Year 12 Topic 1

Revision Booklet
Lifestyle, health and
risk

Fill in how well you know each part of the specification using //
Specification link
Explain the importance of water as a solvent in
transport, including its dipole nature.

Before
Revision

After
Revision

Distinguish between monosaccharides,

disaccharides and polysaccharides (glycogen
and starch amylose and amylopectin) and
relate their structures to their roles in providing
and storing energy (-glucose and cellulose are
not required in this topic).
Describe how monosaccharides join to form
disaccharides (sucrose, lactose and maltose)
and polysaccharides (glycogen and amylose)
through condensation reactions forming
glycosidic bonds, and how these can be split
through hydrolysis reactions.
Describe the synthesis of a triglyceride by the
formation of ester bonds during condensation
reactions between glycerol and three fatty
acids and recognise differences between
saturated and unsaturated lipids.
Explain why many animals have a heart and
circulation (mass transport to overcome
limitations of diffusion in meeting the
requirements of organisms).
Describe the cardiac cycle (atrial systole,
ventricular systole and diastole) and relate the
structure and operation of the mammalian
heart to its function, including the major blood
vessels.
Explain how the structures of blood vessels
(capillaries, arteries and veins) relate to their
functions.
Describe how the effect of caffeine on heart
rate
in Daphnia can be investigated practically, and
discuss whether there are ethical issues in the
use of invertebrates.
Describe the blood clotting process
(thromboplastin release, conversion of
prothrombin to thrombin and fibrinogen to
fibrin) and its role in cardiovascular disease
(CVD).
Explain the course of events that leads to
atherosclerosis (endothelial damage,
inflammatory response, plaque formation,
raised blood pressure).
Describe the factors that increase the risk of
CVD (genetic, diet, age, gender, high blood
pressure, smoking and inactivity).
Describe the benefits and risks of treatments
for CVD (antihypertensives, plant statins,
anticoagulants and platelet inhibitory drugs).
Analyse and interpret data on the possible
significance for health of blood cholesterol
levels and levels of high-density
lipoproteins (HDLs) and low-density lipoproteins
(LDLs).
Describe the evidence for a causal relationship
between blood cholesterol levels (total
cholesterol and LDL cholesterol) and
CVD.
Discuss how people use scientific knowledge

about the effects of diet (including obesity

indicators), exercise and smoking to reduce
their risk of coronary heart disease.
Describe how to investigate the vitamin C
content of food and drink.
Analyse data on energy budgets and diet so as
to be able to discuss the consequences of
energy imbalance, including weight loss,
weight gain, and development of obesity.
Analyse and interpret quantitative data on
illness and mortality rates to determine health
risks (including distinguishing between
correlation and causation and recognising
conflicting evidence).
Evaluate design of studies used to determine
health risk factors (including sample selection
and sample size used to collect data that is
both valid and reliable).
Explain why peoples perceptions of risks are
often different from the actual risks (including
underestimating and overestimating the risks
due to diet and other lifestyle factors in the
development of heart disease).

What topics do you need to work on the most? Write yourself 3 INTs
INT 1:

INT 2:

INT 3:

Circulatory systems
In small unicellular organisms, substances move around slowly by _____________.
Surface area to volume ratio is: ___________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________.
This determines if diffusion alone is sufficient.
Diffusion is too slow to move substances round the larger bodies of multicellular organisms.
They have a _______________________ instead: substances are carried in blood, pumped by a
heart.
In a _____________ circulatory system (e.g. in vertebrates) blood is enclosed in narrow
_________________________. This increases efficiency: blood travels faster as a higher
pressure is generated. ___________ ensure blood flows in one direction.
Complete the diagram:

Fish have a ________________________________: heart pumps blood to gills for gas exchange,
then to tissues and back to the heart.
Birds and mammals have a ___________________________________: right ventricle pumps blood to
lungs. Blood returns to the left atrium and then the left ventricle pumps it to the rest of the
body. Blood travels round the body faster, delivering nutrients faster, so the animals have a
higher metabolic rate.
Exam questions:
1.

Explain, using the term surface area to volume ratio, why large, active
organisms need a specialised surface for gaseous exchange.
.................................................................................................................................
.................................................................................................................................
.................................................................................................................................

.....................................................................................................................[Total 2
marks]
A

surface area /
2
mm

0.28

3.1

23

volume /
3
mm

0.02

0.59

11.3

scale:
0.075 mm

surface area
to
volume ratio

2)

5:1
14:1

2:1

None of the organisms A, B or C has a transport system.

Explain why organisms larger than organism C need to have transport
systems.
.......................................................................................................................
.......................................................................................................................
.......................................................................................................................
.......................................................................................................................
.......................................................................................................................
......................................................................................................................
[3 marks]

3.

The diagram below shows a mammal and a unicellular organism. The transport
system in mammals is a double circulatory system driven by a pump (the heart),
whilst unicellular organisms have no need for special transport systems.

(i)

m a m m a l (c a t)

u n ic e llu la r o r g a n is m

X 0 .0 7 5

X 300

Explain what is meant by a double circulatory system.

.......................................................................................................................
.......................................................................................................................
.......................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................[2]
(ii)

Explain two reasons why mammals need a circulatory system whilst

unicellular organisms, such as that shown in the diagram, do not.
first reason ......................................................................................................
.......................................................................................................................
.......................................................................................................................
.......................................................................................................................
second reason................................................................................................
.......................................................................................................................
.......................................................................................................................
.......................................................................................................................
[4]
[Total 6 marks]

Blood vessels
Arteries and veins contain ___________________: a tough, fibrous protein to make them tough
and durable.
The artery wall ___________ as blood is pumped in and then _____________ as the heart relaxes.
Blood flow is continual and there is a pulse.
Contracting ______________ and low ______________ in the chest when breathing in assist blood
flow in veins. _______________ prevent backflow. There is no pulse and pressure is low.
Complete the table with the properties of each blood vessel
Arteries

Veins

Capillaries

Label the pictures as an artery, vein or capillary

c o lla g e n &
c o n n e c tiv e tis s u e
s m o o th m u s c le
& e la s t ic t is s u e
s e m ilu n a r v a lv e
lu m e n ( b lo o d )
0 .1 - 2 0 m m
b a s e m e n t m e m b ra n e
( c o ll a g e n )
e n d o t h e liu m c e ll
re d b lo o d c e ll
8 m

c o lla g e n &
c o n n e c tiv e tis s u e
s m o o t h m u s c le
& e la s t ic t is s u e
lu m e n ( b lo o d )
0 .1 - 1 0 m m

Blood pressure is a measure of the _________________of the blood on the walls of a blood
vessel.
It is higher in arteries and capillaries than in veins.
_______________ blood pressure is highest and occurs when the ventricles contract.
Pressure is at its lowest in the arteries when the ventricles relax: ____________ blood pressure.
Both are measured, using a __________________________, in mmHg eg 120/80.
Any factor which causes arteries or arterioles to constrict will lead to high blood pressure or
hypertension.
These include:

loss of elasticity with age

atherosclerosis
adrenaline
high salt diet.

