1

CHAPTER
MEng 2131

3
Thermodynamics I

Energy Transport by Heat,

Work and Mass
AAiT, School of mechanical and industrial engineering

Energy of a System
• Energy can be viewed as the ability to cause change.
• Energy can exist in numerous forms such as
• thermal,
• mechanical,
• kinetic,
• potential,
• electric,
• magnetic,
• chemical, and
• Nuclear

• Their sum constitutes the total energy E of a system.

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• In thermodynamic analysis, energy can be group in to two forms:

• Macroscopic
• Microscopic

• Microscopic forms of energy are those related to the molecular

structure of a system and the degree of the molecular activity, and
they are independent of outside reference frames.
• The sum of all the microscopic forms of energy is called the
internal energy of a system and is denoted by U.
• Example:-
» Latent energy
» Chemical energy
» Nuclear energy
» Sensible energy

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• Macroscopic forms of energy are those a system possesses as

a whole with respect to some outside reference frame, such as
kinetic and potential energies.

– The energy that a system possesses as a result of its motion relative to

some reference frame is called kinetic energy (KE) and is expressed as
V2 V2
KE  m ( kJ ) ke  (kJ / kg )
2 2
– The energy that a system possesses as a result of its elevation in a
gravitational field is called potential energy (PE) and is expressed as
PE  mgz (kJ ) pe  gz (kJ / kg )

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• The total energy of a system consists of the kinetic, potential, and

internal energies and is expressed as 2
V
E  U  KE  PE E U  m  mgz
2
V2
e  u  ke  pe eu  gz
2
• Most closed systems remain stationary during a process and thus
experience no change in their kinetic and potential energies.
• Closed systems whose velocity and elevation of the center of gravity
remain constant during a process are frequently referred to as
stationary systems.
• The change in the total energy E of a stationary system is identical
to the change in its internal energy U.

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Energy transport by heat and work

• Energy can cross the boundary of a closed system in two
distinct forms: heat and work.

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Energy transport by heat

• Heat is defined as the form of energy that is transferred
between two systems (or a system and its surroundings) by
virtue of a temperature difference.

• A process during which there is no heat transfer is called an

adiabatic process.
• There are two ways a process can be adiabatic:
• Well insulated
• Both the system and the surroundings are at the same
temperature

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• As a form of energy, heat has energy units, kJ

• The amount of heat transferred during the process between
two states (states 1 and 2) is denoted by Q12, or just Q
• Sometimes it is desirable to know the rate of heat transfer (the
amount of heat transferred per unit time)
• Heat is transferred by three mechanisms:
• conduction,
• convection, and
• radiation.
• Heat transfer per unit mass of a system is denoted q and is
determined from
Q
q (kJ / kg )
m
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Energy Transport by Work

• Work is also a form of energy transferred like heat and,
therefore, has energy units kJ.
• The work done during a process between states 1 and 2 is
denoted by W12, or simply W.
• The work done per unit time is called power and is denoted by
The unit of power is kJ/s, or kW.
• The work done per unit mass of a system is denoted by w and is
expressed as W
w (kJ / kg )
Example:-
m A rising piston
A rotating shaft
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Sign convention for energy transported by heat and work
• Heat and work are directional quantities, and thus the
complete description of a heat or work interaction requires the
specification of both the magnitude and direction.
• The generally accepted formal sign convention for heat and
work interactions is as follows:
• heat transfer to a system and work done by a system are positive;
• heat transfer from a system and work done on a system are negative

work done by the

work done on the
system (positive)
system (negative)
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Boundary work
• The work associated with a moving boundary is called
boundary work.
• The expansion and compression work is often called boundary
work.
2
Wb    Wb
1

F
Wb  Fds  Ads  PdV
A
2
Wb   PdV
1

2 2
Area  A   dA   PdV
1 1

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Some typical process

• Boundary work at constant volume process

If the volume is held constant,

=0
and the boundary work
equation becomes
2
Wb   PdV  0
1

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• Boundary work at constant pressure

If the pressure is held constant
the boundary work equation
becomes

2 2
Wb   PdV  P  dV  P(V2  V1 )
1 1

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• Boundary work at constant temperature (Isothermal)

