EXCELLENT CHAPTER-6

TUTION CLASSES TISSUE

Introduction:-
 Living organisms in this world comprise of cells.
 There are unicellular as well as multicellular organisms present in this world.
 In unicellular organisms, the only single cell is capable of performing several
functions such as Respiration, Digestion and Clearing of the cell.
 In multicellular organisms, there is a division of labor. There are different types as
well as groups of cells that perform different functions in a multicellular organism. For
Example, In animals muscle cells are responsible for causing movement, nerve cells are
responsible for carrying messages and signals from one part of the body to another and
blood is responsible for transportation of food and oxygen to different parts of the body.
 In plants, there are vascular tissues that are responsible for carrying food and water
two different parts of a plant.
The Formation of Tissues:-
 Cells form groups cells that need to perform a single task often group together.
 This grouping of cells together to perform a function efficiently is called a Tissue.
 For Example, Muscles and Blood.
 The tissue cells have the same structure and they perform the same function.

Tissues of Plants and Animals

Plant Tissues Animal Tissues

Animals need more energy as compared to plants because

Plants do not move so their tissues are predominantly the ones that
they are not stationary. Their tissues are the ones that can
provide support to them so that they can stand erect.
support movement.

These tissues are made up of dead cells because dead cells can also
The tissues in case of animals are made up of living cells so
provide mechanical strength to the plants and do not require much
that they can move and perform several functions.
maintenance.

Only certain parts of the plant can grow. The tissues present in such Cells in animals grow uniform early and not only in certain
regions of and divide themselves and form new tissues. regions of the body.

The structure of plant tissues is not very specialized as compared to The organs and organ systems in animals are highly
animals developed.
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Plant tissue:-

1.Meristematic Tissue
 Meristematic tissues are responsible for growth in plants.
 They have the capability to divide themselves and form new tissues. They
have thin cell wall made of cellulose.
 They can further we classify differently based on the areas of the plants
where they are located -
 Apical
 Lateral
 Intercalary

Figure 2 Location of meristematic tissue

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Apical Meristem  Lateral Meristem Intercalary Meristem

 They are responsible

for the growth of stems   These tissues are
They are responsible for
and roots in the plants present at internodes or
increasing the circumference of
stem regions between
 They are found on the the middle part of the stem and
the places at which
tips of the roots and hence are found there.
leaves attach.
stems. 

Properties of cells of meristem:

 Cells of meristematic tissues are very active and work faster.

 They have dense nucleus and cytoplasm.
 . They do not have vacuoles.

Why there are no vacuoles in the intercalary meristem?

 Vacuoles are responsible for storage of food in water. The intercalary
tissues do not store them. They are rather responsible for manufacturing
them.
 Moreover, vacuoles contain sap which provides rigidity to a cell. This
property of vacuoles may not allow the intercalary tissues to divide and
manufacture new cells. Hence vacuoles are not present in them.

Experiment for meristematic tissue:-

 Take 2 onions in jars as shown.

 Observe the growth of roots for 5 days.
 Cut the tips of the roots of onion in jar 2.
 Observe the growth of roots for next few days.
 Roots in jar 2 stop growing.
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When tip of roots are cut, apical meristem present there is lost. So no further growth
happens.

Permanent Tissue
 The cells that are formed by the meristematic tissues often have to take a certain
role in the plant and thus, they lose their ability to divide and form more cells. They then
become the permanent tissues of the plants.
 Differentiation - The process by which cells of the meristematic tissues convert
themselves into a permanent tissue by taking a fixed shape, size and function is called
differentiation.
 Types of Permanent Tissues:

1. Simple Permanent Tissues :- This type of tissue is composed of same type of cells.
2. Complex permanent Tissues: Group of different type of cells performing common
task together.
Simple Permanent Tissues are of five types:

o Parenchyma
o Chlorenchyma
o Aerenchyma
o Collenchyma
o Sclerenchyma

Figure 3 Simple Permanent Tissue

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Parenchyma Collenchyma Sclerenchyma

These tissues are responsible for These tissues are responsible for These tissues are responsible
photosynthesis, storage of food, gaseous providing flexibility to the plants so for making plants hard and
exchange and floating of plants.  that they can bend easily.  rigid. 

