Report of the Committee on This list represents the membership at the time the Committee was

balloted on the text of this report. Since that time, changes in the
Wastewater Treatment Plants membership may have occurred. A key to classifications is found at the
back of the document.
Garr M. Jones, Chair
Brown and Caldwell, CA [SE] The Report of the Technical Committee on Wastewater Treatment Plants
is presented for adoption.
Alphonse A. Abadir, U. S. Department of Labor, DC [L]
Rep. Sporting Arms & Ammunititon Manufacturers Institute, Inc. This Report was prepared by the Technical Committee on Wastewater
John R. Anderson, Marshfield, MA [SE] Treatment Plants and proposes for adoption, a complete revision to
A. W. Ballard, Crouse-Hinds, NY [M] NFPA 820, Standard for Fire Protection in Wastewater Treatment and
Rep. National Electrical Manufacturers Association Collection Facilities, 1999 edition. NFPA 820 is published in Volume 8 of
Alan J. Callier, Archer Engineers, MO [SE] the 2001 National Fire Codes and in separate pamphlet form.
Rep. Water Environment Federation
John N. Harrell, Wilson & Company, Engineers & Architects, MO [SE] This Report has been submitted to letter ballot of the Technical
Gary Hewitt, The Gorman-Rupp Company, OH [M] Committee on Wastewater Treatment Plants, which consists of 9 voting
Rep. Water & Wastewater Equipment Manufacturers Association, Inc. members. The results of the balloting, after circulation of any negative
Edward J. Sikora, National Clay Pipe Institute, WI [M] votes, can be found in the report.
James F. Wheeler, US Environmental Protection Agency, DC [E]

Alternates

Mark Kreinbihl, The Gorman-Rupp Company, OH [M]

(Alt. to G. Hewitt)
Edwin C. Lamb, National Clay Pipe Institute, AZ [M]
(Alt. to E. J. Sikora)

Staff Liaison: Richard P. Bielen

Committee Scope: This Committee shall have primary responsibility for
documents on criteria for safeguarding against the fire and explosion hazards
specific to wastewater treatment plants and associated collection systems,
including the hazard classification of specific areas and processes.

674
 NFPA 820 —May 2003 ROP Copyright, NFPA
(Log #CP57) in accordance with NFPA 259, Standard Test Method for Potential Heat of
820-1-(1-5 Definitions (GOT)) : Accept Building Materials, and complies with (a) or (b):
SUBMITTER: Technical Committee on Wastewater Treatment Plants, (a) Materials having a structural base of noncombustible material, with a
RECOMMENDATION: **Adopt the preferred definitions from the NFPA surfacing not exceeding a thickness of 1/8 in. (3.2 mm), that has a flame
Glossary of Terms for the following terms: spread index not greater than 50; (b) Materials, in the form and thickness
Building (preferred) NFPA 101, 2000 ed. used, other than as described in (a), having neither a flame spread index
Any structure used or intended for supporting or sheltering any use or greater than 25 nor evidence of continued progressive combustion, and of
occupancy. such composition that surfaces that would be exposed by cutting through the
Building (secondary) NFPA 820, 1999 ed. material on any plane would have neither a flame spread index greater than
A structure used or intended for supporting or sheltering any use or 25 nor evidence of continued progressive combustion. Materials subject to
occupancy. Personnel could occupy buildings continuously or intermittently. increase in combustibility or flame spread index beyond the limits herein
Combustible (preferred) NFPA 69, 1997 ed. established through the effects of age, moisture, or other atmospheric
Capable of undergoing combustion. condition shall be considered combustible.
Combustible (secondary) NFPA 820, 1999 ed. Noncombustible Material (preferred) NFPA 220, 1999 ed.
Any material that does not comply with the definitions of either A material that, in the form in which it is used and under the conditions
noncombustible material or limited-combustible material. anticipated, will not ignite, burn, support combustion, or release flammable
Combustible Liquid. (preferred) NFPA 30 vapors when subjected to fire or heat. Materials that are reported as passing
A liquid that has a closed-cup flash point at or above 37.8°C (100°F). ASTM E 136, Standard Test Method for Behavior of Materials in a Vertical
Combustible Liquid (secondary) NFPA 820, 1999 ed. Tube Furnace at 750°C, shall be considered noncombustible materials.
A liquid having a flash point at or above 100°F (37.8°C). Noncombustible Material (secondary) NFPA 820, 1999 ed.
Fire-Rated Penetration Seal (preferred) NFPA 801, 1998 ed. A material that in the form in which it is used and under the conditions
An assembly provided in an opening in a fire barrier for the passage of anticipated will not aid combustion or add appreciable heat to an ambient
pipes, cable trays, etc., to maintain the fire resistance rating of the fire fire. Materials, when tested in accordance with ASTM E 136, Standard
barrier. Test Method for Behavior of Materials in a Vertical Tube Furnace at 750°C,
Fire-Rated Penetration Seal (secondary) NFPA 820, 1999 ed. and conforming to the criteria contained in Chapter 7 of the referenced
An opening in a fire barrier for the passage of pipe, cable, duct, and so forth, standard, shall be considered as noncombustible. This definition applies
that has been sealed so as to maintain a barrier rating. to the materials used in the construction of buildings but does not apply to
Fire Resistance Rating (preferred) NFPA 150, 2000 ed. furnishings or the contents of buildings or to the fire hazard evaluation of
The time, in minutes or hours, that materials or assemblies have withstood a materials.
fire exposure as established in accordance with the test procedures of NFPA Oxygen-Enriched Atmosphere (preferred) NFPA 1670, 1999 ed.
251, Standard Methods of Tests of Fire Endurance of Building Construction Air atmospheres containing more than 23.5 percent oxygen by volume at
and Materials. one standard atmosphere pressure.
Fire Resistance Rating (secondary) NFPA 820, 1999 ed. Oxygen-Enriched Atmosphere (secondary) NFPA 820, 1999 ed.
The time, in minutes or hours, that materials or assemblies have withstood a Any atmosphere with an oxygen concentration greater than ambient by
fire exposure as established in accordance with the test procedures of NFPA volume at normal atmospheric pressure.
251, Standard Methods of Tests of Fire Endurance of Building Construction Structure (preferred) NFPA 101, 2000 ed.
and Materials. This definition applies to the materials used in the That which is built or constructed.
construction of buildings but does not apply to furnishings or the contents of Structure (secondary) NFPA 820, 1999ed.
buildings or to the fire hazard evaluation of materials. All construction designed to contain or convey wastewater, sludge, sludge
Flammable Liquid. (preferred) NFPA 30 gas, piping, or equipment. Structures can provide access but are not intended
A liquid that has a closed-cup flash point that is below 100°F (37.8°C) and a for continuous personnel occupancy.
maximum vapor pressure of 40 psia (2068 mm Hg) at 100°F (37.8°C). SUBSTANTIATION: Adoption of preferred definitions will assist the user
Flammable Liquid (secondary) NFPA 820, 1999 ed. by providing consistent meaning of defined terms throughout the National
A Class I liquid having a flash point below 100°F (37.8°C) and having a Fire Codes.
vapor pressure not exceeding 40 psia (2068 mm Hg) at 100°F (37.8°C). COMMITTEE MEETING ACTION:Accept
Identified (preferred) NFPA 79, 1997 ed. NUMBER OF COMMITTEE MEMBERS ELIGIBLE TO VOTE:9
Recognizable as suitable for the specific purpose, function, use, VOTE ON COMMITTEE ACTION:
environment, application, etc., where described in a particular Code AFFIRMATIVE: 6
requirement. NOT RETURNED: 3 Abadir, Callier, Harrell
Identified (secondary) NFPA 820, 1999 ed.
As applied to equipment, recognizable as suitable for the specific purpose, ————————————————-
function, use, environment, application, and so forth, where described in a
particular code requirement. (Log #2)
Intrinsically Safe (preferred) NFPA 99, 1999ed. 820-2-(Tables 2-3, 3-2, 4-2) : Reject
As applied to equipment and wiring, equipment and wiring that are SUBMITTER: Ashwani K. Wason, Carollo Engineers
incapable of releasing sufficient electrical energy under normal or abnormal RECOMMENDATION: CGD requirement for Division 1 areas should be
conditions to cause ignition of a specific hazardous atmospheric mixture. deleted.
Intrinsically Safe (secondary) NFPA 820, 1999 ed. SUBSTANTIATION: CGD system in Division 1 areas will keep
Equipment and wiring that are not capable of releasing sufficient electrical alarming under normal operating conditions.
or thermal energy under normal or abnormal conditions to cause ignition of Note: Supporting Material is available for review at NFPA headquarters.
a specific flammable or combustible atmospheric mixture in its most easily COMMITTEE MEETING ACTION:Reject
ignitible concentration. Abnormal conditions include accidental damage COMMITTEE STATEMENT: History shows there are incidents if
to any field-installed wiring, failure of electrical components, application explosions of slug discharges or gases. It is a valid part of a protection
of overvoltage, adjustment and maintenance operations, and other similar system to detect vapors at or before it reaches a flammable limit. The
conditions. (See ANSI/ISA RP 12.67, Installation of Intrinsically Safe continous presence of gas in a Class I, Division 1 location may not be the
Instrument Systems in Class I Hazardous Locations.) norm for all processes of a wastewater treatment plant.
Limited-Combustible Material (preferred) NFPA 96, 1998 ed. NUMBER OF COMMITTEE MEMBERS ELIGIBLE TO VOTE:9
A building construction material that does not comply with the definition of VOTE ON COMMITTEE ACTION:
noncombustible material, that, in the form in which it is used, has a potential AFFIRMATIVE: 6
heat value not exceeding 3500 Btu/ lb (8141 kJ/kg) (see NFPA 259, Standard NOT RETURNED: 3 Abadir, Callier, Harrell
Test Method for Potential Heat of Building Materials), and that complies
with either of the following (a) or (b). Materials subject to an increase in ————————————————-
combustibility or flame-spread rating beyond the limits herein established
through the effects of age, moisture, or other atmospheric conditions shall be (Log #CP60)
considered combustible. 820-3-(Chapter 3 Unit Process) : Accept
(a) Materials having a structural base of noncombustible material, with a SUBMITTER: Technical Committee on Wastewater Treatment Plants,
surfacing not exceeding a thickness of 1/8 in. (3.2 mm), and with a flame- RECOMMENDATION: Add new definition as follows:
spread rating not greater than 50 Unit Process. A stage or step in the treatment of wastewater.
(b) Materials in the form and thickness used, other than as described in SUBSTANTIATION: this term is used in the standard and needs to be
(a), having neither a flame-spread rating greater than 25 nor evidence of defined.
continued progressive combustion and of such composition that surfaces COMMITTEE MEETING ACTION:Accept
that would be exposed by cutting through the material on any plane would NUMBER OF COMMITTEE MEMBERS ELIGIBLE TO VOTE:9
have neither a flame-spread rating greater than 25 nor evidence of continued VOTE ON COMMITTEE ACTION:
progressive combustion. AFFIRMATIVE: 6
Limited-Combustible Material (secondary) NFPA 820, 1999 ed. NOT RETURNED: 3 Abadir, Callier, Harrell
A building construction material not complying with the definition
of noncombustible material that in the form in which it is used, has a ————————————————-
potential heat value not exceeding 3500 Btu/lb (8141 kJ/kg) where tested
675
 NFPA 820 —May 2003 ROP Copyright, NFPA
(Log #CP61) (Log #CP58)
820-4-(Table 4-2(b)) : Accept 820-7-(Entire Document) : Accept
SUBMITTER: Technical Committee on Wastewater Treatment Plants, SUBMITTER: Technical Committee on Wastewater Treatment Plants,
RECOMMENDATION: Add a new row to Table 4-2(b) as shown below: RECOMMENDATION: Restructure entire document to comply with the
Note: Row 2, Sludge Drying Processes remains as is 4-2(b), 2 ia an NFPA Manual of Style as follows:
additional requirement. 1. Chapter 1 to contain administrative text only.
SUBSTANTIATION: This proposal clarifies and addresses a hazard 2. Chapter 2 to contain only referenced publications cited in the mandatory
that was not previously recognized. The storage of combustible dust is a portions of the document.
hazard and can explose. 3. Chapter 3 to contain only definitions.
COMMITTEE MEETING ACTION:Accept 4. All mandatory sections of the document must be evaluated for usability,
NUMBER OF COMMITTEE MEMBERS ELIGIBLE TO VOTE:9 adoptability, and enforceability language. Generate necessary committee
VOTE ON COMMITTEE ACTION: proposals.
AFFIRMATIVE: 6 5. All units of measure in document are converted to SI units with inch/
NOT RETURNED: 3 Abadir, Callier, Harrell pound units in parentheses.
6. Appendices restructured and renamed as “Annexes.”
————————————————- SUBSTANTIATION: Editorial restructuring, to conform with the 2000
edition of the NFPA Manual of Style.
(Log #1) COMMITTEE MEETING ACTION:Accept
820-5-(Table 7-3) : Reject NUMBER OF COMMITTEE MEMBERS ELIGIBLE TO VOTE:9
SUBMITTER: Larry Maldonado, City of Portland, OR VOTE ON COMMITTEE ACTION:
RECOMMENDATION: Table 7.3, Row 2(a), Row 2(b ), Row 2(c) and AFFIRMATIVE: 6
Rows 3(a) and 3(b), change: NOT RETURNED: 3 Abadir, Callier, Harrell
<12ft/min, ≥12 ft/min, <6 ft/min and ≥6 ft/min to <12 air changes per
hour, ≥12 air changes per hour, <6 air changes per hour, ≥6 air changes per ————————————————-
hour.
SUBSTANTIATION: Change is required to be consistent with the (Log #CP62)
statements in paragraph 7-3.1, and Table 4(a), Rows 17, 20, and 21 when 820-8-(Entire Document) : Accept
reading the ventilation requirements of Table 4(a). Really, this is just a SUBMITTER: Technical Committee on Wastewater Treatment Plants,
misprint correction - there is no air velocity to measure in rooms. RECOMMENDATION: Completely revise NFPA 820, Standard for Fire
COMMITTEE MEETING ACTION:Reject Protection in Wastewater Treatment Facilities, shown at the end of this report.
COMMITTEE STATEMENT: The 1999 edition already incorporated Incorporate all technical changes from the proposals and all Manual of Style
this change. changes.
NUMBER OF COMMITTEE MEMBERS ELIGIBLE TO VOTE:9 SUBSTANTIATION: NFPA 820 was completely revised to incorporate
VOTE ON COMMITTEE ACTION: all Manual of Style changes to eliminate unenforceable language, remove
AFFIRMATIVE: 6 exceptions, break out multiple requirements, use preferred definitions, add
NOT RETURNED: 3 Abadir, Callier, Harrell requirements to address the protection of enclosed dried sludge storage areas,
and the committee standardized the use of the term flammable limits.
————————————————- COMMITTEE MEETING ACTION:Accept
NUMBER OF COMMITTEE MEMBERS ELIGIBLE TO VOTE:9
(Log #CP59) VOTE ON COMMITTEE ACTION:
820-6-(Entire Document) : Accept AFFIRMATIVE: 6
SUBMITTER: Technical Committee on Wastewater Treatment Plants, NOT RETURNED: 3 Abadir, Callier, Harrell
RECOMMENDATION: Change: “Explosive Limits” to “Flammable
Limits” in the definition, and throughout the document. ————————————————-
SUBSTANTIATION: Flammable Limit is technically more correct and
is consistent with NFPA 70.
COMMITTEE MEETING ACTION:Accept
NUMBER OF COMMITTEE MEMBERS ELIGIBLE TO VOTE:9
VOTE ON COMMITTEE ACTION:
AFFIRMATIVE: 6
NOT RETURNED: 3 Abadir, Callier, Harrell

————————————————-

R
A B C D E F G
Location and Fire and Ventilation Extent of NEC-Area Material of Fire Protection
Function Explosion classified Electrical Construction Measures
Hazard Area Classification for Buildings
(All Class II, or Structures
Group G)
2 Dried Sludge Potential for NR Entire Room 2 Division 13 NC H, FAS, and
Storage areas, if ignition of dust (Construction in FSS (See NFPA
enclosed accordance with 61 and NFPA
NFPA 68 and 69.)
NFPA 69)
Note: The NR designation in column C indicates that no ventilation requirements are established for the space and therefore, Table 7-3.1 also has
no requirements.
1
See NFPA 54, National Fuel Gas Code, NFPA 82, Standard on incinerators and Waste and Linen Handling Systems and Equipment; NFPA
8501 Standard for Single Burner boiler operations, and NFPA 8502, Standard for the Prevention of Furnace Explosions/Implosions in Multiple
Burner Boilers.
2
The area beyond the envelope is unclassified.
3
If acceptable to the authority having jurisdiction, it shall be permitted to be determined in accordance with classifications in NFPA 499,
Recommended Practice for the Classification of Combustible Dusts and of Hazardous (Classified) Locations for Electrical Installations in
Chemical Process Areas.
FAS — Fire alarm system
FSS — Fire suppression system (e.g. automatic sprinkler, water spray, foam gaseous, or dry chemical)
H — Hydrant protection in accordance with 5-2.4
NEC — In accordance with NFPA 70, National Electrical Code
NC — Noncombustible material
NR — No requirement

676
 NFPA 820 — May 2003 ROP — Copyright, NFPA
1.3 Application.
NFPA 820 1.3.1* New Installations. The requirements of this standard shall apply to
new installations.
Standard for
1.3.1.1 When additions or modifications are made to existing facilities, the
Fire Protection in Wastewater Treatment and modifications shall reflect the requirements of this document.
Collection Facilities 1.3.1.2 In any event, the requirements of this standard shall be used by
owners in a risk assessment to identify the areas of a treatment plant that are
2003 Edition vulnerable to fire or other loss.
1.3.2 Toxicity and Biological Hazards.
NOTICE: An asterisk (*) following the number or letter designating a 1.3.2.1 This standard shall apply to the fire and explosion hazards of various
paragraph indicates that explanatory material on the paragraph can be found substances associated with wastewater treatment and conveyance.
in Annex A.
A reference in brackets [ ] following a section or paragraph indicates 1.3.2.2 This standard shall not apply to toxicity and biological hazards.
material that has been extracted from another NFPA document. As an CAUTION:
aid to the user, Annex A lists the complete title and edition of the source It is recognized that, from a personnel safety standpoint, toxicity and
documents for both mandatory and non-mandatory extracts. Editorial biological hazards can be present in life-threatening concentrations
changes to extracted material consist of revising references to an appropriate while no threat of fire or explosion exists.
division in this document or the inclusion of the document number with
the division number when the reference is to the original document.
Requests for interpretations or revisions of extracted text shall be sent to the
appropriate technical committee. 1.3.3 Fire Risk Evaluation. A fire risk evaluation shall be initiated early

T
in the facility design or alteration to integrate the fire prevention and fire
Information on referenced publications can be found in Chapter 2 and protection requirements described in this document.
Annex F.
1.3.4 Ventilation Practices. Ventilation rates required by this standard shall

F
be to minimize fire and explosion hazards, which could be insufficient to
Chapter 1 Adminstration protect personnel from exposure to toxic and biological hazards.
1.1 Scope. 1.3.5 Materials Selection. The fire risk evaluation shall include evaluation
of flame spread, smoke generation, and the impact that a fire or explosion
1.1.1 General. will have on the structural integrity of the facility when conditions or

A
applications warrant the selection of combustible, limited-combustible, or
1.1.1.1* low flame spread materials.
This standard shall establish minimum requirements for protection against CAUTION:
fire and explosion hazards in wastewater treatment plants and associated Since many of the corrosion-resistant materials and coatings are combustible

R
collection systems, including the hazard classification of specific areas and or limited-combustible and could represent a considerable fuel load during
processes. fire events, the design and fire risk evaluation shall consider any additional
hazards imposed by the use of these materials.
1.1.1.2 This standard shall apply to the following:
(1) Collection sewers

