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    Plant Systematics: Botany 400

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    Qenan
    This document outlines the goals and topics covered in a plant systematics course. It discusses the four main goals of systematics: 1) inventory Earth's biodiversity, 2) enable identification and communication through nomenclature, 3) create a logical classification framework, and 4) demonstrate evolutionary implications by studying patterns and processes of evolution. Key topics covered include taxonomy, phylogenetics, biosystematics, the incomplete tropical plant inventory, challenges of species definitions, herbarium resources, and examples of evolutionary adaptations and diversification over different timescales.

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    Plant Systematics: Botany 400

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    Qenan
    25 views39 pages
    This document outlines the goals and topics covered in a plant systematics course. It discusses the four main goals of systematics: 1) inventory Earth's biodiversity, 2) enable identification and communication through nomenclature, 3) create a logical classification framework, and 4) demonstrate evolutionary implications by studying patterns and processes of evolution. Key topics covered include taxonomy, phylogenetics, biosystematics, the incomplete tropical plant inventory, challenges of species definitions, herbarium resources, and examples of evolutionary adaptations and diversification over different timescales.

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    This document outlines the goals and topics covered in a plant systematics course. It discusses the four main goals of systematics: 1) inventory Earth's biodiversity, 2) enable identification and communication through nomenclature, 3) create a logical classification framework, and 4) demonstrate evolutionary implications by studying patterns and processes of evolution. Key topics covered include taxonomy, phylogenetics, biosystematics, the incomplete tropical plant inventory, challenges of species definitions, herbarium resources, and examples of evolutionary adaptations and diversification over different timescales.

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    © All Rights Reserved
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    25 views39 pages

    Plant Systematics: Botany 400

    Uploaded by

    Qenan
    This document outlines the goals and topics covered in a plant systematics course. It discusses the four main goals of systematics: 1) inventory Earth's biodiversity, 2) enable identification and communication through nomenclature, 3) create a logical classification framework, and 4) demonstrate evolutionary implications by studying patterns and processes of evolution. Key topics covered include taxonomy, phylogenetics, biosystematics, the incomplete tropical plant inventory, challenges of species definitions, herbarium resources, and examples of evolutionary adaptations and diversification over different timescales.

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    Plant Systematics

    Botany 400
    information on Canvas
    http://botany.wisc.edu/courses/botany_400/

    Kenneth J. Sytsma
    Patricia Chan
    Pick up course syllabus
    from front desk
    Botany Department
    University of Wisconsin
    Required plant
    collection
    What is Systematics?
    or
    Why Study Systematics?

    Read: Daly et al.’s Systematics Agenda 2020


    What is Systematics — or Why
    Study Systematics?
    ?
    Systematics Taxonomy

    Systematics is a broad field encompassing 3


    major areas

    • Taxonomy
    • Phylogenetics
    • Biosystematics
    What is Systematics — or Why
    Study Systematics?

    Taxonomy

    Biosystematics Phylogenetics
    What is Systematics — or Why
    Study Systematics?
    Taxonomy: identification,
    nomenclature, classification

    Ft. Brady
    Sault St. Marie
    Michigan

    Cirsium pitcheri Eaton


    Zina Pitcher Dune thistle - family Asteraceae
    What is Systematics — or Why
    Study Systematics?
    Phylogeny: relationships of taxa

    To what is the dune thistle related?

    Cirsium canescens Nutt. Cirsium pitcheri Eaton


    — Prairie thistle Dune thistle - family Asteraceae
    Closest relative of the dune thistle?
    What is Systematics — or Why
    Study Systematics?
    Phylogeny: relationships of taxa

    Cirsium foliosum Hook DC Cirsium pitcheri Eaton


    — Elk thistle Dune thistle - family Asteraceae
    Closest relative of the dune thistle?
    What is Systematics — or Why
    Study Systematics?
    Phylogeny: “pattern” of evolution

    Carduus acanthoides Cirsium muticum Cirsium foliosum Cirsium pitcheri

    Common ancestor of
    dune and elk thistles

    Common ancestor of all thistles


    Common ancestor of thistles
    and other genera of the
    thistle tribe
    What is Systematics — or Why
    Study Systematics?
    Phylogeny: “pattern” of evolution - for family Asteraceae
    What is Systematics — or Why
    Study Systematics?
    Biosystematics: “process” of evolution

    Cirsium foliosum Cirsium pitcheri

    How, when, where did this


    speciation event occur?

    During Pleistocene alternating


    shifts of ice fronts ?
    What is Systematics — or Why
    Study Systematics?
    Biosystematics: “process” of evolution

    Cirsium foliosum Cirsium pitcheri

    How, when, where did this


    speciation event occur?

    How much genetic variation is in


    the pitcher thistle?
    Systematics — Goal 1: Inventory Earth’s Biota

    Scientific community obsessed with


    finding life on other planets – weird and
    exotic life forms

    Kepler-186 f in Cygnus constellation


    492 light years
    Systematics — Goal 1: Inventory Earth’s Biota

    Weird and exotic life


    forms exist on Earth!

