Polynomials Level-! (For CBSE & Olympiads)Polynomials INTRODUCTION Polynomials is one of the most frequently studied topic in mathematics. There is an extremely important family of functions in mathematics, called polynomials. An algebraic expression is a combination of constants and variables, connected by some or all of the basic arithmetic operations +, -, x and + De dy Baty Le ot eg Se +S ctx ¥3,v3x ete. Here, constant means a symbol having fixed numerical value like 8 ne ete. A variable is a symbol which may)be assigned, different numerical values. Let us consider an example J eoxh where ‘Area of triangle 2 base of the triangle = height of the triangle 1 Now, > is @ constant and b, h are variables. INCLUDES Introduction Degree of a Polynomial Value of a Polynomial Zeroes of a Polynomial Division of Polynomials Remainder Theorem Factor Theorem Factorisation of Polynomials ‘Algebraic Identities > Square Identities > Cubie Identities > Special Algebraic Identities Quick Recap Assignment jpo/You| KNOW? A polynomial is an algebraic expression in which the variables involved have only non-negative Integral (whole numbers) exponents. Mathematically stating, Let x be a variable, m be a non-negative integer and a,, 2,, 45, ..., 4, be constants (real numbers), then fix) = a,x? + a, yx + f(x), g(4), h(x) éte. to denote a polynomial in variable x «+ ayx + ay is known as a polynomial in variable x. Generally, we use notations ‘The polynomial described above is a polynomial with real constants. eg. 22 +x +1, 3x9 + 2x2 + x + 7, 7x, 5 are polynomials.Polynomials (CBSE & Olympiads (Level!) hy) = 7y? ~ 8y is a polynomial in variable y and f(x, y) = x*y8 + 3x2y + 1 is a polynomial in variables x and y. xe 2.1 ps But, £)x+ 1 vxe4, are not polynomial ut, KS polynomials. 4. Which of the following are not polynomials? (2) | 6x? +160 -11x" (0) | 2° +20? -5x+12 (6) | x? 44x? 109x414 (@) | 2° -2x? -17x+36 (e) | 4x0 +452 -3ax-24 | (9 | ~8x? -14x (9) | 2x? +2x?-10x () | txt eat (i) | -x? +20x GW) | 3x8 +213 9x2 &) | 6x? 5x2 ” 13004 (m) | 12-3 4x? (0) | #7) +7) (0) | (+ 11) x-3) (0) | t4y 124 (a) | (+2) +7) () | +) +1) (8) | +6) &-10) (0 | = 15) +4) (w teen (v) | (x-5)0? -2x-6) (w) | (x-3)08 -4x-6) (x) | (2x+3)(3x*-4x+2) Lin) (A) (a) DW) (2) 4 suv] Now, let us understand few terms associated with the polynomials. (Terms of a polynomial : The several non-zero parts of a polynomial separated by + or ~ operations are called the terms of the polynomial a,x + 2, 4X01 +... 4 aX + ay Is @ polynomial in variable x, then 1, are called terms of the polynomial, where a, is called the constant Write all the terms of the given polynomial. (x) = Txt + 3x8 + Oe + 1 Given that, fx) = Tx + 3x8 + e441 The terms of fx) are 7x4, 3x°, 2x, 1 It has four terms, ‘Aakash Educational Services Limited - Regd. Office : Aakash Tower, 8, Pusa Road, New Delhi-110005 Ph.011-47623456(i) Coefficients of the terms of a Polynomial : Each term of a polynomial has some constant multiplied to the variable, itis known as coefficient of the variable. It is usually a real number. Example White the coefficients of x°, x2, x in the given polynomial 100) = V2x0 #24? Taxa 5 Solution : Given that, (x) = 2x? be fens Now, (a) Coefficient of x8 = J2 (0) Coefficient of x2 = z (©) Coefficient of (ii) Standard form of a Polynomial : A polynomial, written either n the descending powers of the variable (x, y, ttc.) or in ascending powers of the variable, is said to be in the standard form. eA €., Polynomial | 2° +7-+ 542) is in standard form Aso ifthe same poynonal is waitn asf «then the polynomial would sil be i standard form. Example Write the given polynomial in standard form ptr) Zab oer atx! Solution : 6 2 Given that, ply Lad oe ate! 6 ve Now, p(x) can be expressed in standard form as @) pixd= +x Dt cet (in descending powers) ©) plxyatexeZ, (in ascending powers)Polynomials (CBSE & Olympiads (Level) Classification of Polynomials on the Basis of Terms (@)_ Monomial : A polynomial having only one term, (0) Binomial : A polynomial having only two terms. 7 e.g. 3x + 2, x2+ x, =x+1 etc. ° ¥ (©) Trinomial : A polynomial having only three terms, eg. 4x t x ext? Or teit ete. 2 Example Classify the given polynomials as monomials, binomials and trinomials 0 3x49 Pts (vy) C+ x40 Solution : ‘According to the given question, we have 0 2 It has only one term. Hence, itis a monomial @) x+9 Ithas two terms. Hence, itis a binomial 2 Gi) P+ 5 Ithas three terms. Hence, its a trinomia. () P¥xe0 Here, x? + x40 = x! + x, which has only two terms and hence, itis a binomial +5 Remark: member adding or subtra not change its type. DEGREE OF A POLYNOMIAL For a polynomial in one variable, the highest power of the variable is known as the degree of the polynomial. oan te)= Fa B24, ne geno i 5 In case of polynomials of more than one variable, the sum of the powers of the variables in each term is taken Up and highest sum so obtained, gives the degree of the polynomial e.g. in glx, y) = Sx2y + 4x22 + 3xy3 + Oxy + 1, the degree of g(x, y) is 5. ‘Aakash Educational Services Limited - Regd. Office : Aakash Tower, 8, Pusa Road, New Delhi-t10005 Ph.011-47623456the degree of the given polynomials. (A(x) = N28 + 8x? NE 0 abaya) slaty! Bate Za Solution : According to the given question, we have (10x) = 2x8 +88 +B Degree of f(x) is equal to 3. (W) ale y2)= Brey! «Sota? 2 Degree of g(x, y, z) is equal to (3 + 4) ie. 7. Now, let us discuss polynomials of different degrees in detail Classification of Polynomials on the Basis of Degree (2) Constant Polynomial : A polynomial consisting of only SS called a constant polynomial 6 19.3, x8 ete 29.3, nz et Ke y In simple words, every real number is @’constant al, Degree of a non-zero constant polynomial is 0. (6) Linear Polynomial : A polynomial of de eg. Tx +3, 2x, 3t+V2 etc. nor (¢) Quadratic Polynomial : A polyt Tye g 0g. TH? + 3x +2, Sx + x, DX! oto, aN (@) Cubic Polynomial : A polynomial of degree 3, 0.9. Vix, Vx" + J2x,Zx2 41 ote,Polynomials (CBSE & Olympiads (Level) Exampl Which of the following are constant polynomials ? 23 Sut 4.5. 