High blood pressure caused by atherosclerosis leads to a worsening of the condition

Exam questions:
1.

The table below shows features of arteries, veins and capillaries.

If the statement is correct, place a tick () in the appropriate box and if the
statement is incorrect place a cross (X) in the appropriate box.
Feature

Arteries

Veins

Capillaries

Walls permeable
Collagen fibres present in
walls
Endothelium present
Series of valves present
(Total 4 marks)

Cardiac cycle
Figure 1.9 on page 8 of the textbook: make sure you know the structure of the
heart.
The chambers of the heart (_________and ______________) fill with blood when they relax
(_____________) and pump blood out when they contract (_____________).
The cardiac muscle making up the atria and ventricles is supplied with blood by the
________________________________.
Complete the table by explaining each stage of the cardiac cycle:
Atrial systole

Ventricular
systole

Diastole

Exam questions:
1. The diagram below shows a section of a human heart at a specific stage in the cardiac
cycle.

(a)

Name the stage of the cardiac cycle shown in the diagram and give two reasons
for your choice.
Stage
.......................................................................................................
Reason 1...............................................................................................................
......................................................................................................................
Reason 2................................................................................................................
.................................................................................................................(3)

(b)

Give one function of each of the parts A and B.

P a rt

F u n c tio n

A
B
(2)
(Total 5 marks)
2.(a)

Cardiac muscle contracts myogenically. Explain what is meant by the

termmyogenic.
.
..
.
..
.
..
.

(2)

The graphs below show the changes in pressure in the aorta and in the left and right
ventricles of the heart, during the cardiac cycle. Time 0 indicates the start of atrial
contraction.

(b)

Compare the changes in pressure in the left ventricle with those in the right
ventricle, giving reasons for the differences.

(4)

(c)

Compare the changes in the pressure in the aorta with those in the left ventricle,
giving reasons for the differences.

(3)

(d)

On the graph of changes in pressure in the aorta and left ventricle, show by means
of an arrow when the aortic semilunar valve closes.
(1)
(Total 10)

3.
(a)

Explain what is meant by each of the following terms.

The cardiac cycle
......................................................................................................................
......................................................................................................................

......................................................................................................................
......................................................................................................................
......................................................................................................................
.................................................................................................................(3)
(b)

Coronary circulation
......................................................................................................................
......................................................................................................................
......................................................................................................................
......................................................................................................................
......................................................................................................................
................................................................................................................(3)
(Total 6 marks)

Atheroma and blood clotting

1) Complete the table of key terms
Biological
Term

Definition
Disease process that leads to coronary heart disease
and strokes
Blood clot
Heart attack
Deposit resulting from combination of white blood cells
and cholesterol
Hard swelling on inner wall of artery resulting from
build up of calcium salts and fibrous tissue
Type of blood cell without a nucleus involved with
clotting
Soluble plasma protein at start of clotting process
An enzyme that catalyses conversion of a soluble
plasma protein into an insoluble protein
Long insoluble strands of protein
A tangled mesh of protein strands with trapped blood
cells

Soluble plasma protein converted into fibrin

Atherosclerosis: a disease process where fatty deposits block an artery or increase its
chances of being blocked by a blood clot (thrombosis)

How atherosclerosis (hardening of the arteries) occurs:

Fill in the blank boxes.

Inflammation occurs white blood cells

move into the artery wall. They
accumulate cholesterol. A deposit
(atheroma) builds up.
Blood pressure increases in
narrowed artery. Positive
feedback causes more damage

In the arteries supplying the heart, this causes a heart attack (myocardial infarction).
In the arteries supplying the brain, it causes a stroke.
An infarction is when tissue dies due to a lack of oxygen.
This is usually the result of a lack of blood ischaemia.
Clotting
Blood clots when it flows very slowly, or when blood vessel walls are damaged.
A blood clot consists of cells trapped in a mesh of insoluble __________ protein.
When platelets come into contact with the vessel wall, they become __________ they stick to
each other and to the collagen in the wall: a ______________ is formed.

Platelets stick to damaged tissue. When this happens they release __________________.
Thromboplastin reacts with _______________ and vitamin K in the blood and becomes
________________. Activated thromboplastin causes ________________ protein (in the blood) to
turn into thrombin. Thrombin causes soluble _________________ protein (in the blood) to turn
into insoluble ___________________. Fibrin acts like a giant net, which catches red blood cells
and clumps them together in one place. This is what scabs and clots are made from.
Thrombin is aided by a chemical called Factor VIII. _________________ is a genetic disease in
which people cant make factor VIII. As a result their thrombin doesnt work properly and their
blood does not clot. Haemophiliacs need to inject factor VIII regularly. It is made by genetically
altered hamster cells.

Draw a diagram to show the chemical cascade that occurs during clotting. You
should make sure you understand the roles of thromboplastin, prothrombin, thrombin,
fibrinogen and fibrin in this process.

Exam questions:

Data and Risk

_____________ is the probability of occurrence of some unwanted event or outcome.
A time period is always quoted e.g. children in a class having a 1 in 5 (0.2 or 20%) risk of
catching head lice in a year.
Not all individuals are at risk to the same degree.

Risk factors increase the chance of the harmful outcome.