    • 1.4 X 106 species


    discovered and described
    • but can not estimate the
    number of species to an
    order of magnitude!
    Systematics — Goal 1: Inventory Earth’s Biota

    • we do know that there


    are 24,863,177
    catalogued books in the
    Library of Congress
    classification system as
    • 1.4 X 106 species of Aug. 31, 2020!
    discovered and described
    • but can not estimate the
    number of species to an
    order of magnitude!
    Systematics — Goal 1: Inventory Earth’s Biota

    • 1.4 X 106 species


    discovered and described
    • but can not estimate the
    number of species to an
    order of magnitude!
    • insects and microbes
    problematic
    Systematics — Goal 1: Inventory Earth’s Biota
    Temperate inventory nearly complete

    • Regional or local floras


    still important
    Systematics — Goal 1: Inventory Earth’s Biota
    Temperate inventory nearly complete

    • Regional or local floras


    still important
    Systematics — Goal 1: Inventory Earth’s Biota
    Systematics — Goal 1: Inventory Earth’s Biota

    Projecting species niche models to


    2070 under climate change model

    Spalink et al. 2018 American Journal of Botany DNA Barcode phylogenetic tree of
    Wisconsin flora
    Systematics — Goal 1: Inventory Earth’s Biota
    Tropical inventory wide opened

    • 4/5ths of 250-300K
    angiosperms in tropics
    Systematics — Goal 1: Inventory Earth’s Biota
    Tropical inventory wide opened

    • 4/5ths of 250-300K
    angiosperms in tropics
    • 4 ha in neotropical cloud
    forest >> 2400 spp in WI!
    Systematics — Goal 1: Inventory Earth’s Biota
    Tropical inventory wide opened

    • 4/5ths of 250-300K
    angiosperms in tropics
    • 4 ha in neotropical cloud
    forest >> 2400 spp in WI!

    = 8 Camp Randall stadium


    playing fields
    Systematics — Goal 1: Inventory Earth’s Biota
    Tropical inventory wide opened

    • 4/5ths of 250-300K
    angiosperms in tropics
    • 4 ha in neotropical cloud
    forest >> 2400 spp in WI!
    • > 200 species of orchids
    Systematics — Goal 1: Inventory Earth’s Biota
    Tropical inventory wide opened

    • 4/5ths of 250-300K
    angiosperms in tropics
    • 4 ha in neotropical cloud
    forest >> 2400 spp in WI!
    • > 200 species of orchids
    • 10%+ undescribed!

    New mycotrophic genus (monocot)


    from Ecuador found by Botany grad
    Catherine Woodward in 2005
    Systematics — Goal 1: Inventory Earth’s Biota
    Tropical systematics at
    the cutting edge
    • biodiversity endangered

    Lisianthius habuenis Sytsma sp. nov.

    • New species endemic to one


    lowland cloud forest peak, Cerro
    Habu, central Panama - in 1983

    • 1985, the forest - and the species - were gone; one of the 13,800 species
    of plants E.O. Wilson had projected to disappear in the last century
    Systematics — Goal 2: Identification and
    Communication: Nomenclature
    • to many - keying,
    identifying, putting names
    on organisms is
    systematics (= taxonomy)

    • “species” names
    (binomial, common,
    polynomial, uninomial)

    Solidago canadensis - Canada goldenrod


    Systematics — Goal 2: Identification and
    Communication: Nomenclature
    • to many - keying,
    identifying, putting names
    on organisms is
    systematics (= taxonomy)

    • learn skills to do this –


    smart phone apps as
    well!
    Systematics — Goal 2: Identification and
    Communication: Nomenclature
    • “words” and “vocabulary”
    • systematics integral to other
    disciplines

    Ecology

    Biogeography Genetics

    Systematics
    Morphology Evolution

    Development Cytology
    Arabidopsis thaliana - Thal’s mouse-ear cress
    Systematics — Goal 2: Identification and
    Communication: Nomenclature
    • but how do we “define”
    species?
    • ongoing issue that we have
    still not resolved!

    Arabidopsis thaliana - Thal’s mouse-ear cress


    Systematics — Goal 3: Orderly, Logical
    Sequence of Classification
    • place species in logical
    framework that relates
    organisms with one
    another
    • “encyclopedia” for the
    “vocabulary” of names

    Solidago canadensis - Canada goldenrod


    Systematics — Goal 3: Orderly, Logical
    Sequence of Classification
    Systematics — Goal 3: Orderly, Logical
    Sequence of Classification
    • place species in logical
    framework that relates
    organisms with one
    another
    • “encyclopedia” for the
    “vocabulary” of names
    • “information-retrieval”
    as in herbarium or in
    web-based resources

    Missouri Botanical Garden Herbarium


    Systematics — Goal 4: Demonstrate
    Evolutionary Implications of Biodiversity
    • detect evolution at work, present and past,
    understand its pathways and results
    • substance or “meat” of systematic biology
    Systematics — Goal 4: Demonstrate
    Evolutionary Implications of Biodiversity
    • systematics looks
    at the origin of
    ancient diversity:
    •back in time 500
    million ya to the
    movement of
    plants onto land

    Silurian view - plants conquer land


    Systematics — Goal 4: Demonstrate
    Evolutionary Implications of Biodiversity
    • systematics looks
    at the origin of
    more recent
    diversity:

    Adaptive radiation of
    Lobeliaceae on the
    Hawaiian Islands in last
    15 my
    Systematics — Goal 4: Demonstrate
    Evolutionary Implications of Biodiversity
    • and systematics
    looks at the origin
    of very recent
    diversity:
    •rise of polyploid
    species in less
    than 100 years!

    Tragopogon - goat’s beard


    Systematics — Goal 4: Demonstrate
    Evolutionary Implications of Biodiversity
    • systematics looks
    at process and
    pattern
    • morphological
    and molecular
    characters
    • tree metaphor =
    genealogy =
    phylogeny

    Tree of Life
    www.tolweb.org/tree/
    Plant systematics has not
    outlived its usefulness; it is
    just getting underway on an
    attractively infinite task.

    Lincoln Constance

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