D
(2) Trunk sewers 1.4 Retroactivity. The provisions of this standard reflect a consensus of what
is necessary to provide an acceptable degree of protection from the hazards
(3) Intercepting sewers addressed in this standard at the time the standard was issued.
(4) Combined sewers
1.4.1 Unless otherwise specified, the provisions of this standard shall not
(5) Storm sewers apply to facilities, equipment, structures, or installations that existed or
(6) Pumping stations were approved for construction or installation prior to the effective date
(7) Wastewater treatment plants of the standard. Where specified, the provisions of this standard shall be
retroactive.
(8) Sludge-handling facilities
(9) Chemical-handling facilities 1.4.2 In those cases where the authority having jurisdiction determines that
the existing situation presents an unacceptable degree of risk, the authority
(10) Treatment facilities having jurisdiction shall be permitted to apply retroactively any portions of
(11) Ancillary structures (see definition in Chapter 3) this standard deemed appropriate.
1.1.1.3 This standard shall not apply to the following: 1.4.3 The retroactive requirements of this standard shall be permitted to be
(1) Collection, treatment, or disposal of industrial wastes or manufactured modified if their application clearly would be impractical in the judgment of
by-products that are treated on-site and not discharged to a publicly or the authority having jurisdiction, and only where it is clearly evident that a
privately operated municipal facility reasonable degree of safety is provided.
(2) On-site treatment systems (see definition in Chapter 3) 1.5 Equivalency. Nothing in this standard is intended to prevent the use of
(3) Pressure sewer systems (see definition of Pressure Sewer in systems, methods, or devices, of equivalent or superior quality, strength, fire
resistance, effectiveness, durability, and safety over those prescribed by this
Chapter 3) standard. Technical documentation shall be submitted to the authority having
(4) Building drain systems and appurtenances (see definition in jurisdiction to demonstrate equivalency. The system, method, or device shall
Chapter 3) be approved for the intended purpose by the authority having jurisdiction.
(5) Industrial sewer systems and appurtenances (see definition of
Industrial Sewer in Chapter 3) 1.6 Document Organization. This document shall be divided into 10
chapters.
(6) Personnel safety from toxic and hazardous materials or products of
combustion 1.6.1 Chapters 1, 3, 7, 8, 9, and 10 shall apply generally.
(7) Separate nonprocess-related structures (see definition in Chapter 3)
1.6.2 Chapters 4, 5, and 6 shall apply to specific processes and functions.
1.2 Purpose.
1.7* National Electrical Code ® Criteria.
1.2.1 The purpose of this standard shall be to provide a degree of fire and
explosion protection for life, property, continuity of mission, and protection 1.7.1 This standard is based on the criteria established by Article 500 of
of the environment. NFPA 70, National Electrical Code ®, but shall not supersede or conflict
with the requirements therein.
1.2.2 The purpose of this standard shall be to reduce or eliminate the effects 1.7.2 Once an area is classified, NFPA 70 shall be used to specify the types
of fire or explosion by maintaining structural integrity, controlling flame of equipment and the wiring methods that are required.
spread and smoke generation, preventing the release of toxic products of
combustion, and maintaining serviceability and operation of the facility.
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 NFPA 820 — May 2003 ROP — Copyright, NFPA
1.8 Units and Formulas. Metric units of measurement used within this NFPA 601, Standard for Security Services in Fire Loss Prevention, 2000
standard are in accordance with the modernized metric system known as the edition.
International System of Units (SI). NFPA 780, Standard for the Installation of Lightning Protection Systems,
1.8.1 Values of measurement are followed by an approximate equivalent 2000 edition.
value in U.S. customary units. NFPA 1142, Standard on Water Supplies for Suburban and Rural Fire
Fighting, 2001 edition.
1.8.2 For metric conversion practices, see ANSI/IEEE 268, Metric
Practices. NFPA 2001, Standard on Clean Agent Fire Extinguishing Systems, 2000
edition.
NFPA Fire Protection Guide to Hazardous Materials, 2001 edition.
Chapter 2 Referenced Publications
2.3 Other Publications.
2.1 General. The documents or portions thereof listed in this chapter
are referenced within this standard and shall be considered part of the 2.3.1 ANSI Publications.
requirements of this document. American National Standards Institute, Inc., 11 West 42nd Street, 13th floor,
2.2 NFPA Publications. New York, NY 10036.
ANSI/IEEE 268, Metric Practices, 1997.
National Fire Protection Association, 1 Batterymarch Park, P.O. Box 9101,
Quincy, MA 02269-9101. ANSI/ISA RP 12.6, Installation of Intrinsically Safe Instrument Systems in
Class I Hazardous Locations, 1995.
NFPA 10, Standard for Portable Fire Extinguishers, 2002 edition.
NFPA 11, Standard for Low-Expansion Foam, 2002 edition. 2.3.2 ASTM Publications.
NFPA 12, Standard on Carbon Dioxide Extinguishing Systems, 2000 American Society for Testing and Materials, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, West

T
edition. Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959.
NFPA 12A, Standard on Halon 1301 Fire Extinguishing Systems, 1997 ASTM E 136, Standard Test Method for Behavior of Materials in a Vertical
edition. Tube Furnace at 750°C (1382°F), 1998.
ASTM E 814, Standard Test Method for Fire Tests of Through-Penetration

F
NFPA 13, Standard for the Installation of Sprinkler Systems, 1999 edition.
Fire Stops, 1997 (Rev. B-94).
NFPA 14, Standard for the Installation of Standpipe, Private Hydrant, and
Hose Systems, 2000 edition. Chapter 3 Definitions
NFPA 15, Standard for Water Spray Fixed Systems for Fire Protection, 2001 3.1 General. The definitions contained in this chapter shall apply to the
edition. terms used in this standard. Where terms are not included, common usage of

A
the terms shall apply.
NFPA 16, Standard for the Installation of Foam-Water Sprinkler and Foam-
Water Spray Systems, 1999 edition. 3.2 NFPA Official Definitions.
NFPA 17, Standard for Dry Chemical Extinguishing Systems, 2002 edition. 3.2.1* Approved. Acceptable to the authority having jurisdiction.

R
NFPA 20, Standard for the Installation of Stationary Pumps for Fire 3.2.2* Authority Having Jurisdiction (AHJ). The organization, office, or
Protection, 2001 edition. individual responsible for approving equipment, materials, an installation, or
NFPA 22, Standard for Water Tanks for Private Fire Protection, 1998 a procedure.
edition. 3.2.3 Labeled. Equipment or materials to which has been attached a label,
symbol, or other identifying mark of an organization that is acceptable to
NFPA 24, Standard for the Installation of Private Fire Service Mains and

D
the authority having jurisdiction and concerned with product evaluation,
Their Appurtenances, 2002 edition. that maintains periodic inspection of production of labeled equipment or
NFPA 25, Standard for the Inspection, Testing, and Maintenance of Water- materials, and by whose labeling the manufacturer indicates compliance
Based Fire Protection Systems, 2002 edition. with appropriate standards or performance in a specified manner.
NFPA 30, Flammable and Combustible Liquids Code, 2000 edition. 3.2.4* Listed. Equipment, materials, or services included in a list published
by an organization that is acceptable to the authority having jurisdiction and
NFPA 45, Standard on Fire Protection for Laboratories Using Chemicals, concerned with evaluation of products or services, that maintains periodic
2000 edition. inspection of production of listed equipment or materials or periodic
NFPA 51B, Standard for Fire Prevention During Welding, Cutting, and evaluation of services, and whose listing states that either the equipment,
Other Hot Work, 1999 edition. material, or service meets appropriate designated standards or has been
tested and found suitable for a specified purpose.
NFPA 54, National Fuel Gas Code, 2002 edition. 3.2.5 Shall. Indicates a mandatory requirement.
NFPA 70, National Electrical Code®, 2002 edition. 3.2.6 Should. Indicates a recommendation or that which is advised but not
required.
NFPA 70E, Standard for Electrical Safety Requirements for Employee 3.2.7 Standard. A document, the main text of which contains only
Workplaces, 2000 edition. mandatory provisions using the word “shall” to indicate requirements and
NFPA 72® , National Fire Alarm Code®, 2002 edition. which is in a form generally suitable for mandatory reference by another
standard or code or for adoption into law. Nonmanda≠tory provisions shall
NFPA 82, Standard on Incinerators and Waste and Linen Handling Systems be located in an appendix or annex, footnote, or fine-print note and are not to
and Equipment, 1999 edition. be considered a part of the requirements of a standard.
NFPA 85, Boiler and Combustion Systems Hazards Code, 2001 edition.
3.3 General Definitions.
NFPA 90A, Standard for the Installation of Air-Conditioning and
Ventilating Systems, 2002 edition. 3.3.1 Activated Carbon. Adsorptive carbon particles or granules usually
NFPA 101®, Life Safety Code®, 2000 edition. obtained by heating carbonaceous material in the absence of air or in steam
and possessing a high capacity to selectively remove trace and soluble
NFPA 204, Standard for Smoke and Heat Venting, 2002 edition. components from solution.
NFPA 241, Standard for Safeguarding Construction, Alteration, and
Demolition Operations, 2000 edition. 3.3.2 Activated Sludge. A microbial mass grown in aeration tanks,
subsequently separated from treated wastewater by sedimentation, and
NFPA 251, Standard Methods of Tests of Fire Endurance of Building wasted or returned to the process as needed.
Construction and Materials, 1999 edition.
3.3.3 Adjacent. Sharing a common wall, partition, or barrier.
NFPA 256, Standard Methods of Fire Tests of Roof Coverings, 1998 edition.
NFPA 259, Standard Test Method for Potential Heat of Building Materials, 3.3.4 Advanced (Tertiary) Wastewater Treatment. Any physical,
1998 edition. chemical, or biological treatment process used to accomplish a degree of
treatment greater than that achieved by secondary treatment. (See also
NFPA 496, Standard for Purged and Pressurized Enclosures for Electrical definition of Secondary Wastewater Treatment.)
Equipment, 1998 edition.
NFPA 499, Recommended Practice for the Classification of Combustible 3.3.5 Anaerobic Digestion. A unit process designed to biologically convert
Dusts and of Hazardous (Classified) Locations for Electrical Installations organic matter (sludge) through the action of microorganisms in the absence
in Chemical Process Areas, 1997 edition. of elemental oxygen. Process by-products include a gas containing methane,
carbon dioxide, and small quantities of hydrogen sulfide. The digestion tank
NFPA 600, Standard on Industrial Fire Brigades, 2000 edition. can have a fixed or floating roof system.

678
 NFPA 820 — May 2003 ROP — Copyright, NFPA
3.3.6 Anaerobic Waste Treatment. A unit process providing treatment of 3.3.22.2 Pressure or Gravity Filter. A filter used to pass liquid through a
the liquid stream by action of microorganisms in the absence of elemental medium to remove suspended solids.
oxygen, the process by-products of which include a gas containing methane,
carbon dioxide, and small quantities of hydrogen sulfide. 3.3.22.3 Trickling Filter. A treatment unit process consisting of stone,
plastic, redwood, or similar media over which wastewater is distributed and
3.3.7 Building. Any structure used or intended for supporting or sheltering through which wastewater trickles to the underdrains and is treated by the
any use or occupancy. (NFPA 101) microbial slimes formed on the surface of the media.
3.3.8 Building Drain. In plumbing, the part of the lowest horizontal piping 3.3.22.4 Vacuum Filter. A unit process, used to dewater wastewater sludge,
of a drainage system that receives the discharge from soil, waste, and other consisting of a cylindrical drum mounted on a horizontal axis, covered with
drainage pipes inside the walls of the building and conveys it to the building a media, and subjected to an internal vacuum.
sewer (house connection or lateral).
3.3.23 Filter Press. A plate and frame press used in a unit process that is
3.3.9 Centrifuge. A mechanical device in which centrifugal force is used to operated hydraulically and mechanically to produce a semisolid sludge cake
separate solids from liquids or to separate liquids of different densities. from a slurry.
3.3.10 Chamber. 3.3.24 Fire Barrier. A continuous vertical or horizontal membrane, such
as a wall or floor assembly, that is designed and constructed with a specified
3.3.10.1 Grit Chamber. A detention chamber or an enlargement of a sewer fire resistance rating to limit the spread of fire and that also will restrict the
designed to reduce the velocity of flow of the liquid to permit the separation movement of smoke. Such barriers might have protected openings. [101: ]
of mineral from organic solids by differential sedimentation.
3.3.25 Fire Loading. The amount of combustibles present in a given area,
3.3.10.2 Screening Chamber. A chamber or enlargement of a sewer in expressed in Btu/ft 2 (kJ/m2 ). [851: ]
which large suspended or floating solids or material is removed from raw
wastewater by a screen. 3.3.26 Fire Prevention. Measures directed toward avoiding the inception of
fire. [801: ]

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3.3.11 Combustible. Capable of undergoing combustion. (NFPA 220)
3.3.27 Fire Protection. Methods of providing for fire control or fire
3.3.12 Combustible Gas Detector. A gas detector used to detect the extinguishment. [801: ]
presence of flammable vapors and gases and to warn when concentrations in

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air approach the explosive range. 3.3.28 Fire-Rated Penetration Seal. An assembly provided in an opening
in a fire barrier for the passage of pipes, cable trays, and so forth, to maintain
3.3.13 Combustible or Explosive Dust. A dust capable of spontaneous the fire resistance rating of the fire barrier. (NFPA 851)
combustion or of exploding or burning when subjected to a source of
ignition. 3.3.29 Flash Dryer. A device for vaporizing water from partly dewatered
and finely divided sludge through contact with a current of hot gas or

A
3.3.14 Compost. The product of the thermophilic biological oxidation of superheated vapor that includes a squirrel-cage mill for separating the sludge
sludge or other organic materials. cake into fine particles.
3.3.15 Dissolved Air Flotation. A separation process in which air bubbles 3.3.30 Flash Mixer. A device for quickly dispersing chemicals uniformly
emerging from a supersaturated solution become attached to suspended throughout a liquid or semisolid.

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solids in the liquid undergoing treatment and float them up to the surface.
3.3.31 Flocculator. A device used in a unit process used for the formation of
3.3.16 Drying Bed. A confined, underdrained, shallow layer of sand or floc in wastewater.
gravel structures on which digested sludge is distributed for draining and
air drying; also an underdrained, shallow, diked earthen structure used for 3.3.32 Fluidized Bed Reactor. A pressure vessel or tank that is designed for
drying sludge. liquid–solid or gas–solid reactions; the liquid or gas moves upward through

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the solids’ particles at a velocity sufficient to suspend the individual particles
3.3.17 Enclosed Space. The interior space of any tank or unit process that in the fluid. Applications include ion exchange, granular activated carbon
is closed to the atmosphere, excluding vents or pressure relief, or the area adsorbers, and some types of furnaces, kilns, and biological contactors.
around any open tank or unit process surrounded by a building or other
structure constructed with a roof and solid walls. 3.3.33 Force Main (Pressure Main). A pressure pipe connecting the pump
discharge of a wastewater pumping station under pressure to a point of
3.3.18 Equipment. A general term that includes items such as material, discharge.
fittings, devices, appliances, and fixtures and apparatus, used as part of, or in
connection with, a mechanical, instrumentation, or electrical installation. 3.3.34 Galleries. Long tunnels or walkways connecting separate buildings
or structures. Galleries are generally underground, without windows, and
3.3.18.1 Gas-Handling Equipment. Equipment, including gas compressors, with limited entrances and exits. Galleries frequently contain gas or other
sediment traps, drip traps, gas scrubbers, and pressure-regulating and hazardous material transport systems, water, wastewater, sludge piping,
control valves, used in the removal of gas evolved from the anaerobic electrical wiring, and mechanical or electrical equipment.
digestion process and the compression, conditioning, or treatment of such
gas. Gas-handling equipment does not include equipment or devices for the 3.3.35 Gas.
utilization of the gas, such as boilers, engines, and waste gas burners.
3.3.35.1 Digester Gas. See definition of Sludge Gas.
3.3.18.2 Utilization Equipment. Equipment that utilizes electric energy
for electronic, electromechanical, chemical, heating, lighting, or similar 3.3.35.2* Fuel Gas. A gas used as a fuel source, including natural gas,
purposes. [70: ] manufactured gas, sludge gas, liquefied petroleum gas-air mixtures, liquefied
petroleum gas in the vapor phase, and mixtures of these gases.
3.3.19 Equipment Enclosure. The housing that covers, protects, or guards a
piece of equipment that is not intended for personnel occupancy but that can 3.3.35.3 Sewer Gas. Gas resulting from the decomposition of organic
provide access to the equipment. matter in wastewater in sewers and from the incidental, uncontrolled release
of hydrocarbons or decomposition of organic matter in stagnant liquid and
3.3.20 Explosionproof Apparatus. Apparatus enclosed in a case that is septic sludge in wastewater treatment plants. The gas might contain trace
capable of withstanding an explosion of a specified gas or vapor that may quantities of methane and hydrogen sulfide and could be low in oxygen. It
occur within it and capable of preventing the ignition of a specified gas or might be both a fire and life safety hazard.
vapor surrounding the enclosure by sparks, flashes, or explosion of the gas
or vapor within, and that operates at such an external temperature that a 3.3.35.4 Sludge Gas. Gas obtained as a by-product of the anaerobic sludge
surrounding flammable atmosphere will not be ignited thereby. [70: ] digestion unit process from the decomposition of organic matter. Sludge
gas has a high content of methane, varying amounts of carbon dioxide and
3.3.21 Flammable Limits. hydrogen sulfide, and a small amount of nitrogen. It can be both a fire and
life safety hazard.
3.3.21.1 Lower Flammable Limit (LFL). The minimum concentration of a
gas–air or vapor–air mixture that supports flame, if ignited. 3.3.36 Hazardous (Classified) Location. A location that is classified based
on the properties of the flammable vapors, liquids, or gases, or combustible
3.3.21.2 Upper Flammable Limit (UFL). The maximum concentration of a dusts or fibers that might be present and the likelihood that a flammable or
gas–air or vapor–air mixture that, if ignited, supports flame. combustible concentration or quantity is present.
3.3.22 Filter. 3.3.37 Hydrogen Sulfide (H 2 S). A toxic and lethal gas produced in sewers
and digesters by anaerobic decomposition of wastewater solids or other
3.3.22.1 Belt Filter. A sludge-dewatering or -concentrating device having anaerobic wastewater or sludge treatment processes.
continuous bands or belts of filtering media that pass around rollers and from
which the material caught on the media is usually removed by gravity and
pressure.
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 NFPA 820 — May 2003 ROP — Copyright, NFPA
3.3.38 Identified. Recognizable as suitable for the specific purpose, 3.3.52 Physically Separated. A gastight partition between two adjacent
function, use, environment, application, etc., where described in a particular spaces, or two nonadjacent spaces, with no means of gas communication
code requirement. between the spaces. Personnel entry to the separate spaces is by individual,
grade-level exterior access ports with no physical connection between the
3.3.39 Imhoff Tank. A deep, two-story wastewater treatment tank two.
consisting of an upper continuous-flow sedimentation chamber and a lower
sludge digestion chamber. 3.3.53 Primary Wastewater Treatment. The first major treatment in a
wastewater treatment plant, generally consisting of screening, comminution
3.3.40 Incineration. Combustion or controlled burning of volatile organic or grinding, grit removal, sedimentation, skimming, or any combination of
matter in sludge and solid waste that reduces the volume of the material such unit processes.
while producing heat, dry inorganic ash, and gaseous emissions.
3.3.54 Pumping Station. A structure that contains pumps and appurtenant
3.3.41 Inspection. A visual examination of a system or portion thereof to piping, valves, and other mechanical and electrical equipment for pumping
verify that it appears to be in operating condition and is free of physical wastewater or other liquid. Also called lift station.
damage.
3.3.55 Pyrolysis. The destructive distillation of organic compounds in an
3.3.42 Intrinsically Safe. As applied to equipment and wiring, equipment oxygen-free environment that converts the organic matter into gases, liquids,
and wiring that are incapable of releasing sufficient electrical energy under and char.
normal or abnormal conditions to cause ignition of a specific hazardous
atmospheric mixture. (NFPA 99) 3.3.56 Rating.
3.3.43 Liquid. 3.3.56.1 Fire Resistance Rating. The time, in minutes or hours, that
materials or assemblies have withstood a fire exposure as established in
3.3.43.1* Combustible Liquid. A liquid that has a closed-cup flash point at accordance with the test procedures of NFPA 251, Standard Methods of
or above 37.8°C (100°F). (NFPA 30) Tests of Fire Endurance of Building Construction and Materials.(NFPA
150)

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3.3.43.2* Flammable Liquid. A liquid that has a closed-cup flash point that
is below 100°F (37.8°C) and a maximum vapor pressure of 40 psia (2068 mm 3.3.56.2* Low Flame Spread Rating. A flame spread rating of 25 or less.
Hg) at 100°F (37.8°C). (NFPA 30)
3.3.57 Rotating Biological Contactor (RBC). A unit process for

F
3.3.43.3 Volatile Liquid. A liquid that evaporates readily at normal wastewater treatment that is composed of large, closely spaced plastic discs
temperature and pressure. that are rotated about a horizontal shaft (usually a secondary biological
treatment process).
3.3.44 Maintenance. Work performed to keep equipment operable or to
make repairs. (NFPA 10) 3.3.58 Scum or Skimmings. Grease, solids, liquids, and other floatable
material removed from settling tanks.

A
3.3.45 Maintenance Hole. A structure located on top of an opening in a
gravity sewer, or an opening in the top or side of an enclosed vessel to allow 3.3.59 Secondary Wastewater Treatment. Wastewater treatment unit
personnel entry; also referred to as manhole or manway. processes usually consisting of primary treatment and biological oxidation
using activated sludge or trickling filtration followed by clarification.
3.3.46 Material.