Factors that contribute to health risks include:

heredity

physical environment

social environment

lifestyle and behaviour choices

Two factors are __________________if an increase in one is accompanied by an increase in the

other e.g. the number of people suffering sunburn and the amount of ice cream sold.
A positive correlation does not necessarily mean that the two are
_____________________________!
Peoples behaviour is affected by the ________________ of risk.
They __________________ the risk of something happening if the risk is not under their control,
unnatural, unfamiliar, dreaded, unfair or very small.
There is a tendency to __________________ the risk if it has an effect in the long-term future eg
health risks associated with smoking.
When data is lacking to estimate the risk, the outcome is _________________.
Exam questions:
1) Data on the cholesterol levels and blood pressure for different adult populations in
America were collected.
The mean cholesterol level and the percentage of each population with high blood
pressure were calculated. The results are shown in the table below.
Adult population
(ethnic groups)

Mean cholesterol
level
3
/ mg dm

Percentage of
population with high
blood pressure (%)

Black and African

American

204

40

White American

206

27

Mexican American

205

29

American Indian and

Alaskan
Native

Statistically unreliable
data

Statistically unreliable
data

(a)

There could be a causal link or correlation between high blood pressure and the
other variables shown in the table. Distinguish between the terms causation and
correlation.
........................................................................................................................
........................................................................................................................
........................................................................................................................
........................................................................................................................
........................................................................................................................(2)

(b)(i)

Using the information in the table above, describe the relationship between ethnic
group, cholesterol levels and the percentage of the population with high blood
pressure.
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................(2)

(ii)

Suggest one reason why the data on the American Indian and Alaskan Native
population are described as statistically unreliable.
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................(1)

(c)

A student concluded from the results for gender, shown in the table below, that
higher cholesterol levels cause lower blood pressure.
Adult
population
(gender)

Mean cholesterol
level
/ mg dm3

Percentage of
population with
high
blood pressure (%)

Female

207

26

Male

204

30

Using the information in both tables, explain why this is not a valid conclusion.
.....................................................................................................................................
.....................................................................................................................................
.....................................................................................................................................
.....................................................................................................................................
.....................................................................................................................................
(3)
(Total 8 marks)

Risks of CVD

Complete the table to show how the following risks may lead to CVD.
Risk factor
Genetics

How this may contribute to CVD

Age

Gender

Diet

Blood pressure

Smoking

Lack of
exercise

Stress

Alcohol

Exam questions:
1.

Coronary heart disease (CHD) is a major cause of death in developed countries, and
accounts for over 160 000 deaths each year in the United Kingdom. One of the

main causes of CHD is atherosclerosis, a condition in which lipids and connective

tissue build up on the inside wall of blood vessels.
(a)

State two consequences of atherosclerosis which may lead to the development of CHD
in an individual.
1 .................................................................................................................................
....................................................................................................................................
2 .................................................................................................................................
....................................................................................................................................

(2)
(b)

The table shows deaths from coronary heart disease as a percentage of all deaths
in the United Kingdom in 1983.
Percentage of all deaths
Age / years

Males

Females

014

1524

10

2534

15

14

3544

37

18

4554

53

26

5564

53

37

6574

53

50

75 and over

51

56

(i)
Which two risk factors associated with the development of CHD are indicated in the
table?
...........................................................................................................................(1)
(ii)

With reference to the data in the table, compare the percentage of deaths from
CHD in males and females.
..........................................................................................................................
..........................................................................................................................
..........................................................................................................................
..........................................................................................................................
..........................................................................................................................
..........................................................................................................................(3)

(Total 6 marks)
2.

The chart below shows the number of deaths from cardiovascular disease per 100
000 population for men and women in four countries.
1000

800

N um ber
of
d e a th s
per
100 000
p o p u la tio n

600
W om en
M en
400

200

S p a in

F ran c e

(a)

E n g la n d
a n d W a le s

R u s s ia

Describe the differences in the death rates shown in the chart above.
.....................................................................................................................................
.....................................................................................................................................
.....................................................................................................................................
.....................................................................................................................................
.....................................................................................................................................
.....................................................................................................................................

(3)
(b)

One possible reason for the differences in the death rates due to cardiovascular
disease between the different countries is the quantity of fruit and vegetables
eaten.
Write a suitable null hypothesis that could be tested by an epidemiologist
investigating the effect of fruit and vegetable consumption on deaths from
cardiovascular disease.
.....................................................................................................................................
.....................................................................................................................................

(1)

(c)

Suggest and explain two other reasons for the differences in the death rates
between the countries due to cardiovascular disease.
1 ..................................................................................................................................
.....................................................................................................................................
.....................................................................................................................................
.....................................................................................................................................

(2)
2 ..................................................................................................................................
.....................................................................................................................................
.....................................................................................................................................
.....................................................................................................................................
(2)
(Total 8 marks)

3.

Several risk factors influence the onset of coronary heart disease (CHD), including
high blood cholesterol level, high blood pressure and smoking.
The chart shows the effect of combining these three factors on the incidence of CHD.
700
In c id e n c e
of C H D
per
100 000
p e o p le

600
500
400
300
200
100
0

(a)

1
2
N u m b e r o f ris k fa c to rs

Describe the effect on the incidence of CHD of increasing the number of risk factors.
.....................................................................................................................................
.....................................................................................................................................
.....................................................................................................................................
.....................................................................................................................................
.....................................................................................................................................

.....................................................................................................................................
(3)

b) Explain how each of these risk factors can influence the onset of CHD.
High blood cholesterol ...............................................................................................
.....................................................................................................................................
.....................................................................................................................................
.....................................................................................................................................
.....................................................................................................................................

High blood pressure ....................................................................................................

.....................................................................................................................................
.....................................................................................................................................
.....................................................................................................................................
.....................................................................................................................................
Smoking ......................................................................................................................
.....................................................................................................................................
.....................................................................................................................................
.....................................................................................................................................
.....................................................................................................................................
(6)
(Total 9 marks)
4.

The graph below shows the mortality rate (number of deaths per 100 000) from
coronary heart disease in people aged between 65 and 74 in Scotland between
1995 and 2001.

(a)

Compare the mortality rate from coronary heart disease in males with that of
females, between 1995 and 2001.
.....................................................................................................................................
.....................................................................................................................................
.....................................................................................................................................
.....................................................................................................................................

(3)
(b)

The graph shows a change in the number of deaths from coronary heart disease
between 1995 and 2001. Suggest three reasons for this change.
1 ..................................................................................................................................
.....................................................................................................................................
2 ..................................................................................................................................
.....................................................................................................................................
3 ..................................................................................................................................
.....................................................................................................................................

(3)
(c)
One cause of coronary heart disease is atherosclerosis. Describe how atherosclerosis
develops.
.....................................................................................................................................
.....................................................................................................................................
.....................................................................................................................................
.....................................................................................................................................