2eu9 z 6 Solution : 3 According to the given question, constant polynomials are > and 6. Example Classify the following polynomials as linear, quadratic and cubic polynomials. @ 7 (i) 3x+J5 (i) 7 + 38 42 (iy) BP NB? + & Solution : ‘According to the given question, we have @) 72 The degree of 7x2 is 2 Hence, it is @ quadratic polynomial (i) 3x45 The degree of 3x4 V6 is 1 Hence, its a linear polynomial Gi) 70 + 32 +2 The degree of 7x8 + 33° + 2s 3. Hence, it is a cubic polynomial. 09 ie e+ (8 The degree of /3x3 +/2x? +E is 3, Hence, it is a cubic polynomial. ‘Aakash Educational Services Limited - Regd. Office : Aakash Tower, 8, Pusa Road, New Dalhi-t10005 Ph.011-47623456(CBSE & Olympiads (Level) Polynomials 2. Write the degree, types and names of the polynomials. Polynomial Degree Constant, Linear, Quadratic, Cubic? Monomial, Binomial, Trinomial? 3x? +5x-7. ae 2x+5 = 123 = 4x 3842-1 8-42 ae 3x?—4 VALUE OF A POLYNOMIAL ‘The value of a polynomial f(x) at x = ct is obtained by substituting x = «in the given polynomial and is denoted by fla). Example 8 Fi ind the value of the polynomial f(t) = x2 + 2k+ 1 atx'= 1 and x = 0. Solution : Given that, ffx) = 22 + 2x41 Now, AA) = (4)? + (1) #4 AO) = (0)? + 2(0) + 1 Now, let us understand zero of a polynomi: ZEROES OF A POLYNOMIAL 1+2e1=4 o+o+t=4 It is a real number, which makes the value of the polynomial zero. For a polynomial p(x), if we say that j is any real number such that p(B) = 0, then {bis called zero of the polynomial p(x) or root of the polynomial equation p(x) = 0. ‘Aakash Educational Services Limited - Regd, Office : Aakash Tower, 8, Pusa Road, New Dalhi-110005 Ph.011-47623456(CBSE & Olympiads (Level) Every real number is a zero of the zero polynomial Every linear polynomial has one and only one zero, If the degree of a polynomial f(x) is n, then the maximum number of zeroes of the polynomial A(x) is n. ‘A non-zero constant polynomial has no zero. Example 9 Find the zero of the polynomial f(x) = 5x + 10. Solution ‘According to the given question, we have fx) = 5x + 10 Zero of fx) is given by fx)=0 = 5x+10=0 = 5x=-10 k=-9 Hence, -2 is the zero of the polynomial f(x) Example 10 Find the zeroes of the polynomial g(x) = x2 + 7x + 12. Solution : Given that, glx) = 32 + Tx + 12 Now, zeroes of (x) is given by ax) =0 e+ Tx + 12=0 H+ 4x + 3x +12 xc + 4) + 304 4) (x +4) (+3) =0 So, x=-4orx=-3 Hence, 4, -3 are the required zeroes of g(x). [Spliting the middle term] vuuy 3. The zero of the polynomial f(x) = 6x + 102 is (1) 15 Q17 @) 17 (4) 15 4, The zeroes of the polynomial g(x) = x? + 3x-4 are 1) 44 Q 1.4 @) 4.4 4) 1.4 ‘Aakash Educational Services Limited - Regd. Office : Aakash Tower, 8, Pusa Road, New Dalhi-t10005 Ph.011-47623456(CBSE & Olympiads (Level) Polynomials 5. The zeroes of the polynomial f(x) = 2x? 9x? + x+12 are 3 3 WM 44-5 @ 143 3 3 @ 44-5 @ 4-4-5 6. The valu of the polynomial f(x)= > 3H atx=3is () 3 @6 @ 9 @ 8 7. The valve of the polynomial f(x)=6x" 44x22 at x= is 5 & @1 4 @F On Tr) (v9 “(z)s (ep “ele “suv) Now, we have clarity of what a polynomial.is? What are zeroes of the polynomial? We will now start division of polynomials. Division of polynomials is a bit tedious process. Let us recapitulate our learning of dividing one polynomial by another, through long division, Divide f(x) = 2x? + x8 — axt + x2 + 5 by g(x) = x + 2, using long division method. Stop 1 : Write the dividend in standatd form, el, x8 3% + 2x3 +2 + 5, Step 2 : Divide x° (first term of the dividend) by x {first term of the divisor). This gives us the first term of the quotient. x42) 0-8 +245 ll a + ax! <5 +2x+x+5 — [Product of x" and (x +2), subtracted from the dividend ()} Step 3 : Consider the remainder in step 2, ¢., 5x‘ + 2x + x2 + 5 as the new dividend and divide it by (x + 2), 58 [Divide 5x" by x] X42) Gel 20 HEHE ll) so 108 120+: #5 [Product of -5x° and (x + 2), subtracted from the dividend (i)] ‘Aakash Educational Services Limited - Regd. Offce : Aakash Tower, 8, Pusa Road, Now Delhi-110005 Ph 011-47623456Step 4 : Now divide 12:8 + x2 + 5 by x+2 422 [Divide 12% by 2 142) ADE OF vvrccrneennell) 12x +248 238 +5 [Product of 12x” and (x + 2), subtracted from the dividend (i)] Step 5 : Divide -23%? + 5 by x+2 23x [Divide -23.7 by x] x42) 237 +5 (iv) 23x = 48x 46x45 {Product of -23x and (x + 2), subtracted from the dividend (iv) 46 [Divide 46x by x] wo (V) -87 [Product of 46 and (x + 2), subtracted from the dividend (v)] Here, we will stop because the degree of thejremainder is lessithan the degree of the divisor. ‘The quotient is the sum of all the quotients obtained in the abovelsteps, i... x¢ — Sx" + 12x? - 23x + 46. Now, the complete process of division is shown below » Hence, ‘Quotient = x! — 5x? + 12x2 - 23x + 46 and Remainder = -87 We can see that this method of division is too lengthy. Hence, there should be some short method for division of polynomials. Let us find it in the next section,REMAINDER THEOREM We know, Dividend = Divisor Quotient + Remainder A This result is applicable for real numbers. The same result can be extended to polynomials in the form pOl= oeKay +H) 0) where p(x), g(x), a(x) and r(x) are polynomials such that degree of p(x) is greater than or equal to one and it is called dividend, 90%) > Divisor (x) > Quotient 1x) > Remainder ‘We use (i) for real numbers, in which Remainder < Divisor, holds true. In case of polynomials, Mx) =0 or “degree of r(x) the degree of g(x); 9(x).4.0" Result (ji) helps us to make division of polynomials €asy and gives remainder very quickly. Let us see how. a38 +28 $9245 Consider this example : g(x) = x + 2, f(x) = Let g(x) = 0 = x+2=0 = x2 Now, let us check whether x = ~2 satisfies ffx) or not Now, fx) = x8 — 3x4 + 2x8 +x + 5 Put > f-2)=-92- 48-16 +445 =-87 So, we can see here f(-2) is equal to the remainder obtained when f(x) is divided by g(x) ie. -87 Its clear that if fx) is divided by a linear polynomial (x ~ a), then f(a) is its remainder. So, as the name suggests, this is what remainder theorem is all about. Now, let us stale and prove remainder theorem.Proof of The Theorem : Let f(x) be divided by x — a such that we obtain quotient q(x) and remainder r(x). Now, we have fe) = (x= a)atx) + 0) a0) Either, r(x) = 0 oF (x) + 0. (a) Cas Putting r(x) = 0 in (i), we get fx) = («- eax) On substituting, x = cin (il), we get fa) = (a) g(a) = fla) = 0 = Remainder (b) Case Il: When r(x) + 0. Degree of r(x) < degree of (x — a) But, degree of x - a= 1, we know that a polynomial of degree less than 1 is a constant. +. Either (x) = 0 or its @ constan a Leta) =r Putting rx) = rin (i), we get fx) = (x — a) g(x) +r On substituting, x= ain (i), we get fa) = (2a) qa) +r = 0% g(a) +r =0+r : When r{x) = 0 = fla)=r Hence, the remainder is f(a), when f(x) is divided by (x— a).