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Rate of Drying: Constant Rate Period Falling Rate Period

The document discusses the process of drying and calculations of drying time. It describes two main periods of drying: 1. The constant rate period, where moisture transfer or heat transfer controls the rate of drying. 2. The falling rate period, where the drying rate depends on moisture diffusion through a solid or capillary flow through porous materials. Critical moisture content marks the end of the constant rate period. Drying time calculations use drying curves and rate equations to determine the time required to dry materials from initial to final moisture contents under constant conditions.

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Harris Akhtar
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142 views

Rate of Drying: Constant Rate Period Falling Rate Period

The document discusses the process of drying and calculations of drying time. It describes two main periods of drying: 1. The constant rate period, where moisture transfer or heat transfer controls the rate of drying. 2. The falling rate period, where the drying rate depends on moisture diffusion through a solid or capillary flow through porous materials. Critical moisture content marks the end of the constant rate period. Drying time calculations use drying curves and rate equations to determine the time required to dry materials from initial to final moisture contents under constant conditions.

Uploaded by

Harris Akhtar
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Rate of Drying

Constant Rate Period

Falling Rate Period


Constant Rate Period
Mass transfer based or Heat transfer based,

For parallel air flow : For perpendicular air flow :


Critical Moisture
Critical moisture content is the moisture content
when the constant-rate period ends.

Critical moisture content varies with


Thickness of material

Rate of drying
Falling Rate Period
Rate of drying depends on:
o Nonporous solid and Diffusion theory
o Porous solid and Capillary theory
Nonporous Solid and Diffusion Theory
Shrinkage and Case Hardening
• Checking
• Cracking
• Wrapping
• Case Hardening
Porous Solid and Capillary Theory
Mass Transfer in Dryers
Calculation of Drying Time
Under constant drying conditions
By definition, rate of drying is;

Integrating between X1 and X2; total drying time:


[1]
Numerically through drying curve and analytically if
equation for drying rate is available.
Calculation of Drying Time
Non-Porous Solid
Constant Rate Period
c

Falling Rate Period

Total Time
Calculation of Drying Time
Porous Solid
Constant Rate Period
When R = Rc
𝑚 𝑋 −𝑋
𝑡 =
𝐴 𝑅
First Falling Rate Period
When R is linear in X;
R = aX+b
where a and b are constants of straight line with a as slope and c as intercept
dR = adX
Then equation (1) [𝑡 = ∫ ]takes form;
𝑚 𝑑𝑅 𝑚 𝑅
𝑡 = = ln
𝑎𝐴 𝑅 𝑎𝐴 𝑅
where R1 and R2 are ordinates (y-axis values) for initial and final moisture content. And;
𝑅 − 𝑅
𝑎=
𝑋 − 𝑋
where Rc = Rate at first critical point R’ = Rate at second critical point
Xc = free moisture content at first critical point X’ = free moisture content at second critical point
and putting the value of a in above equation;
𝑚 (𝑋 − 𝑋 ) 𝑅
𝑡 = ln
𝐴 (𝑅 − 𝑅 ) 𝑅
Calculation of Drying Time
Porous Solid
Total Time
When drying in porous solid covers both constant and first falling rate period;

In some situations, the single straight line passing through the origin represents the
entire falling rate period; thus straight line passes through;

Point 1 (Xc, Rc) and point 2 (X’, R’) = (0,0).Therefore;

and = , hence
Calculation of Drying Time
Porous Solid
Second Falling Rate Period

Total Time

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