.....................................................................................................................................
(4)
(Total 10 marks)

Treatment/prevention of CVD
Complete the table by explaining how the procedure/drug helps treat CVD
Treatment

Lifestyle
changes

Drugs to
control blood
pressure

Anticoagulan
ts

How it reduces the risk or treats CVD

Side effects

Platelet
inhibitory
drugs

Statins

Water
Water is a d__________ molecule which means that one end is slightly negative, (the
o__________ atom), and one end is very slightly positive - the h__________ atoms. This has
great significance for the properties of water. The separation of electrical charge is called a
dipole represented as + and -. This means that water molecules can interact between
dipoles and form a network of __________ bonds.
Draw a water molecule showing the dipoles and hydrogen bonding:

The properties of water include:

It being an excellent s__________ - many materials will dissolve in water because of its
d________ nature. It will dissolve i_____ and non-polar compounds.
The change of d____________ with temperature - as water cools below 4 oC the molecules
arrange themselves in a matrix that occupies m_______ space than that at higher
t___________. Ice is frozen at 0 oC in this less dense matrix, and therefore f__________ on
top of liquid water. In winter this means that rivers etc. freeze from the top down, and
the ice acts as an i____________ layer that protects organisms from f____________.
Water is slow to absorb and release heat - its s__________ h______ c_________ is high
meaning that fluctuations in aquatic environments such as o_________ are small, and
this property provides a thermally stable e______________.

 Water's latent h______ of v_____________ is high because of weak interactions between

molecules called hydrogen b__________. It requires a lot of heat e_______ to change
liquid water into a g___, and of course the reverse in also true.
The biological uses of water:
Liquid water is still available for life on the planet after billions of years.
It acts as a cooling mechanism, particularly useful in m__________ and in the sweating
mechanism.
Water is an a____________ molecule and acts as both an acid and a b______. 2H 2O = H3O+
+ OH-. This means that it is an important medium for biochemical reactions when it
acts as a b___________. Water also acts as a reagent in biochemical processes.
Water is a common part of many living processes, e.g. in respiration and photosynthesis.
Water has many other specific uses. In animals water is the main constituent of
_________ that transports oxygen, food molecules, waste products and other nutrients
around the body. The aqueous and vitreous h__________ in the eye are mainly water
and the watery a_________ fluid surrounds mammalian embryos. Cerebro-s________
fluid is mainly water and it is a watery liquid between organs inside the body that
provides l___________. Lubrication is also provided by the watery s_________ added to
food in the mouth and in the s__________ fluid in joints such as the elbow and k_______.
The h______________ skeleton of the earthworm consisting of body cavities filled with
water provides it with structural support.

Exam questions:
1.

Read through the following account of the properties of water, then write on the
dotted lines the most appropriate word or words to complete the account.
Water has the chemical formula . Water molecules are
described as .. because they have a slight positive charge
at one end of the molecule and a slight negative charge at the other end. As a
result,
individual molecules form .. bonds with each other.
Water is an important .. in living organisms because
most biochemical reactions take place in aqueous solution. Water also has a high
.., which means that its temperature remains relatively
stable despite large changes in the temperature of the surrounding environment.
(Total 5 marks)

2. Read through the following account of compounds used for energy storage in cells, then
write on the dotted lines the most appropriate word or words to complete the account.

Water is the universal .. in living organisms. Molecules which dissolve

easily in
water can produce osmotic effects. A high concentration of small, soluble molecules within a
cell can
cause water ......................... the cell. This effect is reduced if the molecules used for
storage
in a cell are .. . Therefore energy storage compounds are usually either
polysaccharides or .. . Examples of storage polysaccharides include
starch and
.. Starch is found mainly in .. cells.
(Total 6 marks)

3.

The table below refers to the formula and structure of some biological molecules.
Complete the table by writing in the name, the formula or the structure of the
molecule where appropriate in the empty boxes.
Name

Formula

Water

H 2O

Fatty acid

Structure

O
C
O H

C H 2O H
C
H
C
H O

H
O H H
C

O H

H
C
O H

(Total 4 marks)

Carbohydrates
Carbohydrates are a large family of compounds with the general formula: __________
Complete the table:
Name of
carbohydrat
e
monosacchari
des
(monomers)

Structure

Examples

glucose

fructose

Uses

galactose

(all the above are hexose sugars: C6H12O6)

disaccharides

maltose
(2
glucose
molecules)
sucrose
(glucose
and
fructose)
lactose
(glucose
and
galactose)

polysaccharid
es
(polymers)

starch

glycogen

Cellulose

Make sure you can recognise the structural formulae for glucose, maltose, fructose
and galactose molecules see pages 32 and 33.
When monosaccharides join together, they are linked by a __________________.
This is formed by a _________________ reaction during which water is given off.
Glycosidic bonds are broken in ________________. Water is required for the reaction to take
place.

Exam questions:
1.

The statements in the table below refer to three polysaccharide molecules. If the
statement is correct, place a tick () in the appropriate box and if the statement is
incorrect, place a cross (x) in the appropriate box.
S ta te m e n t

S ta rc h

G ly c o g e n

C e llu lo s e

P o ly m e r o f g lu c o s e
G ly c o s id ic b o n d s p re s e n t
U n b ra n c h e d c h a in s o n ly
E n e rg y s to re in a n im a l c e lls
(Total 4 marks)

2.

The table below refers to two organic molecules.

If the statement is correct for the molecule, place a tick () in the appropriate box.
If it is incorrect, place a cross (X) in the appropriate box.

S ta te m e n t

T rig ly c e rid e

G ly c o g e n

C o n ta in s o n ly c a rb o n
h y dro g en an d o x y g en
G ly c o s id ic b o n d s p re s e n t

S o lu b le in w a te r

P r o v id e s s to r a g e o f e n e rg y
O c c u rs in flo w e rin g p la n ts
a n d a n im a ls
(Total 5 marks)
3.
The diagram below shows a carbohydrate molecule formed from two glucose
molecules.

C H 2O H

CH 2O H
O

O
H
O H
O
B ond X

(a)

Name the molecule shown in the diagram.

.(1)

(b)

What type of carbohydrate is this?

.(1)

(c)

Name the type of bond labelled X on the diagram, that links the two glucose molecules.
.(1)

(d)

Many glucose molecules can be linked together to form cellulose.

(i)

State one function of cellulose in living organisms.

...
...(1)

(ii)

Explain how the structure of cellulose is related to its functions.

...
...
...
...(2)
(Total 6 marks)
4.

The table below refers to some disaccharides, their constituent monomers and their
roles in living organisms.Complete the table by writing in the appropriate word or
words in the empty boxes.
Disaccharide

Constituent
monomers

One role in living

organisms

Lactose

Carbohydrate source
in
mammalian milk
Glucose + glucose

Form in which
sugars
are transported in
plants
(Total 5 marks)
5.

