CHAPTER II

REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE AND STUDIES

Disaster Preparedness aims for a longer-term impact to the people in an area. According to an article on March 13, 2019 by edauator in the pros and cons of

Plans related to that can take several forms ranging from a broad mitigation building a stone house, stone is dubbed as one of the oldest construction

and preparedness strategy to detailed contingency plans for responding to a materials used by mankind. In ancient times, stone houses are built for a

threat. People’s behaviors and reactions prior to natural disasters has drawn stronger fortress against natural calamities and from human invaders. Stone is

attention from the researcher and has come up, into having a disaster and incredibly durable, and the fact that these ancient structures are still standing

evacuation base that can be efficient and economical, a disaster base today are proof of that. Currently, stone houses still remain one of the most

introducing particular design and sustainable approach for evacuation shelters viable options for sustainable living. A structure built by a stone is sustainable

is a practical approach in dealing with this study. This chapter presents the since a stone is a natural construction material, durable because stone is

review of related literature and studies which the researcher deemed beneficial resistant to water, fire and wind, low maintenance seeing that a stone house do

to the present study. not require extensive maintenance in the long run but rather only a minimal

cleaning, promotes comfort living since stone helps the efficient regulation of
Related Literature
temperature in a home, has an aesthetic appeal but it is rather expansive than
A. Edauator. March 13, 2019. Pros and Cons of Building a Stone House.
ordinary materials and it needs an expert contractor specialized in stone
Education Articles.
houses.
  This article is related to our study since some evacuees are walls would unfurl rapidly as the balloon rises. Lightweight 3D-printed slabs

force to stay inside the evacuation center longer than others. forming each floor would be pulled upwards by structural steel wires attached

And since stone houses are durable it is perfect against natural

calamities like floods and typhoons. Stones are also sustainable

since stones are seen everywhere. Therefore, the proponents

are planning to build stone houses for the evacuees who are

deeply devastated by the calamity.

B. Deezen Awards 2019 Winners Revealed for Disaster Relief

The collapsable tower designed by Damian Granosik, Jakub Kulisa, and Piotr

Pańczyk came first place in the annual eVolo skyscraper competition. to the balloon. These wires would be strong enough to resist wind once the

temporary skyscraper was in place.

The flattened structure is designed to be packed into a box only as wide as the

building's base, so it can be suspended under military helicopters. This would The flattened structure is designed to be packed into a box only as wide as the

help aid workers access remote locations that trucks might not be able to reach building's base, so it can be suspended under military helicopters,

if roads become impassable. Once in site, the base would be anchored in place “Depending on amount of gas poured into the balloon, one can control the
and a "load-bearing helium balloon" would be inserted to rapidly raise the number of floors that are unfolding," the team explained in its competition
tower. Accordion-style fabric panels used to create the external and internal entry.
"This way, with single, mass produced module it is possible to attend B. Patino, Fernando. July 26, 2019. 6 Evacuation Centers Built in Bicol, 2

different-scale, unpredictable events." More Underway.

Inside, the team imagined the skyscraper could host a reception area, first aid Philippine News Agency

bays, temporary housing, safe and dry storage space, and even a "vertical farm
In an article 6 Evacuation Centers Built in Bicol, 2 more Underway, By
that uses soil gathered during anchoring".
Ferdinand Patino on July 26, 2019, the DPWH Region 5 Director Virgilio

Eduarte said the evacuation centers will serve as safe and efficient shelters for

Bicolano’s in times of calamities. He said each center is located in disaster-

resilient areas avoiding faults and no-build zones. It has a minimum lot area of

3,000 square meters and were constructed in accordance with the National

Building Code of the Philippines, allowing it to withstand wind speed of 250-

kilometers per hour (kph) and seismic activity of at least 7.0 magnitude.

 In relation to this, our study main focus is to build a resilient

evacuation center for the people that can withstand strong

typhoons and flooding due to heavy rains.

C. Pia Ranada. May 6, 2016. 8 Features of a Typhoon-Resistant House.

Rappler.
According to an article intitled “8 Features of a Typhoon-Resistant House” by

Pia Ranada on Rappler, the Filipino Architects discussed features of a

A 4-sided roof is more typhoon-resistant because it gives wind less traction to
typhoon-ready house.
pry the roof away, a horrific phenomenon witnessed by people living in

• Highly replicable, meaning it is very simple in design and very houses with two-sided roofs during the storm. A 4-sided roof is more

easy to do. streamlined and sealed against buffeting winds.

 Topy Vasquez, suggests a hollow concrete cubes which can

Slab roofs made of concrete can also be effective.
stand alone as single-room homes or be combined together to
 It should consist of stilts because it can serve as a basis for flood-
form bigger living spaces.
resistant and storm surge-resistant homes.
• Durable materials that can withstand the water and the wind.
 Tempered glass with protective sticker is another feature. When glass
 Concrete is the most logical for permanence and for strength
is tempered, it falls in tiny pieces like "mongo seeds," pieces too small
• 4-side slope roofs
to cause serious injury and with a sticker that would keep the glass in

place even when shattered by high-velocity winds.

QUATRO AGUAS.  Storm shutters is another element to a resilient typhoon houses because

Four-sides roofs or hip roofs are less in some cases you can’t stop the glass windows from breaking. They

likely to get lifted off by strong winds. recommend installing storm shutters over windows and doors, thus

effectively sealing the house from winds and rain.

  Another one is it should be in a safe and elevated location. They 1. Emergency Floor

should not be constructed in areas assessed to be vulnerable to

Lack of proper flooring can be a huge problem for post-disaster situations. It
landslides and flooding.
can also be a problem for the
 This article is highly related to our study since we are planning
developing world in general. Sleeping
to build a shelter wherein it is resilient to strong typhoons. And
on bare ground can bring disease,
since our study does not focuses on only an evacuation center
parasites and other harmful agents.
but also a shelter for other families who are staying longer in
Thanks to Emergency Floor, that
the evacuation base.
problem is starting to come to an end.

D. Relief Architecture: Amazing Projects from Around the World It ingeniously uses unused shipping pallets to raise a modular flooring system

off the ground to create an insulated, safe and affordable flooring solution.
A June 20, 2016 article by the buildabroad.org

2. AbleNook
Disaster Relief Architecture

Disaster relief architecture can come in many shapes and sizes. Over the

years, relief architecture has seen many changes due to technological

advancements and innovations. We’ve chosen the most impressive disaster

relief solutions around. Some of the examples are being used in the real world,

while others are still in the concept stage.