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3.3.60 Sedimentation. The unit process of subsidence of suspended matter
3.3.46.1 Limited-Combustible Material. A building construction material carried by water, wastewater, or other liquids by gravity. Sedimentation
that does not comply with the definition of noncombustible material, that, in is usually accomplished by reducing the velocity of the liquid below the
the form in which it is used, has a potential heat value not exceeding 3500 point at which sedimination can transport the suspended material. Also
Btu/lb (8141kJ/kg) (see NFPA 259, Standard Test Method for Potential called settling, it can be enhanced by chemical addition, coagulation, and
Heat of Building Materials), and that complies with either of the following

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flocculation.
(a) or (b). Materials subject to an increase in combustibility or flame-
spread rating beyond the limits herein established through the effects of age, 3.3.61 Sewer. A single pipe or system of pipes or conduits that carries
moisture, or other atmospheric conditions shall be considered combustible. wastewater or drainage water.
(a) Materials having a structural base of noncombustible material, with a
surfacing not exceeding a thickness of 1/8 in. (3.2 mm), and with a flame- 3.3.61.1 Branch Sewer. A sewer that receives wastewater from a relatively
spread rating not greater than 50. (b) Materials in the form and thickness small area and discharges into a main sewer serving more than one branch
used, other than as described in (a), having neither a flame-spread rating sewer area.
greater than 25 nor evidence of continued progressive combustion and of
such composition that surfaces that would be exposed by cutting through the 3.3.61.2 Building Sewer. In plumbing, a sewer that consists of the extension
material on any plane would have neither a flame-spread rating greater than from the building drain to the public sewer or other place of disposal; also
25 nor evidence of continued progressive combustion. (NFPA 96) called house connection or lateral.

3.3.46.2 Noncombustible Material. A material that, in the form in which 3.3.61.3 Collector Sewer. A sewer that consists of a pipe or conduit that
it is used and under the conditions anticipated, will not ignite, burn, support receives wastewater from a relatively small area from two or more lateral
combustion, or release flammable vapors when subjected to fire or heat. sewers and that subsequently discharges into a trunk sewer.
Materials that are reported as pasing ASTM E 136, Standard Test Method
for Behavior of Materials in a Vertical Tube Furnace at 750°C, shall be 3.3.61.4 Combined Sewer. A sewer intended to receive both wastewater and
considered noncombustible materials. (NFPA 220) storm or surface water.

3.3.47 Methane (CH4 ). A colorless, odorless, flammable gaseous 3.3.61.5 Industrial Sewer. A sewer intended to receive only industrial
hydrocarbon present in natural gas and formed by the anaerobic wastewater or other liquid or water-carried wastes. (See also definitions of
decomposition of organic matter. (See also definition of Anaerobic Sanitary Sewer, Storm Sewer, and Combined Sewer).
Digestion.) 3.3.61.6 Interceptor Sewer. A sewer that receives dry-weather flow and
3.3.48 Nitrification Tank. A unit process tank for the oxidation of ammonia frequently additional predetermined quantities of storm water (if from
and nitrogen into nitrates through biochemical actions. a combined system) from a number of transverse sewers or outlets and
conducts such water to a point for treatment or disposal; also called main
3.3.49 Nonenclosed. Any tank or unit process open to the atmosphere or sewer.
the area around any open tank or unit process housed in a building or other
structure constructed with a roof and having at least 50 percent of the wall 3.3.61.7 Outfall Sewer. A sewer that receives wastewater from a collecting
area open to the atmosphere. Fixed open louvered panels with effective system or from a treatment plant and carries it to a point of final discharge.
openings greater than 50 percent of the wall area and evenly distributed over 3.3.61.8 Pressure Sewer. A collection sewer that incorporates a wastewater
the wall area are considered open to the atmosphere. grinder pump or septic tank effluent pump to convey wastewater from a
3.3.50 Oxygen-Enriched Atmosphere. Air atmospheres containing more single residence or group of residences or small commercial establishments
than 23.5 percent oxygen by volume at one standard atmosphere pressure. to a private or public sewer system or on-site disposal system.
(NFPA 670) 3.3.61.9 Private Sewer. A sewer privately owned and used by one or more
3.3.51 Ozonation. The process of contacting wastewater or air with ozone properties or owners.
for the purpose of disinfection, oxidation, or odor control. 3.3.61.10 Relief Sewer. A sewer built to carry the flows in excess of the
capacity of an existing sewer; also, a sewer intended to carry a portion of the
flow from a district in which the existing sewers are of insufficient capacity.

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 NFPA 820 — May 2003 ROP — Copyright, NFPA
3.3.61.11 Residential Sewer. A sewer intended to receive only residential 3.3.70.2 Sludge Treatment. The processing of wastewater sludges to render
wastewater. (See also definitions of Combined Sewer, Sanitary Sewer, and them stable. Sludge treatment can be accomplished by aerobic or anaerobic
Storm Sewer). digestion followed by drying on sand beds, filtering and incineration,
filtering and drying, or wet-air oxidation.
3.3.61.12 Sanitary Sewer. A sewer that carries liquid and water-carried
wastes from residences, commercial buildings, industrial plants, and 3.3.71 Tunnel. See definition of Galleries.
institutions together with minor quantities of storm water, surface water, and
groundwater that are not admitted intentionally. 3.3.72 Vault. An enclosed structure, usually underground, used to permit
personnel access to various types of equipment and instrumentation. (NFPA
3.3.61.13 Storm Sewer. A pipe or conduit that carries storm water and 40)
surface water, street wash and other wash water, or drainage but that excludes
domestic wastewater and industrial wastes (also called storm drain). 3.3.73 Ventilation Rate. A value based on the number of air changes per
hour and calculated using 100 percent outside air for the supply air that is
3.3.61.14 Trunk Sewer. A sewer consisting of the principal pipe or conduit exhausted. The number of air changes per hour is calculated on the basis of
to which one or more collector sewers or branch sewers are tributaries; also the maximum aggregate volume (under normal operating conditions) of the
called main sewer. space to be ventilated.
3.3.62 Sludge. A semiliquid mass of accumulated settled solids deposited 3.3.74 Waste.
from raw or treated wastewater in tanks or basins; also referred to as
biosolids. 3.3.74.1 Hazardous Waste. Waste that is potentially damaging to the
environment or human health due to its toxicity, ignitability, corrosivity, or
3.3.63 Sludge Cake. A semisolid product of a sludge-dewatering process. chemical reactivity or another cause.
3.3.64 Sludge Dewatering. The process of removing a part of the water in 3.3.74.2 Industrial Waste. Generally liquid, solid, or gaseous wastes
sludge by any physical or mechanical method without heat, such as draining, originating from the manufacture of specific products.
pressing, vacuum filtration, centrifuging, or passing between rollers.

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3.3.75 Wastewater. The spent water of a community that is a combination of
3.3.65 Sludge Gas Vent. A passage that allows the controlled release of the liquid and water-carried wastes from residences, commercial buildings,
gases from anaerobic treatment processes or gas storage facilities. industrial plants, and institutions, together with any groundwater, surface
water, and storm water that might be present.

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3.3.66 Sludge Thickening. A sludge treatment process designed to
concentrate wastewater sludges by gravity, mechanical means, or air 3.3.75.1 Domestic Wastewater. Wastewater derived principally from
flotation. sources such as dwellings, commercial establishments, and institutions, that
might or might not contain small amounts of groundwater, surface water, or
3.3.67 Structure. That which is built or constructed. (NFPA 101) storm water.

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3.3.67.1 Ancillary Structure. A structure that is an integral part of the 3.3.75.2 Residential Wastewater. Wastewater derived from areas consisting
wastewater treatment or collection process. of single- and multiple-family residences.
3.3.67.2 Separate Nonprocess-Related Structure. A structure that is 3.3.76 Well.
physically separated and does not contain any process-related equipment

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associated with the collection and treatment of wastewater and solids derived 3.3.76.1 Dry Well. The portion of a pumping station designed to provide
from wastewater treatment processes. isolation and shelter or accommodations for controls or equipment associated
with pumping of wastewater. Dry wells are designed to completely and
3.3.68 System. permanently exclude wastewater or wastewater-derived atmospheres.
Dry wells can contain accidental leakage of wastewater from shaft seals
3.3.68.1 On-Site Treatment System. A self-contained system, including or occasional spills. A dry well could contain equipment such as pumps,

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pumping equipment, that provides both treatment and disposal of wastewater motors, fans, wiring, controls, lights and associated wiring devices, and
on or immediately adjacent to a single residence or group of residences or other accessories.
small commercial establishments.
3.3.76.2 Wet Well. The portion of the pumping station that receives and
3.3.8.2 Sludge-Drying System. A processes that uses physical or temporarily stores wastewater for the purpose of pumping. A wet well might
mechanical evaporation techniques with or without the application of heat to or might not contain electrical equipment such as pumps, motors, fans,
achieve solids concentrations greater than 85 percent. wiring and wiring devices, controls, lights, and other accessories.
3.3.69 *Through-Penetration Firestop. A specific construction consisting
of the materials that fill the opening around penetrating items such as cables,
cable trays, conduits, ducts, and pipes and their means of support through the Chapter 4 Collection Systems
wall or floor opening to prevent spread of fire.
4.1* General.
3.3.70 Treatment.
4.1.1 This chapter shall establish minimum criteria for protection against
3.3.70.1 Heat Treatment. A sludge-conditioning process combining high fire and explosion hazards in the collection and transportation of municipal
temperature, time, and pressure to improve the dewaterability of organic wastewater.
sludge. 4.1.2 This chapter shall not apply to on-site systems, force mains, or those
sewers that principally convey industrial wastes.

4.2* Design and Construction.

The design and construction of collection system facilities shall conform
to Table 4.2, which summarizes the various components associated with
wastewater collection and transport systems.

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 NFPA 820 — May 2003 ROP — Copyright, NFPA
Table 4.2 Collection Systems
A B C D E F G
Location and Function Fire and Ventilation Extent of NEC-Area Electrical Material of Fire
Explosion Classified Area Classification (All Construction Protection
Hazard Class I, Group D) for Buildings or Measures
Structures
1 MATERIALS USED NA NA NA NA In accordance NA
IN REHABILITATION, with 8.3.1
RECONSTRUCTION,
OR SLIP-LINING OF
SEWERS
2 INDUSTRIAL SEWER Not included within the scope of this standard
Sewer transporting
industrial wastewater
only (no sanitary
wastewater)
3 STORM SEWER Sewer Possible NNV Inside of sewer Division 2 In accordance NR
transporting storm ignition of with 8.3.1
water only (no sanitary flammable gases
wastewater) and floating

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flammable
liquids
4 STORM WATER Possible NNV Entire room or Division 2 NC, LC, or LFS CGD if
PUMPING STATION ignition of space enclosed

F
WET WELLS Liquid flammable gases
side of pumping station and floating
serving only a storm flammable
sewer system liquids

A
5 a STORM WATER Buildup of D Entire dry well Division 2, or NC, LC, or LFS FE
PUMPING STATION vapors from unclassified, if
DRY WELLS Dry side flammable or space provided with
of a pumping station combustible pressurization in
serving only a storm liquids accordance with

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sewer system and NFPA 496
physically separated
b from wet well C Unclassified

D
6 PRESSURE SEWER Not included within the scope of this standard
(Force main) Sewer
under pressure (flooded
discharge pipe from
pump or tank)
7 BUILDING SEWER Not included within the scope of this standard
(Lateral sewer or drain)
Sewer serving a house
or single building
(plumbing)
8 INDIVIDUAL NA NNV Within enclosed Unclassified NR NR
RESIDENTIAL space
SEWER Sewer serving
one but not more than
five dwellings
9 INDIVIDUAL NA NNV Within enclosed Unclassified NR NR
RESIDENTIAL space
PUMPING UNITS
Pumping units serving
one but not more than
five dwellings (e.g.,
grinder pumps, septic
tank effluent pumps,
ejector pumps)
10 a RESIDENTIAL Possible NNV Within enclosed Division 2 In accordance NR
SEWER Sewer ignition of space with 8.3.1
transporting primarily flammable gases
residential wastewater and floating
flammable
b liquids B Unclassified

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11 a RESIDENTIAL Possible A Entire room or Division 2 NC, LC, or LFS CGD
WASTEWATER ignition of space
PUMPING STATION flammable gases
WET WELL Pumping and floating
station transporting flammable
primarily residential liquids
b wastewater B Unclassified

12 a RESIDENTIAL Buildup of D Entire room or Division 2 NC, LC, or LFS FE

WASTEWATER vapors from space
PUMPING STATION flammable or
DRY WELL Dry side combustible
of a pumping station liquids
transporting primarily
residential wastewater
b C Unclassified

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13 OUTFALL SEWER NA NNV NA Unclassified NR NR
Final discharge pipe
from a treatment plant,

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transporting treated
wastewater
14 a SANITARY SEWER Possible NNV Inside of sewer Division 1 In accordance NR
Sewer transporting ignition of with 8.3.1

A
domestic, commercial, flammable gases
and industrial and floating
wastewater flammable
b liquids B Division 2

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15 a COMBINED SEWER Possible NNV Inside of sewer Division 1 In accordance NR
Sewer transporting ignition of with 8.3.1

D
domestic, commercial, flammable gases
and industrial and floating
wastewater and storm flammable
b water liquids B Division 2

16 a WASTEWATER Possible A Entire room or Division 1 NC, LC, or LFS CGD

PUMPING STATION ignition of space
WET WELLS Liquid flammable gases
side of a pumping and floating
station serving a flammable
sanitary sewer or liquids
b combined system B Division 2

17 a BELOWGRADE Buildup of C Entire space or Unclassified NC, LC, or LFS FE

OR PARTIALLY vapors from room
BELOWGRADE flammable or
WASTEWATER combustible
PUMPING STATION liquids
DRY WELL Pump
room physically
separated from wet
well; pumping of
wastewater from a
sanitary or combined
b sewer system through D Division 2, or
closed pumps and pipes unclassified, if
space provided with
pressurization in
accordance with
NFPA 496

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18 ABOVEGRADE NA NR NA Unclassified NC, LC, or LFS FE
WASTEWATER
PUMPING STATION
Pump room physically
separated with no
personnel access to
wet well; pumping
of wastewater from a
sanitary or combined
sewer system through
closed pumps and pipes
19 a ABOVEGRADE Possible A Entire space or Division 1 NC FE
WASTEWATER ignition of room
PUMPING STATION flammable gases
Pump room not and floating
physically separated flammable
from wet well; pumping liquids
of wastewater from a
sanitary or combined
sewer system through
b closed pumps and pipes B Division 2 NC, LC, or LFS

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20 a ODOR-CONTROL Leakage and D Entire area if Division 2 NC, LC, or LFS CGD and
SYSTEM AREAS ignition of enclosed FDS
Areas physically sewage gases
separated from wet

A
well that house systems
b handling wet well gases C, or Areas within Division 2
outdoors 0.9 m (3 ft) of
leakage sources
such as fans,

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dampers, flexible
connections,
flanges, pressurized
unwelded
ductwork, and

D
odor-control
vessels
c Areas beyond 0.9 Unclassified
m (3 ft)

21 a MAINTENANCE Possible NNV Inside Division 1 In accordance NR

HOLES Access to sewer ignition of with 8.3.1
for personnel entry flammable gases
and floating
flammable
b liquids B Division 2

22 a JUNCTION Buildup of NNV Inside Division 1 In accordance NR

CHAMBERS Structure vapors from with 8.3.1
where sewers intersect flammable or
combustible
b liquids B Open and above Division 2
grade or inside and
ventilated
23 INVERTED SIPHONS Possible NNV Interior of inlet and Division 1 NC NR
Depressed section of ignition of outlet structures
gravity sewer flammable gases
and floating
flammable
liquids
24 CATCH BASINS (Curb Buildup of NNV Enclosed space Division 1 In accordance NR
inlet) Inlet where street vapors from with 8.3.1
water enters a storm or flammable or
combined sewer combustible
liquids

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25 a RESIDENTIAL Buildup of NNV Enclosed space Division 2 In accordance NR
DIVERSION vapors from with Chapter 8
STRUCTURES flammable or
Enclosed structures combustible
where residential liquids
b wastewater can be B Unclassified
diverted

26 a RESIDENTIAL Possible NNV Enclosed space Division 2 In accordance NR

BELOWGRADE ignition of gases with 8.3.1
VALVE VAULT With and floating
an exposed residential flammable
wastewater surface liquids
b B Unclassified

27 a RESIDENTIAL Buildup of A Enclosed space Division 2 In accordance NR

CONTROL vapors from with Chapter 8
STRUCTURES flammable or
Enclosed structures combustible
where residential liquids

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b wastewater flow is B Unclassified
regulated

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28 a RESIDENTIAL Possible NNV Enclosed space Division 2 In accordance NR
BELOWGRADE ignition of with 8.3.1
METERING VAULT flammable gases
With an exposed and floating

A
residential wastewater flammable
b surface liquids B Unclassified

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29 a DIVERSION Buildup of NNV Enclosed space Division 1 In accordance NR
STRUCTURES vapors from with Chapter 8
Enclosed structures flammable or

D
where wastewater can combustible
b be diverted liquids B Division 2

30 ABOVEGRADE NA NR NA Unclassified NC, LC, or LFS NR

VALVE VAULT
Physically separated
from the wet well;
valves in vault in closed
piping system
31 a BELOWGRADE Buildup of NNV Enclosed space Division 2 NC, LC, or LFS NR
VALVE VAULT vapors from
Physically separated flammable or
from the wet well and combustible
with closed piping liquids
b C Unclassified
system

32 a BELOWGRADE Possible NNV Enclosed space Division 1 NC NR

VALVE VAULT With ignition of gases
an exposed wastewater and floating
surface flammable
liquids
b B Division 2 NC, LC, or LFS

33 a CONTROL Buildup of A Enclosed space Division 1 In accordance NR

STRUCTURES vapors from with Chapter 8
Enclosed structures flammable or
where wastewater or combustible
storm water flow is liquids
b B Division 2
regulated

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34 a WASTEWATER Possible A Enclosed space Division 1 NC NR
HOLDING BASINS ignition of
Enclosed structures flammable gases
temporarily holding and floating
untreated or partially flammable
b treated wastewater liquids B Division 2 NC, LC, or LFS

35 WASTEWATER NR NR NR NR NR NR
HOLDING BASINS,
LINED OR UNLINED
Open structures holding
storm water, combined
wastewater, untreated
or partially treated
wastewater
36 a BELOWGRADE Buildup of NNV Enclosed space Division 2 NC, LC, or LFS NR
METERING VAULT vapors from
Physically separated flammable or
from the wet well and combustible
with closed piping liquids

T
b C Unclassified
system

F
37 a BELOWGRADE Possible NNV Enclosed space Division 1 NC NR
METERING VAULT ignition of
With an exposed flammable gases
wastewater surface and floating
flammable

A
b liquids B Division 2 NC, LC, or LFS

R
38 COARSE AND FINE
SCREEN FACILITIES
(See Coarse and Fine
Screen Facilities in
Table 5.2.)

D
Note: The NR designation in column C indicates that no ventilation requirements are established for the space and, therefore, Table 9.1.1.4 also has no requirements.
A — No ventilation or ventilated at less than 12 air changes per hour
B — Continuously ventilated at 12 changes per hour or in accordance with Chapter 9
C — Continuously ventilated at 6 air changes per hour or in accordance with Chapter 9
CGD — Combustible gas detection system
D — No ventilation or ventilated at less than 6 air changes per hour
FDS — Fire detection system
FE — Portable fire extinguisher
LC — Limited-combustible material
LFS — Low flame spread material
NA — Not applicable
NC — Noncombustible material
NEC — In accordance with NFPA 70, National Electrical Code
NNV — Not normally ventilated
NR — No requirement

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Chapter 5 Liquid Stream Treatment Processes

5.1* General.
5.1.1 This chapter shall establish minimum criteria for protection against fire
and explosion hazards associated with liquid stream treatment processes.
5.1.2 This chapter shall not apply to treatment systems serving individual
structures or treatment systems that principally treat industrial wastes.
5.2* Design and Construction. The design and construction of liquid
stream treatment processes shall conform to Table 5.2.