The table below refers to two disaccharides, sucrose and maltose. If the statement
is correct, place a tick ( ) in the appropriate box and if the statement is incorrect,
place a cross ( ) in the appropriate box.
Statement

Sucrose

Maltose

Contains glucose
Is a reducing sugar
Contains glycosidic
bonds
Is transported in the
phloem of flowering
plants
(Total 4 marks)

6.(a) A student was given two carbohydrate solutions, labelled A and B,

and was told to perform two tests on each solution.
Test 1:

Add Benedicts solution and heat.

Test 2: Add hydrochloric acid and boil.

Neutralise with alkali.
Add Benedicts solution and heat.
The table below shows the colour of each solution after testing.
Solution

Colour after Test 1

Red

Blue

Colour after Test 2

Red

(i)

Complete the table to show what colour solution A would be following Test 2.(1)

(ii)

Explain why these results indicate that solution B contained a non-reducing sugar.
.....................................................................................................................
.....................................................................................................................
.....................................................................................................................
.....................................................................................................................(2)

(b)

Describe how you would use biuretreagent to compare the concentration of proteins
in two solutions.
................................................................................................................................
................................................................................................................................
................................................................................................................................
................................................................................................................................
....................................................................................................................(3)
(Total 6 marks)

Lipids
Lipids contain the elements carbon, hydrogen and oxygen. They are insoluble in water.
They provide twice as much energy as carbohydrates and supply the body with essential
fatty acids. Vitamins are often found dissolved in lipids.
The most common type are ________________: made up of 3 fatty acids joined to 1 glycerol:

When the molecules join together,

a _________________ reaction takes place.

Glycer
ol

fatty
fatty

_____________ bonds are formed.

fatty

______________________fatty acids contain the maximum number of hydrogen atoms and no

carbon-carbon double bonds. Found in animal fats and dairy products.
______________________ fats contain 1 double bond e.g. in olive oil.
_____________________ fats contain a larger number of double bonds e.g. vegetable and fish
oils.
If one of the fatty acids in a triglyceride is replaced with a phosphate group, a
__________________ is formed. These molecules make up part of the cell membrane.
Cholesterol is a short lipid molecule with a structure very different to a triglyceride.
Important for cell membranes, sex hormones and bile salts. Found in food, associated with
saturated fats.
Exam questions:
1.

Read through the following account of the structure and roles of triglycerides, then
write on the dotted lines the most appropriate word or words to complete the
account
Triglycerides are lipids whose molecules are composed of two types of sub-unit,
fatty acids and ............................................. held together
by .............................................bonds. These bonds are produced when the subunits are linked together during ............................................. reactions. Triglycerides
have a number of roles in living
organisms, for example .............................................
and ............................................. .
(Total 5 marks)

2.

The diagram below shows the structure of a lipid molecule.

H
H

O
O

C
O

C
O

H
B

(a)
(i)
Name the parts labelled A and B.
A ............................................................................................................
B ............................................................................................................(2)
(ii)
Name this type of lipid.
................................................................................................................
(1)
(iii)

Name the chemical reaction used to form the bonds between A and B.

................................................................................................................(1)
(b)

(i)

State one function of this type of lipid in living organisms.

................................................................................................................(1)
(ii)
State one feature of the molecules of this type of lipid which makes them suitable for
the function you have given.
................................................................................................................(1)
(Total 6 marks)

3.

The table below refers to two organic molecules.

If the statement is correct for the molecule, place a tick () in the appropriate box.
If it is incorrect, place a cross (X) in the appropriate box.

S ta te m e n t

T rig ly c e rid e

G ly c o g e n

C o n ta in s o n ly c a rb o n
h y dro g en an d o x y g en
G ly c o s id ic b o n d s p re s e n t

S o lu b le in w a te r

P r o v id e s s to r a g e o f e n e rg y
O c c u rs in flo w e rin g p la n ts
a n d a n im a ls
(Total 5 marks)
4.

The diagram below shows the general structure of a phospholipid.

O r g a n ic
grou p

= P h o s p h a te
g ro u p

CH

C
O

A
B
Name the parts labelled A and B.

(a)

(i)

................................................................................................................

................................................................................................................(2)

(ii)

Name the type of reaction by which the bonds between parts A and B may
be broken.

...(1)
(Total 3)

Energy budgets and obesity

Body mass index (BMI) is a method of classifying body weight relative to height.
What is the formula for calculating BMI?

Normal range is around 20. Less than this is underweight and over 30, obese.
20% of the population are obese excess dietary fat and inactivity are the likely causes.
Obesity increases the risk of cardiovascular disease and Type II diabetes.
Why might BMI not be the best indicator of obesity?
_______________________________________________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________________________________
Explain alternatives for indicating if someone is over weight:
_______________________________________________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________________________________
Exam questions:
Obesity is a significant problem in western countries and an increasing problem in other parts
of the world. An obese person has a greater risk of developing heart disease.
Body Mass Index (BMI) is one measure used to help decide if a persons weight is
reasonable for their height. The BMI can be calculated by dividing mass in
kilograms by height in metres squared. A table is then used to judge if the BMI is
reasonable or not. A copy of this table is shown below.
BMI range

Less than
18.5

18.5 to
24.9

25.0 to
29.9

30.0 to
39.9

40.0 or
above

Descriptio
n

Underweight

Healthy
weight

Overweight

Obese

Morbidly
obese

(a)

(i)

A man was concerned that he was overweight and could be at risk from
coronary heart disease. He was 1.8 m tall and had a mass of 83.0 kg.

Calculate this mans body mass index (BMI) using the formula below.

mass in kilogramme s
2
BMI = (heights in meters)

Answer ...................................................(2)

(ii)

Using the information in the table, interpret this mans BMI.

...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................(2)

(b)
The graph below shows one analysis of relative mortality compared with BMI, for men
and women.

Compare the effect of BMI on relative mortality for men and women.
.....................................................................................................................................
.....................................................................................................................................
.....................................................................................................................................
.....................................................................................................................................
.....................................................................................................................................
.....................................................................................................................................
.....................................................................................................................................
(3)

(c)(i)

A relative mortality of 1.2 or less indicates a low risk of dying. Using the information
given, discuss whether or not a woman with a BMI of 32.5 should be concerned
about her risk of dying.
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................(2)

(ii)

Cardiovascular disease (CVD) is responsible for many deaths.