They are a group of living cells with

They are a group of living cells with cell They are made up of dead cells
cell wall made of cellulose and
wall made of cellulose. having cell wall made of lignin. 
pectin.

The parenchyma cells have large They have a little intercellular space The cells do not have any
intercellular spaces between them. in between them. intercellular spaces.

The cells present in these tissues

There are thin walls that surround each The cells have a long structure
are broad and irregularly thick at
cell. with thick walls.
corners. 

They are found in stems, veins

They are found in leaves and newly They are present in leaves and
of the leaves and coverings of
formed branches. stems of a plant.
nuts and seeds.

Chlorenchyma
 These tissues are similar to that of parenchyma but they also contain chlorophyll in
them.
 Due to the presence of chlorophyll, they are capable of performing the process of
photosynthesis in plants.
Aerenchyma
 They are found in aquatic plants.
 They are also similar in structure to that of the parenchyma but they have large air
cavities in them.
 These cavities allow the aquatic plants to float in water.

What is Lignin?
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The cell walls of dead cells have a substance called lignin in them which provides rigidity to
the cells. Lignin acts as the cement for the cells.

Epidermis
 The outermost layer of the cell is known as the Epidermis.
 It covers the entire plant.
 It is a thin layer of single cells but in places with less water, the epidermis of the
plants can become thick in order to avoid frequent water loss.
 The cells are flat and they have no intercellular spaces between them.
 The outer walls of the epidermal cells are thick and the inner walls are thin.
 The epidermal cells often have long hair-like structures in roots which facilitate the
absorption of water.
 The main function of the epidermis is to protect the plants from fungi, water loss and
any injuries by secrets a wax-like water-resistant substance called as Cuticle on the
surface of the plants which protects the plants.

Figure 4 Epidermis
Experimental Study of Epidermis

 Stretch a freshly cut leaf and break it from middle by applying pressure.
 The outermost layer of leaf will come out as a peel or skin called epidermis.
 Gently get in off and strain with safranin.
 Then put it on slid and observe under microscope.
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Stomata
 Stomata are pore-like structures that are present in the epidermis of the leaves.
 These pores are enclosed by two cells that have a similar shape as a kidney. These
are called Guard Cells of Stomata. Guard cells are modified epidermal cells.
 Guard cells are responsible for the exchange of gases and transpiration.

Transpiration (OLYMPIAD)

Figure 5 Transpiration
The plant cells when sometimes have extra they lose it in the form of water evaporates
through stomata. This process is called Transpiration.

Role of Transpiration in Plants – (OLYMPIAD)

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 Exchange of Gases - Plants absorbs carbon dioxide and release oxygen through
transpiration.
 Prevent the Plants from Overheating - The leaves absorb sunlight during the process
of photosynthesis. Some of it is used in the photosynthesis process while the rest is
radiated as Heat Energy. We know that absorption of water causes cooling of the
surrounding area. Therefore transpiration keeps the leaves cool.
 Transportation of Food and Water in Plants - The roots of the plants absorb
minerals and water present in the soil through transpiration and they are then
distributed in the plant through transpiration stream.
 Movement of Water in Plants – As plants lose water in the form of water vapors, the
density of water in leaves becomes low. So the water from the higher density areas such
as the roots move up to lower density areas through a force called Transpirational Pull.

Which gas is necessary for the process of photosynthesis?

The carbon dioxide gas is necessary in the process of photosynthesis. Plants use carbon
dioxide along with water and sunlight to produce glucose in the process of photosynthesis.
Plants take in carbon dioxide and release oxygen as a byproduct of the photosynthesis
process.

Why do plants in desert areas have a waxy coating of cutin over them? 
(OLYMPIAD)
The epidermis cells of plants that are found in deserts have a waxy coating of cutin over
them because it prevents water loss from the plants surface since water is already scarce in
such areas.