(CBSE & Olympiads (Level-) Polynomiais|f Example 12: Find the remainder when p(x) = x‘ — 3x? + 2x? + 1 is divided by 2x — 1. Solution : Given that, pix) = 24-38 + 2x +1 wots -45) 6) =2-342 44 1 8 '4 1-6+8+16 6 _ 25-6 16 = p(t)=18 + ronasr= (2) = 18 Example 13 Consider two polynomials 241 2x? + f(x) = x8 - 2x’ and g(x) = x9 3x +1 f(x) is divided by x + 1, to obtain\remainder R, and g(x) is divided by x + 2, to obtain remainder R,. Find (R,? + Ry? — RR). Solution : Given that, 2,4 axtad 2 and g(x) = x= 3x+ 4 Ax) By remainder theorem, when fix) is divided by x + 1, then the remainder R, is given by 4 R= Met)= C4 = 2-48 + 5 1 1-245, = 345-2 0 ‘Aakash Educational Services Limited - Regd, Office : Aakash Tower, 8, Pusa Road, New Dalhi-110005 Ph.011-47623456Polynomials (CBSE & Olympiads (Level) Again, when g(x) is divided by x + 2, then the remainder R, is given by (-2) = (-2)8 — 3-2) #1 =-8+6+4 4 i) Now, we need to determine the value of R,2 +R? R\R, Consider, R,? + R2— R\R, Yeap ( - Jen -(Z}eo [From (i) and (i) 25, 8 Bag _ 25+4-10 Ss 19 “4 which is the required solution. Example 14 Find the value of p such that x 2 divides the polynomial g(x) =x? — px + 3. Solution : According to the given question, Q(x) = x? - px +3 Now, x~ 2 divides (x) = q2)=0 [+ x=2 coniplétely divides q(x) - remainder = 0] > (2% -pl2)+3=0 = 4-2p+3=0 = 7=2p = [P=5| which is the required solution. Example 15 If the polynomial 2x? + ax? — bx + 2 is divided by (x + 1) and (x ~ 2), then the remainders are 12 and 24 respectively. Find the value of a and b. Solution : According to the question, P(x) = 2x9 + ax? — bx +2 ‘Aakash Educational Services Limited - Regd. Office : Aakash Tower, 8, Pusa Road, New Dalhi-t10005 Ph.011-47623456(CBSE & Olympiads (Level) Polynomials Now, (x + 1) divides p(x), then remainder is 12. = pits 12 => 2-1) + a(—1)? — b(-1) + 2 = 12 3 2ratbe2=2 = atb=12 = a=t2-5 0) And, (x — 2) divides p(x), then remainder is 24. [By remainder theorem] (2) = 24 [By remainder theorem} = 22) + a2)? — b(2) + 2= 24 = 16+ 4a-2b+2= 24 = 4a-2b=6 = 2a-b=3 Ail) On solving (i) and (i), we get as5 b=7 which is the required solution. 8 When p(x)=4x° —x? +41 is divided by x + 1, then the remainder is (1) 3 @4 @ 4 41 98. When f(x) = 2x4 6x9 +2x2 — x +2 is divided by x + 2, then the remainder is (1) 92 @) 48 (3) 32 @) 16 10. When f(x)= x? ~6x? +2x-4 is divided by y(x) = 3x— 1, then the remainder is 18 108 @ a -107 49 o> ® er 41. Ifx-3 divides x? - px+12, then the value of p is 7 (2) 6 @7 4 TH “eoL (He (Ze suv) ‘Aakash Educational Services Limited - Regd, Office : Aakash Tower, 8, Pusa Road, New Dalhi-110005 Ph.011-47623456Polynomials (CBSE & Olympiads (Level) FACTOR THEOREM ‘Statement of factor theorem : IF f(x) is a polynomial of degree greater than or equal to 1 and ‘a’ be any real number, then @) (x—a) is a factor of fx), i a) = 0 (©) fa) = 0, f (e— a) is a factor of fix) Proof of Factor Theorem Let f(x) be a polynomial of degree n, where n > 1 and o: be any real number. @) Ifa) =0 [Given] Let q(x) be quotient when f(x) is divided by (x- a) Now, remainder = f(a) [By remainder theorem} We know that, Dividend = Divisor * Quotient + Remainder fix) = (x a) (x) * fla) = (x= a) atx) Hence, (x — a) is a factor of (x) if fo (©) If (— a) is a factor of fx), this means when (x — a) divides f(x), therefore remainder = 0. Aso, from remainder theorem, Remainder = f(a) So, remainder = fa) = 0 Hence, if (x - a) is a factor of fix), then.f(a) =O Example 16 Prove that x? — 3x + 2 is a factor of x? — 6x + 41x— 6, without actual division. Solution : Let p(x) = 2° — 6x2 + 11x—6 and q(x) = x2 8x +2 Now, qo)= 3x42 == 2x-x 42 = x(x = 2) A(x 2) = (x= 2)e=1) So, if q(x) is a factor of p(x), then (x — 2) and (x — 1) are also factors of p(x). By factor theorem, P(t) = pl2)=0 p(t) = (1)8 — 6(1)2 + 11(1) 6 =1-6+11-6 =12-12=0 and p(2) = (2)? = 6(2F + 11(2)-6 =8-24+22-6 =30-30=0 Hence, (x— 1) and (x — 2) are the factors of p(x) e.,X8 — 3x + 2s a factor of x° — 6x? + 11x~6. fla) = 0] ‘Aakash Educational Services Limited - Regd. Office : Aakash Tower, 8, Pusa Road, New Dalhi-t10005 Ph.011-47623456(CBSE & Olympiads (Level) Polynomials Example 17 What must be subtracted from 5x! + 4x + 3x? + 2x + 1, so that the result is divisible by 2x ~ 1? Solution Let fix) = Sx! + 4x + 3x2 + 2x41 Now, we know that (3) will bo the romaindr, when f{x) is divided by 2x ie. (3) 5o{2) v49(2) s00(S) r2(S)et _ 541248432 6 Remainder = {3} = 2) 16 We know that ifthe remainder is subtracted from the dividend, then the result is exactly divisible by the divisor. Hence, it $2 is subtracted ftom fx, the the resi is divisibi by 2x =, 12. If x + 2is a factor of x? + 5x + a, then the value of a is (a) 6 (a7 @) 5 43 13. Ifx +3 is a factor of 3x? + Kx + 6, then the value of K is (3 @6 @ 0 on 14. If x + 2is a factor of 4x + 2x3 — 3x? + 8x + 5a, then the value of ais (1) 4 (2) 2 @) 2 48 re ‘Wer Wen suv) FACTORISATION OF POLYNOMIALS Process of writing a polynomial as a product of two or more polynomials is called factorisation. In other words, factorisation is a process of spliting polynomial into its factors, so as to simply it Here, we would focus on different ways of factorising a given polynomial. () Factorisation by Taking Out The Common Factor If we find any common factor in each term of the polynomial, then we take out this factor as common by dividing each term of the polynomial by this factor. ‘Aakash Educational Services Limited - Regd, Office : Aakash Tower, 8, Pusa Road, New Dalhi-110005 Ph.011-47623456Polynomials (CBSE & Olympiads (Level) Example 18 : Factorise the given polynomial x'y/ + xy + x22. Solution : HY Hey 487 = PP (PY + xy +1) [Here, xy? is the common factor] which is the required solution. Example 19 : Factorise: (x — y)* + (y— x)® Solution : yt + xP = xy + Ex yh] = (xy (xy = (x- yi -x+ yd [Here, (x — y)* is the common factor] which is the required