Table 5.2 Liquid Stream Treatment Processes

A B C D E F G
Location and Fire and Ventilation Extent of Classified NEC-Area Electrical Material of Fire
Function Explosion Area1 Classification (All Class I, Construction Protection
Hazard Group D) for Buildings or Measures
Structures
1 a COARSE AND Possible A Enclosed — entire Division 1 NC FE, H, and
FINE SCREEN ignition of space CGD if
FACILITIES flammable enclosed

T
Removal of gases and
b screenings from raw floating B Within a 3 m (10 Division 2 NC, LC, or LFS
wastewater flammable ft) envelope around
liquids equipment and open

F
channel2,3

Not
enclosed,
open to

A
atmosphere

2 PUMPING
STATIONS (See

R
Collection Systems,
Table 4.2.)
3 a FLOW Possible A Enclosed — entire Division 1 NC FE, H, and
EQUALIZATION ignition of space CGD if
b TANKS Storage flammable B enclosed

D
of raw or partially gases and
c treated wastewater floating Not Within a 3m (10 ft) Division 2 NC, LC, or LFS
flammable enclosed, envelope around
liquids open to equipment and open
atmosphere channel2,3
4 a GRIT REMOVAL Possible A Enclosed — entire Division 1 NC FE, H, and
TANKS Separation ignition of space CGD if
b of grit from raw flammable B enclosed
wastewater gases and
c floating Not Within a 3 m (10 Division 2 NC, LC, or LFS
flammable enclosed, ft) envelope around
liquids open to equipment and open
atmosphere channel2,3
5 a PRE-AERATION Possible A Enclosed — entire Division 1 NC H and
TANKS ignition of space CGD if
b Conditioning of flammable B enclosed
wastewater prior to gases and
c further treatment floating Not Within a 3 m (10 Division 2 NC, LC, or LFS
flammable enclosed, ft) envelope around
liquids open to equipment and open
atmosphere channel2,3

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 NFPA 820 — May 2003 ROP — Copyright, NFPA
6 a PRIMARY Possible A Enclosed — entire Division 1 NC H and
SEDIMENTATION ignition of space CGD if
b TANKS Separation flammable B enclosed
of floating or gases and
c settleable solids from floating Not Interior of the tank Division 2 NC, LC, or LFS
raw wastewater flammable enclosed, from the minimum
liquids open to operating water
atmosphere surface to the top
of the tank wall;
envelope 0.46 m
(18 in.) above the
top of the tank and
extending 0.46 m.
(18 in.) beyond
the exterior wall;
envelope 0.46 m
(18 in.) above grade
extending 3 m (10
ft) horizontally from
the exterior tank
walls
7 AERATION BASIN, NA Unclassified (If process is NR H
POND, LAGOON, not preceded by primary
OXIDATION sedimentation, see Primary

T
DITCH, AEROBIC Sedimentation Tanks in Table
SUSPENDED 5.2 for classification.)
GROWTH
SYSTEMS,

F
SEQUENCING
BATCH REACTORS
Aerobic treatment of
wastewater open to
the atmosphere

A
8 a ENCLOSED Possible A Entire enclosed Division 1 NC NR
AERATION BASIN ignition of space not routinely
OR AEROBIC flammable entered by personnel
SUSPENDED gases or

R
GROWTH floating
b SYSTEMS flammable B Division 2 NC, LC, or LFS
Aerobic treatment liquids
of wastewater not
preceded by primary
treatment

D
9 ENCLOSED NA NR Entire enclosed Unclassified NC, LC, or LFS NR
AERATION BASIN space
OR AEROBIC
SUSPENDED
GROWTH
SYSTEMS Aerobic
treatment of
wastewater preceded
by primary treatment
10 TRICKLING Not normally NA Unclassified (If unit process NR H
FILTER, BIO- a significant is not preceded by primary
TOWER, AEROBIC hazard; sedimentation, see Primary
FIXED-FILM however, Sedimentation Tanks in Table
SYSTEMS Aerobic these 5.2 for classification.)
biological treatment processes
of wastewater might contain
materials
that are
combustible
under certain
conditions
11 a ANAEROBIC Normally NA Tank interior Division 1 NC FE and H
TOWERS, produces
ANAEROBIC combustible
FIXED-FILM gas as
b SYSTEM Anaerobic treatment NA 3 m (10 ft) envelope Division 2 NC, LC, or LFS
biological treatment process by- around tank
if sealed from product
atmosphere
12 a GAS-HANDLING Combustible A Enclosed — entire Division 1 NC FE and H
SYSTEMS gas, often space
b FOR LIQUID under B
TREATMENT pressure
c PROCESSES Not Within a 3 m (10 Division 2 NC, LC, or LFS
enclosed, ft) envelope around
open to equipment2
atmosphere

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 NFPA 820 — May 2003 ROP — Copyright, NFPA
13 OXYGEN Ignition of NA Enclosed space Division 2 (If unit process Any equipment Special
AERATION flammable is not preceded by primary or material within provision
TANKS Tanks for gases and sedimentation, see Primary the reactor space for LEL
aerobic treatment floating Sedimentation Tanks in Table shall be safe for monitoring
of wastewater using flammable 5.2 for classification.) exposure to volatile and
high-purity oxygen liquids in hydrocarbons in an automatic
rather than air an oxygen- oxygen-enriched isolation of
enriched atmosphere equipment
environment and oxygen
supply
14 INTERMEDIATE, NA NA Unclassified (If unit process NR H
SECONDARY, is not preceded by primary
OR TERTIARY sedimentation, see Primary
SEDIMENTATION Sedimentation Tanks in Table
TANKS Separate 5.2 for classification.)
floating and
settleable solids from
wastewater at various
treatment stages
15 FLASH MIXER OR NA NA Unclassified (If unit process NR H
FLOCCULATION is not preceded by primary
TANKS Tanks for sedimentation, see Primary
mixing various Sedimentation Tanks in Table

T
treatment chemicals 5.2 for classification.)
with wastewater
16 NITRIFICATION NA NA Unclassified (If unit process NR H

F
AND is not preceded by primary
DENITRIFICATION sedimentation, see Primary
TANKS Tertiary Sedimentation Tanks in Table
treatment of 5.2 for classification.)
wastewater to reduce

A
or remove nitrogen
17 BREAKPOINT NA NA Unclassified NR (These unit H
CHLORINATION processes use
TANKS AND corrosive chemicals

R
CHLORINE that require the use
CONTACT TANKS of specific materials
Application of construction.
of chlorine in Special
aqueous solution to consideration
wastewater shall be given to

D
these materials of
construction.)
18 AMMONIA (See NA NA Unclassified NR (These H
STRIPPING Trickling unit processes
TOWERS Filter in Table use corrosive
5.2.) chemicals. Special
consideration
shall be given to
these materials of
construction.)
19 INTERMEDIATE NA NA Unclassified NR H
OR FINAL
PUMPING
STATIONS Pump(s)
at intermediate
stage or end of the
treatment process
20 GRAVITY AND NA NA Unclassified NR H
PRESSURE
FILTERS Filtering
of treated wastewater
through sand or other
media
21 CARBON Significant NA NA Unclassified NR H
COLUMN OR hazard from
TANKS Vessels combustible
containing carbon for carbon
tertiary treatment of material
wastewater
22 ON-SITE OZONE Similar NA NA Not covered in this standard NR NR
GENERATION to oxygen
SYSTEM AND generation
OZONE CONTACT with addition
TANKS Ozone of being
generation and highly
purification for corrosive (see
disinfection of Table D.1.1)
wastewater

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 NFPA 820 — May 2003 ROP — Copyright, NFPA
23 BACKWASH NA NA NA Unclassified NR H
WATER
AND WASTE
BACKWASH
WATER HOLDING
TANKS Tanks for
temporary storage of
backwash water
24 ULTRAVIOLET NA NA Unclassified NR H
DISINFECTION
UNIT Disinfection
of wastewater by
ultraviolet radiation
25 EFFLUENT NA NA Unclassified NR H
STRUCTURES
Various structures
conveying treated
wastewater away
from treatment
processes
26 a ODOR-CONTROL Leakage and D Entire area if Division 2
SYSTEM AREAS ignition of enclosed

T
Areas physically flammable
separated from gases
b processes that house C Areas within 0.9 Division 2
m (3 ft)of leakage NC, LC, or LFS CGD, FDS,
systems handling and FE

F
flammable gases sources such as
fans, dampers,
flexible connections,
flanges, pressurized
unwelded ductwork,
and odor-control

A
vessels
Areas beyond 0.9 Unclassified
m (3 ft)

R
Note: The NR designation in column C indicates that no ventilation requirements are established for the space and, therefore, Table 9.1.1.4 also has no
requirements.
1Open channels and open structures upstream from the unit processes are classified the same as the downstream processes they supply.

D
2The area beyond the envelope is unclassified.
3Where liquid turbulence is not induced by aeration or other factors, the following criteria apply: (1) Interior of the tank from the minimum operating
water surface to the top of the tank wall; (2) Envelope 0.46 m. (18 in.) above the top of the tank and extending 0.46 m (18 in.) beyond the exterior wall; (3)
Envelope 0.46 m (18 in.) above grade extending 10 ft (3 m) horizontally from the exterior tank walls.
A — No ventilation or ventilated at less than 12 air changes per hour
B — Continuously ventilated at 12 changes per hour or in accordance with Chapter 9
C — Continuously ventilated at 6 air changes per hour or in accordance with Chapter 9
CGD — Combustible gas detection system
D — No ventilation or ventilated at less than 6 air changes per hour
FE — Portable fire extinguisher
H — Hydrant protection in accordance with 9.2.4
LC — Limited-combustible material
LFS — Low flame spread material
NA — Not applicable
NC — Noncombustible material
NEC — In accordance with NFPA 70, National Electrical Code
NR — No requirement

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 NFPA 820 — May 2003 ROP — Copyright, NFPA
Chapter 6 Solids Treatment Processes
6.1* General.
6.1.1 This chapter shall establish minimum criteria for protection against fire
and explosion hazards associated with solids treatment processes.
6.1.2 This chapter shall not apply to the treatment of solids from industrial
waste treatment processes.
6.2* Design and Construction.
The design and construction of solids treatment processes shall conform to
Table 6.2(a) and Table 6.2(b).

Table 6.2(a) Solids Treatment Processes

A B C D E F G
Location and Function Fire and Ventilation Extent of Classified Area NEC-Area Material of Fire
Explosion Electrical Construction Protection
Hazard Classification (All for Buildings or Measures
Class I, Group D) Structures
1 COARSE AND FINE NA NR NA Unclassified NC, LC, or LFS H, FE, and
SCREENINGS- FAS

T
HANDLING
BUILDINGS Storage,
conveying, or
dewatering of screenings

F
(no exposed flow of
wastewater through
building or area)
2 GRIT-HANDLING NA NR NA Unclassified NC, LC, or LFS H, FE, and

A
BUILDING Storage, FAS
conveying, and
dewatering of heavy
small screenings and
grit (no exposed flow

R
of wastewater through
building or area)
3 a SCUM-HANDLING Possible grease A Enclosed space Division 2 NC, LC, or LFS H, FE, and
BUILDING OR AREA or flammable CGD if
b Holding, dewatering, or liquids B enclosed

D
storage carryover
c Not NA Unclassified
enclosed,
open to
atmosphere
4 a SCUM PITS Buildup of A Enclosed — entire space Division 1 NC H, FE, and
vapors from CGD if
b flammable or B enclosed
combustible
c liquids Not Within a 3 m (10 Division 2 NC, LC, or LFS
enclosed, ft) envelope around
open to equipment and open
atmosphere channel1
5 a SCUM-PUMPING Carryover A Enclosed — entire space Division 1 NC H, FE, and
AREAS Pumping of floating CGD if
of scum, wet side flammable B enclosed
ofpumping station liquids
Not Within a 3 m (10 Division 2 NC, LC, or LFS
enclosed, ft) envelope around
open to equipment and open
atmosphere channel1
B
6 a SCUM-PUMPING Not significant D Enclosed space Division 2 NC, LC, or LFS FE
AREAS Pumping
b of scum, dry side of C
pumping station
c Not NA Unclassified
enclosed,
open to
atmosphere
7 SCUM Firebox NR Incinerator area if Unclassified NC, LC, or LFS FSS (if
INCINERATORS2 explosion separated from scum indoors),
Elimination of scum from possible storage H, and FE
through burning carryover of
flammable
scum

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 NFPA 820 — May 2003 ROP — Copyright, NFPA
8 a SLUDGE THICKENER Possible A Enclosed —entire space Division 1 NC
(CLARIFIER) Sludge generation
b concentration and of methane B
removal, gravity, or from sludge;
dissolved air flotation carryover
c Not Envelope 0.46 m (18 in.) Division 2 NC, LC, or LFS H, FE, and
of floating enclosed, above water surface and 3 CGD if
flammable open to m (10 ft) horizontally from enclosed
liquids atmosphere wetted walls1
9 a SLUDGE PUMPING Buildup of D Entire dry well when Division 2 NC, LC, or LFS H and FE
STATION DRY WELLS methane gas physically separated from
Dry side of a sludge or flammable a wet well or separate
pumping station vapors structures
b C Entire dry well when Unclassified
physically separated from
a wet well or separate
structures
10 a SLUDGE STORAGE Possible A Enclosed — entire space Division 1 NC CGD, H,
WET WELLS, PITS, genera-tion of and FE
AND HOLDING methane gas if tank
b TANKS Retaining of in explosive B enclosed
sludge concentrations; in

T
carryover structure
of floating
c flammable Not Envelope 0.46 m (18 in.) Division 2 NC, LC, or LFS NR
liquids enclosed, above water surface and 3
open to m (10 ft) horizontally from

F
atmosphere wetted walls1

11 a SLUDGE-BLENDING Possible A Enclosed — entire space Division 1 NC H, FE,

TANKS AND genera-tion of and CGD
HOLDING WELLS methane gas if tank

A
b Retaining of sludge with in explosive B enclosed
some agitation concentrations; in
carryover structure
of floating
c Not Envelope 0.46 m (18 in.) Division 2 NC, LC, or LFS NR

R
flammable
liquids enclosed, above water surface and 3
open to m (10 ft) horizontally from
atmosphere wetted walls1

12 DEWATERING NA NR NA Unclassified NC, LC, or LFS FE, FDS,

D
BUILDINGS CON- and FAS
TAINING CENTRI-
FUGES, GRAVITY
BELT THICKENERS,
BELT AND VACUUM
FILTERS, AND FILTER
PRESSES Removal
of water from sludge
and the conveyance of
sludge or sludge cake
13 INCINERATORS2 Firebox NR NA Unclassified NC, LC, or LFS FSS (if
AND INCINERATOR explosion indoors),
BUILDINGS H, and FE
Conveying and burning
of sludge cake
14 HEAT TREATMENT None, other NR NA Unclassified NC, LC, or LFS H and FE
UNITS, LOW- OR than in high-
HIGH-PRESSURE pressure
OXIDATION UNITS systems
Closed oxidation of
sludge

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 NFPA 820 — May 2003 ROP — Copyright, NFPA
15 a ANAEROBIC Leakage of Not Tank interior; areas above Division 1 NC H and FE
DIGESTERS, BOTH gas from enclosed, and around digester cover;
FIXED ROOF AND cover, piping, open to envelope 10 ft (3 m)
FLOATING COVER emergency atmosphere above the highest point of
Generation of sludge gas relief cover, when cover is at its
from digesting sludge valves, and maximum elevation, and 5
appurtenances ft (1.5 m) from any wall
b Envelope 4.6 m (15 Division 2
ft)above Division 1 area
over cover and 1.5 m (5
ft) beyond Division 1 area
around tank walls
c A For digester tanks enclosed Division 1 NC CGD if
in a building: tank interior; enclosed
entire area inside building
d B For digester tanks enclosed Division 1 NC CGD if
in a building: tank interior; enclosed
areas above and around
digester cover; envelope
3 m (10 ft) above highest
point of cover, when
cover is at its maximum

T
elevation, and 1.5 m (5 ft)
from any wall of digester
tank

F
e Remaining space in Division 2 NC, LC, or LFS CGD, H,
enclosed area and FE
16 a ANAEROBIC Leaking and A Entire building Division 1 NC CGD, H,
DIGESTER CONTROL ignition of and FE
b BUILDING Storage, sludge gas B Enclosed areas that contain Division 2 NC, LC, or LFS

A
handling, or burning of gas-handling equipment
sludge gas
c C Physically separated from Unclassified
gas-handling equipment

R
17 a DIGESTER GAS- Sludge gas A Entire room Division 1 NC CGD, H,
PROCESSING ROOMS ignition and FE
b Gas compression, B Division 2 NC, LC, or LFS
handling, and processing
c B Within 5 ft (1.5 m) of Division 1 NC, LC, or LFS

D
equipment

18 ANAEROBIC Gas storage NNV Within a 3 m (10 ft) Division 1 NC, LC, or LFS H, FE, and
DIGESTER GAS piping and envelope of tanks, valves, CGD
STORAGE Storage of handling and appurtenances
sludge gas
19 CHLORINE Chlorine is a NR NA Unclassified NR (These H and FE
OXIDATION UNITS very strong unit processes
Chlorine reaction with oxidizing use corrosive
sludge agent chemicals that
require the use of
specific materials
of construction.
Special
consideration
shall be given to
such materials of
construction.)
20 a UNDERGROUND Ignition of D Within 3 m (10 ft) of Division 1
(PIPING) TUNNELS natural gas or valves and appurtenances
CONTAINING sludge gases
b NATURAL GAS D Entire tunnel Division 2 NC, LC, or LFS CGD,
PIPING OR SLUDGE FDS, and
GAS PIPING FE
Transmission of gas,
c sludge, water, air, and C Areas within 3 m (10 ft) Division 2
steam via piping; also of valves, meters, gas
might contain power check valves, condensate
cable and conduit traps, and other piping
appurtenances
d C Areas beyond 3 m (10 ft) Unclassified

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 NFPA 820 — May 2003 ROP — Copyright, NFPA
21 UNDERGROUND NA NR NA Unclassified NC, LC, or LFS FDS and
(PIPING) TUNNELS FE
NOT CONTAINING
NATURAL GAS
PIPING OR SLUDGE
GAS PIPING
Transmission of sludge,
water, air, and steam
piping; also might
contain power cable and
conduit
22 a COMPOSTING Liberation D Enclosed area Division 2 NC, LC, or LFS H and
PILES Aerobic sludge of ammonia FDS
reduction and toxic gas
(com-posting
materials can
b C Unclassified
self-ignite)

23 a IN-VESSEL Liberation As required If enclosed, interior of Division 2 NC H and

COMPOSTING Aerobic of ammonia by process reactor vessel plus a 3 m FDS
sludge reduction and toxic gas (10 ft) envelope around

T
(composting reactor vessel
materials can
b self-ignite) Areas beyond 3 m (10 ft) Unclassified

F
24 a ODOR-CONTROL Leakage and D Entire area if enclosed Division 2 NC, LC, or LFS CGD,
SYSTEM AREAS Areas ignition of FDS, and
physically separated flammable FE
from processes that gases

A
house systems handling C Areas within 1.5 m (3 ft) Division 2
flammable gases of leakage sources such
as fans, dampers, flexible
connections, flanges,

R
pressurized unwelded
ductwork, and odor-control
vessels
Areas beyond 1.5 m (3 ft) Unclassified

D
25 PUMPING OF NA NR NA Unclassified NC, LC, or LFS H
DRAINAGE FROM
DIGESTED SLUDGE-
DEWATERING
PROCESSES Pumping
of centrate, filtrate,
leachate, drying beds,
and so forth
Note: The NR designation in column C indicates that no ventilation requirements are established for the space and, therefore, Table 7-3.1 also has no
requirements.
1The area beyond the envelope is unclassified.
2See NFPA 54, National Fuel Gas Code; NFPA 82, Standard on Incinerators and Waste and Linen Handling Systems and Equipment; NFPA 85, Boiler
and Combustion Systems Hazards Code.
A — No ventilation or ventilated at less than 12 air changes per hour
B — Continuously ventilated at 12 air changes per hour or in accordance with Chapter 9
C — Continuously ventilated at 6 air changes per hour or in accordance with Chapter 9
CGD — Combustible gas detection system
D — No ventilation or ventilated at less than 6 air changes per hour
FAS — Fire alarm system
FDS — Fire detection system
FE — Portable fire extinguisher
FSS — Fire suppression system (e.g., automatic sprinkler, water spray, foam, gaseous, or dry chemical)
H — Hydrant protection in accordance with 7.2.4
LC — Limited-combustible material
LFS — Low flame spread material
NA — Not applicable
NC — Noncombustible material
NEC — In accordance with NFPA 70, National Electrical Code
NVV — Not normally ventilated
NR — No requirement

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 NFPA 820 — May 2003 ROP — Copyright, NFPA
Table 6.2(b) Solids Treatment Processes — Sludge Drying
A B C D E F G
Location and Fire and Ventilation Extent of Classified NEC-Area Electrical Material of Fire
Function Explosion Area Classification (All Class II, Construction for Protection
Hazard Group G) Buildings or Structures Measures
1 SLUDGE- Potential for NR Entire room2 Division 13, or if acceptable NC (Construction in H, FAS, and
DRYING ignition of to the authority having accordance with NFPA FSS (See
PROCESSES1 dust jurisdiction with classifications 68 and NFPA 69) NFPA 61
in NFPA 499, Recommended and NFPA
Practice for the Classification 69.)
of Combustible Dustts and
of Hazardous (Classified)
Locations for Electrical
Installations in Chemical
Process Areas

2 DRIED PORENTIAL NR Entire room2 Division 13, or if acceptable NCC (Construction in H, FAS (See
SLUDE FOR to the authority having accordance with NFPA NFPA 61
STORAGE IGNITION jurisdiction with classifications 68 and NFPA 69) and NFPA
in NFPA 499, Recommended

T
AREAS, IF OF DUST 69.)
ENCLOSED Practice for the Classification
of Combustible Dustts and
of Hazardous (Classified)

F
Locations for Electrical
Installations in Chemical
Process Areas

Note: The NR designation in column C indicates that no ventilation requirements are established for the space and,therefore, Table 9.1.1.4 also has no

A
requirements.
1 See NFPA 54, National Fuel Gas Code; NFPA 82, Standard on Incinerators and Waste and Linen Handling Systems and Equipment; NFPA 85, Boiler and
Combustion Systems Hazards Code.