AbleNook was designed by Jason Ross and Sean Verdecia, graduate students 4. Weaved Home

at the University of South Florida. It is another modular example of disaster

Jordanian/Canadian designer by the
relief architecture. The structure is multi-purpose and can be used as housing,
name of Abeer Seikaly designed this
school classrooms, storage or anything else a community may need. The
concept for relief shelter inspired by
lightweight framework also allows for mass production and easy
temporary huts from various tribes
transportation.
around the world. The weave pattern

3. IKEA Solar Powered Flat Pack ties directly to the structure of the shelter, allowing it to open and close

depending on the climate and area of use. The openings created by the weave
Yet another lightweight solution for
pattern also allows for ventilation and easy construction.
emergency shelter, the IKEA Flat Pack

was originally built in collaboration 5. Portable Emergency Shelter

with UNCHR. As its name suggests,

This portable shelter allows for a
the Flat Pack folds down completely
basic framework that can withstand
flat. An added bonus: it is solar
basic climate factors. The walls, roof
powered. It has been used for disaster relief and in refugee camps around the
and floor are also adjustable and easy
world. Now refugees can have a space of their own thanks to this awesome
to customize. Perhaps the most
solution.
impressive part of this shelter is that it can be constructed in under two hours After Hurricane Katrina, Michael

and eventually made into permanent housing. McDaniel was inspired to create EXO –

a low cost, portable disaster relief

solution for those displaced from their

homes. The EXO takes the cake for

fastest setup time. After only two minutes you can be safe and warm in this

6. Concrete Canvas bulletproof housing. The EXO comes almost completely assembled and can

be transported with many others at a time due to its stackable design.

Concrete Canvas may not be the best-

looking structure, but it made our list 8. Onagawa Container Temporary Housing

due to its durability, innovative After a horrible earthquake hit

construction technique, speed of Onagawa, Japan in 2011, Shigeru Ban

construction and safety features. After designed and built these temporary

being delivered as a shell, builders only structures out of paper and shipping

need air and water to get the shelter up and running – and in only one hour. containers. The airy design and fast

The shelter also comes with steel doors and is fire resistant.

7. EXO
relief helped to revitalize the community and lift the spirits of those affected Sussie, the Scottish design firm behind this prototype, is currently raising

by the disaster. funds in order to deploy their idea to

the real world. The concept can house

9. Post-Tsunami Kirinda Project
up to four people (two adults and two
Another inspiring disaster relief project from the mind of Shigeru Ban, these
children), is waterproof, windproof and
houses were built from bricked earth and locally-sourced rubber tree wood.
comes with storage in its base. Another
100 of these small houses were built after a tsunami hit Sri Lanka in 2004.
nice feature: it locks from the inside.

10. Hexagonal Shelters

12. SURI Modular Housing

Designed by Architects for

Although this shelter was originally designed for post-earthquake situations, it
Society, these unique hexagonal
is now being used to house refugees
shelters can fit together to form
from the Middle-East and Africa
community areas and larger
fleeing political and economic
structures. The structures are meant
hardship. The modular design can
to be used for short-term relief, but
grow to create private and communal
can also transition into long-term
spaces by attaching multiple units.
housing or up to 20 years.
13. Garrison Post-Disaster Housing
11. RD-Shelter Prototype
Garrison architects has built a full-size prototype of this vertical relief were built in masonry. Today, many

architecture solution. It is meant to be a blueprint for post-relief buildings and homes resemble the Energy Box.

offers flexible design.

2. Earthquake Resistant Structure

Preventative Relief Architecture

These Pakistani homes are built

Preventative disaster relief architecture helps mitigate potential damage to with local wood. They utilize a

communities and towns that are in disaster prone areas. Many of these special wood framing pattern to

solutions are designed and built directly into the structures themselves. fight the vibrations from

Although it is impossible to plan for every situation, these solutions come earthquakes and lightweight roofing

pretty close. to keep damage to a minimum.

1. Energy Box 3. Earthquake Proof Geodesic Domes

This earthquake-proof house is Earthquakes can devastate

built of cross-laminated timber and communities in Israel, so builders

uses special construction methods there are taking a new, sustainable

to create a strong structural approach to home building. These

framework. Prior to an earthquake

in 2009, may homes in this region

domes are made of hay and mud and may be the best relief architecture  Seal walls in the basement with waterproofing materials.

solution yet.  Install a foundation drainage system.

E. Disaster-Resilient Housing Design and Construction Strategies  Install a sump pump for floors that are below grade

 Install backflow valves in sanitary and storm lines.

(A Home for Every Filipino: Turning Dreams into Reality Creba) A
 Strengthen walls to withstand floodwater pressures.
presentation by Vinci Nicholas R. Villasenor, PhD during the 25thAnnual
 Anchor the building to the foundation so that it will resist flotation.
National Convention on October 12-15, 2016 at the CAP John Hay Trade &

Cultural Center, Baguio City  All hardware below the b.f.e should be stainless or galvanized steel.

 Build with flood resistant materials below the b.f.e.

Strong Winds from Cyclones

To Protect from Floods or Typhoons

The following are the main principles for safe construction against cyclones:
 Avoid building in a floodplain or in an area that could experience

wave action.  Siting: do not build at the head of the valley or on the side of an

 Elevate the primary dwelling areas above the base flood elevation exposed hill where the wind speed can be much stronger;

“b.f.e.”.  Location: take advantage of natural protection such as rocks, banks

 Locate the furnace, water heater, and electrical panel above the and strong bushes or plant strong bushes nearby the house;

“b.f.e.”.
 Planning: build a short distance away from the other houses and never To Protect from Strong Winds

directly next to them as this can cause destructive wind turbulence

 Install shutters at all windows.
 Join parts together securely: use construction joints which are notched
 In areas prone to typhoons, have doors facing potential high winds
and tied together. There needs to be sufficient overlap and a strong
open out rather than in.
bracing;
 Reinforce garage doors.
 Roof pitch: pitch the roof to rise at least one foot for every three foot.
 Secure siding and roofing.
This reduces the forces on the roof and makes the roof stronger;
 Brace gable end framing.
 Avoid wide overhangs and eaves: make overhangs small, less than 600
 Use steel framing connections.
mm. and eaves less than 400 mm;

 Verandas: the wind can be trapped beneath the veranda; therefore, it

should be connected in a way that the veranda can break away

separately from the main structure;

 Loose edges: tie down the edges and comers of the roof so that the

wind cannot attack one part and tear it away; Earthquakes

 Smooth corners: smoothen corners of the house in order to allow the
The following are the main principles to be considered in earthquake resistant
wind to slide around;
housing:
 Location Stability of slope: only stable slopes, without signs of  Enclosed area: a small building enclosure with properly interconnected

previous landslides, should be chosen to build; a site subject to danger walls will act like a rigid box; very long rooms should be avoided; use

of rock fall should be avoided as well; enclosed areas

 Soil types: avoid constructing on very loose sands or sensitive clays;  Foundations: strong wall to ground connections are necessary and a

these can compact or lose their bearing capacity in an earthquake and complete concrete or rock foundation is preferred; construction on

cause large unequal settlement and damage or destroy the building; short columns should be avoided because the house is often shaken

Shape of building Symmetry: the building as a whole Or its various from its footing;

blocks should be kept symmetrical about both axes; asymmetry leads

CONSTRUCTION
to torsion and danger of collapse. Symmetry is also desirable in the
 Openings: openings should be constructed away from corners;
placement and sizing of door and window openings as far as possible;
moreover; the total length of openings should not exceed 50% of any
shape of a building
single wall;
 Regularity: simple rectangular shapes behave better in an earthquake
 Ring beam: the most important horizontal reinforcement of the house
than shapes with many projections. Torsional effects of ground motion
is the construction of one or more ring beams to connect together all
are pronounced in long narrow rectangular blocks; therefore, it is
walls of the house. These beams can be located at all critical levels of
desirable to restrict the length of a block to three times its width;
the building, namely plinth, lintel, roof and gables;
 Simplicity: ornaments should be avoided; they can fall of and cause

injuries;
  Walls: depending on the material applied, diagonal braces and  Brace cripple walls.

horizontal beams are necessary to give the walls sufficient stiffness to  Use steel framing connections.

resist earthquake force;  Bolt sill plates to the foundation.