solution. (li) Factorisation by Grouping The Terms In some polynomials, it is not possible to determine thé common factor directly. Here, terms of the polynomial are first grouped and then, common factors taken out fromeach group. Example 20 Factorise : xy + Syz + Bxt + 12zt Solution : Gxy + Qyz + Bxt + 122¢ = 3y(2x + 32) + 4t(2x + 32) = (2x + 32) (By + 4t) which is the required solution. Example 21 Factorise : Jab(x? +1)+x(a+b) Solution : Let px) = Vab(x? +1)+ x(a+b) x2 lab + Jab + ax+ bx xe fab + bx +ax+ Jab Vbx{Vax+b]+Ja(Vax+Vb) = Wax+Vblivbx+ Val which is the required solution. ‘Aakash Educational Services Limited - Regd. Office : Aakash Tower, 8, Pusa Road, New Delhi-t10005 Ph.011-47623456(CBSE & Olympiads (Level) 18. Factorise afx? — 2a + a? (1) (@x-1fax-1) @) eax-t)ex-1) Polynomials (2) (ax-1)(ax-1) (4) @2(1 - ax(a—1) 16. (x-y)’+ (yx? is equal to () Y= HF -y +x) 2 &-yAtty +H) @) &-yRI+y—x%) 4) Y-xP ty +X) 17. VOx?y +(2x-+V6)y +3xy is equal to (1) y(v3x— 23x +2) (2) yv2x+V/3)(V3x+2) @) yol6x+1(1+ V3) (4) (8x? +2)(2+ V3) 18. 12x? + Gyt + Bxy + Oxt is equal to (1) (@t—4y(at— 3x) (2) (3x + 2yax +34) (3) (3x + 2y4t + 3x) (4) (3x + 4y)(3t + 4y) 49. “xty-12y? +22y is equal to () xy? -y+1) 2 22(8y—xy +1) @) oy-xy+y) (4) Py(x-y+1) (Web ‘(eat “221 (9 “est “suv) (iii) Factorisation by Splitting the Middle Term (Quadratic: Polynomial) For factorising an algebraic expression of the type x + px + g, we find two factors a and b of q (ie. constant term) such that ab =q and a+b =p Then, the expression becomes x? + (a +b) x ¥ab = + ext bes ab = x(x + a) + B(x + a) = (+a) (x +b) Which are the required factors. Factorise () 2-546 (i) x? ~(J2+V5)x+ 10 (i) ®-5x+6 =x?-3x-2x+6 [Splitting the middle term] = x(x 3) — 20-3) = (x3) 2) Which is the required solution ‘Aakash Educational Services Limited - Regd. Offce : Aakash Tower, 8, Pusa Road, Now Delhi-110005 Ph 011-47623456A Polynomials (i) x? -(2 + V5)x4 V0 x? ~ 2x -V6x+ N10 x(x ¥2)- V5 (x-V2) (x= 02)(x-v8) xan eee : t 0 (egy of (i) x2 = 22x + 105 Solution : » -thaG 1 Put, x-4+= Lx-Say \-2 x Pe aye2= Prayer ya? awe dr iyed cyenuen ws (a felater) ry (il) x? — 22x + 105 = x? - 15x — 7x +405) as = (x 7)(x- 15) Example 24 : Factorise the following @ VBx? -9x+6V3 (i) 5x? ~2N2x-6 (il) 3x? -165x-+ 25 Solution : () V3x? -9x-4603 = V3x? -6x-3x+6V3, = Vx(x-2V3)-3(x-2V3) = (x-2N3)(V3x-3) = ¥3(x—V3\x-2V3) (CBSE & Olympiads (Level) [Splitting the middle term) (A) [Splitting the middle term) [Splitting the middle term) ‘Aakash Educational Services Limited - Regd. Office : Aakash Tower, 8, Pusa Road, New Dalhi-t10005 Ph.011-47623456(CBSE & Olympiads (Levels) Polynomials (i) ‘5x? —-22x-6 = 5x? —5\l2x4+ 2x6 = 8x(x-V2)+3V2(x-V2) = (x-v2)(5x+3V2) (ii) 3x? 165x425 = 3x? 15 V5x— Vx +25 3x(x—5V5)— V5(x 55) (x-5V5)(3x—v5) 20. x — 15x +36 is equal to (1) (w= 12\e-8) 2) (x= 5)x-4) (3) (x-9)(x-4) (4) («= 12)(x— 2) 41y 4 2 (rd) syed hia is equal to y y Oo) (yides|[y-4-2} 2 (yed-a][y4-1} 4 1 1 1 © (rpea]r5-2) © [repsrs—4 22, 12x2 + 13x~ 35 is equel to (1) (4x-5)(3x +7) (2) (4x—7)(3x + 15) @) (4x-5)(8x-7) (4) (Ax-+7)(3x~ 18) 23, 53x? +7x-2V3 is equal to (1) (x#2)(5x +203) (2) (3x+2\5x-V3) (3) (W3x-2\(5x+V3) (4) (W8x+2)\(5x+3) Ueez (Wee (2)Lz “(Woz “suv (iv) Factorising a polynomial by factor theorem Let us understand this process by taking an example. Given that, ffx) = x? - 5x + 6 {a) Find factors of constant term of fix) 10. 6 ie. 1,1, 2, -2,3,-3, 6, -6 {b) Take the above factors one by one and find out which of them salisfies the polynomial. Since, it has eight factors and degree of polynomial is two, so any two out of these eight will be the roots of the given polynomial Now, f(1) = (1) - §(1) +6 =1-546 =2 ‘Aakash Educational Services Limited - Regd. Offce : Aakash Tower, 8, Pusa Road, Now Delhi-110005 Ph 011-47623456Polynomials 1-5-4) +6 =145+6 2 (27-52) +6 =4-10+6 1) (-2)2 - 5(-2) +6 +1046 0 13) = (3)? - 5(3) +6 =9-15+6 =0 So, (x= 2) and (x ~ 3) are the factors of x? — 5x + 6 Example 25 Factorise x? — 2x? — x + 2 by using factor theorem. Solution Let fix) = x - 28 - x +2 Hore, constant term is 2. Factors of constant term are +1, 1, +2, -2 Now, 1) = (1 = 212 = 142 -2-142 (x= 1)is a factor of f(x), Again, 1) = (-1)8 = 2-192 (1) +2 24142 =0 => (x +1) is a factor of f(x). Now, 2) = (2) — 227-2 +2 =8-8-242 (x= 2) is a factor of f(x) Honce, x8 — 2x? =x 2= (x + 1)(x— 1x2) which is the required solution (¥) Factorising a polynomial using factor theorem (Alternate Method). (CBSE & Olympiads (Level) This method can be used, if it is easier to obtain one factor by factor theorem and then the given polynomial is divided by the factor obtained to get a quotient, It can be very helpful if the quotient is a quadratic polynomial, which can be factorised by splitting the middle term, ‘Aakash Educational Services Limited - Regd. Office : Aakash Tower, 8, Pusa Road, New Dalhi-t10005 Ph.011-47623456Polynomials (CBSE & Olympiads (Level-) Example 26 : Factorise x? + 2x? — x — 2 using factor theorem. Solution : Lot pix) = 8 + 2x —x—2 Here, constant term is (-2) Factors of constant term are +1, -1, +2, -2 Now, Aa) = (18 + 2042-12 =1+2-1-2 0 (x= 1) is a factor of p(x). Now, we will apply long division. Here, divisor is x— 1 and dividend is x° + 2x? — x ~ 2. 43x42 (08 + 2x2 — x ~ 2) = (x ~ 1) 02 # Bx + 2) = (x= 1)? + 2x * x2) = (x= 1) lea + 2) # 10x + 2) (x= 1) (x +2) #4) which is the required solution. Alternate method : 28 + Dt x2 = + Bae BK + DD = (x1) + Bx(e = 1) + Ae 1) (x= 1)? + 3x42) = (x= 1x + 2)ox #1) Example 27 Factorise the given polynomial 90s) = x8 — 8x44 Given that, x — 2 is a factor of g(x). ‘Aakash Educational Services Limited - Regd. Offce : Aakash Tower, 8, Pusa Road, New Delh-110006 Ph.011-47623456Polynomials (CBSE & Olympiads (Level) Solution : Given that, glx) = x4 = St + Also, x ~ 2 is a factor of g(x) Here, the constant term is 4 Factors of constant term are +1, -1, #2, -2, +4, -4. Now, g(1) = (1) 5(1)? + 4 -5+4 =5-5=0 X— 1is a factor of g(x). We now know that x — 1 and x — 2 are the factors of g(x). Using long division, where divisor is (x — 1) x (x= 2) ke, (x? - 3x + 2) and dividend is x4 — 5x? + 4, quotient is given by x4 3x42 3x42) X-5e +4) +20 ax 7 +4 3x" + 6x HA = Bx +4 = (x= T(x — 2)? + 3x + 2] = (x= 1) x= 2)? + 2x + x8 2) = (x= 1) — 2) 2) PAG #2)1 = (x= 1) (= 2) (#2) 41) which is the required solution Example 28 Factorise 2x° + 3x? — 11x 6 using factor theorem, Solution : Let p(x) = 2x? + 3x? 11x-6 Here, the constant term = 6 Factors of constant term = +1, 42, #3, +6 But, the coefficient of x* is 2 2 1 So, the required zeroes may be +5.45, ‘Aakash Educational Services Limited - Regd. Office : Aakash Tower, 8, Pusa Road, New Dalhi-t10005 Ph.011-47623456(CBSE & Olympiads (Level) Polynomials So, (2x + 1) is a factor of p(x) (On applying long division, divisor is (2x + 1) and dividend is 2x® + 3x2 — 11x ~ 6. = (2x + 1)(x2 + 3x 2x06) (2x + AIxix + 3) — 20+ 3)] = 2x4 1) 2K +8) which is the required solution. Note caps exe ; __ Factors of a When p(x) = ax? + bx? + ox + d such that a = 1, then possible zeroes = poo oe 24, Factorise x° — x? — 4x + 4 using factor theorem. 