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Enzymes
Question Paper 1

Level IGCSE
Subject Biology
Exam Board CIE
Topic Enzymes
Paper Type (Extended) Theory Paper
Booklet Question Paper 1

Time Allowed: 63 minutes

Score: /52

Percentage: /100
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1 Dairy cattle are kept for milk production. Approximately half of all the calves born are male.

(a) Sex is determined in cattle in exactly the same way as it is in humans.

Explain why 50% of all cattle are born male.

You may draw a genetic diagram to help your explanation.

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(b) Dairy farmers only need a very small number of male calves. They limit the number by
using sex selection. Sperm cells are identified and sorted before they are used in artificial
insemination (AI).

Explain how artificial insemination is carried out.

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(c) Table 2.1 shows the composition of 100 g of cow’s milk compared with the same quantities of
commercial formula milk and human milk.

Table 2.1

nutrient cow’s milk formula milk human milk

carbohydrate / g 6.5 7.3 7.5
protein / g 3.3 1.3 1.3 – 1.6
fat / g 3.9 3.6 4.1
calcium / mg 120 42 34
iron / mg 0.02 0.64 0.07
vitamin D / µg 0.05 1.20 0.06
vitamin A / µg 19 66 58

Some women do not breast-feed their babies but bottle-feed them using formula milk. Health
authorities advise against the use of cow’s milk until babies are about 9 months old.

Use the information in Table 2.1 to explain the advantages of using formula milk rather than
cow’s milk.

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One of the components of human milk is the enzyme lysozyme that is present in many body fluids
and is responsible for breaking down the cell walls of bacteria.

(d) Define the term enzyme.

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(e) The effect of human lysozyme on two common species of bacteria, A and B, was investigated
at two different values of pH.

The investigation was set up as shown in Fig. 2.1.

The test-tubes were kept at 37 °C for 24 hours.

tube number 1 2 3

species of
bacteria
A A A B

pH of
4.0 4.0 9.0 4.0
medium
fresh lysozyme 9 9 9
boiled
lysozyme 9

Fig. 2.1

After 24 hours, samples were taken from each test-tube. Each sample was placed onto
nutrient agar in Petri dishes. The dishes were incubated at 28 °C for a further 24 hours to
allow any bacteria to grow.

The results are shown in Fig. 2.2.

sample
1 2 3
from test-
tube
result
after
incubation
for 24
hours

Key:
no growth of bacteria
growth of bacteria

Fig. 2.2
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Explain the results shown in Fig. 2.2 by comparing the following pairs:

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(f) Human milk also contains antibodies. Explain the benefits of antibodies to a newborn child.

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[Total: 20]
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2 Microorganisms in the soil release enzymes to digest dead leaves.

(a) Explain how enzymes catalyse chemical reactions.

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(b) Protease and cellulase are two enzymes secreted by soil microorganisms. Protease digests
protein.

Suggest what part of the dead leaf cells are digested by the enzyme cellulase.

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(c) Table 6.1 shows the results of a study comparing the decomposition of dead leaves at two
locations A and B.

Table 6.1

location A location B
protease activity / µmol min–1 2750 2670
cellulase activity / µmol min–1 4790 2500
soil pH 6.0 3.5
soil water content / % 10 77

(i) Compare the enzyme activity at location A with the enzyme activity at location B.
You will gain credit for using the data from Table 6.1 to support your answer.

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(ii) Suggest possible reasons for any differences in the enzyme activity at location A and
location B.

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(d) Describe how nitrogen in proteins in dead leaves is recycled to be absorbed by plants.

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(e) Microorganisms also process and convert atmospheric nitrogen to form a nitrogen compound
that can be absorbed by plants.

(i) Name this process of converting atmospheric nitrogen.

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(ii) Explain how this process happens.

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[Total: 17]
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3 Enzymes are necessary for many biological processes, such as the digestion of fat.

lipase
fat + water fatty acids + glycerol

(a) (i) Explain why enzymes are necessary for biological processes.

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(ii) Lipase, protease and amylase are enzymes secreted into the alimentary canal.

Name one organ that secretes each enzyme. Choose your answers from this list.

colon gall bladder liver

pancreas rectum salivary glands

You can use each organ only once.

lipase

protease

amylase [3]
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(b) A group of students investigated the digestion of fat in milk.

• They added an alkaline solution to the milk.

• They divided the milk into four test-tubes.
• They added lipase and bile salts to some of the test-tubes, as shown in Table 5.1.
They did this at the same time for each test-tube.
• They kept all test-tubes at 40 °C.
• After 5 minutes, they added Universal Indicator solution to each test-tube.

Table 5.1

colour of pH indicator after 5

test-tube
est-tube
minutes at 40 °C
milk, alkaline solution, lipase and bile
A orange
salts
milk, alkaline solution, bile salts and
B blue
water
milk, alkaline solution, lipase and
C yellow
water
D milk, alkaline solution and water blue

Fig. 5.1 shows the colour of the indicator at different pH values.

red orange yellow green blue purple

0 2 8 10 12 14
pH

Fig. 5.1

(i) Explain why test-tube D was included in the investigation.

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(ii) Explain why the colour in test-tube A was orange.

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(iii) Explain the results for test-tubes B and C.

test-tube B

test-tube C

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[Total: 15]