steel area, bar
spacing, cover to reinforcement and anchorage length of the tension steel.
• In orthogonal direction in the top and bottom faces of the pile cap a minimum steel area of 0.0013 bh for grade 460
reinforcement or 0.0024 bh for grade 250 reinforcement should be provided.
• It is normal to provide fully lapped horizontal links of size not less than 12 mm and at spacing of no greater than 250 mm.
Arrangement of Reinforcement
• Although, the pile caps are assumed to act as a simply supported beam and are designed for the usual condition of bending
and shear, their tendency is to fail by bursting due to high principal tension and they will therefore always require a cage of
reinforcement in three dimensions to resist this tendency.
• The main tension reinforcement should continue past each pile and should be bent up vertically to provide anchorage
length beyond the centre‐line of each pile.
• A cover of 75 mm is usually provided for the pile cap surfaces in contact with earth and 60 mm against blinding concrete of
75 to 100 mm thick. In marine situations the cover should be increased to a minimum of 80 mm.
Pile Cap Design
Design of Pile Caps
Two methods of design are common: design using a 2a
truss analogy or using beam theory.
The Truss Analogy Method
• The truss theory applied to pile caps with up to 5 piles.
In this method the load from the column is transmitted to
the piles by inclined thrust and the tie necessary to
maintain equilibrium is provided by reinforcement. (Steel
acts as tension chord and concrete as diagonal struts).
• the Ultimate load on the column is N and we have two
piles the load on each pile is N/2.
Forces in Idealized Truss System
• In the simple frame described above, the dimensions of the columns have
been ignored. If the Column is square of side 2a, Truss Model for a Two Pile Cap
The Truss Analogy Method (Cont.)
• The truss theory may be extended to give the
tensile force in pile caps with other configurations
of pile group. Table Truss 1 gives the force for
some common cases.
• The shear of a pile cap should be calculated at
the critical section taken to be 20 percent of the
pile diameter inside the face of the pile, as shown
below.
Figure Truss 1 Critical sections for shear Checks Table Truss 1. Pile Cap Truss Theory
The Truss Analogy Method (Cont.)
• In determining the shear resistance, shear enhancement may be consider such that shear capacity of the concrete may be
increased to 2d/a v x v c where a v is the distance fro the column to the critical section.
• When the spacing of the piles exceed three times the diameter then pile cap should be checked for punching shear. The
critical perimeter for punching shear is as shown in figure truss 1. The design shear should be checked at the face of the
column to ensure that it does not exceed the lesser of
Example
A group of four piles support a 500 mm square column which transmit an ultimate axial load of 5000 (KN). The Piles are 450 (mm)
diameter and are spaced at 1350 (mm) centres as shown below. Design the pile cap for fcu = 30 (N/mm2) and fy = 460 (N/mm2)
Plan
The Truss Analogy Method (Cont.)
Solution
The Truss Analogy Method (Cont.)
Solution
Reinforcement Details
Beam Theory Method
• When (a v / d) ratio is more than 2 as in shallow pile cap or with the
arrangement of 6 or more piles, bending action is more predominant than truss
action. In this case the pile cap is designed as a normal beam for bending
moment and shear.
• The pile cap area is divided into a framework of rectangular beam depending
on the geometry of the pile group. The width of the beam is taken as equal to
Bottom bars concentrated
the width of the pile. The beam may be simply supported or continuous.
over the piles, top bars under
• The reinforcement is evenly distributed or concentrated.
the column. Two lacer bars.
• Punching shear failure at sections located d/2 from the face of the column and
around each pile.
• Beam shear failure at sections at a distance d from the face of the column.
• Bending failure at the sections located st face of the column.
Example 1 for the beam theory method
The accompanying sketch shows the general details for a column 300mm square
transmitting an axial load of 600kN to a simple piled foundation. Produce a design for a
pile cap for a 2-pilegroup using 25 MPa concrete and reinforcement with f s y = 400MPa. Bars evenly distributed on
the bottom and top
surfaces. No lacer bars.
Example 1 for the beam theory method (Cont.)
Example 1 for the beam theory method (Cont.)
Solution
Solution (Cont.)
Example 2 for the beam theory method
A column 400mm square transmits an axial load of 1800kN to a piled foundation. Design a cap
for a 3 pile group. (Load/pile = 600 kN) using 25 MPa concrete and reinforcement with a f s y = 400 MPa.
Solution for the beam theory method for Example 2
• The sketch below shows the general layout and reinforcement bands. Depth is assumed to be 650mm.
• Medium range piles are 450 mm nominal diam. with a min. spacing of 1050 (mm).
• Number of reinforcement bands = 3. Thus there is a 1/3rd loading to each band (allow band width of 450mm).
Solution for the beam theory method for Example 2 (Cont.)
1 2
Example 3 for the beam theory method
The pile cap shown in the accompanying sketch is supporting 4 cast‐in‐place concrete piles. The factored load from the column
which is supported by the 4 piles in 1600 (kN). Obtain the depth of the pile cap and design the tensile reinforcement required
for the moments in the pile cap.
Solution for the beam theory method for Example 3
1 2
Solution for the beam theory method for Example 3 (Cont.)