 Concrete block walls: use enough  Use flexible connections on gas

vertical reinforcement and fill all and water lines.
openings with mortar; use  Ensure that there are adequate
sufficiently strong mortar, with a shear walls.
cement: sand mix of 1:6;
To Protect from a Landslide
 Connections and joints: connections and joints should be strong. For
 Install ground cover on slopes.
timber construction, braces are necessary to keep the construction

together: When using reinforced concrete blocks, there should be  Build retaining walls at slopes.

sufficient overlap of reinforcement steel;  Build deflection walls or channels in

 Roof: use light roof constructions, with timber and irons sheeting or potential mudflow areas.

traditional materials;  Install flexible pipe fittings for gas and water lines.

To Protect from Fires

To Protect from Earthquakes

 Enclose eaves and overhangs.
  Cover house vents with 12mm, or smaller, corrosive resistant wire The following disaster shelters range from concept renders to real units that

mesh. people are living in right now. They also vary between a very simple and basic

 Use fire resistant siding. hut, to more sophisticated designs that boast solar power and rainwater

 Use safety glass and non-combustible shutters at windows. collection. Each one has the same aim though; to save lives with good design.

 Install non-combustible roofing. 1. Tentative Concept

 Create an external water storage supply.

Turkish design practice
 Install chimney and stovepipe spark arrestors
Designnobis conceived a concept

F. Disaster by design: Innovative Emergency Relief Shelters shelter dubbed Tentative that could

be delivered flat, and simply pop-up

An article by Adam Williams published by New Atlas on December 06, 2015
once in place, requiring very little
When people find themselves in dire straits due to natural disaster or
assembly in the field.
displacement through conflict, a well-designed and rapidly delivered
Tentative features a fiberglass roof
emergency relief shelter can make the difference between life and death.
and floor, and weather-resistant
Emergency shelters pose a particularly tricky challenge for designers and
tough fabric walls. This design would mean that Tentative's height is reduced
architects, as a successful model needs to take into consideration such
from 2.5 m (8 ft) to just 30 cm (1 ft) when ready for transport, thus allowing
concerns as delivery, speed of construction, durability, and cost.
up to 24 units to fit into a single semi-trailer truck.
When in use, Tentative would measure 4 x 2 x 2.5 m (13 x 6.5 x 8 ft), and its impressed that it invested R&D money into the firm in a bid to create a hardier

interior could fit two adults and two children. The shelter would be raised off version suitable for extreme climates.

the ground with small stilts, natural light would come in via a small skylight
3. Temporary Shelter in Nepal
and window.
The aptly-named Temporary Shelter in
2. Rapid Deployment Module
Nepal is a lot more basic than the above

Massachusetts-based firm Visible Good has developed an emergency shelter shelters, but paradoxically this can, in

that it says can be assembled in approximately 25 minutes by a couple of the right circumstances, be seen as a

people without any tools. Cleverly, Rapid Deployment Module (RDM) makes positive. Designed by Charles Lai and

use of the box it ships in as a base for its structure. Its roof, meanwhile, is Takehiko Suzuki of Architecture for

made from fabric, and the windows and doors are lockable. Each RDM is the Mass, the shelter can be constructed

rated as suitable for 10 years. by local unskilled workers in three

days.
Inside, RDM's walls can serve as whiteboards and the 30 sq-ft (12 sq-m) of

available floorspace can be fitted with bunk beds and desks, or even medical The current prototype shelter cost just

equipment to serve as a clinic. RDM was put through its paces in the real US$500 to build and was constructed using locally-sourced bamboo and

world during the Deepwater Horizon oil spill, and the U.S. Army was so locally-salvaged materials, including timber and metal sheets taken from

damaged or demolished houses.

Along with the actual shelters, Lai and Suzuki also created a manual to aid "storm-safe position" should heavy winds strike. Four sections of the shelter

locals in building their own shelter. The pair report that following their are folded diagonally inwards and the shelter's sides are also folded inwards to

instructions, which can be downloaded or distributed on paper, unskilled create a roughly triangular shape.

workers should be able to erect a shelter within three days using local bamboo
5. Shelter
and whatever suitable cladding can be salvaged.
Carter Williamson's Shelter measures
4. Hush2
37.5 sq m (404 sq ft) and can house

The Hush2, by Extremis Technology, is a disaster shelter designed to eight to 10 people. The prefabricated

withstand hurricane-level winds up to 200 mph (322 km/h), or Category 5. It structure can also be flat-packed and

can be assembled within a couple of hours and is built from marine plywood. at least some scrap and salvaged

To stop it flying away, Hush2 is held in place with a simple ground fixing materials can be used in its

system that also enables it to be moved with relative ease. construction. A couple of people can

assemble it within a day.

The shelter measures 4.3 x 4.4 x 2.4 m (14.1 x 14.4 x 7.9 ft) and comprises

two sections, which can be used as Shelter sports adjustable scaffolding props, which serve as stilts to raise it off

living and sleeping quarters. Roughly the ground, thus making it suitable for uneven ground and safe from minor

rectangular shaped, it can be quickly flooding. It operates off-grid and sports a 1.5 kW roof-mounted photovoltaic

reconfigured into a more aerodynamic solar array, in addition to a solar hot water system and a rainwater collection
tank. Finally, Shelter also boasts an optional outdoor decking area that 7. Re: Build

includes composting toilet, a shower, and gas-cooking facilities.

Less a shelter and more a shelter building system, re: Build is the work of

6. Just a Minute Pilosio Building Peace, architect Pouya Khazaeland, and emergency shelter

expert and former Architecture for

In the wake of the severe earthquake that hit Nepal earlier this year, Italian
Humanity boss Cameron Sinclair.
firm Barberio Colella ARC has designed a disaster shelter dubbed Just a

Minute for displaced Nepalese people. The concept features an interesting It comprises scaffolding tubes joined

design comprising a concertina-like expandable structure. together in order to build a simple

frame, then fencing is added to create

Just a Minute would measure just 2.5 x 4 m (8.2 x 13 ft) while in
walls. The empty space between is
transportation, but once in the area it's needed, could be expanded by
filled by pouring in whatever's
volunteers to 4 x 11.7 m (13 x 38 ft). Barberio Colella ARC says that once
available on-site, such as sand or
expanded in this way, it would be suitable for up to 10 people.
gravel, and scaffolding platforms
The concept calls for a solid oriented strand board center section that
are then used as a roof, over which
comprises a bathroom and kitchen, while the lounge and sleeping areas are off
earth is piled. The floor is made
to each side. Insulation would come in the form of burlap stuffed with donated

woolen clothing, and the firm also imagines roof-based solar panels and a

rainwater catchment system.

from plywood panels, and the buildings also have a basic rainwater catchment But if there is a possibility one should, according to the guidelines, choose

system. with topography and soil condition in mind. For typhoons it is recommended

to avoid hilltops or clifftops where the wind speed can be up to 15 % stronger.

