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First Semester 2020/2021

The document provides information on the classification, taxonomy, and systematics of fish. It discusses the five kingdoms classification and the characteristics of classes within this system. It then describes the modern classification system and characteristics of Agnatha and Osteichthyes. The document also discusses binomial nomenclature, parameters considered in fish taxonomy, and provides examples of a dichotomous key and phylogeny trees demonstrating fish evolutionary relationships.

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126 views58 pages

First Semester 2020/2021

The document provides information on the classification, taxonomy, and systematics of fish. It discusses the five kingdoms classification and the characteristics of classes within this system. It then describes the modern classification system and characteristics of Agnatha and Osteichthyes. The document also discusses binomial nomenclature, parameters considered in fish taxonomy, and provides examples of a dichotomous key and phylogeny trees demonstrating fish evolutionary relationships.

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low luffecuss
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© © All Rights Reserved
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First Semester 2020/2021

CLASSIFICATION,
TAXONOMY AND
SYSTEMATICS OF FISH
5 Kingdoms classification (old classification)
There are about 28,000 existing species of fish, and they are placed in five classes:
hagfish, lampreys, cartilaginous fish, ray-finned bony fish, and lobe-finned bony fish

Hagfish are very primitive fish. They retain their notochord throughout life rather than developing a backbone, and they
lack scales and fins. Classified as vertebrates mainly because they have a cranium.
Like hagfish, Lampreys also lack scales, but they have fins and a partial backbone. The most striking feature of
lampreys is a large round sucker, lined with teeth, that surrounds the mouthfeed on the blood of other fish species.

Cartilaginous fish include sharks, rays, and ratfish. In addition to an endoskeleton composed of cartilage, these fish have a
complete backbone. They are generally predators. Cartilaginous fish lack a swim bladder, stay afloat by using a pair of
muscular fins to push down against the water and create lift. One of the most important traits of cartilaginous fish is their jaws

Ray-finned fish include the majority of living fish species, They have a bony endoskeleton and a swim bladder.
Their thin fins consist of webs of skin over flexible bony rays, or spines. The fins lack muscle, so their movements
are controlled by muscles in the body wall

Lobe-finned fish are currently far fewer in number than ray-finned fish. Their fins contain a stump-like appendage of
bone and muscle. There are two groups of lobe-finned fish still alive today: coelacanths and lungfish.

1.Coelacanths are ancient fish with just two living species. They are at risk of extinction because of their very small
numbers.
2.Lungfish have a lung-like organ for breathing air. The organ is an adaptation of the swim bladder. It allows them to
survive for long periods out of water.
THIS IS THE MODERN
CLASSIFICATION OF FISH
General Characteristic of Agnatha

1. Jaws are absent


2. Paired fins are absent
3. Bony scales and skin plates were present in the
ancient species but are absent in the living species
4. Gill pouches are present. They have seven or more
pouches
5. Stomach is absent in the digestive system
General Characteristic of Osteichthyes

1. Have more or less bony skeleton and numerous


vertebrae
2. Mucous glands and embedded dermal scales are present
in the skin
3. Have paired fins
4. Jaws are present
5. Gill arches support the gills and are protected by the
operculum
Example of fish taxonomic hierarchy of fish from Order Perciformes
Relationship between classification and taxonomy

Nomenclature (including binomial nomenclature) is not the same as classification,


although the two are related.

Classification is the ordering of items into groups based on similarities or


differences; in biological classification, species are one of the kinds of item to be
classified.

Taxonomy includes both nomenclature and classification. Its first stages


(sometimes called "alpha taxonomy") are concerned with finding, describing and
naming species of living or fossil organisms.
Binomial nomenclature is thus an important part of taxonomy as it is the system by
which species are named. Taxonomists are also concerned with classification,
including its principles, procedures and rules.
FISH TAXONOMY
AND
NOMENCLATURE
In biology, a species is the basic unit of classification and a taxonomic
rank of an organism, as well as a unit of biodiversity.

A species is often defined as the largest group of organisms in which any


two individuals of the appropriate sexes or mating types
can produce fertile offspring, typically by sexual reproduction.