R
2 The area beyond the envelope is unclassified.

3 If acceptable to the authority having jurisdiction, classifications in NFPA 499.

D
FAS — Fire alarm system

FSS — Fire suppression system (e.g., automatic sprinkler, water spray, foam, gaseous, or dry chemical)

H — Hydrant protection in accordance with 7.2.4

NEC — In accordance with NFPA 70, National Electrical Code

NC — Noncombustible material

NR — No requirement

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 NFPA 820 — May 2003 ROP — Copyright, NFPA
7.2.4.2 Water supplies and hydrants shall be installed in accordance with the
following standards, as applicable:
Chapter 7 Fire and Explosion Prevention and Protection
(1) NFPA 22, Standard for Water Tanks for Private Fire Protection
7.1* Scope. This chapter shall establish minimum requirements for overall (2) NFPA 24, Standard for the Installation of Private Fire Service Mains
protection against fire and explosion hazards in wastewater facilities and and Their Appurtenances
associated collection systems.
(3) NFPA 1142, Standard on Water Supplies for Suburban and Rural Fire
7.1.1 Gases, liquids, and solids shall be assigned to one of the following two Fighting
categories:
7.2.4.3 Standpipes and hose systems shall be installed and inspected in
(1) Flammable/combustible hazards accordance with NFPA 14, Standard for the Installation of Standpipe, Private
Hydrant, and Hose Systems.
(2) Safety and health hazards
7.1.2 This standard shall apply to the flammability aspects of a particular 7.2.4.4 Where fire pumps are used as a separate and sole source of supply,
substance, process, or area within wastewater and collection facilities. the system shall provide capacity to meet simultaneous fire water flow
requirements for both manual and automatic fire suppression systems and the
7.1.3 NFPA 70E, Standard for Electrical Safety Requirements for Employee following shall apply.
Workplaces, and NFPA 101®, Life Safety Code ®, shall be referenced for
additional requirements to protect against safety and health hazards. (1) A standby power supply shall be provided.
7.2 Fire Protection Measures.
(2) Pumps shall be automatic starting and manual shutdown.
7.2.1 General.
(3) Pumps shall be installed in accordance with NFPA 20, Standard for
7.2.1.1 Collection systems, liquid stream treatment processes, and solids- the Installation of Stationary Pumps for Fire Protection.
handling processes shall be provided with fire protection for the fire hazards,

T
as described in Table 4.2, Table 5.2, Table 6.2(a), and Table 6.2(b). 7.2.5 Portable Fire Extinguishers.
7.2.5.1 Portable fire extinguishers shall be installed, located, and maintained
7.2.1.2 Enclosed spaces classified as explosion hazard areas under this in accordance with NFPA 10, Standard for Portable Fire Extinguishers.
document shall be physically separated from all unclassified enclosures.

F
7.2.5.2 The requirement for portable fire extinguishers shall be permitted to
7.2.1.3 In addition to the fire protection specified in Chapter 8, buildings, be waived where areas are not commonly occupied and the approval of the
structures, and process elements, under some conditions, shall be provided authority having jurisdiction has been obtained.
with automatic-extinguishing systems in accordance with this chapter.
7.3 Fire Detection and Alarm Systems.

A
7.2.2 Automatic Sprinkler Systems.
7.3.1 Fire detection and alarm systems for each treatment and collection
7.2.2.1 An automatic sprinkler system, where required by this standard or facility area shall be provided as identified in Table 4.2, Table 5.2, Table
by referenced publications, shall conform to NFPA 13, Standard for the 6.2(a), and Table 6.2(b) or in accordance with referenced publications.
Installation of Sprinkler Systems, and shall be approved by the authority
7.3.2 Fire detection and alarm systems shall be installed and maintained in

R
having jurisdiction.
accordance with NFPA 72®, National Fire Alarm Code ®.
7.2.2.2 Other automatic-extinguishing systems shall be permitted in certain
areas of the wastewater treatment plant, such as the following: 7.4 Combustible Gas Detection.
(1) Chemical storage
7.4.1* Combustible gas detectors shall be located in accordance with Tables

D
(2) Underground tunnels or structures 4.2, 5.2, and 6.2(a).
(3) Areas where electrical hazard is a principal concern
7.4.2* The selection of combustible gas detector types and their placement
(4) Areas where water damage would seriously impair the integrity of shall be determined by a qualified person as defined by NFPA 70, National
the treatment plant Electrical Code ®.
7.2.3 Other Automatic-Extinguishing Systems. Where required or used in 7.4.3 Combustible gas detectors shall be listed.
place of automatic sprinkler systems, special hazard-extinguishing systems
and nonwater automatic-extinguishing systems shall be designed, installed, 7.4.4 The installation of combustible gas detectors shall be in accordance
and maintained in accordance with the following standards, as applicable: with their listing requirements and the manufacturers’ instructions.
(1) NFPA 11, Standard for Low-Expansion Foam
7.4.4 Combustible gas detection equipment located in hazardous (classified)
(2) NFPA 12, Standard on Carbon Dioxide Extinguishing Systems locations, as defined in accordance with NFPA 70, National Electrical Code,
(3) NFPA 12A, Standard on Halon 1301 Fire Extinguishing Systems shall be listed for use in such atmospheres.
(4) NFPA 15, Standard for Water Spray Fixed Systems for Fire 7.4.4.1 Detectors located in hazardous (classified) locations shall be set to
Protection alarm at 10 percent of the lower explosive limit (LEL) in accordance with
(5) NFPA 16, Standard for the Installation of Foam-Water Sprinkler and the manufacturers’ calibration instructions and shall be connected to alarm
Foam-Water Spray Systems signaling systems.
(6) NFPA 17, Standard for Dry Chemical Extinguishing Systems 7.4.4.2 Where permitted by the authority having jurisdiction, the alarm
limits shall be permitted to be set at higher than 10 percent of the explosive
(7) NFPA 2001, Standard on Clean Agent Fire Extinguishing Systems limit where experience indicates ambient levels would produce spurious
7.2.4 Water Supplies, Standpipes, Hose Systems, and Hydrants. alarms.

7.2.4.1 Water supplies shall be capable of delivering the total demand of 7.5 Ventilation Monitoring and Signaling Systems.
sprinklers, hose streams, and foam systems. 7.5.1 All continuous ventilation systems shall be fitted with flow detection
7.2.4.1.1 In areas where there is no public water supply or where the supply devices connected to alarm signaling systems to indicate ventilation system
is not capable of meeting the total demand required, treatment plant effluent failure.
shall be permitted for fire protection use. 7.5.2 Local and remote alarms for both ventilation system failure and
7.2.4.1.2 The requirements of the public health authority having jurisdiction combustible gas detection shall be provided for all hazardous areas classified
shall be determined and followed. in accordance with the following:
(1) Article 500 of NFPA 70, National Electrical Code
(2) The requirements of Chapters 4, 5, and 6 for pressurization of spaces
(3) Chapter 7 and NFPA 496, Standard for Purged and Pressurized
Enclosures for Electrical Equipment
7.5.3* The alarms required in 7.5.2 shall be displayed in accordance with
Table 7.5.3.

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(1) Equipment or equipment enclosures,
Table 7.5.3 Ventilation System Alarm Devices for Areas Indicated in 7.5.2
(2) Grating, walkways, ladders, railings, weirs, process piping and
Location/Supervision Alarm Devices and Supervision appurtenances
Entrance(s) to such spaces* Visual and audible alarms (3) Process media
(4) Aeration devices
Within such spaces Visual and audible alarms
(5) Slide and sluice gates
Local (within treatment plant or Visual and audible alarms
building) (6) Pump packing and seal material
(7) Electrical conduit
Remote (for distant supervision) Visual and audible alarms
(8) Hardware
* Where locations are not constantly
(9) Liners for basins that are open to the atmosphere
attended, the use of a nonaudible
signal is permitted if a dual light (10) Materials used in rehabilitation or for lining existing sewer pipes
system is used. A dual light system (11) Other components as allowed by the AHJ
is to include a “go”/“no go” or green
light/red light type of warning system 8.1.4 In areas where corrosive environments are present, including classified
instead of the audible alarm. areas, the mitigation of corrosion problems in the selection and use of
materials for nonstructural assemblies shall include the use of the following:
(1) Corrosion-resistant metallic or nonmetallic grating
(2) Railings, steps and stairs, conduit
7.5.3.1 In situations where remote supervision is impractical, a telephone

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dialer shall be allowed to meet the intent of this portion of the table. (3) Electric equipment enclosures
7.5.4 Signaling systems shall be in accordance with the requirements for
supervised signaling systems as set forth in NFPA 72, National Fire Alarm 8.2 Materials Selection.
Code.

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7.6 Laboratories. Fire protection for laboratories shall be in accordance 8.2.1 Materials shall be selected based on the criteria for a particular
with NFPA 45, Standard on Fire Protection for Laboratories Using application.
Chemicals.
8.2.2 Selection criteria shall include the following:
7.7 Special Fire Protection Measures.
(1) Structural requirements

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7.7.1 Fire Protection During Construction. (2) Location and operating environment
Fire protection measures during construction at both new and existing (3) Fire rating
wastewater facilities shall be provided in accordance with NFPA 241,
Standard for Safeguarding Construction, Alteration, and Demolition (4) Flame spread value

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Operations. (5) Smoke density generation factors
7.7.2 Lightning Protection. Lightning protection shall be provided in (6) Products of combustion
accordance with NFPA 780, Standard for the Installation of Lightning (7) Corrosion resistance
Protection Systems.
8.2.3 For the purpose of this document, materials of construction shall be

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7.7.3 Drainage. divided into the following four basic categories:
7.7.3.1 Provisions shall be made in all fire areas of the plant for removal of (1) Combustible
all liquids for containment in the fire area without flooding of equipment and (2) Noncombustible
without endangering other areas.
(3) Limited-combustible
7.7.3.2 The provisions for drainage and any associated drainage facilities (4) Low flame spread
shall be sized to simultaneously accommodate all of the following:
8.2.4 Materials of construction used for unit processes located in areas with
(1) The spill of the largest single container of any flammable or an NFPA 70, National Electrical Code, classification of Class I, Division 1
combustible liquids in the area or Division 2, and Class II shall be selected based on an overall evaluation,
(2) The maximum expected number of fire hose lines 31.5 L/sec (500 including the following:
gal/min) minimum] operating for a minimum of 10 minutes
(1) Fire risk of the material attributes
(3) The maximum design discharge of fixed fire suppression systems
operating for a minimum of 10 minutes (2) Economic impact of replacing the unit process
(3) Potential environmental dangers caused by having the unit process out
Chapter 8 Materials of Construction of service for an extended period of time due to fire or explosion

8.1 General. 8.3 Applications.

8.1.1 This chapter shall apply to the selection materials of construction for 8.3.1* Sewers and Appurtenances. Materials of construction for sewers
buildings, structures, and process elements for protection against fire and and appurtenances such as maintenance holes, junction chambers, and catch
explosion in wastewater treatment plants and associated collection systems. basins shall be based on the results of a written materials risk assessment.

8.1.2 Materials of construction and interior coatings and finishes shall 8.3.2 Pumping Facilities. Materials selected for wastewater pumping
provide a maximum degree of fire resistance with the minimum amount of facilities shall be in accordance with Table 4.2 unless otherwise specified by
flame spread and smoke generation associated with a particular application. (1) or (2):
8.1.3 Materials shall be selected that reduce or eliminate the effects of (1)Where conditions or applications warrant the selection of combustible
fire and explosion by maintaining structural integrity, controlling flame materials for pumping facilities, the following shall be included as part of the
spread and smoke generation, minimizing the release of toxic products of fire risk evaluation:
combustion, and maintaining the serviceability and operation of critical (a) Flame spread
processes.
(b) Smoke generation
8.1.3.1 The purpose of the criteria for selecting materials of construction (c) Corrosion resistance
shall not be to provide protection of personnel from the risk of exposure to
an asphyxiating or toxic atmosphere generated during a fire. (d) Products of combustion
8.1.3.2 Criteria for selecting materials of construction shall not apply to (e) Impact of a fire or explosion on the structural integrity and
nonprocess contents of the building, structure, or assembly where such operability of the pumping facility
contents are not a part of the building, structure, or assembly, including the (f) Economic and environmental consequences of having the pumping
following: facility out of service

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(2) Small aboveground pumping facilities with a floor area of 9.3 m 2 process areas for fire separation, they shall have a minimum 1-hour fire
(100 ft 2 ) or less and physically separated from the wet well and that do not rating.
present a fire hazard to other buildings or structures shall be permitted to be
constructed of any appropriate materials. 8.3.3.4.4 Nonstructural assemblies such as ventilation ducts and piping
shall be constructed of materials meeting the definitions of noncombustible,
8.3.3 Buildings and Structures. limited-combustible, or low flame spread.
8.3.3.1 General. Buildings and structures, including domes and covers, 8.3.3.5 Combustible Gas Generation and Combustion Processes.
shall be constructed of materials in accordance with Table 4.2, Table 5.2,
Table 6.2(a), and Table 6.2(b), unless otherwise specified by (1), (2), or (3). 8.3.3.5.1 Buildings and structures containing unit processes that generate,
process, or utilize combustible gases (e.g., anaerobic wastewater treatment
(1) Where conditions or applications warrant the selection of combustible processes, anaerobic digesters, compressors, storage spheres, piping, waste
materials for buildings and structures, the following shall be included as part gas burners, gas-fired equipment including sludge incinerators) shall be
of the fire risk evaluation: constructed of materials meeting the definition of noncombustible.
(a) Flame spread 8.3.3.5.2 The requirements of 8.3.3.5.1 shall not apply where otherwise
(b) Smoke generation permitted by 8.3.3.1.
(c) Corrosion resistance 8.3.3.6 Air Supply and Exhaust.
(d) Products of combustion 8.3.3.6.1 Noncombustible, limited-combustible, or low flame spread
(e) Impact that a fire or explosion on structural integrity and materials shall be used for air supply and exhaust systems.
operability of the facility 8.3.3.6.2 Systems supplying or exhausting air at a rate greater than 56.6 m3 /
(f) Economic and environmental consequences of having the facility min (2000 ft 3 /min) shall include listed smoke dampers, listed fire dampers,
out of service and smoke detection and shall cause the ventilation system to shut down
upon detection of smoke.

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(2) Small aboveground buildings and structures, including domes and
covers, with a floor or surface area of 9.3 m 2 (100 ft 2) or less that are 8.3.3.6.3 Separate smoke ventilation systems shall be used where applicable,
physically separated from other buildings or structures and that do not unless otherwise permitted by the following:
present a fire hazard to other buildings or structures shall be permitted to be (1) Smoke venting shall be permitted to be integrated into installed

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constructed of any appropriate materials. ventilation systems using automatic or manually positioned dampers and
(3) Materials other than those required by Table 4.2, Table 5.2,Table motor speed control in accordance with NFPA 90A, Standard for the
6.2(a), and Table 6.2(b) shall be permitted in buildings or structures that are Installation of Air-Conditioning and Ventilating Systems, and NFPA
fully sprinklered in accordance with NFPA 13, Standard for the Installation 204, Standard for Smoke and Heat Venting, shall be reviewed for further
of Sprinkler Systems. information.

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8.3.3.2 Critical Unit Processes. (2) Smoke venting also shall be permitted to be accomplished through the
use of portable smoke ejectors.
8.3.3.2.1 Buildings and structures, including domes and covers, containing
unit processes that are critical to maintaining the integrity of the treatment 8.3.3.7 Miscellaneous Materials.
plant (e.g., headworks, main pumping facility, primary clarifiers), and

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8.3.3.7.1 Cellular or foamed plastic materials shall only be used in
that if out of service for even a few hours could permanently damage the accordance with NFPA 101, Life Safety Code.
environment or endanger public health by allowing the release of raw
wastewater or sludge, shall be constructed of materials meeting the definition 8.3.3.7.2 Roof coverings shall be Class A in accordance with NFPA 256,
of noncombustible. Standard Methods of Fire Tests of Roof Coverings.
8.3.3.7.3 Metal roof deck construction shall be Class I or shall be fire

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8.3.3.2.2 The requirements of 8.3.3.2.1 shall not apply where otherwise classified.
permitted by 8.3.3.1.
8.3.3.7.4 Class II metal roof deck construction shall be permitted in
8.3.3.2.3 Where structural assemblies and partitions are required in buildings or structures that are fully sprinklered in accordance with 7.2.2.
critical unit process areas for fire separation in accordance with the fire risk
evaluation, they shall have a minimum 3-hour fire rating.
8.3.3.2.4 Nonstructural assemblies such as ventilation ducts and piping shall Chapter 9 Ventilation
be constructed of noncombustible, limited-combustible, or low flame spread
materials. 9.1 General.
8.3.3.3 Essential Unit Processes. 9.1.1. Requirement Applications.
8.3.3.3.1 Buildings or structures, including domes and covers, containing 9.1.1.1 The minimum criteria for ventilation for protection against fire
unit processes that are essential to maintaining the integrity of the and explosion of wastewater treatment and pumping facilities shall be
treatment plant (e.g., secondary biological treatment, secondary clarifiers, in accordance with Chapters 6, 7, and 8 for the designated electrical
or disinfection facilities), and that if out of service for short periods of classifications.
time would not permanently damage the environment or endanger public
health but would become critical if out of service for several days, shall be 9.1.1.2 Where this standard requires certain ventilation practices, they are
constructed of materials meeting the definitions of noncombustible, limited- intended to minimize fire and explosion hazards; these ventilation standards
combustible, or low flame spread. shall not be considered to apply to the protection of personnel from the toxic
effects of exposure to gases present or the depletion of oxygen.
8.3.3.3.2 The requirements of 8.3.3.3.1 shall not apply where otherwise
permitted by 8.3.3.1. 9.1.1.3 This chapter shall be limited to the ventilation of enclosed wastewater
8.3.3.3.3 Where structural assemblies and partitions are used in essential pumping and process-related areas and does not establish criteria applicable
unit process areas for fire separation, they shall have a minimum 2-hour fire to spaces devoted to administrative areas, laboratories, or other ancillary
rating. spaces.