The system has so far been used to build two schools in the Jordan-based
However, the risk of these sites can be reduced by planting trees (in a safe
Za'atari and Queen Rania Park refugee camps, both costing €30,000 (roughly
distance) to protect from the wind. It is also known from earlier earthquakes
US$32,900). More is planned too, and the team aims to roll out Re: Build to
that buildings on a flat site are safer during an earthquake than buildings in
other areas, with Somalia next in line.
steep slopes. This is because a building is stable when it is well rooted in the
G. How to Build Earthquake and Typhoon Resistant Buildings?
ground and the loads are evenly distributed on the foundation. Therefore, it is

Guidelines for the low-income housing by Louise Mattsson better to have several building blocks on terraces than one large block on

Site conditions Regarding floods, landslides, tsunamis and volcano eruptions footings at different level, as shown in Figure 3.

the most crucial factor to build safe is the choice of site. In comparison to Another important feature for stability is, as mentioned above, soil condition.

earthquakes and typhoons, the building is the most important factor. Building on a rocky, hard soil is better than building on a sandy, soft soil, as

the soft soil shakes more during earthquakes than the hard soil. The site

should also have a lot of drainage since soil with high water content can, when

exposed to strong vibration, lose its strength and turn into liquid.
Building configuration But even though most of the buildings in Yolanda and Bohol had the right

The report done by Build Change, of the structural damage assessment from

typhoon Yolanda and the earthquake in Bohol, says that the houses in this

region often are of simple design, square or rectangular. This is a good shape

for resistance, as a symmetric box is more stable compared to a Lshaped or a

U-shaped building. The reason is that a wall exposed to a horizontal force in shape, many structures failed because the shear walls were not constructed to
the direction of the wall’s length, a so-called shear wall, is much more be strong enough to take care of the horizontal forces (Build Change, 2014:01,
resistant than a wall exposed to a horizontal force in the perpendicular p. 3). This may be due to openings in the walls. UNESCO’s guidelines (Arya,
direction of the wall’s length. In a box-shaped building the wall perpendicular et al., 2013) present a basic rule; the fewer and smaller openings, the stronger
to the horizontal force does not risk to be turned over as it is supported by two the wall, which means less damage. But from the Philippine climate point of
shear walls. In an L-shape the two walls in the inner corner lacks this support. view the bigger the openings, the better the indoor climate due to cross
See Figure 4. A rectangular shape is good as long as the perpendicular wall is

not more than 3 times longer than the shear walls as it will not receive enough

support from the shear wall.

Openings

ventilation. The guidelines does not mention anything about this, but they
mention that it is preferable to spread the openings evenly around the building concrete before collapsing. But the low density of wood is not an advantage in

or at least place them in opposite walls both for stability and for letting the a typhoon, simply because it is easier for the wind to move or break it.

wind blow though the building to decrease the internal suction forces and for
However, it is possible to make both these building materials more resistant to
cross ventilation, see Figure 6.
earthquakes and typhoons. The reason numerous wooden structures are

Choose of Material carried away is because of a lack of a deep and heavy foundation to counteract

The choice between wood and concrete hollow blocks is not simple as both

have advantages and disadvantages. In order to build a strong building, it is a

necessity to have materials with good quality. In typhoon Yolanda almost

every wooden house was entirely destroyed or carried away in the strong

winds, while the masonry houses remained. The situation was the opposite in

the earthquake in Bohol. (Build Change, 2014:01, pp. 10-12) This is because

the wooden structure is lighter than a masonry construction. The amount of the uplifting forces of the wind, as shown in case in Figure 7a. Many houses
seismic force which acts on a building material during an earthquake is lacked enough diagonal bracing in the walls, which is crucial to make the
directly dependent on the weight of the material, which means that the wood building withstand horizontal forces. This was the case in the house in Figure
is more resistant as it is lighter. In addition, the wooden structure is more 7b. In addition, the connections between wooden members often consisted of
flexible and ductile than masonry and can be shaken and bent more than
a single nail instead of metal straps and gusset plates. Figure 7c shows a well- should be tied together so the building acts as an integrated unit during

braced example with an appropriate foundation. earthquake shaking and no parts shall separate so the horizontal loads from the

shaking and wind can be transferred to the vertical elements and down to the
Reinforcement in Masonry
ground.
In order to make the concrete hollow block masonry more ductile and stronger
There are two principles to connected building components to withstand an
it can be reinforced with steel bars or bamboo sticks (Arya, et al., 2013, pp.
earthquake. The junction can be either stiff or flexible, depending on if the
57, 135). The bars should be placed both horizontally and vertically around
structure should be stiff enough to endure the shaking or if it should be
openings and in the corners of the building. All the walls should be tied
flexible to isolate from the shaking movements. This could be done by using a
together by a continuous band of steel in the top of the walls as shown in
shake absorber in the foundation to isolate the whole build from the shaking
Figure 8a. If two perpendicular walls are not properly tied together, they will
ground. But these are too expensive for small houses in the Philippines. A
not act as shear walls and one of them will collapse. Another even better
much more affordable solution is presented in an article in National
solution to this is to have posts and beams made out of reinforced concrete
Geographic (Carroll, 2015). By using a tier filled with sand and stones as a
above openings, in corners and instead for a steel band See Figure 8b.
plinth under the building isolation can be achieved, even though it is a third as
Connections
strong as the more high-tech shock absorbers.

The major cause of damage in Yolanda and Bohol was due to poor
Roofs
connections between foundations, wall, roof etc. and is therefore a significant

aspect to consider when building. In order to avoid destruction, all parts

 to be

In typhoon Yolanda many wooden roofs were destroyed or carried away, lifted up

because of their light construction. In order to solve this, it might have been a by strong

good idea to use a heavier building material for the roof. But as shown in winds.

Build Change (2014:01, p. 11) report from Bohol concrete roofs were See Figure 12.

performing very poorly under seismic forces. It explains that a heavy roof

causes a strong horizontal force on the top of the walls, which cause the walls

to overturn and the entire structure may give away. Thus, it is better to invest

in a well anchored wooden roof. This goes well along with a typhoon

resistant roof design, whereas a roof with a gable causes much more uplifting H. After
forces than a hipped roof. The ideal shape for wind resistance is pyramidal the
with a pitch of 30-40 degrees. See Figure 11.

Storm: Disaster-Proof Designs in the Philippines, November 7, 2014.

In the Philippines both heavy rainfall and blazing sun are common. In order to Green Design by Nikola Enchev and Stefan Vankov
protect the facade from water and sun a 500 mm roof overhang is required.

The roof overhang should be well anchored in the wall so that it doesn’t risk
 be mirrored along its side, it can share the same frame with another hexagonal

module, thus increasing its stability.

This Green Design community has facilities such as multi-purpose hall,

market, school/day care center, waste treatment, plantation, and waste  In relation to our study, we are planning to use bamboos as our

management facilities. materials and we are planning to incorporate his design for the

extensional offices of the agencies related to disaster risk

This master-planned community is carefully designed to overcome the rough
reduction management. And since the design above follows the
topography and highly irregular shape of its site, at the same time, create local
three elements of a building, it is aesthetically good
focus points, a communal small-scale employment, and allow floodwaters to
(venustas/beauty), it serves its function as an office
drain properly. Reinforced concrete makes up the ground story base of the
(utilitas/utility) and it is strong since it can withstand calamities
community structures, which with its lateral stability in all directions, provide
such as earthquake, flooding, heavy rains and typhoons
earthquake resistance and protects against water and insects. The concrete
(firmitas/strength).
base is securely connected to the upper storeys which are made of bamboo,

intended to be easily maintained by future residents.

