Digital Signal Processing (BEC-42) : Unit-3 Lecture-1 (FIR Filter Design)

Digital Signal Processing(BEC-42)
Unit-3
Lecture-1
(FIR Filter Design)
Date:12/10/2020
Digital Signal Processing (BEC-42)

➢ In the FIR system, the impulse sequence is of finite duration,
i.e. it has a finite numbers of non –zero terms.
For example, the system with the impulse response
➢ Usually implemented using structures with no feedback(non

recursive structures- all poles)
➢ Suppose a system has the following difference equation with
x(n) and y(n) as input and output.

Response of FIR filter depends upon only present and past input samples.

Design Technique

If h(nT) is an even sequence, then will be zero and if h(Nt) is
an odd sequence, then the will be zero.

Design Process:
➢ Decide whether is to be set equal to zero.
➢ Expand in a Fourier series.
➢ The unit pulse response is determined from Fourier
coefficient.

Problem: Use the Fourier series method to design a low-pass
digital filter to approximate the ideal specifications given by
𝟏 𝒇𝒐𝒓 𝒇 ≤ 𝒇𝒑
𝑯 𝒆𝒋𝝎 = ൞ 𝑭
𝟎 𝒇𝒑 < 𝒇 ≤
𝟐
Where 𝒇𝒑 is pass-band frequency and F is sampling frequency.

Frequency Sampling Method
➢ In this method, a set of samples is determined from desired

frequency response
➢ IDFT is applied to get filter coefficients
𝑯𝒅 (𝒆𝒋𝝎 ) 𝑯𝒅 (𝒌) h(𝒏)
Frequency Sampling Inverse DFT

Design Techniques:
➢ Type-I Design ( includes sample at frequency 𝜔 =0)
➢ Type-II Design ( exclude sample at frequency 𝜔 =0)
Type-I Design

Then apply IDFT to get filter coefficient
For real valued h(n)

and

Type-II Design: Sample at frequency 𝜔 =0 is omitted

Problem: A low-pass filter has the desired response as given
below
−𝒋𝟑𝝎
𝝅
𝒆 𝟎≤𝝎≤
𝑯𝒅 𝒆𝒋𝝎 = 𝟐
𝝅
𝟎 ≤𝝎≤𝝅
𝟐
Determine the filter coefficients h(n) for M=7 using type-I

frequency sampling method.

Problem: Design a band pass filter with the following
specifications:
Sampling frequency, F= 8kHz
Cut off frequencies, 𝑓𝑐1 = 1 𝑘𝐻𝑧 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑓𝑐2 = 3 𝑘𝐻𝑧
Use frequency sampling method and determine the filter
coefficient for M=7.

Problem: Design a Finite Impulse Response low-pass filter
with a cut-off frequency of 1 kHz and sampling rate of 4kHz
with 11 samples using Fourier series.

Problem: Design an ideal filter with a frequency response
𝝅 𝝅
𝟏 − ≤𝝎≤
𝑯𝒅 𝒆𝒋𝝎 = 𝟐 𝟐
𝝅
𝟎 ≤ 𝝎 ≤𝝅
𝟐
Determine h(n) and H(z) for M=11 and plot the magnitude
response.

Problem: Determine the filter coefficients of a linear phase
FIR filter of length M=15 which has a symmetric unit
sample response and a frequency response that satisfies the
conditions
𝟐𝝅𝒌 𝟏 𝒌 = 𝟎, 𝟏, 𝟐, 𝟑
𝑯 =ቊ
𝟏𝟓 𝟎 𝒌 = 𝟒, 𝟓, 𝟔, 𝟕

Solution: For odd M

Problem: (a) Use frequency sampling method to design an
𝜋
FIR low-pass filter 𝜔𝑐 = for M=15, (b) Repeat part (a) by
4
selecting an additional sample 𝐻(𝑘) =0.5 in the transitions
band.

Solution: For odd M

(b) By introducing an additional sample in the transition band, the
magnitude of frequency response is given by

Windowing Techniques
➢ The desired frequency response of digital filter is given as
where impulse response( Fourier coefficients) of filter is given

as
➢ Impulse response is of infinite duration.