If the temperature of an
ideal gas system held
constant, then the equation
of state provides the
pressure volume relation.
mRT
P
V
2 mRT
Wb  
2
Wb   PdV dV
1 1 V
mRT  C  PV
2 dv V2
Wb  C  Wb  Cln
1 V V1
V2 V2
Wb  mRTln  PV
1 1 ln
V1 V1

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Polytropic Process
• During actual expansion and compression processes of gases,
pressure and volume are often related by PVn = C. where n
and C are constants
2
Wb   PdV
1

2 V2 n1  V1 n1  PV2 2  PV

Wb   CV dV  C 
n
  1 n
1 1

1  n  1 
mR(T2  T1 )
Wb 
1 n

• For the special case of n = 1the system is isothermal process

and the boundary work becomes
2 V2
PdV   CV dV  PV ln
2 n
Wb  
1 1 V1

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Spring Work
• When the length of the spring changes by a differential amount
dx under the influence of a force F, the work done is
2
 Wspring   Fdx
1
F  kx
1
Wspring  k ( x22  x12 )
2

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Energy transferred by Mass

• When mass enters a control volume, the energy of the control
volume increase because the entering mass carries some
energy with it.
• when some mass leaves the control volume, the energy
contained within the control volume decreases because some
leaving mass takeout some energy within it.

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Example
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1.A gas is contained with in a piston cylinder
device initially at 20MPa and 0.02m3. if
expands to a final volume of 0.06m3 under the
following process
a) constant pressure
b) PV=const
c) PV1.4=const
Determine the total work done in each process

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2.A piston–cylinder device contains 0.05 m3 of a gas initially at

200 kPa. At this state, a linear spring that has a spring constant
of 150 kN/m is touching the piston but exerting no force on it.
Now heat is transferred to the gas, causing the piston to rise
and to compress the spring until the volume inside the cylinder
doubles. If the cross-sectional area of the piston is 0.25 m2,
determine (a) the final pressure inside the cylinder, (b) the
total work done by the gas, and (c) the fraction of this work
done against the spring to compress it.

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3.A frictionless piston–cylinder device contains 2

kg of nitrogen at 100 kPa and 300 K. Nitrogen
is now compressed slowly according to the
relation PV1.4=constant until it reaches a final
temperature of 360 K. Calculate the work input
during this process.

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4.A gas is compressed from an initial volume of 0.42 m3 to a

final volume of 0.12 m3. During the quasi-equilibrium
process, the pressure changes with volume according to
the relation P=aV+b, where a=1200kPa/m3 and
b=600kPa. Calculate the work done during this process
(a) by plotting the process on a P-V diagram and finding
the area under the process curve and (b)by performing the
necessary integrations.

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5.A piston cylinder device initially contains air at 150

kPa and 27°C. At this state, the piston is resting on a
pair of stops, as shown in Fig., and the enclosed
volume is 400 L. The mass of the piston is such that a
350-kPa pressure is required to move it. The air is
now heated until its volume has doubled. Determine
(a) the final temperature, (b) the work done by the air,
and (c) the total heat transferred to the air.

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6.A piston enclosed 2kg of saturated water which has a

quality of 10% and 500 kPa initially. The piston
pressure is 1 MPa. The water is heated in the system
as shown in the figure until the final state of the water
is saturated vapor. When the piston rests on the stop
the additional volume enclosed is 0.19m3. Determine
the work done by the water and the final temperature
and pressure. Neglect the volume occupied by the
piston.

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7. A piston–cylinder device contains 50 kg of water at 250 kPa

and 25°C. The cross-sectional area of the piston is 0.1 m2.
Heat is now transferred to the water, causing part of it to
evaporate and expand. When the volume reaches 0.2 m3, the
piston reaches a linear spring whose spring constant is 100
kN/m. More heat is transferred to the water until the piston
rises 20 cm more. Determine (a) the final pressure and
temperature and (b) the work done during this process. Also,
show the process on a P-V diagram.

MEng 2131 – THERMODYNAMICS