What is amazing about the designed community is that the dwelling structures

are built as hexagonal modules. According to the designers, the hexagonal

SUSTAINABLE DESIGNS
shape is naturally stable, braced in all directions with equal sides. Since it can
At present the demand for a more sustainable way of building is no longer a

matter of personal choice, and the sector has been now regulated for the
purpose of implementing measures that improve the infrastructures´ and Bamboo has a high strength-to-weight ratio and exceptional durability — even

buildings´ environmental behavior. We are wrong to consider vehicles as the greater compressive strength than brick or concrete — so it can take a beating

only polluting factors, as buildings consume 20 – 50% of the physical without being replaced very often, which is not necessarily the case with other

resources, according to their environment. The building trade is a great fast-growing, sustainable items such as hemp. Because it is lightweight,

consumer of natural resources such as wood, minerals, water and energy. In bamboo is less energy intensive to transport than many other materials of

addition, buildings, once built, continue to be a direct cause of pollution comparable durability. A drawback is that it requires treatment to resist insects

because of the emissions produced in them or their impact on the ground. and rot; untreated bamboo has a starch that insects like, and it can swell and

crack when it absorbs water.

Smart Cities Dive compiled a list of five materials that frequently make

experts’ lists of eco-friendly building components. 2. Cork

1. Bamboo Cork is flexible and resilient, reverting to its original shape after sustaining

pressure. Its resilience and resistance to wear make it a common element in

Sustainability experts nearly
floor tiles. Its noise absorption abilities also make it perfect for insulation
universally agree bamboo is one of the
sheets, and its shock absorption qualities make it well-suited for sub-flooring.
best eco-friendly building materials on
If left uncoated, cork is naturally fire resistant and it doesn't release toxic
the planet. Its rate of self-generation is
gases when it does burn. This also makes cork a good thermal insulator.
incredibly high, with some species

growing up to three feet in 24 hours. 3. Reclaimed or recycled wood and metal

Recycled metal is a long-lasting material that does not need frequent especially roof decks. Concrete serves as an excellent way to control heat

replacement. It tends not to burn or warp, making it a viable option for within a building, plus it is a highly affordable building material.

roofing, structural supports and building façades. It's also water and pest
5. Straw Bales
resistant. Like recycled metal, reclaiming and reusing wood reduces its
Rather than relying on new
embodied energy, which already is lower because of its light weight. Wood
research and technology, straw
does have less strength though, so each piece's integrity should be assessed
bale building hearkens back to
and chosen for an appropriate project.
the days when homes were built

from natural, locally-occurring

materials. Straw bales are used

to create a home’s walls inside of a frame, replacing other building materials

4. Precast concrete slabs
such as concrete, wood, gypsum, plaster, fiberglass, or stone. When properly
This concrete slab is formed at a manufacturer's site and shipped in whole
sealed, straw bales naturally provide very high levels of insulation for a hot or
sections to construction sites. The outer layers often envelop a lightweight
cold climate, and are not only affordable but sustainable as straw is a rapidly
filler, like foam insulation. Other versions are made entirely of concrete but
renewable resource.
have large, hollow air spaces, like concrete blocks. Precast concrete slabs
6. Grasscrete
commonly are used for walls and building façades because they hold up well

to all kinds of weather, but certain types can be used for floors and flat roofs,
As its name might indicate, grasscrete is a method of laying concrete flooring, rebar or bamboo, and

walkways, sidewalks, and driveways in such a manner that there are open mechanical tampers reduce the

patterns allowing grass or other flora to grow. While this provides the benefit amount of labor required to

of reducing concrete usage overall, there’s also another important perk — create sturdy walls.

improved stormwater absorption and drainage.

The Hidden Fortification:

Bamboos Redefine Home-

Building in Asia

An article published by the Business World in January 30, 2018 | 12:03 am

7. Rammed Earth

Colombian Luis F. Lopez, a structural engineer for bamboo construction, has

What’s more natural than the dirt under your feet? In fact, walls that have a
been building homes from bamboo for the Philippines’ poorest since 2014.
similar feel to concrete can actually be created with nothing more than dirt
The houses he makes are not the traditional bahay kubo – they can withstand
tamped down very tightly in
magnitude 8 or 9 quakes and super typhoons with wind speeds of up to 250
wooden forms. Rammed earth
kilometers per hour.
is a technology that has been

used by human civilization for How such a lightweight material as bamboo could weather nature’s harshest

thousands of years, and can last elements has basis in science. Growing up in Central America, also a seismic

a very long time. Modern rammed earth buildings can be made safer by use of
area along the Ring of Fire, Mr. Lopez knew how his hometown did not lose Base Bahay is a not-for-profit organization established in 2014 as a spin-off

lives to disasters. from the Hilti Foundation and the United Nations Economic and Social

Commission for Asia and the Pacific (ESCAP) efforts to tackle urban housing,
“The best houses to resist earthquakes are [made of] bamboo,” the Colombian
according to its website. The organization has tapped foundations, mostly
engineer said during a recent interview with Business World in Manila.
missionaries, to build affordable and disaster-resilient houses, with the first
The Colombian, who moved to the Philippines in 2014 to become head for
bamboo housing duplex inaugurated in Bagong Silangan in Quezon City. It
product development and quality control at organization Base Bahay, brought
has also built 100 houses in Tacloban freely given to victims of Yolanda, one
that technology to the Philippines taking into account another variable:
of the strongest cyclones to have hit the Philippines.
typhoons. The University of the Philippines in Los Baños helped Mr. Lopez’s
Base Bahay has a bamboo treatment facility in Negros, where mature poles
team in testing Philippine bamboo’s resistance to earthquakes, but the final
are soaked to make them resistant to powder beetle infestation. The
experiment was made not thru simulations but amid a real typhoon, with his
communities there produce 2,000 bamboo poles a month that the organization
team setting up wind instruments, cameras and a weather station. The team
buys, therefore creating jobs. The organization has built 400 houses in the
built three houses in Iloilo and another three in Bicol.
Philippines so far and has set an annual target of 300 new homes.
The result of the experiments was a home whose walls are huge frames made
ALTERNATIVE ENERGY SOURCES
of bamboo with claddings three centimeters thick. And unlike in resorts or in

the typical bahay kubo, the bamboo poles are hidden within that plaster mesh. 1. Solar Power
This energy source is completely renewable and the costs of installation are energy sources because they can be placed in the ocean in various situations

outweighed by the money saved in energy bills from traditional suppliers. and locations. Much like with tidal energy, the benefits come in the lack of

Nevertheless, solar cells are prone to deterioration over large periods of time waste produced. It is also more reliable than many other forms of alternative

and are not as effective in unideal weather conditions. The technology has energy and has enormous potential when used properly.

evolved massively over the years and is now used for large-scale energy
DEVICES THAT PROMOTES RENEWABLE ENERGY
production and power generation for single homes.
a. (PV) panels
2. Hydroelectric Energy
One of the most popular and effective ways to produce renewable energy is
Hydroelectric energy carries with it a number of benefits. Not only is it a clean
with photovoltaic (PV) panels. The panels are typically placed on the roof or
source of energy, which means it doesn’t create pollution and the myriad
in the yard where they capture the sun’s energy and convert it into electricity.
issues that arise from it, but it is also a renewable energy source.
And depending on your latitude and the orientation of the panels, you could