25, Factorise 3x° — x2 - 3x + 1 using factor theorem. 26. Factorise x* + 13x? + 32x + 20 using factor theorem. 27. Factorise 9z°-27z*- 100z + 300, if itis given that 3z + 10s a factor of it. 28. Factorise x‘ + x°— 7x2 — x+ 6, itis given that x— 2 is a factor of it. [le + xz ~ xb ~ 0b + X) “82 (OL ~ ZeNOr + ZENE ~Z) “22, (OL + Hz + xN(L +x) 92 (L —XEML + XML —¥) “G2 (2 + X)(Z — XML —¥) vz “suV] ‘Aakash Educational Services Limited - Regd, Office : Aakash Tower, 8, Pusa Road, New Dalhi-110005 Ph.011-47623456A olynomials (CBSE & Olympiads (Level) ALGEBRAIC IDENTITIES Square Identities Formula : @ ) ic) (a) fe) Example 2: Expand (a+ bP = a? + bP + 2ab (a - bY = a? + b? - 2ab a — b= (a+b) (a-b) (c+ aix + b)= x2 + (at b)x + ab (a+ b+ cf = at + BP + c+ 2ab + 2bc + 2ca @ (4a + aby? (i) (5a - 2b? Solution : () (4a 3b) = (4a)? + 2(4a)(3b) + (96? l(a + bP = a2 +2ab + 6?) = 16a? + 24ab + 9b? (i) (a~ 267 = (Gay — 2(6a)(2b) + (26 (a - by =a? = 2ab +64] = 25a? — 20ab + 4b? Example 3t Evaluate using suitable identities @ 254 x 254 (i) 99 x 99 Solution : () 254 * 254 = (250 + 4)(250 + 4) = (250+ 4)? = (2502 +2% 250%4+ (42 [vs (a+ bP = a? + 2ab + bY = 62500 + 2000 + 16 = 64516 (i) 99 x 99 = (100 - 14)(100 - 1) = (100-17 = (100)? 2 100 x 1+ 1? [+ (@- bY = a? - 2ab + by) = 10000 - 200 + 4 = 9801 ‘Aakash Educational Services Limited - Regd. Office : Aakash Tower, 8, Pusa Road, New Dalhi-t10005 Ph.011-47623456(CBSE & Olympiads (Level-) Polynomials Example 31: 1-8, then id Solution : o Example 32 If 2x + 3y = B and xy = =1, then find @ a2 +o" (il) (2x — 3y)? Solution : () axray=8 (2x + ay = (8)? 4x2 + 97? +2.2x- By = 64 4x2 + 9? + t2xy = 4x2 + Oye 412 x (4 4x2 + Oy? — 12 = 64 4 + 9? = 76 UbUDUY [Squaring both sides] [(a + by? = a? + b? + 2ab) [Squaring both sides] [(a + by = a? + b? + 2ab] ‘Aakash Educational Services Limited - Regd, Office : Aakash Tower, 8, Pusa Road, New Dalhi-110005 Ph.011-47623456A Polynomials (CBSE & Olympiads (Level) (i) (2x~ By = ax? + oy? 2. 2x. By = 4x2 + oy? tay 6 ~ 12-1) = 76 +12 (2x~ ayy? = 88 Example 33 Evaluate 108 * 106 using suitable identity. Solution : 108 x 106 = (100 + 8)(100 + 6) = (100)? + (8 + 6)(100) + (8 x 6) [ie (x + all + b) = 8 + (a + b)x + ab] = 10000 + 1400 + 48 = 11448 Example 34 : Expand () (2a +b + 3c? (i) (a 4b ~ 30)? Solution : () (a+ b+ 30)? = (2a)? + (by + (Bo)? + 2(2ahb) + 2(0)(3e) + 2(30)(2a) = da? + b? + 9024 dab+ 6be + 12ac (i) (@= 4b ~ 30)? = (a? + (ABP + (-3eP + 2(a)(-4b) + 2(-4b)(-S0) + 2(-30\(a) a + 166? + Qc? — Bab 24be ~ Bac ple 35: a a+b += 19 and ab + bo + ca =~13, then find the value of a? + b? + c?. Solution : We know that, (a+ b+ of = a2 + be + 2 + 2(ab + be + ca) “ Now, a+b +¢= 19 and ab + be + ca =—13 (i) af + b+ 2 2192 2-13) [From equations (i) and (i) = 361 + 26 = 987 ‘Aakash Educational Services Limited - Regd. Office : Aakash Tower, 8, Pusa Road, New Dalhi-t10005 Ph.011-47623456(CBSE & Olympiads (Level-) Polynomiais fy Example 36 : Factorise 2p? + 24pq + 72q? Solution : 2p? + 24pq + T2q? = 2(p? + 12pq + 36q") = 2ip? + (6a)? + 2.0.(6q)] = 2ip + 6a? = 2(p + 6q) (p + 6) Example 33 Simplify» (J2x-+VBy)? + 2(2x-+-f3y(V2x—V3y) + (V2x—V3y? Solution : (Bx + By)? + 20/2x + By 2x — By) + (2x By? = lv2x+ V8y)+ (V2x— Vy = [22x = 8x? Example 31 Factorise : 1 16a" +4a+— 0 ; ( “3a? A504 (il) a + 304 +4 (i) a? - toa" +9 Solution : 2 () 16x? +4044 = (+a 24a) 3) (3) [ a + 2b + 6 = (a+ Oy = (4 # ay = (40+ 3)(4043) (i) 3a -4V8a+4 = (Vay? -2(/3a)(2)+ (2)? = (v3a-2)? = (V8a-2)(v3a-2) ‘Aakash Educational Services Limited - Regd. Offce : Aakash Tower, 8, Pusa Road, New Delh-110006 Ph.011-47623456A Polynomials (CBSE & Olympiads (Level) (ii) at + 3a +4 = (a8 + 308 +4) + at a! P+ dat + 4) — at (at? + 2(a4)(2) + (2)41— af (at + 2)? — at [> a? + 2ab + b? = (a + bY = (at +24 adat + 2-22) [v 2 — be = (a- bya + by) (wv) a® - 10a* + 9 = a - 9at- at +9 = a(at — 9) — 4(a*- 9) = (at = 1a 9) = (a2 ~ fa? + 1a? 3)(@? + 3) [v a b= (a- bla + by = (a-1\(a+ 1)(a-/3)(a+ V3)(a® +3)(a? +1) Example 39 : Factorise : ) x (2x? + By? + 26 xy — 2° Solution : () B= x=x04~1) = xb? — 1) +1) = Hx thx Nee #1) which is the required solution. (2x2 43y? + 2VBay — 2? = (Bx? + (BPE By ABR? = (v2x+V8y)*-(2? = (V2x+V8y + zv2x+ v3y —z) Exampl Factorise: x? + 4y? + 922 + 6x2 ~ 4xy~ 12y2. Solution : x2 + dy? + 922 + Gaz — day - 12yz = (xP + (dy? + (Bz)? + 2(x)(3z) + 20q)-2y) + 2-2y\(3z) = (x= 2y + 32) = (x 2y + 32)(x — 2y + 32) ‘Aakash Educational Services Limited - Regd. Office : Aakash Tower, 8, Pusa Road, New Dalhi-t10005 Ph.011-47623456(CBSE & Olympiads (Level) 29, 30. 31 32, 33 36. Formula : (a) (x + y)* (ax -+vby)? + 2(Jax + Vby)(Vax - Voy) + (Vax —vby)? is equal to (1) (Vax+vby? 2) (Vax? (8) 4Vavbxy (4) (Vax-Vby? Ax? + + 22 + 2yz— Any — Az is equal to (1) @x+y+2\ex+y-2) Q) (x-y+22x+y-2) @) @x-y+2P (4) @x-y-2" 49x? + 9y? + 42xy is equal to (1) (e+ oy 2) @x+7yF @) (1x+ ay? 4) (rx ayy If x+225, then vie+— is equal to (1) 5 2 V3 @) V7 (4) v3 135x2 + 15y? — 90xy is equal to (1) 15x + yp? @) (15x+ ye @) Gx+ 15yP (4) 18(3x-y? fx? + 39? = 3, then the value of x8 + (41 @ 2m @) 47 @7 If a+b =5, then the value of a? + 6? - 10a 106 + 2ab + Sis () 20 @) 30 @ 2 4) 35 Polynomials: lu)se (eve (wee (elze (e)be “(r)oe (Z)ez “suv Xt y+ Bayly) (b) (x- yy — P= 3xy(x- y) (0) 2 += (x + YOR — xy +) (d) = (x - yo? + xy +) ‘Aakash Educational Services Limited - Regd. Offce : Aakash Tower, 8, Pusa Road, Now Delhi-110005 Ph 011-47623456A Polynomials (CBSE & Olympiads (Level) Example 41: Write the following cubes in expanded form @) (2a + 3b)? (i) (5x ayp Solution : () (2a + 3b)? = (2a)? + (3b)? + 3(2a)(3b)(2a + 3b) [v (+ yp =P + P+ Bxylx + yl] = Ba! + 2763 + 18ab(2a + 36) = Ba! + 276? + 3602 + S4abi? x — (BY)? — EXIBYKSX-3y) Lv OC YP =X? — YP — Seylx-¥)] = 125x° — 27 — A5xy(5x - 3y) 25x — 27° ~ 225x2y + 1350/2 Example 42 : Evaluate the following by using suitable identitios a 9 (i (201) Solution : () 99 = (100-1 = (100)8~ (1) ~ 3 « 100 x 1(100 — pe fe Oe yPEBRE =P Sxylx - y)] = 1000000 - 1 - 300 « 99 = 970299 (iy (201) = (200+ 1p = (200)? + (1)? +3 * 200 x 1(200 4.4) fv (e+ y= x8 + ¥? + Sxy(x + y)] = 8000000 + 1 + 120600 = 8120601 Example 43 1 I x+2=2, then find the value of 0 fos} Solution : oo = (+4) <0? 