8.3.3.3.4* Nonstructural assemblies such as ventilation ducts and piping Caution: Because of the unpredictable nature of materials and events
shall be constructed of noncombustible, limited-combustible, or low flame encountered in the operation of wastewater systems, the ventilation criteria
spread materials. established in this standard might not be adequate for protection against all
hazards that might be encountered.
8.3.3.4 Other Unit Processes.
9.1.1.4 Ventilation criteria not addressed by Chapters 4, 5, and 6 shall meet
8.3.3.4.1 Buildings and structures containing unit processes, including the requirements of Table 9.1.1.4.
sludge-processing operations, that are not critical or essential to maintaining
the integrity of the treatment plant, and where being out of service for long 9.1.1.5 This chapter shall not apply to at-grade or abovegrade unroofed
periods of time (i.e., a week or more) would not permanently or damage the structures less than 0.6 m (2 ft) deep or 0.6 m (2 ft) to the in-service
environment or endanger public health, shall be constructed of materials waterline or to at-grade or abovegrade roofed structures where the following
considered applicable by the authority having jurisdiction. applies:
8.3.3.4.2 The requirements of 8.3.3.4.1 shall not apply whre otherwise (1) The roof is at least 3 m (10 ft) above surrounding finished grade.
permitted by 8.3.3.1. (2) The structure is open on at least three sides.
8.3.3.4.3 Where structural assemblies and partitions are used in other unit 9.1.2 Hazardous Classifications. Hazardous classifications as established

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in Table 4.2, Table 5.2, Table 6.2(a), and Table 6.2(b) shall be permitted receive power from electrical equipment that receives power from a primary
to be reduced to a lower classification, including unclassified, with positive power source and that also has the means to accept power from alternate
pressurization in accordance with both of the following: power sources.
(1) Article 500 of NFPA 70, National Electrical Code 9.2.9.1 Minimum requirements for the means to accept the alternate source
of power shall include connectors that are designed to connect to devices
(2) NFPA 496, Standard for Purged and Pressurized Enclosures for such as standby generators, portable generators, uninterruptible power
Electrical Equipment supplies, and so forth.
9.2 Installation. 9.2.9.2 Automatic or manual switching to a permanent alternate source of
power shall also be permitted.
9.2.1 Ventilation systems serving spaces governed by this standard shall be
designed in accordance with NFPA 90A, Standard for the Installation of 9.2.9.3 Power failure of the primary source shall be alarmed.
Air-Conditioning and Ventilating Systems.
9.3 Ventilation Criteria.
9.2.2 NFPA 90A shall not apply to the design of ventilation systems where
superseded by a more restrictive provision of this standard. 9.3.1 Ventilation rates shall be based on air changes per hour and shall be
9.2.2 Ventilation systems serving hazardous areas classified under the calculated on the basis of the maximum aggregate volume, under normal
provisions of Article 500 of NFPA 70, National Electrical Code, shall operating conditions, of the space to be ventilated.
incorporate fans fabricated in accordance with Air Moving and Control 9.3.1.1 Air changes per hour shall be based on 100 percent outside supply
Association (AMCA) Type A or Type B spark-resistant construction. air, which shall be exhausted.
9.2.3 All mechanically ventilated spaces shall be served by both supply and 9.3.1.2 Ventilation rates shall conform to those listed in Table 9.1.1.4 in order
exhaust fans, unless otherwise permitted by the following: to obtain the lowest area electrical classification possible in accordance with

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(1) For covered process facilities that are not routinely entered by NFPA 70, National Electrical Code.
personnel and where mechanically ventilated, the space shall be permitted
to be ventilated by exhaust fans only, and the induced supply (outside) air 9.3.2 Dual ventilation rates for NFPA 70, National Electrical Code, Class I,
shall meet the ventilation rate specified in the applicable chapter when Division 1 and Division 2 areas shall be permitted under the provisions of
this standard, provided that the following criteria are met:

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determining the area classification.
(2) Small aboveground buildings and structures, including domes and (1) The low ventilation rate is not less than 50 percent of that specified
covers, with a floor or surface of 9.3 m 2 (100 ft2) or less that are physically in Table 9.1.1.4.
separated from other buildings or structures and do not present a fire hazard (2) The low ventilation rate is in operation only if the supply air
to other buildings or structures shall be permitted to be ventilated by a temperature is 10°C (50°F) or less.

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supply fan only.
(3) The high ventilation rate is not less than that specified in Table
9.2.4 Ventilation systems serving unclassified areas adjacent to classified 9.1.1.4.
areas shall maintain a differential pressure relative to ambient air pressure of
25 Pa (0.1 in. water column) under all operating conditions. (4) The high ventilation rate is in operation whenever the supply air
temperature is above 10°C (50°F), whenever the ventilated space is occupied,

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9.2.5 Ventilation systems serving classified areas shall maintain a or whenever activated by approved combustible gas detectors set to function
differential pressure relative to ambient air pressure of -25 Pa (-0.1 in. water at 10 percent of the lower flammable limit (LUL).
column) under all operating conditions. 9.3.3* Recirculation of up to 75 percent of the exhaust airflow rate for
unclassified areas shall be permitted provided that the following criteria are
9.2.6 Ventilation systems for hazardous areas that are designed to operate

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met:
intermittently or only when the space is occupied shall not be permitted
for the purpose of downgrading the electrical classification of areas. (See (1) The recirculated air and outside airflow rate total is not less than 6
Chapters 4, 5, and 6 for further information.) air changes per hour.
9.2.7 Air shall be introduced into and exhausted from hazardous areas (2) Recirculation does not occur during occupancy.
specified in 9.2.6 in a manner that will encourage scavenging of all portions (3) Recirculation does not occur whenever a combustible gas detector
of the spaces to prevent short-circuiting and to promote the effective removal senses a lower explosive limit of 10 percent or greater.
of both heavier- and lighter-than-air gases and vapors.
9.2.8 Ventilation systems shall not transfer air between unclassified interior
spaces and classified interior spaces.
9.2.9 Ventilation systems serving areas governed by this standard shall

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Table 9.1.1.4 Minimum Ventilation Rates
Ventilation Rate, Air
Changes per Hour, or
Velocity
Description Class I, Division 1 Class I, Division 2 Unclassified
1 Wet wells, screen rooms, and <12 air changes per hour ≥12 air changes per hour —
other enclosed spaces with
wastewater exposed to the
room atmosphere
2 Belowgrade spaces such as
dry wells, equipment rooms,
tunnels, or galleries:
(a) With equipment using or <12 air changes per hour ≥12 air changes per hour or ≥74 —
processing flammable gas or <74 ft/min (22.2 m/min) ft/min (22.2 m/min) velocity in
velocity in tunnels or tunnels or galleries

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galleries
(b) With gas piping — <6 air changes per hour or <37 ≥6 air changes
ft/min (11 m/min) velocity in per hour or ≥37

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tunnels or galleries ft/min (11 m/min)
velocity in tunnels
or galleries

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(c) Without gas piping NR for tunnels and galleries <6 air changes per hour for ≥6 air changes
dry wells.; NR for tunnels and per hour for dry
galleries wells.;NR for
tunnels and galleries

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3 Abovegrade spaces such
as equipment rooms and

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galleries:
(a) With equipment using or <12 air changes per hour ≥12 air changes per hour or ≥74 —
processing flammable gas or <74 ft/min (22.2 m/min) ft/min (22.2 m/min) velocity in
velocity for galleries galleries
(b) With gas piping — <6 air changes per hour or <37 >6 air changes per
ft/min (11 m/min) velocity in hour or >37 ft/min
galleries (11 m/min) velocity
in galleries
(c) Without gas piping NR for galleries NR for galleries NR for galleries
NR: No requirement.

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10.7* Impairments.
Chapter 10 Administrative Controls 10.7.1 A written procedure in accordance with NFPA 25, Standard for
the Inspection, Testing, and Maintenance of Water-Based Fire Protection
10.1 General. This chapter shall establish the procedures and controls Systems, shall be established to address impairments of all water-based fire
necessary for the execution of the fire prevention and fire protection protection systems.
activities and practices for wastewater treatment and collection facilities.
10.7.2 A written procedure that includes the following shall be established
10.2 Management Policy and Direction. to address impairments to other fire protection systems and plant systems
that have an impact on the level of fire hazard (e.g., dust collection systems,
10.2.1* Management shall establish a policy and institute a fire prevention HVAC systems):
and protection program at each facility.
(1) Identification of equipment unavailable for service
10.2.2 Combustible materials shall not be stored in areas used for the storage (2) Identification of personnel to be notified (e.g., plant fire brigade chief,
of toxic or reactive chemicals. public fire department)
10.3* Fire Risk Evaluation. A complete fire risk evaluation shall be (3) Provision for increase in fire surveillance as needed
performed during the initial design process.
10.7.3 Following repairs, tests shall be conducted on all affected systems to
10.4 Fire Prevention Program. Each plant shall establish a fire prevention ensure operation.
program that includes all of the following items.
10.7.4 Following restoration, all parties previously notified of the impairment
(1) Fire safety information for all employees and contractors that includes, shall be notified of the completion of repairs.
as a minimum, the following:
10.8 Fire Emergency Plan. A written fire emergency plan shall be
(a) Familiarization with fire protection equipment and procedures developed that includes the following:

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(b) Plant emergency alarms and procedures
(1) Response to fire alarms and fire system supervisory alarms
(c) Procedures for reporting a fire
(2) Notification of personnel identified in the plan
(2) Documented plant inspections, including provisions for handling

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remedial actions to correct conditions that increase fire hazards (3) Evacuation from the fire area of employees not directly involved in
fire-fighting activities
(3) Description of the general housekeeping procedures and the control
of transient combustibles, including control of such materials stored in areas (4) Coordination with security forces or other designated personnel to
containing toxic or reactive chemicals admit the public fire department and to control traffic and personnel
(5) Fire extinguishment activities

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(4) Control of flammable and combustible liquids and gases in accordance
with NFPA 30, Flammable and Combustible Liquids Code, and NFPA 54, (6) Operators’ duties during fire emergencies in critical areas
National Fuel Gas Code
(7) Approved breathing apparatus to be provided in critical areas
(5) Control of ignition sources that include smoking, grinding, welding,
and cutting in accordance with NFPA 51B, Standard for Fire Prevention 10.9* Fire Brigades.

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During Welding, Cutting, and Other Hot Work
10.9.1* If a fire brigade is provided, its organization and training shall be
(6) Fire prevention surveillance in accordance with NFPA 601, Standard identified in written procedures.
for Security Services in Fire Loss Prevention
(7)* Fire report, including an investigation and a statement on the 10.9.2 Arrangements shall be made to allow rapid entry into the plant by the
municipal fire department, police department, or other authorized personnel

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corrective action to be taken
in the case of fire or other emergency.
10.5 Water-Based Fire Protection Systems.
10.9.3 Plant emergency organizations, where provided, shall be instructed
10.5.1 Water-based fire protection systems shall include all of the following: and trained in accordance with NFPA 600, Standard on Industrial Fire
Brigades.
(1) Fire sprinkler systems
10.10* Polychlorinated Biphenyls. If polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) are
(2) Standpipe and hose systems contained within the wastewater treatment plant, the owner and the local
fire officials shall prepare a contingency plan to protect the plant and the
(3) Water spray fixed systems collection system from possible contamination in the event that the PCBs or
combustion products are leaked or washed into the drains during a fire.
(4) Foam-water sprinkler systems
10.11 Fire and Explosion Prevention. The principal control procedures
(5) Water supplies that are part of such systems, such as the following: used to minimize potential fire and explosion incidents at wastewater
treatment plants shall include the following:
(a) Private fire service mains and appurtenances
(1)* Ventilation
(b) Fire pumps and water storage tanks
(2)* Education
(c) Valves that control system flow (3) Risk management and property conservation programs
10.5.2 All water-based fire protection systems shall be installed in (4) Procedures for permitting hot work
accordance with the manufacturers’ specifications and the NFPA standards (5)* Selection of materials of construction
referenced throughout this document as summarized in Chapter 2.
(6) Selection of equipment
10.5.3 All water-based fire protection systems shall be inspected, tested, 10.11.1 Control of Hazardous Source.
and maintained in accordance with NFPA 25, Standard for the Inspection,
Testing, and Maintenance of Water-Based Fire Protection Systems. 10.11.1.1 In-house training programs [e.g., plant emergency organizations
(PEO) and housekeeping or maintenance] that provide information to
10.6 Other Fire Protection and Detection Systems. understanding, identifying, preventing, and handling hazardous sources and
situations related to potential fire, explosion, and toxicity problems shall be
10.6.1 All other fire protection and detection systems shall be installed in established for all personnel.
accordance with the manufacturers’ specifications and the NFPA standards
referenced throughout this document as summarized in Chapter 2. 10.11.1.2 Liaison shall be implemented between the local fire department,
including other authorized emergency personnel, and wastewater treatment
10.6.2* All other fire protection and detection systems shall be inspected, plant safety personnel, so that mutually approved emergency procedures,
tested, and maintained in accordance with the NFPA standards in Chapter 2. including familiarity with the plant, are established.

10.6.3 Other fire protection system equipment that is not addressed by an 10.11.2 Control of Ignition Sources.
NFPA standard as referenced in Chapter 2 (e.g., combustible gas detectors,
radio communications equipment, and flame arresters or flame checks) shall 10.11.2.1* Personnel involved shall be educated in the conditions for and
be inspected, tested, and maintained in accordance with the manufacturers’ the sources of ignition of special hazards and shall be trained for the safe
specifications. operation of processes.

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10.11.2.2 All personnel shall be trained to report faulty equipment, worn
static bonding lines, improperly stored chemicals, and other items needing
correction.
A.3.3.69 See ASTM E 814, Standard Test Method for Fire Tests of Through-
10.11.3 Hot Work Permits. Penetration Fire Stops.
10.11.3.1* Welding, cutting, and similar spark-producing operations shall A.4.1 Additional information on sources of hazards, sources of ignition,
not be permitted until a written permit authorizing such work has been and mitigation measures associated with the collection and transmission of
issued. municipal wastewater is contained in Annex D.
10.11.3.2 The permit shall be issued by a person in authority following
inspection of the area to ensure that the precautions have been taken and will A.4.2 See Figure A.4.2(a) through Figure A.4.2(g), which provide examples
be followed until the job is completed. for Table 4.2.

Annex A Explanatory Material Figure A.4.2(a) Wet well or basin serving a storm sewer; illustration of
Table 4.2, row 4.
[Existing Figure A-2-2(a) from the 1999 edition of NFPA 820]
Annex A is not a part of the requirements of this NFPA document but is
included for informational purposes only. This annex contains explanatory
material, numbered to correspond with the applicable text paragraphs.
Figure A.4.2(b) Wet well or basin serving a residential sewer;
Ilustration of Table 4.2, row 11.
A.1.1.1.1 Other NFPA standards should be consulted for additional [Existing Figure A-2-2(b) from the 1999 edition of N FPA 820]
requirements relating to wastewater treatment and collection facilities.

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A.1.3.1 In existing facilities, it is not always practical to apply the
provisions of this standard strictly. Physical limitations could necessitate
disproportionate effort or expense with little increase in fire protection. Figure A.4.2(c) Wet well or basin serving separate or combined sanitary
In such cases, the authority having jurisdiction should be satisfied that sewer; illustration of Table 4.2, rows 16 and 34.

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reasonable fire protection is ensured. [Existing Figure A-2-2(c) from the 1999 edition of NFPA 820]
In existing facilities, it is the intent that any condition that represents
a serious threat to fire protection should be mitigated by application of
appropriate safeguards. It is not the intent to require modification for Figure A.4.2(d) Abovegrade equipment housing or vault physically
conditions that do not represent a significant threat to fire protection, separated from wet well or basin; illustration of Table 4.2,

A
even though such conditions are not literally in conformance with the fire rows 18 and 30.
protection requirements. [Existing Figure A-2-2(d) from the 1999 edition of NFPA 820]
A.1.7 For additional information, see NFPA 497, Recommended Practice for
the Classification of Flammable Liquids, Gases, or Vapors and of Hazardous

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(Classified) Locations for Electrical Installations in Chemical Process Areas, Figure A.4.2(e) Belowgrade or partially belowgrade equipment housing
and NFPA 499, Recommended Practice for the Classification of Combustible or vault physically separated from wet well or basin; illustration of
Dusts and of Hazardous (Classified) Locations for Electrical Installations Table 4.2, rows 5, 12, 17, 31, and 36.
in Chemical Process Areas. While some of the recommendations of these [Existing Figure A-2-2(e) from the 1999 edition of NFPA 820]
documents are not applicable to wastewater treatment facilities, both

D
documents do provide useful information.
A.3.2.1 Approved. The National Fire Protection Association does not ap-
prove, inspect, or certify any installations, procedures, equipment, or ma- Figure A.4.2(f) Abovegrade equipment housing or vault not physically
terials; nor does it approve or evaluate testing laboratories. In determining separated from wet well or basin; illustration of Table 4.2, row 19.
the acceptability of installations, procedures, equipment, or materials, the [Existing Figure A-2-2(f) from the 1999 edition of NFPA 820]
authority having jurisdiction may base acceptance on compliance with NFPA
or other appropriate standards. In the absence of such standards, said author-
ity may require evidence of proper installation, procedure, or use. The au-
thority having jurisdiction may also refer to the listings or labeling practices Figure A.4.2(g) Odor-control system location physically separated from
of an organization that is concerned with product evaluations and is thus in a wet well; illustration of Table 4.2, row 20.
position to determine compliance with appropriate standards for the current [Existing Figure A-2-2(g) from the 1999 edition of NFPA 820]
production of listed items.
A.3.2.2 Authority Having Jurisdiction (AHJ). The phrase “authority
having jurisdiction,” or its acronym AHJ, is used in NFPA documents A.5.1 Additional information on sources of hazards ignition, sources of, and
in a broad manner, since jurisdictions and approval agencies vary, as do mitigation measures associated with liquid stream treatment processes is
their responsibilities. Where public safety is primary, the authority having contained in Annex D.
jurisdiction may be a federal, state, local, or other regional department
or individual such as a fire chief; fire marshal; chief of a fire prevention A.5.2 See Figure A.5.2, which provides an example for Table 5.2.
bureau, labor department, or health department; building official; electrical
inspector; or others having statutory authority. For insurance purposes, A.6.1 Additional information on sources of hazards, sources of ignition, and
an insurance inspection department, rating bureau, or other insurance mitigation measures associated with solids treatment processes is contained
company representative may be the authority having jurisdiction. In many in Annex D.
circumstances, the property owner or his or her designated agent assumes
the role of the authority having jurisdiction; at government installations, the A.6.2 See Figure A.6.2(a) through Figure A.6.2(g), which provide examples
commanding officer or departmental official may be the authority having for Table 6.2(a).
jurisdiction.
A.3.2.4 Listed. The means for identifying listed equipment may vary for
each organization concerned with product evaluation; some organizations Figure A.5.2 Primary sedimentation tank; illustration of
do not recognize equipment as listed unless it is also labeled. The authority Table 5.2, row 6.
having jurisdiction should utilize the system employed by the listing [Existing Figure A-3-2 from the 1999 edition of NFPA 820]
organization to identify a listed product.
A.3.3.35.2 Fuel Gas. See NFPA 54, National Fuel Gas Code.
Figure A.6.2(a) Anaerobic digester with fixed or floating cover
A.3.3.43.1 Combustible Liquid. See NFPA 30, Flammable and abovegrade not enclosed in a building; illustration of Table 6.2(a), rows
Combustible Liquids Code. 15a and 15b.
A.3.3.43.2 Flammable Liquid. See NFPA 30, Flammable and Combustible [Existing Figure A-4-2(a) from the 1999 edition of NFPA 820]
Liquids Code.
A.3.3.56.2 Lower Flame Spread Rating. See NFPA 255, Standard Method
of Test of Surface Burning Characteristics of Building Materials.

