Reinforced Cement Concrete

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Reinforced cement concrete

SYLLABUS
Module I
Design of beams : behaviour of R.C.C beams
Working stress method – Introduction - permissible stresses-factor of safety ––
assumptions – basic concepts of under reinforced –over reinforced and balanced
sections - Theory of singly and doubly reinforced beams – Emphasis on the
implication of the design on form.
Limit state method: Concepts-assumptions –characteristic strength and load
partial safety factors-limit states-limit state of collapse –limit state of
serviceability. Theory of singly and doubly reinforced rectangular sections in
flexure-design of simply supported and flanged beams - Emphasis on the
implication of the design on form
Module II
Design of slabs: Behaviour of slabs - design of one way and two way slabs – design
of fillerslabs - Continuous slabs-analysis using method recommended by BIS –
Design of forms of different type of slabs - Design of flat slab (Concept only).
Module III
Design of columns: Limit state method- I S specifications-design of columns –
proportioning of columns. Stair cases- introduction to different types-design of
stair configuration .Introduction to Prestresed concrete-, detailing including the
joint detailing, Basic concepts of pre-stressedstressed construction: Prefabrication.
Modular coordination. Earthquake resistant structures.pre stressing systems,
materials, behavior of pre-stressed concrete beams and losses in pre-stress. (study
only)
MODULE 1
BEAMS
DESIGN PHILOSOPHIES
1.WORKING STRESS METHOD
2.ULTIMATE LOAD OR STRENGTH METHOD
3.LIMIT STATE METHOD
1.WORKING STRESS METHOD (Modular ratio method)
➢IN this method factor of safety is applied to the yield or ultimate stress to get
permissible stress.
➢The structure is designed to support working or service loads without exceeding
the permissible stress in concrete and steel.
➢Actual safety against ultimate load is not considered in working stress method.
Ultimate strength x factor of safety =permissible strength

2.ULTIMATE LOAD METHOD


➢In this method load factors are applied to working loads to estimate ultimate
loads.
➢The structure is designed to support the designed ultimate loads.
➢Safety factors are applied to the strength of materials.
➢serviceability aspect such as deflection and cracking at service loads are not
considered in this method.
3. LIMIT STATE METHOD
Limit state design is a method of designing structures based on a statistical probability
of failure. Structures are designed should satisfy the dual criteria of safety and
serviceability
The acceptable limit for the safety and serviceability requirements before failure occurs
is called LIMIT STATE
Limit state of collapse
It may be defined ash acceptable degree of security against collapse or failure which in
concrete structures can occurs by various modes such as compression ,tension,
flexure, shear, torsion fatigue or their combination

Limit state of serviceability

Serviceability requirements means that member or structure should not fail in its
intended time. Deteriorate to such an extend that it is designed. In concrete
structures, This state may be reached due to excessive deflection ,cracking
vibration and corrosion of reinforcement.
CHARACTERSTIC STRENGTH AND CHARACTERSTIC LOAD

Structures have to carry dead loads and live loads. The max.working load that
the structure has to withstand and for which it is to be designed is called
CHARACTERSTIC LOAD. Thus there are characterstic dead loads and
characterstic live loads. The strength that one can safely assume for the
materials(steel and concrete) are called CHARACTERSTIC STRENGTH
Partial safety factors for loads and material strength
Having obtained the characteristic loads and strength, the design loads and

design strength are obtained by the concept of partial safety factors. PSF are

applied to both to loads on structure and to the strength of the materials

Partial safety factors for loads

The load to be used for ultimate strength design is also known as factored

load.(working load or service load)

Factored Load= Characteristic Load X PSF For Loads


Comparison between WSM and LSM
WSM LSM
▪Based on Elastic Theory ▪Based on safety and serviceabiliy
requirements. Strain in concrete at
failure should not be less than
0.0035and strain in tension
reinforcement not less than
0.002+0.87fy/Es

▪Design based on safe working stress ▪Permissible stresses are beyond th3e
which lies within elastic region. elastic limit .Plastic region is
considered for design.
▪Safe working stress =ultimate ▪Design stress = characterstic
stress/F.S stress/PSF
▪Stress block variation about neutral ▪Stress block variation in
axis is linear. compression zone is not linear. It is
combination of rectangle and
parabola.
▪Structure is oversized and ▪Structure is safe and economical
uneconomical
▪Stress at any level can be found out ▪Only strain can be calculate.
from stress block.
WORKING STREESS METHOD

BALANCED SECTION
▪ In rein forced concrete section the depth of Neutral Axis generally
determines the type of sections.
▪Balanced section is the section in which the quantity of steel provided is
such that when the most distant concrete fibre in the compression zone
reaches the permissible stress .
▪In tension zone the tensile stress in tensile reinforcement reaches its
permissible value.
▪Max. strain in the two materials reaches simultaneously.
▪A sudden failure occurs with the alarming deflection.
▪In he section neutral axis corresponding to his condition is called critical
neutral axis and its depth is denoted by nc
BALANCED SECTION
Balanced Section:
•The section in which the quantity of steel is just sufficiently provided that
the concrete in compression zone and steel in tension zone reaches to
their permissible stresses simultaneously is called balanced section.
•In this section, the critical depth is equal to its actual depth. i.e n = Na =
Nc
Under Reinforced Section:
•In this section, the quantity of steel is not adequate to make the extreme
concrete fibers in the compression area to get compressed to their highest
permissible stress.
•In this section, the quantity of steel is not adequate to make the concrete to
get compressed in compression area to their highest permissible value. That
means the steel is provided less than that a balanced section is required. In
under reinforced section, the depth of actual Na is less than the critical Na.
•i.e; Na<Nc.
Under reinforced section
❖Quantity of steel provided is less than that in required for a

balanced section

❖The stess in steel reaches its permissible value

❖Compressive stress in concrete will be less than its permissible value.