Describe two changes that this woman may be able to make to her lifestyle, to
reduce her risk of dying from CVD. Explain how each change would reduce the risk.
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................(4)
(Total 13 marks)

Mark scheme for exam questions

Circulatory system
1.

large / active, organisms have high(er), demand for oxygen / need

to remove CO2;
small(er), surface area to volume ratio / SA:V / surface area:volume;
surface area too small / distance too large / diffusion takes too long
(to supply needs);
ACCEPT ORA throughout
IGNORE ref to nutrients
ACCEPT diffusion too slow
look for reason why diffusion not good enough
[2]

2.
diffusion not adequate / AW / ora;
as not enough area (relative to volume); ora
distance too great / cells deep in body / AW; ora, R large unqualified
mass flow system needed;
transport / blood (vascular), systems, link, the parts of the body /
named parts;
e.g. of substance needing to be transported; R gases / waste / food
ref to activity / high metabolic rate, of mammals;
3 max
3.

(i)

(blood flows) twice through the heart / AW;

for one circuit / cycle (of the whole body) / AW; A for one heart beat
ref pulmonary and systemic systems / to lungs and to (rest of) body;
R systematic
2 max

(ii)

read whole answer and look for any two linked ideas from

size

activity

SA:V ratio
ora if answered in terms of Paramecium
size
(mammals) larger / AW;
cells deep in the body;
regions requiring materials separated by a distance / need to get
materials to all parts / AW;
diffusion too slow / AW;
activity
(mammals) more (metabolically) active / AW;
need more materials / more rapid supply / more removal of wastes;
SA:V ratio
(mammals) surface area:volume ratio reduced / AW;
diffusion alone not effective / AW; must be linked to SA:V

max 4

Blood vessels
1.

The table below shows features of arteries, veins and capillaries.

If the statement is correct, place a tick () in the appropriate box and if the

statement is incorrect place a cross (X) in the appropriate box.

Feature

Arterie
s

Veins

Capillaries

Walls permeable

Collagen fibres
present in walls

Endothelium present

Series of valves
present

X
[Total 4 marks]

Heart and cardiac cycle

(a) Name of stage: diastole / atrial systole;
Reason 1: aortic / pulmonary artery / semilunar valve(s) closed;
Reason 2: atrioventricular / mitral / tricuspid valve(s) open;
(3 marks)
(b)

Give one function of each of the parts A and B.

P a rt

F u n c tio n

p r e v e n ts v a lv e in v e r tin g ;

a d ju s ts t e n s io n in A /n a m e /c o n tr a c ts
to p u ll o n A ;

(2 marks)
[Total 5 marks]
2.

(a)
(b)

Spontaneous / automatic (contraction) / self-stimulating ;

No {nerve impulse / eq} required / no nerve stimulation ;
(i)

(ii)

A
B
C

SAN / sino-atrial node / pacemaker ;

AVN / atrio-ventricular node ;
Bundle of His / Purkyne fibres / Purkinje tissue ;

1.
{SAN / A / pacemaker} initiates impulse / eq ;
2.
{Impulse / eq} to {AVN / B} then delay ;
3.
So atrial {systole / contraction} before ventricular systole /
ventricles
fill with blood before systole ;
4.
{Bundle of His / C} conducts impulse to (base of) ventricles ;
5.
Which contract from {apex / eq} upwards ;
3
[8]

3.

The graphs below show the changes in pressure in the aorta and in the left and
right ventricles of the heart, during the cardiac cycle. Time 0 indicates the start of
atrial contraction.

(a)

Compare the changes in pressure in the left ventricle with those in the right
ventricle, giving reasons for the differences.
both rise and fall back to 0 kPa in 0.5 seconds / eq.;
greater change in pressure in left ventricle / smaller changes in
right ventricle;
credit correct ref. to figures / range / difference / eq.;
left ventricle contracts more strongly / eq. / right ventricle
contracts less strongly eq.;
left ventricle has more cardiac muscle in wall / right ventricle has
less;
to pump blood around the body / less distance to lungs / left
ventricle pumps blood further;
so that pressure in the lungs is less;
(4 marks)

(b)

Compare the changes in the pressure in the aorta with those in the left
ventricle, giving reasons for the differences.
steep / rapid rise in both;
pressure in aorta rises later than in ventricle / starts higher in
the aorta;
greater rise in left ventricle / converse / use of figures;
slight time delay in blood passing out of ventricle into aorta;
steeper fall in left ventricle / converse;
gradual fall between 0.4 and 0.8 / 0.9 sec / from 14 / 15 to 10 / 11
kPa is aorta;
caused by elastic recoil of aorta wall;
closure of semilunar / aortic value;
(3 marks)

(c)

On the graph of changes in pressure in the aorta and left ventricle, show by
means of an arrow when the aortic semilunar valve closes.

arrow placed top of left ventricle curve / cross over point of aorta
curve and ventricle curve;

(1 mark)
(d)

Cardiac muscle is described as myogenic. Explain how the cardiac cycle is

coordinated within the heart.
initiated by sino-atrial node / eq.;
wave of electrical excitation / eq. spreads across atria;
stimulates contraction of (cardiac muscle of) atria;
passes to ventricles via atrio-ventricular node / AVN;
non-conductive tissue / eq. elsewhere between atria and
ventricles;
some reference to time delay at AVN;
thus atrial systole occurs before ventricular systole;
excitation / eq. passes down purkinje tissue / bundle of His;
ventricles contract from base / apex;
(4 marks)
[Total 12 marks]

4.

(a)

1.

Rhythmic / sequence (of events) in each heart beat ;

2.

{Initiated / controlled} by {pacemaker / SAN (sinoatrial node)} ;

3.

Reference to atrial {systole / contraction} ;

4.

Reference to ventricular {systole / contraction} ;

5.

(complete) diastole / relaxation (of heart) ;

[points 3 to 5 must be in sequence]

(b)

Coronary artery ;
From aorta ;
Supplies {blood / oxygen / glucose / nutrients / named nutrient} to heart
{muscle / tissue / myocardium} / correct reference to removal of {waste
products / named waste product} by coronary circulation ;
Returns to right atrium / coronary sinus / cardiac veins ;

3
[6]

Atheroma and clotting

Data and risk

5.

(a)

Causation:
when a change in one variable is responsible for a change in
another variable / eq;
Correlation:.
(relationship between two variables such that) a change in one
of the variables is reflected by a change in the other variable / eq;2

(b)

(i)

1.

{no relationship / little difference} between ethnic group and

cholesterol level / eq;

2.