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 NFPA 820 — May 2003 ROP — Copyright, NFPA
plastic materials might be submerged. However, during maintenance or
Figure A.6.2(b) Anaerobic digester control building containing sludge repair they can become exposed. During maintenance and repair operation,
gas piping and with ventilation A; illustration of Table 6.2(a), row 16a. extreme care should be taken with open flame such as cutting torches, as
[Existing Figure A-4-2(b) from the 1999 edition of NFPA 820] these exposed plastic or fiberglass-reinforced plastic materials might present
a considerable fuel load if ignited.
A.9.3.3 Ventilation rates and procedures established by this standard might
Figure A.6.2(c) Anaerobic digester control building containing sludge not be sufficient to protect personnel from exposure to toxic gases that might
gas piping and with ventilation C; illustration of Table 6.2(a), row 16c. be present in enclosed spaces.
[Existing Figure A-4-2(c) from the 1999 edition of NFPA 820]
A.10.2.1 Proper preventive maintenance of operating and fire protection
equipment, as well as operator training, are important aspects of a viable fire
prevention program.
Figure A.6.2(d) Anaerobic digester control building containing sludge
gas–processing equipment physically separated and with ventilation A.10.3 A fire risk evaluation of the plant should result in recommendations
B for the processing room and ventilation C for the control building; to integrate the fire prevention and fire protection required in this
illustration of Table 6.2(a), rows 16c and 17b. document into plant-specific considerations regarding design, layout, and
[Existing Figure A-4-2(d) from the 1999 edition of NFPA 820] anticipated operating requirements. The evaluation should result in a list of
recommended fire prevention features to be provided based on acceptable
means for the separation or control of common and special hazards, the
control or elimination of ignition sources, and the suppression of fires.
Figure A.6.2(e) Anaerobic digester control building containing sludge This evaluation should focus on materials of construction in ventilation
gas–processing equipment not physically separated and with ventilation systems and in processes that normally operate in a wet condition — for
A; illustration of Table 6.2(a), row 16. example, plastic media trickling filters, bio-towers, and rotating biological
[Existing Figure A-4-2(e) from the 1999 edition of NFPA 820]

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contactors. These systems and process units can represent a considerable fuel
load if ignition occurs during operation. Maintenance, fire spread, and smoke
production should be considered in the selection of materials.
Figure A.6.2(f) Underground tunnel containing natural gas or sludge Consideration should also be given to locating process areas — for example,

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gas piping with ventilation D; illustration of screen room, areas containing gas management equipment, and so forth
Table 6.2(a), rows 20a and 20b. — that represent a significant explosion hazard remote from other process
[Existing Figure A-4-2(f) from the 1999 edition of NFPA 820] areas to reduce the risk of consequent damage is an explosion occurs.
A.10.4(7)

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For an example of a fire report, see Figure A.10.4(7).
Figure A.6.2(g) Underground tunnel containing natural gas or sludge
gas piping with ventilation C; illustration of
Table 6.2(a), rows 20c and 20d. Figure A.10.4(7) Sample Fire Report
[Existing Figure A-4-2(g) from the 1999 edition of NFPA 820] [Existing Figure A.8.4(7) from 1999 edition of NFPA 820]

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A.10.6.2 Once a detection system is installed, a preventive maintenance
A.7.1 Additional information is contained in Annex D. program is essential. A detection system is only as good as the care and

D
maintenance it receives, which is especially true in harsh environments.
A.7.4.1 For further information, see NFPA 329, Recommended Practice for When installing instruments, ease of calibration and maintenance should
Handling Releases of Flammable and Combustible Liquids and Gases. be considered. Periodic calibration, checks, and adjustments are necessary
for detection to remain accurate. If instruments are inaccessible, it is more
A.7.4.2 Other types of detectors, such as heat and smoke detectors, have likely that maintenance procedures will not be followed. Detectors should
standards recommending spacing usually based on a certain area per be located to prevent exposure to physical damage from normal activities in
detector. There are no known recognized standards or guidelines for the the area.
locating or spacing of combustible gas detectors.
Consideration should be given to the scope and limitations of the listing for
Whether natural or mechanical, air movement is a very important combustible gas detectors. For example, the Hazardous Location Equipment
consideration in installing combustible gas detectors. This aspect should be Directory by Underwriters Laboratories Inc. offers guidance in maintaining
carefully investigated, including the effect of doors, windows, vents, and and using combustible gas detectors. The following is extracted from the
other openings. It could be necessary to conduct a ventilation study that directory’s product category guide for listed gas detectors (JTPX).
could involve a nontoxic smoke movement analysis.
Gas or vapor detectors should be calibrated and inspected by the operator
Dispersion characteristics can also affect detector placement. Vapors and in compliance with the manufacturer’s instructions, as performance of the
gases will disperse inversely proportional to their specific density in a instruments will depend on proper maintenance. The instruments should
quiescent environment. Vapors and gases with densities less than that of air be calibrated with known gas– or vapor–air mixtures at intervals and
will diffuse quickly at first until the vapor or gas becomes diluted. Heavier- particularly after replaceable sensors incorporated in the detecting unit are
than-air vapors and gases will tend to settle at a low area and not diffuse replaced. Certain gases or vapors can adversely affect (poison) the sensors
into the atmosphere unless dispersed by ventilation or temperature currents. and limit the use of the instruments. Sampling atmospheres containing
Vapors with densities close to that of air will exhibit little mixing effect and gases or vapors for which they have not been previously calibrated should,
will be transported largely by air currents. therefore, be avoided.
There are various types of sensing devices. It is important to select the
proper sensing device for each application and for the environment in which A.10.7 Impairments to fire protection systems should be as short in duration
it will be placed. Most organic and inorganic compounds can be monitored as practicable. If the impairment is planned, all necessary parts and
safely with a catalytic combustion–type sensor. However, organic and manpower should be assembled prior to removing the protection system
metallic solvents containing lead, silicones, plasticizers, or halogens can from service. When an impairment is not planned, the repair work should be
poison the catalytic element. expedited until repairs are completed.

A.7.5.3 In all cases, standard “Danger” signs identifying the purpose of the A.10.9 The size of the plant and its staff, the complexity of fire-fighting
lights and audible alarms and warning against entry when there is an alarm problems, and the availability of a public fire department should determine
condition should be posted as near as practical to the warning devices. the requirements for a fire brigade. The organization of a fire brigade is
encouraged for wastewater treatment facilities located in remote areas.
A.8.3.1 See Annex C of this document and NFPA 329, Recommended
Practice for Handling Releases of Flammable and Combustible Liquids and If a fire brigade is provided, its organization and training should be
Gases. identified in written procedures. The recommendations of NFPA 600,
Standard on Industrial Fire Brigades, and OSHA, 29 CFR 1910.156, should
A.8.3.3.3.4 Plastic or fiberglass-reinforced plastic products are often used be consulted for additional information.
as materials of construction in unit processes such as rotating biological The following paragraphs discuss special fire-fighting conditions unique
contactors (RBC), bio-towers, trickling filters, inclined plate (tube) settlers, to wastewater facilities. This information might be useful in fire brigade
ventilation ducts, and other equipment that might be subject to corrosion. training and fire preplanning.
Under normal operating conditions, these plastic or fiberglass-reinforced

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Cable tray fires should be handled like any fire involving energized B.3 Primary Treatment. Primary treatment is first-stage sedimentation,
electrical equipment. It might not be practical or desirable to de-energize the in which settleable, suspended, and floating material is removed from
cables involved in the fire. Water is the most effective extinguishing agent for the wastewater following preliminary treatment. Well-operated primary
cable insulation fires, but it should be applied with an electrically safe nozzle. treatment facilities can remove as much as 60 percent of the influent
Some cable insulations [for example, polyvinyl chloride (PVC), neoprene, or suspended solids and 30 percent of the influent biochemical oxygen demand.
Hypalon™] can produce dense smoke in a very short time. In addition, PVC However, primary treatment does not remove colloidal or dissolved solids.
liberates hydrogen chloride (HCl) gas. Self-contained breathing apparatus
should be used by personnel attempting to extinguish cable tray fires. B.4 Secondary Treatment. Secondary treatment is intended to reduce the
concentrations of the remaining suspended solids and the dissolved and
Some sludge-drying and -composting processes (especially solvent colloidal organic matter in the wastewater. Such material is not removed to
extraction drying, sludge-drying kilns, and in-vessel composting systems) any significant degree in primary treatment. A wastewater treatment plant
might produce a product that might be subject to spontaneous combustion. having secondary treatment following primary treatment commonly can
Generally, water will be the most effective fire-fighting agent in these areas. achieve removal of a total of 90 percent of the influent suspended solids and
However, fires might be deep-seated in stockpiled products, which might biochemical oxygen demand of the raw wastewater. Secondary treatment
have to be dispersed with front-end loaders or similar equipment to fully processes can be either biological or physical-chemical.
extinguish smoldering and burning material.
Some chlorinated hydrocarbon products commonly used as foam B.4.1 Biological Treatment. Most municipal secondary treatment
suppressants or flocculation agents in wastewater treatment might cause processes are biological. These processes can be classified as fixed film or
spontaneous combustion when in contact with powdered disinfectants. These suspended growth. In each process, a mixed population of microorganisms is
chemicals should be stored separately and care should be exercised in their established in the presence of oxygen. These microorganisms metabolize the
use. dissolved organic matter in the wastewater and form a biological mass. The
effluent from fixed film or suspended growth processes contains suspensions
Plastic or fiberglass-reinforced plastic materials used in process units of biological solids. These solids are removed from the treated wastewater in
or ventilation systems might represent a considerable fuel load if ignited a secondary sedimentation tank.
during operation or maintenance and might necessitate special response

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techniques. B.4.2 Physical-Chemical Treatment. Physical-chemical treatment includes
A.10.9.1 NFPA 600, Standard on Industrial Fire Brigades, and OSHA, 29 one or more physical-chemical unit processes to treat primary effluent. Such
CFR 1910.156, should be consulted. processes might include chemical coagulation, precipitation, and filtration to
remove suspended matter and activated carbon adsorption to remove soluble

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A.10.10 Federal regulations (40 CFR 761.30) specify that the local fire organics.
department should be notified of the location of all PCB-filled transformers
and other electrical equipment. B.5 Tertiary Treatment. Tertiary treatment is used as necessary to
reduce the concentration of inorganic and organic constituents below the
A.10.11(1) See Chapter 9 for further information. concentrations achievable through secondary treatment. Tertiary treatment
also includes the removal of nitrogen and phosphorus by additional process

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A.10.11(2) See NFPA 1, Fire Prevention Code, for further information.
unit operations. Tertiary treatment processes can be physical, chemical,
A.10.11(5) See Chapter 8 for further information. biological, or a combination.
A.10.11.2.1 See 10.4(6) for further information. B.6 Disinfection. Disinfection is necessary to destroy pathogenic bacteria,
viruses, and amoebic cysts commonly found in wastewater. Disinfection

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A.10.11.3.1. See NFPA 51B, Standard for Fire Prevention During Welding,
Cutting, and Other Hot Work, for further information. processes can be chemical, such as ozonation or chlorination, or physical,
such as ultraviolet irradiation. Chemical disinfection using chlorine
and, infrequently, ozone are the most widely used means of wastewater
Annex B Wastewater Treatment Processes disinfection.

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This annex is not a part of the requirements of this NFPA document but is B.7 Sludge Treatment.
included for informational purposes only.
B.7.1 Sludge Stabilization. Sludge is the settled solids accumulated and
B.1 General. Annex B provides a general overview and layout of the subsequently separated from the liquid during various wastewater treatment
unit processes found at a typical wastewater treatment plant, although the processes. Sludge handling and disposal is the most difficult, important, and
arrangement of the unit processes varies from plant to plant. costly part of the wastewater treatment process. Sludge treatment typically
consists of stabilization followed by dewatering prior to disposal. Sludge can
B.1.1 Wastewater. Wastewater is principally the spent water supply of the be stabilized under either anaerobic or aerobic conditions. Anaerobic sludge
community. It is used to flush and transport human wastes and the liquid digestion takes place in the absence of free oxygen. The solid end product of
wastes of commerce, industry, and institutions. Groundwater, surface water, anaerobic digestion is relatively nonputrescible and inoffensive. The off-gas
and storm water might also be present. The primary purposes of wastewater produced in anaerobic sludge digestion contains about 65 percent methane
treatment are to protect the health and well-being of the community and the and can be collected and burned as a fuel.
quality of the receiving waterway. The extent or completeness of wastewater
treatment to accomplish these purposes is governed by legislation and B.7.2 Sludge Dewatering. Both anaerobic and aerobic digestion result in
regulations and will vary from jurisdiction to jurisdiction. a reduction in the total volume and weight of the excess organic matter. It
is often desirable, before final disposal, to reduce the volume and weight of
B.1.2 Elements of Wastewater Treatment. The principal elements of sludge further and to change it from a liquid that is more than 95 percent
wastewater treatment are as follows: water to a semisolid form. Dewatering can be accomplished by using drying
(1) Preliminary treatment beds, vacuum filters, centrifuges, filter presses, or mechanical gravity units.
The dewatering operation often is enhanced by chemically conditioning the
(2) Primary treatment sludge before dewatering. The conditioning can include a thickening step
(3) Secondary treatment that can be gravity or air flotation. Thermal conditioning can also be used to
prepare sludge for dewatering.
(4) Tertiary treatment
(5) Disinfection B.7.3 Sludge Cake Disposal. After sludge has been dewatered, it is
identified as sludge cake. This material is disposed of by several different
(6) Sludge treatment methods. It can be incinerated to reduce the volume to ash — approximately
A typical schematic flow and process diagram for a wastewater treatment 10 percent of the original cake. The heat of this combustion can be utilized
plant is shown in Figure B.1.2. to produce steam for process and building heat. The cake can be composted
to produce a soil conditioner. Cake can be spread directly on land for
agricultural use or it can be landfilled as a waste material.
Figure B.1.2 Typical schematic flow and process diagram of a
wastewater treatment plant.
[Existing Figure B-1-2 from the 1999 edition of NFPA 820] Annex C Selection of Collection System Materials
This annex is not a part of the requirements of this NFPA document but is
included for informational purposes only.
B.2 Preliminary Treatment. Preliminary treatment is the conditioning of
wastewater as it enters the wastewater treatment plant. Preliminary treatment
removes materials that might be harmful to or might adversely affect the
operation of the treatment plant. Such material might include lumber,
cardboard, rags, stones, sand, plastic, grease, and scum. The methods and
equipment used to remove these materials include bar racks, bar screens, and
gravity or aerated grit chambers.

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C.1 General. Wastewater collection systems might or might not be C.4.7 Where combined sewers are designed to collect both wastewater
vulnerable to the introduction of flammable liquids into the wastewater. and storm water, or where there is a possibility that significant quantities
These liquids, if lighter than water, will float and collect on the surface. of flammable or combustible materials could enter the sewer system by
The presence of these materials can present a threat to the integrity of the means of curb inlets, illicit discharges, leaking underground storage
collection system should ignition occur. tanks, or broken pipes, all sewers and other appurtenant structures can
be exposed to considerable risk of fire. Materials meeting the definitions
C.2 Materials of Construction. of noncombustible, limited-combustible, or low flame spread might be
appropriate.
C.2.1 Some materials commonly used in sewer construction are vulnerable
to attack from environmental conditions commonly found in collection C.4.8 Where conditions or applications warrant selection of other materials
systems but might provide resistance to damage from fire. Other materials for combined sewer piping and appurtenant structures, consideration of
might be vulnerable to structural damage from fire but provide protection flame spread, smoke generation, and the impact that a fire or explosion will
against long-term structural failure from corrosion. have on the structural integrity and operability of the sewer system and the
economic and environmental consequences of having the sewer system out
C.2.2 For additional information on corrosion control, see National of service should be included in the materials risk assessment.
Association of Corrosion Engineers Recommended Practices RP01 series
and the appropriate Water Environment Federation publications.
Annex D Chemical and Fuel Fire/Explosion Hazards
C.3 Materials Risk Assessment.
This annex is not a part of the requirements of this NFPA document but is
C.3.1 The materials risk assessment should include an evaluation of all included for informational purposes only.
factors that could potentially affect the safety and long-term functioning of
the collection system. Factors to be considered should include both of the
following: D.1 General Information.
(1) The potential that flammable liquids can enter the system from

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D.1.1 This annex provides guidelines for protection against fire and
identifiable sources. An example is a system serving a combined system or explosion in the chemical- and fuel-handling and storage facilities. This
a system serving commercial and industrial dischargers that might be more annex does not include gas utilization equipment, vehicle maintenance areas,
vulnerable to exposure to floating flammable materials than separate systems or laboratories. Table D.1.1 summarizes the various hazards associated with
serving residential communities.

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chemical- and fuel-handling and storage facilities.
(2) The potential for the development of conditions that might promote
attack to materials vulnerable to corrosive agents. Experience with existing
conditions within the community and with existing systems with similar
characteristics should be taken into full account when evaluating this factor.

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C.3.2 Before the final selection of materials is made, the materials risk
assessment should consider the long-term threat that flammable, corrosive,
and explosive agents present to the community and to the system’s ability to
serve the community. It is recommended that the materials risk assessment
be presented to local authorities for review and comment before the final

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selection of materials of construction is completed.
C.4 Examples.
C.4.1 Storm sewers serving locations such as residential areas and areas

D
where significant quantities of flammable or combustible materials are not
expected to enter the sewer system, sewers, and appurtenant structures could
be constructed of any appropriate material.
C.4.2 Storm sewers serving locations such as commercial and industrial
areas or areas where there is a possibility that significant quantities of
flammable or combustible materials could enter the sewer system through
illicit discharges, curb inlets, leaking underground storage tanks, or broken
pipes, sewers, and associated structures might be exposed to considerable
risk of fire. Materials meeting the definitions of noncombustible, limited-
combustible, or low flame spread might be appropriate.
C.4.3 Where conditions or applications warrant selection of other materials
for storm sewer piping and appurtenant structures, consideration of flame
spread, smoke generation, and the impact that fire or explosion will have on
the structural integrity and operability of the sewer system and the economic
and environmental consequences of having the sewer system out of service
should be included in the materials risk assessment.
C.4.4 Separate sanitary sewers serving locations such as residential areas
and areas where significant quantities of flammable or combustible materials
are not expected to enter the sewer system, sewers, and appurtenant
structures can be constructed of any appropriate material.
C.4.5 Separate sanitary sewers serving locations such as commercial and
industrial areas or areas where there is some possibility that significant
quantities of flammable or combustible materials could enter the sewer
system from illicit discharges, leaking underground storage tanks, or
broken pipes, sewers, and appurtenant structures might be exposed to some
risk of fire. Materials meeting the definitions of noncombustible, limited-
combustible, or low flame spread might be appropriate.
C.4.6 Where applications warrant selection of other materials for separate
sanitary sewer piping and appurtenant structures, consideration to flame
spread, smoke generation, and the impact that a fire or explosion will have on
the structural integrity and operability of the sewer system and the economic
and environmental consequences of having the sewer system out of service
should be included in the materials risk assessment.

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Table D.1.1 Chemical and Fuel Fire/Explosion Hazards
A B C D E F G
Materials and Fire and Ventilation Extent of NEC-Area Material of Fire Protection
Function Explosion Classified Area Electrical Construction Measures
Hazard Classification for Buildings or
(All Class I, Structures
Group D)
1 ALCOHOL Used Flammable See NFPA 30.
in some tertiary vapors
treatment
2 CHLORINE (Gas) Aids combustion; NR NR Refer to Chlorine NR (This equipment NR
Chlorination of water oxidizer, toxic Institute handles a corrosive
chemical that
necessitates the use of
specific materials of

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construction. Special
consideration should be
given to these materials

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of construction.)
3 OXYGEN Used in Aids combustion; See NFPA 50 NR NR
aeration basins (See oxidizer

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Chapter 3.)
4 DIESEL FUEL, Various See NFPA 30 NR Indoors; FSS and
GASOLINE, AND FE; outdoors, FE

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MOTOR OILS Fuels
for equipment.
5 LIQUEFIED Flammable gas NR (stored See NFPA 58 NR FE
PETROLEUM GAS outdoors)

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6 OXYGEN Aids combustion; See NFPA 50 NR FSS (if indoors), H,
GENERATION AND oxidizer, oxygen- and NFPA 53 and FE
STORAGE enriched areas
7 OZONE Aids combustion; See NFPA 50 NR FSS (if indoors), H,
GENERATION oxidizer, toxic and NFPA 53 and FE
8 ACTIVATED Combustible NR NR NR NR NR
CARBON (powdered
or pulverized)
FE — Portable fire extinguisher
FSS — Fire suppression system (e.g., automatic sprinkler, water spray, foam, gaseous, or dry chemical)
H — Hydrant protection (see 5-2.4)
NEC — See NFPA 70, National Electrical Code
NR — No requirement

D.1.2 This annex also contains additional information on specific areas or

unit operations associated with the storage and handling of chemicals and
fuels commonly used in municipal wastewater treatment plants.
D.2 Sources of Hazards.
See Table D.2.

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Table D.2 Gases Commonly Found in Wastewater Treatment
Explosive
Limits (% vol)
Name (Chemical LEL UEL Density1 Sources
Formula) Heavier/Lighter
than Air
Ammonia2 (NH3) 16 25 L Storage tank leaks

Chlorine3 (Cl2) Nonflammable H Disinfection processes

Storage tanks
Gasoline2 (C3H12 - 1.3 7.1 H Storage tanks
C9H20)
Tank truck spills
Hydrogen chloride (HCl) Nonflammable H Storage tank leaks
Ceramic diffuser

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cleaning
Hydrogen sulfide2,4 4.0 44 H Sewer gas
(H2S)

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Sludge gas
Natural gas2 3.8-6.5 13-17 L Gas-piping leaks

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Nitrogen (N2) Nonflammable L Storage tanks
Oxygen generation
processes

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Denitrification processes
Oxygen3 (O2) Nonflammable H Generation of oxygen
on site
Activated sludge

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processes
Storage tanks
Sludge processes
Ozone3 (O3) Nonflammable H Disinfection processes
On-site generation
processes
Sewer gas5 5.3 19.3 H Sewer systems
Sludge gas6 5 15 L Sludge digestion
processes
Sulfur dioxide (SO2) Nonflammable H Dechlorination processes
Storage tanks
1 The table lists the physical properties at standard temperature and pressure. Due to actual field conditions, these gases might disperse

and might be present throughout the structure.