8 ‘Aakash Educational Services Limited - Regd. Office : Aakash Tower, 8, Pusa Road, New Delhi-t10005 Ph.011-47623456Polynomials]: (CBSE & Olympiads (Level-) Ge eee Gor a Bl sled) poate aces np antes on i ; 3 W e+ 5 = (2-32 [v (@- bP = (a +b)? ~ dab] 43x 4x2) [- a? b= (ab) + Babla — b)) iple 44 ‘Simply the following 2x 7 axe 0 (Fs (i) (0.7x + 0.5y)(0.49x2 — 0.35xy + 0.25y2) (il) (429 + y)(x89 4 99 x29, y56) Solution : @ ( [s (a= bla? + b? + ab) = a - 6) oe 27 8 (i) (0.7x + 0.5y)(0.49x2 - 0.35xy + 0.25)2) = (0.7x + 0.5y)[(0.7x)? — 0.7x- O.5y + (0.5y)7] = (0.74) + (0.5y)> [es (@ + 6)(a? — ab + 62) = a8 + bY = 0.343x9 + 0.1258 ‘Aakash Educational Services Limited - Regd, Office : Aakash Tower, 8, Pusa Road, New Delh-110005 Ph.011-47623456Polynomials (CBSE & Olympiads (Level) (il) 62° + yonyxt + yb — 32. yom) = (22 + YENLRB? + YAP — 22. yA] = (29) + (ssp =e + yt Example 45 If 2x + 3y = 8 and xy = 2, then find the value of @ oe +272 (2x-aypP (ii) 8-277 Solution : () ax+ay-8 Cubing both sides, we got (2x + ay) = 8? (2x)? + (By)? + 3 x 2x x By(2x + 3y) = 512 Bx + 27/8 + 18 « 2(8) = 512 gud 8x° + 27y° = 512 — 288 => 8x + 27y% = 224 (i) (2x—3y? = (ax + By? —4 x 2x x By = (BF 242 = 64-48 =16 > 2x-3y=34 Case 2x3) Cubing both sides, we get (2x~3y) = (4) = (x-3y)?= 64 (ii) When 2x— 3y = 4 > (x-3y)=64 > Bx — 27y— 3 x 2x x 3y(2x~3y) = 64 => 8x8 — 27y* — 18 * 2(4) > Bx = 279) = 64 + 144 = 8x -27/' = 208 4 [v (@ + be? +b — ab) = a3 + 65) Casel: 2x-3y=4 Cubing both sides, we get (2x~3y)? = (4) = (x-3yP = 64 When 2x - 3y=—4 > (x-ay)=-64 > 8x9 — 2798-3 x 2x x 3y(2x- By) = 04 > 8x8 - 27y'— 18 x 2-4) > 8x9 277 = -64- 144 = 8-27 =-208 64 ‘Aakash Educational Services Limited - Regd. Office : Aakash Tower, 8, Pusa Road, New Dalhi-t10005 Ph.011-47623456(CBSE & Olympiads (Level-) Polynomiais|| : Example 46: T Factorise : @) 8X + 279) + 36x2y + BAxy? s 1 x (i) 55x° a 38 Solution : We have, () 8:8 + 279 + 36x%y + Sdn? = BS + 27¥' + 18x/(2x + 39) = (2x)? + Gy}? + 312x) (By) (2x + 3y) = (2x4 3y> 0) 86 EEE = 6" VB x) = (Vx (4) -2080( |e F| | egletles Example 47: | Factorise : (a + 6)°~ (a ~ 6)? Solution [la +) - (@- by] a +b) + (@ + ba ~B) * (a= 8)4) = [(2b) (@? + 6? + 2ab + a? — b+ a? 2ab + 6] = (2b) (3a? + 62) ample: Ol ee a 5x40 (i) x 5x+2 , 1 wk arr {h) ° (x fe 1\Vfye,4 -(¥ Slee) ‘Aakash Educational Services Limited - Regd, Office : Aakash Tower, 8, Pusa Road, New Dalhi-110005 Ph.011-47623456A Polynomials (CBSE & Olympiads (Level) 64a° -27b° — 144a7b + 108ab? is equal to (1) (4-30)? @) (4a—36)? (3) (12a-4b)> @) (24d ‘Aakash Educational Services Limited - Regd. Office : Aakash Tower, 8, Pusa Road, New Delhi-t10005 Ph.011-47623456(CBSE & Olympiads (Level) Polynomials: 38. x8 = 12x(x - 4) - 64 is equal to () @x-4p @) «8p @) 4p (4) (@x-4 39, 27x8— By S4x2y + 36x92 is equal to (1) @x-3y? 2) @x+2y) @) Cox ay @) @x-2y 40. 1 x+27, then the value of 3° + is equal to (1) 222 @ a3 @ 221 (4) 345 41. 28 —yis equal to (1) A+ Plot + 4 + x2) (2) (+ Vi—yyot + ¥' + 2) @) (PAU + A +99) @) (e+ ylix— yar + = 8A) 42. («+ 1)°+ (x= 1) is equal to (i) ae +3) @) (+3) (3) (@ +2x+1) (4) (+ 1)08 + 3) 0.85%0.85%0.85 + 0.15%0.15%0.15 0.85x0.85-0.85%0.15 +0.15x0.15 (1) 0 @ 1 @) 085 (4) 315 43, is equal to ‘Aakash Educational Services Limited - Regd. Offce : Aakash Tower, 8, Pusa Road, Now Delhi-110005 Ph 011-47623456A olynomials (CBSE & Olympiads (Level) 44, (a + 6)(a? — ab + 6? + 1) is equal to (1) ®-ab+ bea @) a+bi+ard @ e+ab+b +d (@) a 2ab+ be +1 45. 1728 -8y° is equal to (1) 8(6- yy36 + 6y +) (2) 86 - y\(36 - 6y + ¥*) (3) 4(6 - y)(B6 - 36y + 7) 4) 126 ~ y\(a6 + + 6y) (sp (2)pr (Zen (We2r (2)rv (or “(vi6e (eee (Z)ze ‘(z)9e “suvl Special Algebraic Identity Xt PtP Buz = (xt y + Ze +P + 2 xy yz —2x) Example 49 Factorise @ 2N2x9 + BVBy* + S52? — 3VBOxyz (i) x8 — By + 272° + 18xeyz Solution () 22x +3V5y* +552" -3,30xy2 = (2x)? + (By) + (V52)* ~B(v2x)(V8yN(V2) = (V2x 4 Vy + V5 2)(2x? 4 3y? 452% — Sexy — TB yz — VA10x2) (ii) 8 = BY + 2729 + 18x2yz> = (x2) + (-2y)? + (329)? — 3(%) (-2y) (32%) = (x2 = 2y + 329) [xt + Ay? + 924 + xy — 3x29 + Byz"] Example 50 : Prove that x° + y! + 29— xyz =Oifx+y+2=0. Solution We know that 4 Pt D- 3x2 = (xt yt Z(t +P + 2? xy yz 2x) 20x (e+ e+ 2 ay— ye zx) [exty+z=0] =0 Hence proved Ixty+z=0, then x2 + y+ 2? = Sxyz, ‘Aakash Educational Services Limited - Regd. Office : Aakash Tower, 8, Pusa Road, New Dalhi-t10005 Ph.011-47623456(CBSE & Olympiads (Level-) Polynomials) Example 51: Simplity a (Bx + 2y + 52)(9x? + dy? + 2522 — Bxy — 1Oyz ~ 15xz) (i) (\2a-V3b + V6c)(2a? + 3b? + 6c? + V6ab + 3 2b - 2V/3ac) Solution : () (x+ 2y + 52\(Qx2 + Ay? + 252? — Gxy — toyz — 15xz) = (Bx + 2y + SzBxP + y+ (Bz)* ~ Bx 2y) ~ 2yNBz) ~ (8x)'52)) = (3x) + (2y)° + (Bz) 318 /(2y)5z) [a + b+ olla? + be + c2— ab — be ca) = a? + b? + 63 — Babe} = 27x! + By! + 12529 — Oxy (i) (V2a—V3b + \6c)(2a +36? + 6c? + V6ab + 3V2be - 2V3ac) = (V2a—V3b + V6o)[(V2a)? + (3b)? + (V6o}? -(v2a)-V3b) - (-V3b)(V6c) - (V2ay(VEc)) = (2a)? + (-V3b)* + (Bo)? - 3(/2a)(-V/3b)(v6e) (la + b+ olla? +b? + 2 ab— be— ca) = a? +b? +o - Babe) = 22a? -3V3b? +6V 6c? +18abe QUICK RECAP 1. A polynomial is an algebraic expression in which the variables involved have only whole numbers exponent. 2. Terms of the polynomial are separated by ‘+’ or operations. 