{more / higher percentage of} black and African Americans

have {highest / higher} blood pressure than both White and
Mexican Americans / eq;
2

(iii) not enough people surveyed / eq;

(c)

1.

idea that {other variables present / other variables need considering /

no information available about other variables} (for a causal
relationship);

2.

named variable (e.g. genetics, ethnic group, mass of individuals, age

of individuals, diet, smoking, exercise);

3.

idea that cholesterol level of 204 mg dm

3
lower than 207 mg dm ;

4.

idea that {30% may not be significantly different from 26% / two
values are not very different};

may not be significantly

5.

no information on how many tested / survey not repeated elsewhere;3

max
[8]

CVD
1.

(a)

(b)

narrowing of the arteries;

thrombosis / blood clot;

(i)

age and gender;

(ii)

both increased with age;

figures similar 0-34 / over 65;
deaths in males greater between 25-74 / converse for females /
valid comparison for any age group in this range;
males levels off 45 onwards, females rises throughout;
3
[6]

2.

(a)

1.

Higher death (rate) among men than women in all countries;

2.

Highest (rates) of death in Russia / lowest (rates) of death in

France;

3.

Any valid comparison between countries;

4.

Supporting data quoted to back up any valid point;

5.

Correct reference to different ratio of men / women death

rates between countries;
max 3
(b) There is no {difference / correlation} in the death rates between
people who eat lots of fruit and vegetables and those who
(c) {dont eat / eat less} fruit and vegetables / eq;

(d) (c)[Paired points - marks for reasons must be linked to a

potential difference]
4
Potential difference

Reason

1.

Different levels of health

care;

Better treatment / diagnosis / drug

availability / eq;

2.

Smoking;

Smoking can cause atherosclerosis /

carbon monoxide reduces oxygen
transport / nicotine increase blood
pressure / eq;

3.

{Saturated fat / red meat

/ eq} intake / converse;

Raises blood cholesterol level /

HDL : LDL ratio / eq;

4.

Lack of exercise;

Exercise strengthens heart / eq;

5.

Obesity levels;

Higher {fat / cholesterol} levels /

eq;

6.

Levels of stress;

Adrenaline / high blood pressure /

fast heart rate / eq;

7.

Health awareness;

Knowledge of risk factors aids

preventative action / eq;

8.

Poverty / poor living

conditions;

Affects {diet / health / eq};

9.

Alcohol intake;

High levels increase blood

pressure / {low levels may reduce
risk of CHD / red wine antioxidants};

10.

Age profile of country;

CHD increases with age;

11.

Genetic differences;

Genes may affect health of heart,

e.g. hypercholesteraemia (gene /
allele);

12.

Salt intake;

High blood pressure;

13.

Any valid point;

Any valid linked reason;

(e)[8]

(f)
(g)
(h) 3.
number of risk factors increases risk of CHD;

(a) Increasing the

(i) Increase by one risk factor double incidence / eq;

(j) Adding third risk factor has larger effect on incidence;
(k) Relevant use of manipulated figures;

(l)
(b)

High blood cholesterol:

1.

Fatty deposition in artery walls / plaque formation;

2.

Atheroma formed;

3.

Increased blood pressure;

4.

Lumen of (coronary) arteries narrowed / reduced elasticity of

artery wall / eq;

5.

Correct reference to LDLs;

High blood pressure:

6.

Damage to (lining of) arteries;

7.

Risk of aneurysm / damaged lining (of arteries) rupturing;

8.

Increased risk of blood clot blocking coronary arteries;

9.

Correct reference to inflammatory response;

Smoking:
10. Increases blood pressure;
11. Increases risk of aneurysm;
12. Less antioxidants / more free radicals;
13. Increases {number / activation} of platelets;
14. (Leading to) increased risk of blood clot blocking
coronary arteries;
General points [allow in any section]:
15. Reduced blood supply to heart muscle;
16. Angina / increased risk of heart attack;
17. Reference to interactions between factors to increase risk;
18. Correct reference to atherosclerosis;
[Maximum 3 marks for each risk factor]

6
[9]

4.

(a)

1.

both decrease;

2.

mortality rate in men is higher than that in women (throughout time

period) / eq;

3.

this difference is greater at the start of the time period than at the end
/ eq;

4.

a valid comparison made about the difference in the changes e.g.

between 1997 and 1998 the rate stays constant for males but falls
for women / fall in mortality rate in men is steeper than the fall in
women / decrease in mortality rate is greater in men than women /
the decrease in men is less uniform than in women;

5.

correct manipulation of figures to quantify any of the above;3 max

(b)

(c)

1.

{people more aware of the dangers / better health education} /

appropriate named example /eq;

2.

less stress /eq;

3.

{better / more} screening / eq;

4.

better treatments / eq;

5.

`more exercise being taken / eq;

6.

changed diet / less obesity / eq;

7.

less alcohol intake / eq;

8.

decrease in smoking;

9.

change in population genetics / eq;

1.

damage to {endothelial cells / epithelial cells /cells lining artery (wall)};

2.

reference to inflammatory response;

3.

reference to (accumulation of) white blood cells in (damaged area);

4.

{build up / eq} of cholesterol (in damaged area);

5.

reference to build up of {calcium salts / fibrous tissue / fibrin / platelets};

6.

reference to formation of {atheroma / plaque};

7.

reference to {loss of elasticity (of artery) / narrowing of lumen} / eq;

8.

idea that this process is selfperpetuating;

3 max

4 max
[10]

(ii)

QWC
(QWC Spelling of technical terms (shown in italics) must be
correct and the answer must be organised in a logical sequence)
1.

idea that the woman could reduce her {energy / eq}

intake;

2.

{weight/ BMI} decreases if her energy expenditure

greater than intake / eq;

3.

diet should have reduced cholesterol levels / eq;

4.

cholesterol has been associated with {high blood pressure

/ atherosclerosis / eq};

5.

diet should have reduced saturated fat / eq;

6.

reduces blood {cholesterol /LDL} / eq;

7.

idea that the woman could increase the amount of exercise she
took;

8.

weight decreases if energy expenditure is greater than her

intake / exercise helps maintain a healthy heart /reduces
blood pressure / eq;

9.

idea that if the woman smoked she should reduce it;

10. smoking {reduces oxygen uptake / increases stickiness

of platelets / increases blood pressure / increases risk of

atheroma / eq};
11. idea that diet should have reduced salt;
12. high salt associated with high blood pressure;
13. idea of moderate alcohol intake;
14. high alcohol associated with high blood pressure;4 max
[13]
Water
1. H2O ;
(di)polar ;
Hydrogen / H ;
Solvent ;
(specific) heat capacity ;
[not latent heat capacity]
[5]
2.
Name of
molecule

Formula

Structure

H ;

CH3 (CH2)4 COOH

OR
C5 H11COOH ;
() Glucose /
hexose ;

C6 H12 O6 ;

3.
solvent ;
enter / diffuse into /eq ;
insoluble /osmotically inert / non-polar /eq ;
lipids / triglycerides / fats / oils ;
glycogen ;
plant ;
[6]
Carbohydrates
1.
The statements in the table below refer to three polysaccharide molecules. If the
statement is correct, place a tick () in the appropriate box and if the statement is incorrect,
place a cross (x) in the appropriate box.