Better yet, it also offers a number of secondary benefits that are not generate 10 or more watts per square foot. When calculating the right size

immediately apparent. The dams used in generating hydroelectric power also solar system for your home,

contribute to flood control and irrigation techniques. keep in mind that the

average American
3. Wave Energy
household consumes about
Water again proves itself to be a valuable contributor to alternative energy
900 kilowatt-hours (kWh)
fuel sources with wave energy converters. These hold an advantage over tidal
of electricity per month, according to the U.S. Energy Information Solar ovens work by trapping sunlight to heat food. You can buy a solar oven

Administration. or build your own out of some cardboard, insulation and aluminum foil. Solar

ovens make sense because the typical household electric oven uses quite a bit
b. Wind Turbines
of energy. And harnessing the sun’s energy to passively cook food is a great
Wind turbines are most commonly found on large tracts of open land, called
way to get started in the world of
wind farms, or floating offshore. But if you have enough real estate you can
renewable energy.
install a small wind turbine on your property to power your home. Wind
A solar oven has several benefits: it
power is more stable than solar, and a properly sized wind turbine can easily
cooks food for free and it works
generate most or all of your electricity needs. And in some areas, wind might
virtually anywhere, even during a
be a better renewable energy source than solar panels.
power outage or emergency. All
Generally speaking, you need sustained winds of at least 10 miles per hour
you need is some sunshine and
(MPH) to produce a significant amount of power. And, of course, energy
you'll never have to have to eat a
production increases with wind speed. A 12-MPH wind will generate about
cold meal due to a lack of power.
70% more energy than a 10-MPH wind. And wind speeds are also affected by
d. Hydro Power
the height of the turbine. A 10-kW wind turbine mounted on a 100-foot tower

generates 30% more power than a 60-foot tower. If your property contains a source of flowing water, you're in luck. You can

divert some or all of the stream or river to flow through a hydroelectric

c. Solar Oven
generator to create electricity for your home. And the advantages to than using gas or electricity to heat

hydropower are immense. Unlike solar and wind, hydro is relatively stable your water, and is easier to install

and continuous, which means you'll always get the same input no matter what. than solar panels.

As long as the water is flowing, you'll never have to worry that your generator
f. Solar Air Conditioning
won't be able to power your home. That piece of mind might be worth
It might seem strange to use heat
undertaking a little engineering project.
from the sun to cool your home,
e. Solar water Heating
but that's exactly what solar air

Solar-powered water heaters are conditioning does. Solar air

similar to PV solar panels, except that conditioning employs the same

instead of producing electricity, they principles of a solar water heater, but

heat water. And it doesn’t take many uses that hot water in an air

solar water panels to dramatically conditioning system.

reduce or even eliminate the energy

Traditional air conditioners use more electricity than any other mechanical
used by a traditional gas or electric water heater. Solar water heaters use the
system or appliance in the home, especially if you have central air and you
sun to heat a reserve of water, which can then be pumped through your
live in a hot climate. Solar air conditioning can cut cooling costs, saving you a
radiators or out your faucets and showerheads. This system is much cheaper
substantial amount of money each year. And many solar AC systems can also As the term is most commonly used, graywater refers to wastewater from

be configured to heat the home and produce domestic hot water. clothes washers, showers, bathtubs, and lavatory faucets—and not water from

toilets, kitchen sinks, and dishwashers. Graywater is collected with separate

g. Tubular Skylights
drain lines (requiring a building to be dual-plumbed for graywater and other
A tubular skylight, which is often
wastewater drainage), filtered to remove large particles, and stored until use
called a Sun Tunnel, consists of a
for landscape irrigation—usually below ground. For this reason, most
clear roof-mounted dome, round
graywater systems quickly deliver water to irrigation piping. If a system stores
metal tube, and ceiling diffuser.
graywater, it is usually to allow just enough to build up that it can be
The metal tube runs between the
discharged in larger doses that fill the irrigation pipes and provide even
dome on the roof and the diffuser
distribution.
mounted to the ceiling. The inside surface of the tube has a highly
b. Desalination
reflective, mirror-like coating that reflects over 90% of sunlight and

delivers it through the diffuser, which produces a soft, radiant glow of Desalination is the process of removing salts (and other impurities) from

natural light. seawater or brackish water. Ninety-seven percent of the world’s water is

saline, so tapping this resource as a freshwater source has long been attractive.
ALTERNATIVE WATER SOURCES
While there are a few systems in the world that use seawater directly for toilet
a. Graywater Collection and Reuse
flushing and certain other nonportable uses (see sidebar), the highly corrosive
nature of seawater makes this impractical; desalination is required for An online article by Sanchari Pal published on November 19, 2016

widespread use of seawater.

1. Bio-Digestor Toilets

c. Aquifer Storage Recovery

Bio-digester toilets are designed to convert human waste into gases and

(ASR) is not technically a source of water — aquifers function more like a manure. The zero-waste biodigester technology uses psychotropic bacteria

bank, naturally holding water in underground layers of rock. Aquifers provide like Clostridium and Methanosarcina (these microbes can live in cold or hot

operational flexibility to store vast amounts of water without the risk of climate and feed on waste to survive) to break down human excreta into

evaporation in hot weather. When water is abundant and readily available, it usable water and gas. Once applied, the bacteria can work for a lifetime.

can be injected into an aquifer and then, when demand is high, extracted as a
Waste from toilets are sent to a giant underground bio-digester tank where
raw water supply supplement.
anaerobic digestion takes place. Methane gas produced in the tanks can be

D. Landscape-Scale Stormwater Harvesting used for different purposes, including firing up gas stoves and generating

Stormwater is nearly always managed in the landscape surrounding a building,

and it is commonly channeled into retention ponds. Occasionally, such

retention ponds are designed so that water from them can be pumped out for

nonportable uses in and around a building.

5 ECO-FRIENDLY & AFFORDABLE BIO-TOILETS THAT CAN

BRING ON A SANITATION REVOLUTION IN INDIA

electricity while the leftovers (popularly called Humanure or ‘Human 3. EcoSan Toilets / Urine Diverting Dry Toilets (UDDT)

manure’) can be used for gardening and farming. It does not have any
EcoSan or UDDT toilets
geographical or temperature limitation and also does away with the need to set
make great individual toilets
up large sewerage networks.
for areas where digging the

2. Bamboo Toilet ground is highly

complicated. UDDT is built

Arguably low-tech, bamboo toilets are cheap and practical. As the name
above the ground level
suggests, bamboo toilets are those
using conventional bricks or
whose structures are built with bamboo
hollow blocks. It has two chambers – the urine, feces and cleansing water
– fast growing woody evergreen plants
go into separate holes. The floor of the chamber is also paved with
that have strength comparable to steel.
concrete to prevent water or soil coming into contact with the feces. Each
Bamboo toilets represent an eco-
chamber will be used for about 12 months alternatively. In this type of
friendly and potentially sustainable
toilet, the separation is the key: it allows each to be dealt with as little to
solution in the quest for building toilets in areas that still do not have access to
no cos t. When the feces dry out and remain isolated in a chamber over
modern amenities. Though from time immemorial, bamboo has been part of
weeks and months, they decompose and break down into harmless soil
the housing scene, the advent of new building materials and increasing
nutrients – this means valuable soil nutrients take out in the form of crops
industrialization has edged out the plant species from the construction sector.
are returned to the soil. Scientists call this closing the loop on nutrients.
 Also, EcoSan toilets save water and electricity, the two biggest expenses toilets don’t always work in developing countries – and as a result, 35% of the

in water-borne sewerage by eliminating the need for sewage treatment world’s population to lack access to basic, working toilets.