Other ways of defining species include


their karyotype, DNA sequence, morphology, behaviour or ecological
niche
Binomial nomenclature ("two-term naming system"), also
called binominal nomenclature ("two-name naming system")
or binary nomenclature, is a formal system of naming species of
living things by giving each a name composed of two parts, both of
which use Latin grammatical forms, although they can be based on
words from other languages.

Such a name is called a binomial name (which may be shortened


to just "binomial"), a binomen, binominal name or a scientific
name; more informally it is also called a Latin name.
The application of binomial nomenclature is now governed
by various internationally agreed codes of rules, of which
the two most important are the International Code of
Zoological Nomenclature (ICZN) for animals and
the International Code of Nomenclature for algae, fungi,
and plants(ICNafp).

In modern usage, the first letter of the first part of the


name, the genus, is always capitalized in typing and
writing, while that of the second part is not, even when
derived from a proper noun such as the name of a person
or place. Similarly, both parts are italicized when a
binomial name occurs in normal text (or underlined in
handwriting)

When handwritten, a binomial name should be underlined;


for example, Channa striatus
The first part of the name – the generic name – identifies the genus to
which the species belongs, while the second part – the specific
name or specific epithet – identifies the species within the genus.

For example,

Seabass or barramundi belong to the genus Lates and within this genus
to the species Lates calcarifer. Cyprinus carpio is probably the most
widely known binomial.[1] The formal introduction of this system of
naming species is credited to Carl Linnaeus, effectively beginning with
his work in 1753.[2]
In scientific works, the authority for a binomial name is usually given, at least when
it is first mentioned, and the date of publication may be specified.

•In zoology

• "Patella vulgata Linnaeus, 1758". The name "Linnaeus" tells the reader who
it was that first published a description and name for this species of limpet;
1758 is the date of the publication in which the original description can be
found.

• ”Passer domesticus (Linnaeus, 1758)". The original name given by Linnaeus


was Fringilla domestica; the parentheses indicate that the species is now
considered to belong in a different genus.

The ICZN does not require that the name of the person who changed the genus
be given, nor the date on which the change was made.
What are the parameters or
characteristics that fish
taxonomist looks into when he is
about to start identifying the
fish?
Multi body parts of fish where you can describe and measure the meristic parameters
Basic meristic data
Basic meristic data
Meristic parameters
Size of Body
Variation in
caudal shape and
mouth position is
also included in
the species
description of
fish
Body pattern
and coloration
that are
peculiar to the
species being
examined
Continued:-
Standard
description
of fish
species in
field guide
books
Preservation
of fish
specimens
when
measurement
works and
meristic
accounts are
completed
Different categories of type specimens
Others fish characteristics
that could be important in
writing the description of
fish

Life History
Early Fish larvae do not like like
Development their adults at all; that is why
Form it is very difficult to identify
the larvae in term of
scientific name; often it is
recorded to FAMILY level as
there are some fish larvae
taxonomists internationally

Development stages (Early


life history stage of
Trachurua symmetricus from
Ahlstrom from and Ball ,1954
cited in Kendall, Ahlstrom
and Moser, 1983)
In fish larva taxonomy, body characteristics such as
body pigments and fins development are some of the
important taxonomic features being recorded
Example of fish
dichotomous key
of common fish
species in Illinois
USA

You can prepare


dichotomous key of species,
family or order,
What is important for you is
to have all characteristics
that can be used to
distinguish between 2
different set of
characteristics of fish you
are classifying
SYSTEMATICS
Systematics is the study of the units of biodiversity. Systematics differs from ecology in that
the latter is concerned with the interactions of individuals (and therefore species) in a
particular time, while the former is concerned with the diversification of lineages through
time.

What is systematics in biology?

the study of systems or of classification. Biology. the study and classification of


organisms with the goal of reconstructing their evolutionary histories and
relationships. phylogenetic classification.

What is difference between taxonomy and systematics?

Systematics may be defined as the study of the kinds and diversity of organisms and the
relationships among them. Taxonomy, on the other hand, is the theory and practice of
identifying, describing, naming, and classifying organisms
Continued:-
Phylogeny tree
of old classic
classification of
living organisms
Phlogeny of Fish
Cladogram of cartilaginous fish
(Chondrichtyes)

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