Why do branches of old trees are different than the stems of a new plant?
 As a plant grows older the meristematic cells start covering the upper layer of the
plants instead of the epidermis.
 These are the dead cells that have no special function in the plants but to provide
them rigidity. They make the branches of the plants thick.
 This is often called the Bark or the thick cork of the tree.
 The bark of the trees contains a substance called Suberin which makes it waterproof
and does not allow gaseous exchanges. (OLYMPIAD)

Complex Permanent Tissues

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Complex Permanent Tissues comprise of different kinds of cells. These different types of
cells coordinate with each other and perform a common function in these tissues. Two
Complex Permanent Tissues are - Xylem and Phloem.

Figure 6 Xylem and Phloem 

Similarities between Xylem and Phloem
 Their main function is to carry food and water in the plant.
 Both have a vascular bundle which is a conductive tissue in plants that helps them
survive in different environmental conditions.
Xylem
Xylem is made up of dead cells having a thick cell lining. It consists of following elements-
 Tracheids and Vessels – They have broad tubular structure so that we can allow
transportation of food and water in the plants vertically.
 Xylem Parenchyma – It stores food and helps in transportation of water horizontally
in the plants.
 Xylem Fibers – They support transportation
Phloem
Phloem is made up of living cells and it allows the movement of food from leaves to other
parts of the plant. It has the following elements –

 Sieve Tubes – Broad shaped cells with porous walls

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 Companion Cells – They facilitate the functions of the sieve tubes
 Phloem Fibers – Provide flexibility to the phloem
 Phloem Parenchyma – Stores starch and proteins
  Xylem Phloem

Made of Dead Cells Living Cells

Cell wall thickness Thick Thin

Cell wall material Lignin (rigid) Celluloses

Permeability  Impermeable Permeable

Cytoplasm None  Cytoplasm lining

Transports… Water & minerals Food

Carried to…. Leaves  Growing parts & storage organs

Direction of flow Upwards Up & down

Tissue alos has … Fibres Companion cells

Animal Tissue:-

Figure 7 Types of Animal Tissues

1. Epithelial Tissue
 They are the protective tissues of the human body. They cover many organs and
cavities that are present inside the body.
 Where are the epithelial tissues found in the human body?
o The lining of the blood vessels
o The lining of the mouth
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o Kidney tubules
o Skin
o Lung alveoli
 Structure and functions of the epithelial tissues -
o The main function of the epithelial tissues is to act as a barrier and separate different
organs and systems from each other.
o There is no space between the cells of epithelial tissues
o The cells are permeable. This makes it possible for them to exchange materials
between different parts of the body and also between the body and the external
environment.
o The epithelial tissues remain separated from the tissues beneath them because of a
thin membrane over them.

Figure 8 Types of Epithelium

Different Simple Stratified Columnar Ciliated Cuboidal Glandular

types of Squamous  Squamous Columnar
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epithelium
tissues
They have
Columnar They are cube- These are
delicate
The epithelium They are the epithelial shaped cells special
cell lining
Squamous cells column-like tissues which which are gland cells
Structure and
are arranged in shape have Cilia involved in that can
possess a
several layers tissues present on absorption and secrete
flat thin
them secretion. substances
structure

Alveoli and
bowman’s Sweat
Respiratory
Found in capsule- Skin  Intestine  Kidney tubules glands in
system 
nephron in the skin
kidney 
3.Connective Tissues:-
 Structure and function of connective tissues
o They are loosely bound cells present in an intercellular Matrix.
o This matrix can be of different types – Dense, Rigid, Fluid or Jelly-like.
o Depending upon the functionality of the connective tissue, the nature of the matrix
varies in them.
 Examples of Connective Tissues
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Figure 9 Connective Tissues
Blood
 The main function of blood is to transport gases, food, waste materials and
hormones in the body.
 Therefore, blood has a fluid Matrix present in it which is called Plasma.
 The plasma contains the red blood cells, the white blood cells and blood platelets.
 The RBC have hemoglobin pigment which carries oxygen to tissues.
 White blood cells fight diseases and platelets are involved in clotting of blood when
injured.
 The plasma also contains proteins and hormones in it.