3. A polynomial containing only constant is ealled/a constant polynomial 4. A polynomial written either in the descending powers of variable or in ascending powers of variable is said to be in standard form, 5. For a polynomial in one variable, the highest power of the variable is known as the degree of the polynomial 6. Polynomials of degree one, two, three and four are called linear, quadratic, cubic and biquadratic polynomials respectively 7. The value of a polynomial fx) at x = cis a). 8. For a polynomial p(x), we say that B is a zero of the polynomial p(x) such that p(p) = 0. 9. If f(x) is any polynomial of degree greater than or equal to one and ‘a’ be any real number and polynomial Rx) is divided by the linear polynomial (x — a), then the remainder is a). [Remainder theorem] 10. If f(x) be a polynomial of degree greater than or equal to 1 and ‘a’ be any real number then, (a) (x— a) is a factor of f(x), if fla) = 0. (©) fla) = 0, if (x a) is a factor of x). {Factor theorem] 11, Some algebraic identilies which would help in factorisation of polynomials (@) (K+yPae + P+ oy (b) (= yP= +P 2Hy ‘Aakash Educational Services Limited - Regd, Office : Aakash Tower, 8, Pusa Road, New Delh-110005 Ph.011-47623456CC (0) PY = (Ky) () (et yt zPa xt Pt 22+ day + yz + Dex (0) (x + ax +b) =x? + (a + bx + ab ++ Bult y) = P-3yx-y) (h) 8+ P= (x4 Yoe—ay +?) (0 B-P= OMe VHP) (+ P+ 2 xyz = (x+y + 2) (XP + YP HZ HY yo 2X) gaaVery Short Answer Type Questions : 1 Factorise 4x2 + Oy? + 1622 + 12xy — 2dyz - 16x Factorise : 2x? + 11x - 21 If x2 is one of the factors of x + a ~ 6 andx® - 9x +b, then find the values of a and b, Determine the zeroes of the following polynomials () ax+o () 22+ 7x-4 Classify the following polynomials @s constant, linear, quadratic, cubic and biquadratic polynomials: @) fw=7 nix = Bx V5 (il), 90 O42 49x47 5 Write the coefficients of x, x2, x? inthe following : () 12—x + 2x8 (i) V2x? 48x44 (ii) Tx 64x? 4 Bx TT If a+ 2b = 3 and ab = —5, then find the value of () a+ abe (i) 3 + 8b ASSIGNMENT Classify the following as monomiais, binomials and trinomials, (i) (i) x4 843 (iy Six 738 Write the following in standard form () oe 5 Bx? + 2x? () B45 +8 7% il) 4 + 6x? = x-+ V7x4 — V2x? Find the remainder in each of the following cases : (When (2x ~ 6x8 + 242 — x + 2) is divided by xed (i), When J3x? —5x(x-V2)—V6(x? +2)+ 2V3(x +2) is divided by (x—2) Evaluate the following W067) + (35) + (32) 0 Gh) Fill in the Blanks : (@) An algebraic expression is a combination of and (b) Degree of zero polynomial is (©) Every linear polynomial has one and only one (@) When f(x) = 4x° — 3x2 + 12x — 4 is divided by (+2), then remainder is 1 (©) Wx+4=5 (40) then the value of x* + x is ‘Aakash Educational Services Limited - Regd, Office : Aakash Tower, 8, Pusa Road, New Dalhi-110005 Ph.011-47623456Polynomials (CBSE & Olympiads (Level) Short Answer Type Questions : 1 Find the number of factors for the polynomial fix) = xP —x. fx—y=4 and xy= 12, then find the value of x°— Find the zeroes of the polynomial, A(x) = 43x? +x 2V3- And show that : St of = 1d show that : Sum of zeroes = 75 Factorise () @bx + 2atex — Zaby ~ dacy + bz + 2oz () at+b+c+ abt bor ac+1+ abo 24 442-22 (iy Br pae- x8 Solve the following : Tad + By — (4x + 3y)(16x2 ~ 12xy + 992) Find the value of k for which (x + 2) is a factor of (e+ 1) + Bx + WY Long Answer Type Questions : Prove that x3 + y° + 29 — 3xyz = ~ P+ y~2PH2— x7 A polynomial p(x) = x4 + 33° + x2 + 1 is divided by x +2 to obtain a remainder R. Find the zeroes of the polynomial, q(x) = 2 + Rx ~ 154: Factorise x° - 182 + 99x ~ 162, using factor theorem. What must be subtracted from 4x4 ~ 3x? + 2x? + x. = 1 so that the result is exactly divisible by 2x2 + x-1? (x + P42) [be If 2x? + By? + 42? — JOxy —2VByz—2N2xz then find the value of (2x? + 3y? +162? + 2V6xy —8V3yz—8v/2xz). Ifa +b +c #0, then prove that a® + b + ct = Babe, only when Evaluate the following : (1007 5,05x5,05%5,05 ~ 0.05%0,05%0.05 ()) §05%5.05 + 6:05x0.05 = 0.05x0.05 (ii) (= 2y)> = (+ ay SECTION-B Obj ive Type Questions : ‘The degree of polynomial x? x? +7 is (x #0) 3 @1 @ 0 4) 2 if a polynomial is given by {x) = Sx+— 3x9 + 2x21, 1+) thon the value of “TF 4 ) 4 Qa 9 8 (4) None of these ye 2x41, and divisor g(x) = x+2, then the dividend is (3x = 4x2 + x3 @) 30-42 —x43 @) 30 + 42-043 @) 30+ 42— x3 The remainder obtained when f° + 3f + 10 is divided by +1 is, (en @ e-4 @ 3e+11 @ B41 When x'! + 1 is divided by x + 1, then the remainder is (1) 0 @2 @t 4 ‘Aakash Educational Services Limited - Regd. Office : Aakash Tower, 8, Pusa Road, New Dalhi-t10005 Ph.011-47623456(CBSE & Olympiads (Level-) Polynomiais|| 6 1 1 The remainder when f(x) = x* — 3x° + 4 is divided by x-2is a4 @ 16 An expression when divided by x + 1 has x2 —x+ a8 the quotient and 3 as the remainder is equal to () 44 @ #2 @) 8-1 @) 8-4 If 3x — 2x ~ 75 is divided by (x — 2) and (x — 3), then remainders are respectively () 55,0 @) 0,55 @) 85,0 @) 0-85 The value of m, if 2y° + my? + My +m +38 exacty divisible by 2y— 1 is a7 (2) 7 @6 4) 4 10. Consider a polynomial, f(x) = ax* + bx + @ Such that 0) = 4. When f(x) is divided by x4, then the remainder is 4. Also, when it is divided by x 2, then the remainder is 6. Then 2) 8 @) -18 (1) a=3,b=-7 Q a=b=10=4 @) a=-3,b=7 (@) a=3,b=-7,c=2 1. If (2x + 5) is a factor of 2x? — k, then value of k is (1) (2) 8) a4 12, 13, 14, 15, 16. 17. Volume of a cuboid is 5x? - 125. The possible dimensions are (1) #5), (5), 4 2 3,33 (3) 5, (#- 125) 4) 5, (x #5), (x5) If ab + be + ac = 0, then the value of 1 1 1 + abe beac c?~ ab! (a+b +c) 0, is equal to aa Q)atb+e (3) abe @o where a, b, 6, The value of |2a* + 2V6ab+3b? is (1) Bate (2) v2a-36 (3) Ba42 @)yoa— 7.83x7.83 = 1.47x1.47 5, Value of The value of Sa (yo (2) 6.66 @) 1.176 (4) 18 IFO # 3x + 52 can be (t) 2-3 2) % @ 245 () ee 2K44 3x + 5) = m2 — n?, then m If xe— Sx +4 0 (x # 0), then the value of @ 10 @) 150 (4) 140 ‘Aakash Educational Services Limited - Regd, Office : Aakash Tower, 8, Pusa Road, New Dalhi-110005 Ph.011-4762345618. 19, If 2x = Sy = 13 and xy = , then the value of 8x’ — 125y° is () 4211 @) 4130 @) 4126 (4) 4147 8x0 — y— 12528 — 30x92 Is equal to (1) (2x = y + S2\(4x? + y + 252? + Day — 5yz + 10xz) (2) (2x + y + Sz\(4x2 + 2 + 2522 + 2xy + Syz + 10x2) @) (2x + y + S2\(Ax2 + 2 + 2522 + ny - Bye + 10x2) (@) (2x — y ~ Sz)(xe + y2 + 2522 + xy ~ Byz + 10x2) 20. 