plants, elaborate sewer network, and the expenses on maintenance and

Fortunately, there are a few cost-effective, eco-friendly, sustainable toilet
operations of such systems. This also means that it can provide sanitation
solutions out there that work for all kinds of environments. It’s creative
in extreme areas; in desert areas, where water scarcity necessitates frugal
thinking like this that can help increase the number of people who have access
use of water; in rocky areas, where it is not possible to dig for pits and
to toilets – and perhaps even change the way the world poops. Here’s 7 of our
sewers; in coastal and flooded areas, with very high water tables; in
favorites:
earthquake prone zones, as there is no danger of sewage leaking through
1. A toilet that turns poop into manure
cracked sewer lines or pits.

Bio-digester toilets are designed to convert human waste into gases and
7 SUSTAINABLE TOILETS THAT COULD CHANGE THE WAY THE
manure. Waste from toilets
WORLD POOPS
are sent to a giant
An article by Jaswanth Madhavan, ONE policy team published on November
underground bio-digester
18 2014
tank where fermentation

We know how important toilets are in the fight against water contamination takes place. Gases from the

and diarrheal disease. But because of infrastructure and cost, conventional tanks can be used for

different purposes,
including firing up gas stoves and heating devices and generating electricity. These toilets also come with GPS units, sensors to track usage and

The leftovers (popularly called Humanure or ‘Human manure’) can be used functionality as well as “customer support facilities.”

for gardening and farming. And besides, very little money has to be spent on
3. A solar-powered toilet that sterilize waste
treating the waste products.
With a $ 777,000 grant from the Bill and Melinda Gates Foundation as part of
2. A solar-powered self-cleaning toilet
the “Reinvent the Toilet Challenge,” researchers at the University of Colorado

Now that’s definitely a Boulder, in March 2014,

mouthful. Over 2014, an developed toilets that were

Indian company, Eram equipped with parabolic mirrors.

Scientific, has been The mirrors were used to

rolling out automated concentrate the sun’s rays and

and self-cleaning solar- heat up the waste collection

powered cleaning toilets. chamber of the toilet to 600

Sleek and made of Fahrenheit! The result:

stainless steel, the toilets, according to its manufacturers, are designed to be conversion of waste into charcoal (“bio c har”) which could then be used as

installed in locations where access to electricity and common sanitation fertilizer.

methods is difficult, if not impossible.

4. A toilet called “The Crapper”
Yes, you read it right! An indoor composting toilet that costs less than $200 Establishing an environmental

per unit, the Crapper is designed to work like a garden composter. The toilet impact statement system,

has a spinning drum that collects waste, aerates it and reduces the volume of including other environmental

waste by 80%, reduces odor and the number of dangerous pathogens. The management related measures and

drum is emptied every 3 months and the compost is collected and used for for other purposes

various purposes.
The main objective of this law is

Pertinent Laws to maintain the balance between the environment and the socio-economic

development of the country. It aims to protect the environment despite the

Laws and regulations are crucial and shall be followed, for this base to be
increasing demand of natural resources and development to attain
functional and operational. It establishes the standards and safeguards the
sustainability.
possibility of damage and death and it also provide a reasonable degree of

protection to people and property in the event of disasters. Despite typhoons, Every proposed environmentally critical project or project located in

earthquakes, floods, the vast majority of man-made structures and environmentally critical area shall prepare an Environmental Impact

communities withstood the ravages of disasters largely because of the prudent Statement to justify why the project should be implemented. The

application of these laws. Environmental impact Statement also contains the predicted impact which is

most likely to occur and affect the environment and the surrounding
A. Presidential Decree 1586
communities as well. Along with it are the proper mitigation or environmental
measures to minimize if not prevented the said negative impacts to the (DRRMO) in every province, city and municipality, and a Barangay Disaster

environment. However, the EIS or Environmental Impact Statement does not Risk Reduction and Management Committee (BDRRMC) in every barangay.

end with that. It covers the monitoring program for different environmental
Finally, RA10121 provides for the calamity fund to be used in support of
media such as air, water, soil and development program for the existing
disaster risk reduction or mitigation, prevention, and preparedness activities
community.
for the potential occurrence of disasters and not just for response, relief, and

B. Philippine Disaster Reduction and Management Act, (RA 10121) rehabilitation efforts.

RA 10121 provides a comprehensive, all-hazard, multi-sectoral, inter-agency, C. Children's Emergency Relief and Protection Act, (RA 10821)

and community-based approach to disaster risk management through the

This Republic Act No. 10821 of the Government of the Philippines mandates
formulation of the National Disaster Risk Management Framework.
the provision of emergency relief and protection for children before, during,

The law also promotes the development of capacities in disaster management and after disaster and other emergency situations. It refers to situations when

at the individual, organizational, and institutional levels. A very important children are gravely threatened or endangered by circumstances that affect

feature of this law is its call for the mainstreaming of disaster risk reduction in their survival and normal development. The Act is guided by the principles of

physical and land-use planning, budget, infrastructure, education, health, survival and development, child participation, and consistency with the United

environment, housing, and other sectors. Moreover, the Act mandates the Nations Convention on the Rights of the Child, as well as the Children's

establishment of a Disaster Risk Reduction and Management Office Charter for Disaster Risk Reduction, and the minimum standards for children

in humanitarian action. This Act sets the State of the Philippines responsible
to establish and implement a comprehensive strategic program of action to • Help policy maker consider the spatial aspect of the strategic placement of

provide children, pregnant and lactating mothers affected by disaster and other flood shelters and evacuation planning under uncertainties of flood scenarios.

emergency situations with the utmost support and assistance necessary for
 This study aims to achieve the proper allocation of shelters for
their immediate recovery and protection.
communities and how important and critical site selection is for

this kind of proposal because it can affect the behavior of the

evacuees. Because this kind of proposal will not be successful

Related Studies
if the user itself are not convince to your choice of site and
A. Improving Evacuation Planning and Shelter Site Selection for
design.
Flood Disaster: Thai Flooding Case Study by Chawis

BOONMEE1, Takumi ASADA2 and Mikiharu ARIMURA3

B. Multi-Purpose Sport Center cum Evacuation Center in San

• Evacuation planning and shelter site selection are the most important Guillermo, San Jacinto, Pangasinan

function of disaster management for the purpose of helping at-risk persons to

A thesis proposal presented by Naoe, Love Mae U. to the Faculty of Bachelor
avoid or recover from the effect of a disaster.
of Science in

• Considers the distribution of shelter sites and communities, evacuee’s

Architecture in the University of Pangasinan A.Y. 2016-2017
behavior, utilization of shelter and capacity restrictions of the shelter by
• Having a building like Multi-Purpose Sport Center cum Evacuation Center is
minimizing total population-weighted travel distance.
a big help for introducing fitness but also it concerns social, health and safety.
• One major problem in San Jacinto is a place where big events can be held. • A shelter for evacuees that will have alternative uses which may include