2 Source: NFPA 325, Guide to Fire Hazard Properties of Flammable Liquids, Gases, and Volatile Solids. (Note: Although NFPA 325 has
been officially withdrawn for the National Fire Codes®, the information is still available in NFPA’s Fire Protection Guide to Hazardous
Materials.)
3 These gases accelerate combustion.
4 Rarely reaches explosive concentration in wastewater treatment plants.
5 Contains approximately 70 percent carbon dioxide, 5 percent methane, and 25 percent other gases. (Source: US EPA)
6 Contains approximately 65 percent methane, 30 percent carbon dioxide, and 5 percent other gases. (Source: US EPA)

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 NFPA 820 — May 2003 ROP — Copyright, NFPA
D.2.1 Fuel Gases. Fuel gases include natural gas, manufactured gas, sewer devices that will automatically cut off the oxygen supply and purge reactor
gas, liquefied petroleum gas–air mixtures, liquefied petroleum gas in the gases with atmospheric air when 25 percent LEL conditions are registered.
vapor phase, mixtures of these gases, and floating flammable liquids. Some With the exception of purging equipment, all associated aeration equipment
of these gases have specific gravities lower than that of air so that, when should automatically shut off when 50 percent LEL conditions are registered
released, they will rapidly rise and diffuse above the point of leakage. to remove all possible sources of ignition.
Flammable mixtures are produced when these gases are mixed with air D.2.4.13 Galleries and other connecting structures that contain pipes
within certain limits. These mixtures can be considered suffocating gases. transporting flammable gases or liquids necessitate special consideration in
D.2.2 Sludge Gases. Sludge gases are flammable gases that result from design and fire protection.
the fermentation or anaerobic decomposition of organic matter. Explosive D.2.4.14 Plastic media or wood for trickling filters, rotating biological
conditions, especially concerning compression and storage, can result when contactors, bio-towers, and other fixed-film systems are not a significant
these gases are mixed with air. hazard in normal operations. However, these materials are normally
classified as combustible and can contribute a considerable fuel load
D.2.3 Sewer Gases. Sewer gases are flammable gases that result from the if ignited under certain conditions, such as during maintenance and
fermentation or decomposition of organic matter. Explosive conditions, construction. Some fixed-film treatment systems are anaerobic and produce a
especially concerning the screening, degritting, and primary clarification combustible gas by-product, which aggravates the hazard for such enclosures
processes, might result when these gases are mixed with air. containing these materials.
D.2.5 Chemicals. Wastewater treatment plants use a variety of gaseous,
D.2.4 Unit Processes. Special consideration should be given to items solid, and liquid chemicals that by themselves or when mixed with oxygen
specified in D.2.4.1 through D.2.4.14 processes associated with solids or other chemicals can be a potential source of fire, explosion, or both.
treatment. Additional information can be found in the following documents:
D.2.4.1 Scum pits collect scum, grease, and other floating flammable liquids (1) NFPA 45, Standard on Fire Protection for Laboratories Using
from the surface of sedimentation tanks. Special consideration should be Chemicals
given to equipment located in these areas because of potential explosion and (2) NFPA 49, Hazardous Chemicals Data; (Note: Although NFPA 49 has
been officially withdrawn from the National Fire Codes ®, the information is

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fire hazards.
still available in NFPA’s Fire Protection Guide to Hazardous Materials.)
D.2.4.2 Sumps and tanks that collect drainage from anaerobic sludge
treatment processes or that store, mix, and blend sludge might also collect (3) NFPA 497, Recommended Practice for the Classification of
significant volumes of sludge gas. Special consideration should be given to Flammable Liquids, Gases, or Vapors and of Hazardous (Classified)

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equipment located in these areas because of the potential for explosion. Locations for Electrical Installations in Chemical Process Areas;
D.2.4.3 Anaerobic digesters are unit processes specifically designed to (4) NFPA 499, Recommended Practice for the Classification of
produce sludge gas from the fermentation or anaerobic decomposition Combustible Dusts and of Hazardous (Classified) Locations for Electrical
of organic matter. The sludge gas normally contains significant volumes Installations in Chemical Process Areas.
of methane as a by-product of the anaerobic digestion process. Special

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consideration should be given to equipment located in and around anaerobic Chemicals should be handled, processed, and stored in a manner that
digesters because of the potential for explosion. eliminates or significantly reduces the hazard to the wastewater treatment
D.2.4.4 Solvent extraction and dehydration processes can produce a very facility and personnel and is acceptable to the authority having jurisdiction.
dry organic dust as a by-product. Special consideration should be given Chemicals should be properly labeled to identify the materials and hazards,
and materials safety data sheets should be made available to all personnel.

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to equipment located in dust-handling areas because of the potential for
explosion.
D.2.6 Hazardous Gases. Sewer and sludge gases are flammable gases
D.2.4.5 Incinerators used to burn scum or sludge cake are ignition sources generated by the fermentation or decomposition of organic matter.
when in operation. Special consideration should be given in construction of Explosive conditions, especially concerning screening, degritting, primary
incineration buildings and in storage of combustible materials in incineration clarification, and the anaerobic digestion process, can result when these

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areas. gases are mixed with air. Specialty gases utilized for the following can form
D.2.4.6 Sludge-dewatering and sludge-cake conveyance equipment generate flammable/explosive conditions when either acting alone or mixed with other
sludge cake and convey it to its final destination (e.g., incineration, landfill). gaseous organic substances:
Dried cake can be a combustible material. Special consideration should (1) Laboratory analysis and instrumentation calibration (hydrogen, methane,
be given in construction, operation, maintenance, and housekeeping of the etc.)
equipment and surrounding areas.
(2) Wastewater treatment plant unit processes (chlorine, ozone, etc.)
D.2.4.7 Pumping stations that handle raw wastewater should be classified in
the same manner as wastewater pumping stations (see Chapter 4). In-plant (3) Welding operations (acetylene, oxygen, etc.)
pumping stations should be classified depending on their location in the Fuel gases, including natural gas, manufactured gas, and liquefied petroleum
process train and the type of material handled. Restrictive classifications gas, used as fuels for wastewater treatment plant equipment can cause
are generally not necessary for pumping stations that handle fully treated flammable/explosive conditions when improperly used, handled, or stored.
wastewater. Appropriate measures should be taken to prevent the accumulation of
D.2.4.8 Grit chambers or screening equipment that is housed in a building or hazardous gases, including ventilation, proper storage, and safe handling/
in belowgrade pits might be subject to the same fire and explosion hazards as distribution systems. For additional guidance, see NFPA 55, Standard for
pumping station wet wells. the Storage, Use, and Handling of Compressed and Liquefied Gases in
Portable Cylinders, and NFPA 59A, Standard for the Production, Storage,
D.2.4.9 Imhoff tanks and other similar processes can combine the and Handling of Liquefied Natural Gas (LNG). In processes where explosive
wastewater liquids and solids treatment streams in a single vessel. Special mixtures cannot be prevented, explosion venting or protection systems
consideration should be given to equipment located in or around Imhoff should be provided. See NFPA 68, Guide for Venting of Deflagrations,
tanks or similar processes because of the generation of methane gas from and NFPA 69, Standard on Explosion Prevention Systems, for additional
anaerobic solids digestion processes within the vessel and the possibility of guidance.
volatile substances being released from the wastewater.
D.2.4.10 The primary sedimentation tank might collect and concentrate D.2.7 Liquids. The disposal of waste chemical products through sewers
floating flammable liquids. and into wastewater treatment plants, and the disposal of waste chemical
products and scum skimmed from sedimentation tanks, can be potential
D.2.4.11 Secondary and tertiary sedimentation tanks and aeration tanks sources or contributing causes of fire and explosive conditions. Hydrocarbon
not preceded by primary sedimentation can be subject to the same fire and liquids such as gasoline, kerosene, oils, and various chemicals either sent to
explosion hazards as primary sedimentation tanks because of the potential sewers and drains or used for various applications at wastewater treatment
of floating flammable liquids collecting on the surface. Where bypassing of plants can also provide flammable vapor concentrations at certain locations.
primary sedimentation is possible, although not normally utilized, secondary For additional information, see NFPA 30, Flammable and Combustible
and tertiary sedimentation tanks and aeration tanks might not be subject to Liquids Code, and NFPA 329, Recommended Practice for Handling Releases
the same fire and explosion potential as primary sedimentation. of Flammable and Combustible Liquids and Gases. Areas of wastewater
D.2.4.12 Unit processes employing oxygen-enriched atmospheres treatment plants as identified and classified in Table 4.2, Table 5.2, Table
necessitate special consideration. Covered facilities might be unclassified 6.2(a), and Table 6.2(b), especially areas of primary treatment, should be
above the covering deck. However, any equipment or instrumentation housed protected as flammable liquid hazards.
under the cover within the reactor space should be suitable for exposure to
volatile hydrocarbons in an oxygen-enriched atmosphere. Oxygen itself is D.2.8 Finely Divided Solids and Dusts. Finely divided solids used in
not flammable. However, increased concentrations of oxygen greatly increase various wastewater treatment processes, especially sludge dehydration
the fire hazard. Oxygen aeration tanks and other similar processes should processing, or dust by-products produced by such processes can be
be equipped with continuously operating hydrocarbon LEL monitoring combustible or cause potential flammable and explosive conditions. Process
areas should be cleaned on a regular schedule to prevent the accumulation
of hazardous concentrations of dust. Equipment handling finely divided
solids should be designed and installed in a manner that protects against the
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 NFPA 820 — May 2003 ROP — Copyright, NFPA
hazards of fire and explosion. Additional information can be found in NFPA Reactions, for additional information. (Note: Although NFPA 491 has been
61, Standard for the Prevention of Fires and Dust Explosions in Agricultural officially withdrawn for the National Fire Codes ®, the information is still
and Food Products Facilities; NFPA 91, Standard for Exhaust Systems for available in NFPA’s Fire Protection Guide to Hazardous Materials.)
Air Conveying of Vapors, Gases, Mists, and Noncombustible Particulate D.4 Mitigation Measures. Mitigation of either hazards or potential ignition
Solids; and NFPA 85, Boiler and Combustion Systems Hazards Code. sources is achieved with a commonly preferred method of copious flushing
with air (i.e., ventilation). In the event that a foreign combustible material
D.2.9 Materials. Certain materials used in wastewater treatment plants enters the sewer system, removal by vacuum or coverage with foam might
because of humid or corrosive atmospheres, including wood, plastic, become necessary. Whenever possible, such entry is to be avoided by
fiberglass-reinforced plastics (FRPs), paints and coatings, insulating containment and adsorption. Appropriate use of a combustible gas detector
material, and furnishings, can be combustible, limited-combustible, or low is warranted as a minimal precaution preceding personnel entry into a
flame spread under certain conditions. Some of these materials can present a collection system. The presence of toxic gases should be considered when
considerable fuel load if ignited. Buildings and structures should be provided personnel enter any confined space.
with fire protection in accordance with Chapter 8. Areas where materials
are stored should be provided with appropriate fire protection approved by D.5 Storage and Production Facilities. Special consideration should be
the authority having jurisdiction. For additional guidance, see NFPA 13, given to the following facilities associated with the storage and production of
Standard for the Installation of Sprinkler Systems, and NFPA 230, Standard chemicals and fuels used in the treatment of municipal wastewater.
for the Fire Protection of Storage.
D.5.1 Oxygen generation, storage, and handling facilities necessitate special
D.3 Conditions for and Sources of Ignition. The potential ignition of consideration. Although oxygen is not itself flammable, it does support
flammable gases, liquids, and solids, including dusts, that can be found at combustion, and increased concentration of oxygen greatly increases the fire
a wastewater treatment plant is limited by certain fundamental conditions. hazard. See NFPA 50, Standard for Bulk Oxygen Systems at Consumer Sites.
Gases and generated vapors need to be mixed with air or an oxidizer to
form a flammable mixture that needs heat of sufficient intensity for ignition. D.5.2 Ozone is generated by passing oxygen through an electric field.
The ignition temperature of a combustible solid is influenced by the rates As with oxygen-generating facilities, there is an increased fire hazard.
of airflow and heating as well as the geometry of the rates of airflow and Ozonation facilities necessitate special consideration because of the extreme

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heating and the geometry of the solid. Ignition can result from one or more heat and electric field generated and the additional concern for the extreme
of the following causes: corrosivity and toxicity of ozone. See NFPA 50, Standard for Bulk Oxygen
Systems at Consumer Sites.
(1) Open flames or hot surfaces

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(2) Electrical arc D.5.3 Chlorine is a very reactive chemical and necessitates special
consideration in storing and handling. Chlorine in combination with other
(3) Sparks chemicals can produce sufficient heat to cause combustion of flammable
(4) Chemical reaction materials. Chlorine and other reactive chemicals should always be stored
separately. (See information from the Chlorine Institute, Properties of

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D.3.1 Open Flames and Hot Surfaces. Open flames and hot surfaces Chlorine .)
might be encountered during normal operation, repair and maintenance
operations, or with malfunctioning equipment and appliances within a D.5.4 Activated carbon stored in bulk or in bags can provide a source of
wastewater treatment plant. Sources of ignition might include welding tasks, combustible material that can add a considerable fuel load if ignited. Special
boilers, incinerators, kerosene-type lanterns, internal combustion engines, consideration should be given to equipment located in activated carbon-

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and smoking by personnel. Equipment producing open flames or hot surfaces handling areas or activated carbon storage facilities because of the potential
capable of producing ignition should be properly installed, maintained, and for fire.
isolated from potential hazards. For additional guidance, see the following:
(1) NFPA 31, Standard for the Installation of Oil-Burning Equipment Annex E List of Associations with Their Abbreviations

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(2) NFPA 37, Standard for the Installation and Use of Stationary This annex is not a part of the requirements of this NFPA document but is
Combustion Engines and Gas Turbines included for informational purposes only.
E.1 Association Addresses.
(3) NFPA 82, Standard on Incinerators and Waste and Linen Handling
Systems and Equipment The associations and their addresses are as follows.
(4) NFPA 85, Boiler and Combustion Systems Hazards Code (1) ANSI. American National Standards Institute, Inc., 11 West 42nd Street,
13th floor, New York, NY 10036.
Smoking should be prohibited in all hazardous areas. (2) EPA. Environmental Protection Agency, Municipal Technology Branch
(4204), 401 M Street, SW, Washington, DC 20460.
D.3.2 Electrical Arc. Sustained arcing faults can cause extensive damage to
electrical switchgear and motor control centers. This arcing might provide (3) FMRC. Factory Mutual Research Corporation, 1151 Boston-Providence
sufficient heat to ignite flammable gases or vapors present or generated as a Turnpike, Norwood, MA 02061-9102.
result of the arc (e.g., pyrolysis of insulating material). Electrical equipment (4) NFPA. National Fire Protection Association, 1 Batterymarch Park, P.O.
should be properly maintained in good operating condition. Faulty Box 9101, Quincy, MA 02269-9101.
equipment should be removed from service. See NFPA 70B, Recommended
Practice for Electrical Equipment Maintenance, for additional guidance. (5) OSHA. Occupational Safety and Health Administration, U.S.
Department of Labor, 200 Constitution Avenue, NW, Washington,
D.3.3 Sparks. Sparks generated by the following can be a source of ignition DC 20001.
for gases of flammable vapors: (6) UL. Underwriters Laboratories Inc., 333 Pfingsten Road, Northbrook,
IL 60062.
(1) Defective or worn electrical and mechanical equipment
(2) Activities performed by personnel Annex F Informational References
(3) Static electricity F.1 Referenced Publications. The following documents or portions thereof
Fire prevention practices to eliminate or control this hazard should include are referenced within this standard for informational purposes only and
a preventive maintenance program, the use of nonsparking tools, and the are thus not part of the requirements of this document unless also listed in
provision of bonding and grounding conductors in hazardous areas. See Chapter 2.
NFPA 77, Recommended Practice on Static Electricity, for additional
guidance. F.1.1 NFPA Publications. National Fire Protection Association, 1
Batterymarch Park, P.O. Box 9101, Quincy, MA 02269-9101.
D.3.4 Chemical Reaction. Fire and explosion can be the result of the
chemical reaction of the following: NFPA 13, Standard for the Installation of Sprinkler Systems, 2002 edition.
NFPA 30, Flammable and Combustible Liquids Code, 2000 edition.
(1) Substances introduced in the wastewater treatment plant influent
NFPA 31, Standard for the Installation of Oil-Burning Equipment, 2001
(2) Substances used for laboratory analysis edition.
(3) Substances necessary to various unit processes NFPA 37, Standard for the Installation and Use of Stationary Combustion
(4) Substances produced as by-products Engines and Gas Turbines, 2002 edition.
Potential chemical reactions can cause hazardous conditions that range in NFPA 45, Standard on Fire Protection for Laboratories Using Chemicals,
severity from the generation of flames (i.e., spontaneous combustion) to 2000 edition.
explosion. Chemicals should be identified and stored in a proper manner.
Noncompatible chemical combinations should be identified and segregated NFPA 50, Standard for Bulk Oxygen Systems at Consumer Sites, 2001
storage should be provided. See NFPA 491, Guide to Hazardous Chemical edition.

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 NFPA 820 — May 2003 ROP — Copyright, NFPA
NFPA 53, Recommended Practice on Materials, Equipment, and Systems F.1.2.3 UL Publication Underwriters Laboratories Inc., 333 Pfingsten Road,
Used in Oxygen-Enriched Atmospheres, 1999 edition. Northbrook, IL 60062.
NFPA 54, National Fuel Gas Code, 2002 edition. Hazardous Location Equipment Directory, 1989
NFPA 55, Standard for the Storage, Use, and Handling of Compressed and F.1.2.4 U.S. Government Publications. U.S. Government Printing Office,
Liquefied Gases in Portable Cylinders, 1998 edition. Washington, DC 20402.
NFPA 59A, Standard for the Production, Storage, and Handling of
Liquefied Natural Gas (LNG), 2001 edition. Title 40, Code of Federal Regulations, Part 761.30.
NFPA 61, Standard for the Prevention of Fires and Dust Explosions in OSHA, Title 29, Code of Federal Regulations, Part 1910.156.
Agricultural and Food Processing Facilities, 2002 edition. F.1.2.5 WEF. Water Environment Federation, 601 Wythe Street, Alexandria,
NFPA 68, Guide for Venting of Deflagrations, 2002 edition. VA 22314-1994 (formerly WPCF, Water Pollution Control Federation).
F.2 Informational References. The following documents or portions thereof
NFPA 69, Standard on Explosion Prevention Systems, 2002 edition. are listed here as informational resources only. They are not a part of the
NFPA 70B, Recommended Practice for Electrical Equipment Maintenance, requirements of this document.
2002 edition. F.2.1 Great Lakes Upper Mississippi Board of State Public Health and
NFPA 77, Recommended Practice on Static Electricity, 2000 edition. Environmental Managers, Recommended Standards for Wastewater
Facilities (10 State Standard), Health Education Services, Albany, NY,
NFPA 82, Standard on Incinerators and Waste and Linen Handling Systems 1990.
and Equipment, 1999 edition.
F.2.2 Kavassik, Igor J., William C. Krutzsch, Warren H. Fraser, and Joseph
NFPA 91, Standard for Exhaust Systems for Air Conveying of Vapors, Messina, Pump Handbook, McGraw-Hill, Inc., New York, 1986.
Gases, Mists, and Noncombustible Particulate Solids, 1999 edition.
F.2.3 Metcalf and Eddy, Inc.,Wastewater Engineering: Collection and
NFPA 230, Standard for the Fire Protection of Storage, 1999 edition. Pumping of Wastewater, McGraw-Hill, Inc., New York, 1981.

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NFPA 255, Standard Method of Test of Surface Burning Characteristics of F.2.4 Metcalf and Eddy, Inc., Wastewater Engineering: Treatment, Disposal
Building Materials, 2000 edition. and Reuse (3rd ed.), McGraw-Hill, Inc., New York, 1985.
NFPA 329, Recommended Practice for Handling Releases of Flammable F.2.5 Sanks, Robert L., George Tchobanoglous, Donald Newton, Bayard
and Combustible Liquids and Gases, 1999 edition. E. Bosserman, and Garr M. Jones, Pumping Station Design, Butterworth

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NFPA 497, Recommended Practice for the Classification of Flammable Publishers, Stoneham, MA, 1989.
Liquids, Gases, or Vapors and of Hazardous (Classified) Locations for F.2.6 Water Pollution Control Federation, Wastewater Treatment Plant
Electrical Installations in Chemical Process Areas, 1997 edition. Design, Manual of Practice #8, Alexandria, VA, 1990.
NFPA 499, Recommended Practice for the Classification of Combustible F.2.7 Water Pollution Control Federation, Wastewater Treatment Plant

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Dusts and of Hazardous (Classified) Locations for Electrical Installations Operations, Manual of Practice #11, Alexandria, VA 1990.
in Chemical Process Areas, 1997 edition.
F.2.8 National Association of Corrosion Engineers, P.O. Box 218340,
NFPA 600, Standard on Industrial Fire Brigades, 2000 edition. Houston, TX 77218
NFPA Fire Protection Guide to Hazardous Materials.
F.2.9 Water Environment Federation, 601 Wythe Street, Alexandria, VA

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F.1.2 Other Publications. 22314-1994.

F.1.2.1 CI Publication. The Chlorine Institute, 342 Madison Avenue, F.2.10 U.S. EPA, 1200 Pennsylvania Ave., NW, Washington, DC 20460
New York, NY 10017.
F.3 References for Extracts. The following documents are listed here to

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Properties of Chlorine, edition No. 2 provide refeence information, including title and edition, for extracts given
F.1.2.2 NACE Publication. National Association of Corrosion Engineers, throughout this standard as indicated by a reference in brackets [ ] following
2001 L. Street, N.W Suite 506 Washington, DC 20036 a section or paragraph. These documents are not a part of the requirements
of this document unless also listed in Chapter 2 for other reasons.
Recommended Practices RP01 series.

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