2 If x # 2y + 32 = 0, then the value of 0+ BY +2728 is (1) 0 2) Suz @) tex 4 etre following is true 3xyz, then which one of the () xtytz= @ x-ytz @) Either x+y +2=00rx=y=z (@) Neither x+y +z=Onorx=y=zPolynomials Level-Il (For CBSE & Olympiads)Polynomials INCLUDES ‘© Geometrical Meaning of Zeroes of Polynomial ‘© Some Problems Based on Factor Theorem © Some Important Results from Factor GEOMETRICAL MEANING OF ZEROES OF A POLYNOMIAL Theorem We know that, a real number k is a zero of a. Some Problems Based On Factorisation polynomial f(x), if Rk) = 0. But, why are the zeroes ; . bf polynomial of atmost importance? ‘© Synthetic Division of Polynomials Actually, zeroes of the polynomial tells a lot about © Assignment how the graph of polynomial can be formed. Zeroes: of a polynomial y= f(x) means any real value of x, which can give value of system y = 0, means point lies on x-2 Wherever a graph touches x-axis or the x-coordinate of that point is the zero of the polynomial. eg. Here, as we can see, graph of the polynomial cuts x-axis at x = 2. X= 2'is the zero of the polynomial. Consider more figures, VU - — Ee Yy y Here, as we can observe that the graphs of the polynomials do not cut or touch the x-axis. Polynomial has no zeroes.Polynomials CBSE & Olympiads (Level) Consider one more figure, y Here, as we can see, graph of the polynomial cuts the x-axis thrice. Polynomial has three zeroes. So, we can find out that polynomial is cubic and all its zeroes are positive, since it is cutting positive x-axis. + Number of distinct zeroes of a polynomial is equal to the number of times the graph of polynomial cuts or touches the x-axis. Y xs 5 x y Solution : This polynomial has two zeroes and both are negative, since the graph of the polynomial cuts negative axis, SOME PROBLEMS BASED ON FACTOR THEOREM Example 2 x= 3 and x + 3 are the factors of 4x° + ax? + bx. Find the values of a and b. Solution : Let fix) = 4x° + ax? + bx Now, since x3 and x + 3 are factors of fx). By factor theorem, 3) = {-3) = 0 3) = 4(3)° + a(3)2 + b(3) = 0 = 108 +9a+3b=0 0) ‘And, -3) = 4(-3)9 + a(-3)? + (-3) = 0 = -108 + 94-36 ‘Adding (i) and (i), we get 18a=0 i) = fad = 108+9*0+3b=0 [Putting @ = 0 in (} ‘Aakash Educational Services Limited - Regd. Office : Aakash Tower, 8, Pusa Road, New Dalhi-t10005 Ph.011-47623456CBSE & Olympiads (Level) Polynomials | Hence, values of a and b are 0 and ~36 respectively. Example 3: If (4x— 3) and (2x + 3) are the factors of the polynomial 16x — ax? ~ 36x * b, then find the value of a and b. Solution : Let fix) = 16x? — ax? — 36x + b 4x ~3 and 2x + 3 are the factors of fx) (Gem (a o)-Gig > 108 -9a~ 432 + 16b= 0 = 16b~ 9a = 324 _324+98 16 = 4 9a _324+9a = 2-2 {From equation (i) > 362-92 = 324 = 27a=324 = a=12 bp BAO oy {From equation (i)] Hence, 2 and 27. SOME IMPORTANT RESULTS FROM FACTOR THEOREM (x= a)is a factor of x" - a”, where nis a positive integer. (i) («+ a) isa factor of x° + a”, where nis an odd positive integer. (ii) (x + a) isa factor of x" — a”, where nis an even positive integer. ‘Aakash Educational Services Limited - Regd, Office : Aakash Tower, 8, Pusa Road, New Dalhi-110005 Ph.011-47623456Polynomials CBSE & Olympiads (Level) () x" + ais not divisible by x + a, when ‘n' is even (+ a” is not divisible by x — a for any n. (W) If x—1 is a factor of the polynomial of degree n, then the sum of all its coefficients is zero, Let fx) = a3 + a9 TF oe #8, and x 1 is a factor of fx) then f(t) =0 > atat +a, [Putting x= 1 in fx) ‘Sum of all coefficients = 0 (Wi) Ifx +1 is a factor of a polynomial of degree n, then the sum of coefficients of even powers of x is equal to the sum of coefficients of odd powers of x. Now, fix) = ax" + a,x? 1+ a,x? + ta, and x + 1 is a factor of fx) > f-1)=0 If mis even, then n= 11s 064, ay - a, + a, — a5 + + atata Similarly, the result can be proved, When nis odd. eg, fy=xtex+2 = AN) = Ay + 1) +220 i.e., sum of coefficients of even powers of x is equal to sum of coefficients of odd powers of x. Example Prove that 55° ~ 51° is divisible by 4 Solution : ‘As we know that, x" — a" Is divisible by (x — a) So, 55° — 519 is divisible by (55 ~ $1) ie., equal to 4, Hence, 55° ~ 51° is divisible 4. ‘Aakash Educational Services Limited - Regd. Office : Aakash Tower, 8, Pusa Road, New Delhi-t10005 Ph.011-47623456CBSE & Olympiads (Level) Polynomials) 1, x-4,nd xt are factors of px? + x + r, then which of the following is true? a) pat =a () P35 p=3r r @) p=r @ p-o 2. fx and x~ 4 are factors of ax° + x? ~ 2x + b, then the values of a and b are respectively (i) 2-4 (2) 1,2 8) 1.2 @) 1, -2 3. The number of non-negative zeroes ofthe folowing graph is 2 x @ 3 o x. x @) 4 @ 5 4, 8838s not divisible by y (1) 2 (2) 16 @ 17 @ 2 Upde (Ze (iz (e)b suv) SOME PROBLEMS BASED ON FACTORISATION Example § Factorise x‘ — 5x? + 4 using factor theorem. Solution : Let fix) = xt — 5x2 +4 Here, constant term = 4 Factors of constant term are +1, —1, +2, -2, +4, 4 Now, (1) = (1)*- 5(1)? +4 =0 fl) = C1) = 54 #4 = 0 (2) = (2) -5(2% +4=0 f-2) = (2) - 5-2? +4 =0 Hence, x* — 5x? + 4 = (x + 1)(x — 1)(x + 2)(x — 2), which is the required solution. Note : (@) + +29 3yz=0itxty+z=0 () Bay 428 ay2= Lory ail + V2 + 2-9] ‘Aakash Educational Services Limited - Regd, Office : Aakash Tower, 8, Pusa Road, New Dalhi-110005 Ph.011-47623456a Polynomials CBSE & Olympiads (Level) Example 6 Fact : (le IVP +010 N22 + (Vz 4x) - 300K + Vy +2 2 + Vx) Solution : (See SVP + (ly + Vz) + (2 + Va)? - 300K + IY + VEE + VX) = x + Ay ty te + V2 + Vi +P + Oy + v2? + i + v2)? - We + ly +2) ~ (x + Veil +2) — (We + Vy yx + V2) = [2x + VV + Vz) x+y +2yay ty +742 lye tx+z4 ove ~ Vay ~ Vx ~ y — 72 — fay ~V~ fy ~2—x- Vz - oy - v2] = 2x + Vy + Ve MI bet y+ 2— ry ~ yz ~ Vex) Example 7: Factorise : (x4 — y4)° + (y4 — z4) + (z4— x4 Solution : 2 t-Y) eZ) et) ext fr yore =0 84 - A) A - 2) (A - 24) = 808 — 7) (2 + A) VF + 2) (P— BYP =) (2 HA) = 3K —Y) K+ Y) OF +) Voz) VF 2) OF + 2) (2—) +H) (2? #?) Example 8 Evaluate (33)? + (25)? + (8)? Solution : ‘We need to evaluate (-33)? + (25) + (8)? Now, (-33) + (25) + (8) = 33+ 33 =0 Hence, (-33)* + (25)' + (8)* ‘can be simplified as 3 (-88) x (25) « 8 = ~19800 which is the required solution. ‘Aakash Educational Services Limited - Regd. Office : Aakash Tower, 8, Pusa Road, New Dalhi-t10005 Ph.011-47623456