S ta te m e n t

S ta rc h

G ly c o g e n

C e llu lo s e

P o ly m e r o f g lu c o s e

G ly c o s id ic b o n d s p re s e n t

U n b ra n c h e d c h a in s o n ly

E n e rg y s to re in a n im a l c e lls

[Total 4 marks]
2.

The table below refers to two organic molecules.

If the statement is correct for the molecule, place a tick () in the appropriate box. If it
is incorrect, place a cross (X) in the appropriate box.

Statement

Triglyceride

Glycogen

Contains only carbon

hydrogen and oxygen

Glycosidic bonds present

Soluble in water

Provides storage of energy

Occurs in flowering plants

and animals

[Total 5 marks]
3.
(a)
Maltose ;
1
(b)
Disaccharide / reducing sugar ; 1
(c)
Glycosidic (ignore qualifications, e.g. 1- 4) ; 1
(d)
(i)
Form plant cell walls / structural support in plants ; 1
(ii)
Second mark depends on first, cannot get second mar
unless linked to a structural point.
correct structural point ;
link to relevant function ;
1. large molecules / many glucoses insoluble ;
linked / polymer ;
2. (forms) straight / unbranched
high (tensile) strength /
chains ;
strong
forms microfibrils / forms
fibres ;
3. cross links / (hydrogen) bonds,
high (tensile) strength /
between
forms microfibrils / forms
molecules ;
fibres ;
4. forms microfibrils ;
high strength / forms fibres
;
5. (1-4) glucose links ;
difficult to digest ;
6. many glucoses linked ;
cellulose can be
hydrolysed and (glucose)
used in respiration ;
max 2
[6]

4.
Disaccharide

Constituent
Monomers
Glucose and
galactose

Maltose

Sucrose

One role in living

organisms
Energy / food
source in
(germinating)
seeds

Glucose and
fructose

[5]
5.
Statement
Sucrose
Maltose
Contains glucose
Is a reducing sugar
Contains glycosidic
bonds
Is transported in the
phloem of flowering
plants
Encircle CORRECT answers
Any TWO correct responses = 1 mark
Blanks and ambiguous ticks are incorrect
Put correct numbers of ticks to correspond with total mark
[4]
6.
Statement
Polymer of aglucose
Glycosidic bonds
present
Unbranched chains
only
Energy store in
animal cells

Starch

Glycogen

[4]
7.
(a)
(i)
Red ; 1
(ii)
Test 1 shows no reducing sugar (in solution B) ;
In test 2 sugar is hydrolysed / eq ;
In test 2 solution (B) was positive ;
2
(b)
1.
Add equal volumes of each solution ;
2.
To equal volumes of biuret reagent ;
3.
{Purple / lilac} colour produced ;
4.
Compare intensity of colour / use a colorimeter ;
5.
After same period of time ;
3
[6]
Lipids

Cellulose

1.

The diagram below shows the structure of a lipid molecule.

H
H

O
O

C
O

C
O

H
A
(a)

(i)

Name the parts labelled A and B.

A glycerol / propan1, 2,.3triol;
B fatty acid(s) / fatty acid chain;
(2 marks)

(ii)

Name this type of lipid.

triglyceride;
(1 mark)

(iii) Name the chemical reaction used to form the bonds between A and B.
condensation / esterification;
(1 mark)
(b)

(i)

State one function of this type of lipid in living organisms.

energy store / energy source / insulation / waterproofing /
production of metabolic water / buoyancy / protection;
(1 mark)

(ii)
State one feature of the molecules of this type of lipid which makes them
suitable for the function you have given.
insoluble / non-polar / high energy value / poor heat conductor /
low density / less dense than water;
[points in (b)(ii) need to be correctly linked to the answer given
in (b)(i)]
(1 mark)
[Total 6 marks]
2.

The table below refers to two organic molecules.

If the statement is correct for the molecule, place a tick () in the appropriate box.
If it is incorrect, place a cross (X) in the appropriate box.

Statement

Triglyceride

Glycogen

Contains only carbon

hydrogen and oxygen

Glycosidic bonds present

Soluble in water

Provides storage of energy

Occurs in flowering plants

and animals

;
[Total 5 marks]

3.

(a)

(i)
(ii)

(b)

A = glycerol

B = fatty acid (residue)

hydrolysis

polar (molecules) / hydrophilic heads/ eq& hydrophobic tails/eq 1

form a bilayer / bimolecular double layer
[accept from clear diagram]
1
(polar/hydrophilic) heads outside / (nonpolar/hydrophobic) tails inside1
[6]

3. a- Glycerol
b- Fatty acid
Condensation reaction
5.

(a)

A Glycerol / propan - 1, 2, 3 - triol

B Fatty acid (s) / fatty acid chain

(b)

Triglyceride

(c)
(d)

Condensation / esterification
Energy store or source / insulation /waterproofing /
production of metabolic water / buoyancy / protection;

(e)

insoluble / non-polar / high energy value / poor heat conductor /

low density / less dense than water (points in (e) need to be correctly
linked to the answer given in (d))
1
[6]

BMI
6.

(a)

(i)

correct substitution ( e.g. 83 / 1.8 1.8);

answer = 25.6;
correct answer = 2 marks

(ii)

(b)

(c)

1.

calculated value is 25.6 which is {greater than 25.0 / in range

25.0 to 29.9};

2.

(therefore) man is overweight;

3.

but only just (overweight);

2 max

1.

relative mortality decreases as BMI increases from 19 to {20 to 23}

in (both men and women) / eq;

2.

little change in relative mortality within the range {20 / 21 to 24

/ 25} / eq;

3.

as BMI increases from above {22 to 25} risk increases (in both
men and women) / eq;

4.

idea that from above {20 to 25} the risk for men is greater than
that for women / risk the same between 19 and {20 to 25};3 max

(i)

1.

(relative mortality is) {1.24 to 1.26};

2.

idea that risk is low / no need to be concerned;

3.

ref to need to {reduce / be concerned} about {BMI /

weight / obesity};
2 max