➢ Filter is non-causal and unrealizable.

Desirable characteristics of window functions:

1

2
From equation 1 and 2, the linear phase response of causal filter is

given by and the non-causal impulse response
has a zero phase shift.

Problem: A low-pass filter is to be designed with the
following desired frequency response
𝝅 𝝅
𝒆−𝒋𝟐𝝎 − ≤𝝎≤
𝑯𝒅 𝒆𝒋𝝎 = 𝟒 𝟒
𝝅
𝟎, ≤ 𝝎 ≤𝝅
𝟒
Determine the filter coefficients ℎ𝑑 (n) if the window

1, 0≤𝑛≤4
function is defined as 𝑤 𝑛 = ቊ
0, 𝑜𝑡ℎ𝑒𝑟𝑤𝑖𝑠𝑒
Also, determine the frequency response H( 𝑒 𝑖𝜔 ) of the
designed filter.

Windowing Technique
➢ Hamming Window Function:

➢ Hanning Window Function:

Problem: Design a filter with
−𝒋𝟑𝝎
𝝅 𝝅
𝒆 , − ≤𝝎≤
𝑯𝒅 𝒆−𝒋𝝎 = 𝟒 𝟒
𝝅
𝟎, ≤ 𝝎 ≤𝝅
𝟒
using a Hamming window with M=7.

Problem: Design an ideal high-pass filter with a frequency
response
𝝅
𝟏, ≤ 𝝎 ≤𝝅
𝑯𝒅 𝒆𝒋𝝎 = 𝟒
𝝅
𝟎, 𝝎 ≤
𝟒
Find h(n) and H(z) for M=11 using Hanning Window.

Solution:

Problem: Design a high pass filter using Hamming
window with a cut-off frequency of 1.2 rad and M=9.

Problem: Design a band-pass filter to pass frequencies in
the range 1-2 rad using Hanning window M=5.

Blackman Window Function

Bartlett Window Function
Frequency-domain characteristics of window functions

Magnitude Response

Phase Response Digital Signal Processing (BEC-42)
Frequency-domain characteristics of window functions
➢ Main lobe width is inversely proportional to M.

➢ Increase in window length decreases the transition band.
➢ Minimum stopband attenuation is independent of M and function
of window.
➢ Min stopband attenuation has the max. main lobe width.
➢ For desired transition band, length of filter must be increased for
reducing the main lobe width.
➢ A simple approximation to these functions have been developed
by Kaiser in terms of zeroth order modified Bessel functions of the
first kind.
Kaiser window starts with realistic demands:
• Allow ripples
• Allow certain transition widths
• As a results we get number of taps and window function.
➢ The Kaiser window function is given by
➢ The side lobe level can be controlled with respect to the main lobe
peak by varying a parameter, .
➢ The width of the main lobe can be varied by adjusting the length of
the filter.
where α is an independent variable determined by Kaiser. The
parameter β is expressed by
The modified Bessel function of the first kind, 𝐼0 (x), can be computed
from its power series expansion given by
The actual passband ripple (𝐴𝑃 ) and minimum stopband attenuation

(𝐴𝑆 ) are given by

Problem: Design an FIR digital filter to approximate an ideal low-
pass filter with passband gain of unity, cut-off frequency of 850 Hz
and working at a sampling frequency of 𝑓𝑠 =5000 Hz. The length of
the impulse response should be 5. Use a rectangular window

Problem: Design an ideal high-pass filter with a frequency
response
𝝅
𝟏, ≤ 𝝎 ≤𝝅
𝑯𝒅 𝒆𝒋𝝎 = 𝟒
𝝅
𝟎, 𝝎 ≤
𝟒
Find h(n) and H(z) for M=11 using (a) Hanning window (b)
Hanning window and plot the magnitude response.

Problem: Design a low-pass digital FIR filter using Kaiser window
satisfying the specifications given below.
Passband cut-off frequency, 𝑓𝑝 =150 Hz, stopband cut-off frequency,
𝑓𝑠 = 250 Hz, passband ripple, 𝐴𝑝 = 0.1 dB, stopband attenuation, 𝐴𝑠
= 40 dB and sampling frequency, F =1000 Hz.

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