The other problem is having a large place where evacuees can stay in time of income generating activities to support its maintenance costs.

calamities.
• The concept of the proposed project is Noah’s Ark which is applied to form,

• Lack of facilities is why citizen choose to stay at home even if it is plan and site.

dangerous.
• The structural concept is “Earthquake and Storm resilience”

 The idea of having a dual purpose other than evacuation center

• Sustainable designs like rainwater harvesting systems, overhead water tanks
can be efficient and it seems economical for a community.
and kitchens are integrated.
That’s why the researchers are engage to take into
• The proposed project is a mixed-use occupancy project that includes
consideration the idea of extensional facilities for disaster
facilities like Evacuation shelter (with mess hall, relief storage, social welfare
related offices in the base which will make it a one stop source
services, and disaster mitigation office), Commercial (bazaar), Recreational,
for disaster mitigation and operation and that can also make
Livelihood, and Agricultural facilities.
this base responsive.

C. A Proposed Mixed-Use Shelter for Disaster victim a thesis • The Evacuation Shelters which consist of two 4 story buildings will house a

proposal by Patrick Dimaculangan (2014), De La Salle University- total projected target population of 3326 people with 3.5 square meters of

Dasmarinas shelter space per person.

  This study also introduces the idea of Mixed-Use Shelter for Noel Victorino, Jhoanna Isla, Megumi Nishikawa, Miho Morosawa, Yoko

evacuees. Some of the ideas which will be also be incorporated Nakayama1 and Sayumi Nojima

in the researcher’s proposal are the idea of having income-

• A cross sectional and descriptive study was conducted, consisting of
generating activities that will support it’s maintenance cost in a
interviews in which five shelter managers participated.
way that can be beneficial to the government’s expenses, but
• 325 evacuees were received in 4 evacuation centers, whereas the remaining
the proponent of this mixed-use shelter does not incorporate
shelter received 30 families housed in tents. Only 3 shelters (60%) had some
extensional facilities for the other related disaster offices. Still
food and non-food items available prior to the arrival of evacuees.
the idea of a one stop source for disaster related operations is

not met and only one sustainable design is embodied. • WASH (Water, sanitation and hygiene) services were insufficient; latrines

D. Rainstorm and Flood Disasters: Case study of Shelter were available in 4 (80%) shelters, but no latrine was available for displaced

Management, aimed at assessing disaster preparedness and people housed in tents. Only 3 (60%) shelters had toilets cleaned regularly.

response by local Barangay (municipal) DRR (disaster risk • Detergents, toothbrushes and toothpastes were provided in 3 (60 %)
reduction) teams during the flooding caused by tropical storm shelters, whereas only 2 (40%) had diapers for babies and none (0%) had
Mario in Manila in 2014. hygienic period items for ladies.

A Study by Manila Municipal DRR (Disaster Risk Reduction) Teams during • Health services were not satisfactory, as medical consultations were
Tropical Storm “Mario” (Fung Wong) in 2014 authored by Nlandu Roger organized but irregularly in 3 (60%) of the five shelters.
Ngatu, Justina Maria Regina-Estuar, Sakiko Kanbara, John Owen Ilagan, John
  This study guides the researcher the importance of WASH • It takes into considerations, future uptakes for research such as travel

(Water, sanitation and hygiene) facilities specially for large behavior that covers decision to evacuate and re-entry, and in-depth

scale users. But the researchers find it inhumane for the idea of consideration of the flood hazard, its associated risk and shelter information to

having latrines for displaced people who are house in tents evacuation transportation modelling.

which makes also makes it unsanitary, like what the

 The idea of this study is also the importance of site selection to
government are incorporating in some schools during
users and how it affects the way people behave and how it will
emergency evacuation due to the lack of adequate facilities.
also affect the efficiency of disaster operations. That’s why the
E. A Review of Recent studies on Flood Evacuation Planning, A
site shall be accessible and will be not that far from the main
researched by Hector, Lim Jr. and Ma. Bernadette Lim (2013) of
highway but will be safe from any natural and man-made
Sirindhorn International Institute of Technology, Thammasat
calamities.
University, Pathum Thani, 12121, Thailand
Synthesis-of-the-Art
• To avert the negative impacts of flood, preparedness measures such as
In conclusion to that, Philippines is one of the countries that’s visited by
evacuation is increasingly necessary.
typhoons at least two dozen yearly and a quarter of that pass through the Bicol
• The elements of evacuation process such as decisions, warning, withdrawal,
Region. That being said an evacuation center base is really needed here in
shelter, and reentry with relevance to transportation planning constitutes the
Bicol.
framework and emphasis of this study.
In the Bicol Region, more specifically in Sorsogon City, it is very noticeable because it is one of the deciding factors that would make the researchers

that they do not have a proper evacuation center. They use the schools, multi- proposal efficient and economical.

purpose halls and gymnasiums as an establishment to evacuate, leaving the

NOTES
students outside of their classrooms to learn and sometimes they can’t even go
1. https://edarticle.com/pros-and-cons-of-building-a-stone-house/(August
to school since other evacuees are rowdy. In building an evacuation center we
7, 2019).
need to incorporate a different way. We need a center that is multi-purpose
2. https://www.dezeen.com/2018/04/18/collapsable-conceptual-
meaning it will not only be used as an evacuation center but also other
skyscraper-architecture-evolo-competition/
recreational and related activities with one goal, which is to mitigate the
3. http://www.hdm.lth.se/fileadmin/hdm/Education/Undergrad/ABAN06
impact of disaster and improve the quality of preparedness in an area since not
_2015/How_to_Build_Earthquake_and_Typhoon_Resistant_Buildings
every day there is a disaster happening.
_-_Louise_Mattsson.pdf
Gap Bridged by the Study
4. https://www.autodesk.com/redshift/hurricane-proof-construction-

Therefore, by the given studies, the researchers have decided that some studies methods-can-save-buildings-communities/

will be incorporated to our final proposal but there is still no study regarding 5. https://www.smartcitiesdive.com/news/most-eco-friendly-building-

to having a one stop source for disaster operations, mitigation and response. materials-world-bamboo-cork-sheep-wool-reclaimed-metal-

Common sustainable designs are also introduced such as the water harvesting wood/526982/

system. Also, having a very detailed site analysis of the chosen site is a must
6. https://www.bworldonline.com/hidden-fortification-bamboos-redefine-

home-building-in-asia/

7. Housing_Design-Villasenor.pdf

8. https://newatlas.com/disaster-emergency-relief-shelter-best/40699/

9. https://buildabroad.org/2016/06/20/relief-architecture/

10. https://www.pna.gov.ph/articles/1076132(August 7, 2019).

11. https://www.rappler.com/move-ph/issues/disasters/typhoon-

yolanda/44283-features-typhoon-resistant-house (October 15, 2019).

12. (Infrastructure Planning and Management) Vol.73, No.5, Special

Issue, I_253-I_267, 2017

13. https://www.one.org/us/blog/7-sustainable-toilets-that-could-change-

the-way-the-world-poops/

14. https://www.thebetterindia.com/75476/sustainable-sanitation-eco-

friendly-toilet-india/