Bones
 Bones form a framework of the body over which the muscles are wrapped together.
 The bone tissue is strong and inflexible in nature.
 Therefore, the bone cells are present in a rigid matrix which is formed from calcium
and phosphorus.
Ligaments
 A ligament connects two bones together.
 It has an elasticity which facilitates the connection.
 The cells of ligaments have a little matrix.
Cartilage
 Cartilage is present over the joints of the bones and provides them with a smooth
structure.
 For Example in the nose tip and ear pinna, trachea, larynx.
 They contain solid matrix made of protein and sugar. They have homogenous matrix.
 It provides support and flexibility to various parts of our body.
Tendons
 The tendons tissues are responsible for connecting bones and muscles together.
 They have limited flexibility but very great strength.
Areolar
 This tissue acts as a filter in between the spaces present inside the organs of the
body.
 It helps in repairing other tissues as well.
 It is found in the skin and bone marrow.
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Adipose
 Fats are stored in our body in the adipose tissues.
 They are found below the skin and between the organs of the body.
 Provides cushioning to the organs.
3. Muscular Tissue
 It is made up of muscle fibers which are long cells.
 It allows movements in our body.

How muscles can cause movement?

They contain special proteins called Contractile Proteins. These proteins cause contraction
and relaxation of the muscles.
 There are two kinds of muscles found in our body - Voluntary Muscles and
Involuntary Muscles.

Figure 13 Muscular Tissue

Striated/ Skeletal/ Voluntary muscles Smooth/ Unstriated/Involuntary muscles

We cannot start or stop the movement of

We can move them according to our own will
involuntary muscles. 
They are also called Skeletal Muscles as they are
They also called Smooth Muscles. 
attached to the bones. 
They are also called Striated Muscles because of the They are also called Unstriated Muscles because
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presence of dark and light bands over them they do not have any light or dark bands on them. 
The cells of voluntary muscles have more than one
The cells of the involuntary muscles are long and
nucleus, they do not have any branches, and have a long
have pointed ends. 
cylindrical structure. 
For Example, The muscles in the alimentary canal
For Example, Muscles of our hands and legs.
and the Iris of our eyes.

Cardiac Muscles
o These are special kinds of involuntary muscles.
o The muscles of the heart are called Cardiac Muscles they perform rhythmic
contraction and relaxation throughout our life.
o They are cylindrical in shape, they have branches and there is a single nucleus.
o Cardiac muscle consists of individual heart muscle cells connected by intercalated
discs to work as a single functional organ

4. The Nervous Tissue:-

 How do we react to stimuli?
o This is because of the nervous tissues present in our body. They are capable of
transmitting information quickly from the brain to different parts of the body and
vice-versa.
 Therefore nervous tissues are found in nerves, brain, and spinal cord.
 The Nervous tissue is made up of cells called the Nerve Cells or Neurons.
 These neurons connect together to form the nerves of our body.
 Structure of a Neuron
o It is an elongated cell with a Cell Body that consists of some branch-like structure
called Dendrites.
o There is a Nucleus present in the center of the cell body.
o The Nerve Endings of the cell are connected with the cell body via Axon.
o A nerve cell can be up to 1 m long.
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Figure 14 Structure of Neuron 

The Structure of Neuron
1. Dendrites
 They are tree-like extensions (highly-branched) at the beginning of a neuron.
 They increase the surface area of the neuron.
 They receive chemical signals from different neurons of the body.
 They then convert these chemical signals into electrical signals and pass them to the
neuron cell body.
 A neuron can have a single dendrite or multiple dendrites
2. Cell Body
 Also called Soma.
 The main function of the cell body and nucleus of the neuron is to maintain the
functionality of the cell.
 It does not play an active role in the transmission of the signal.
 It produces proteins that are required by different parts of the neuron to work
properly.
 It contains different cell organelles such as mitochondria, Golgi apparatus etc that
perform various functions of the cell.
3. Axon
 Neurons have one axon in general.
 It is a long structure that connects the cell body to the terminals and it also connects
with other neurons, cells and organs of the body through nerve terminals.
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 It allows in fast transmission of signals. The larger the diameter of the axon the
faster it will transmit signals.
 It is covered with a special insulating substance called myelin. It helps in rapid
transmission of signals.
4. Schwann Cells (OLYMPIAD)
 The Myelin sheath that covers the axon is produced by Schwann cells.
 The Myelin sheath keeps the signal intact
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