❖If the beam is furher reached, the neutral axis and C .G. of

compressive forces for further shift upward to maintain the equlibrium

until the max. strain in concrete reaches its ultimate value.

❖This failure is called Tension Failure because of yielding of steel is

responsible for continued higher strains in concrete,resulting in its

failure.

❖Mr=stress in steel x Ast(d-na/3)


Over Reinforced Section:
▪In this section, the quantity of steel in tension zone is greater than the
quantity of steel required to make compressive zone concrete to get
compressed to their most extreme admissible value. In other words, when the
extreme compressive stress in concrete achieves its allowable limit, the
comparing tensile stress in steel will be not as much as its permissible value.
▪So in over reinforced section, the depth of actual Na is greater than the critical
Na.
▪i.e; Na > Nc
Over reinforced section
❖Quantity of steel provided is more than that in required for a balanced

section

❖The stess in concrete reaches its permissible value

❖Tensile stress in reinforcement will be less than its permissible value.

❖If the beam is further reached, the neutral axis and C .G. of compressive

forces for further shift downward to maintain the equllibrium until the max.

strain in concrete reaches its ultimate value.

❖This failure is called compression Failure because of yielding of concrete is

responsible for continued higher strains in concrete, resulting in its failure.

❖Mr = 0.5streesin concrete x na b (d-na/3)


Unbalanced section

Reinforcement available in the beam is less than that of a balanced


section, na<nc or Xu < Xumax . Failure is in steel ,causes a ductile failure
and gives clear warning before failure. Most of the practical sections
are under reinforced sections. Failure is by primary tension.
❖LEVER ARM
❖It is the distance between he line of action of the resultant compression and

the line of action of resultant tension

❖The line of action of resultant compression is at the level of the centroid of the

compressive stress diagram.ie at the depth of n/3 from the compression edge.

❖The resultant tension is at the level of the reinforcement

❖Moment of resistance =force x lever arm

❖Moment of resistance =tensile force x (d-na/3) for tension failure

❖Moment of resistance =compressive force x (d-na/3) for compression failure


PROBLEMS
Computation of The moment of resistance

The moment of resistance of the concrete section is the moment of

couple formed by the total tensile force (T) in the steel acting at the

centre of gravity of reinforcement and the total compressive force (C) in

the concrete acting at the centre of gravity (c.g.) of the compressive

stress diagram. The moment of resistance is denoted by M.


SINGLY REINFORCED SECTIONS

The beams reinforced with steel only on tension zones are


called SINGLYY REINFORCED SECTIONS
The moment of resistance of the concrete section is the moment of couple
formed by the total tensile force (T) in the steel acting at the centre of gravity
of reinforcement and the total compressive force (C) in the concrete acting at
the centre of gravity (c.g.) of the compressive stress diagram. The moment of
resistance is denoted by M.

Moment of resistance is given by,


Mr = C x z
= bxna (σcbc/2)(d-na/3)

OR
Mr = T x z
= Ast σst (d – na/3)
Calculate the moment of resistance of a singly reinforced concrete beam having width
300m and effective depth 400m It is the reinforced of 3 bars of 12mm thick dia use
m20concrete and fe4145 steel
Span is 3m
What is the max udl that the beam can carry over the entire span.

=7  cbc
=

 st = 140 N/ mm 2

280 280
m= 3 cbc 3 7

m= 13.3
Calculate the moment of resistance of a singly reinforced concrete beam
having width 300mmand effective depth 400mm. It is reinforced with 3 bars
of 12mm dia. M20 concrete and Fe 415 steel.
Solution
m=280/3  cbc
A singly reinforced simply supportd beam 200mmx550mmis reinforced
with 4bars of 12mm dia.at an effcetive depth of 500mm.the self weight
of the beam together with the dead load is 3.5KN/m.Adopting M20 and
Fe415. Estimate the max.permissible live load on he beam of span 3m.
DOUBLY REINFORCED SECTIONS

The beams reinforced with steel in compression and


tension zones are called DOUBLY REINFORCED SECTIONS
DOUBLY REINFORCED SECTIONS ARE NECESSARY WHEN

❖The depth of the section is restricted.

❖The bending moment changes its sign at supports of a continuous beam or slab.

❖There is possibility for the external live loads to alternate.

❖The eccentric and eccentricity of the load may change from one side of the axis

to the other side


DOUBLY REINFORCED SECTIONS

Method using Elastic theory


The moment of resistance is calculated by taking the moments of forces about the centre of
gravity of the tensile steel.

Diagram for determining Moment of resistance


From the figure above, we get,
Mr = Moment of compressive force of concrete about tensile steel + Moment of equivalent
concrete force of compression steel about tensile steel
= bxna(σcbc/2)(d – na/3) + (1.5m – 1)Asc. σcsc (d – d’)
Where, (1.5m – 1)Asc is the equivalent concrete area of compression steel.
σcbc is the compressive stress in the concrete at a depth d’ mm from the top of the beam,
where Asc is provided.
To find σcbc
From the figure above, we get,
σcbc/x = σcbc (x – d’)
σcbc = σcbc [(x – d’)/x)]
A doubly reinforced simply supported beam 250mmx450mm is
reinforced with 4bars of 25mm dia.on the tension side and 4 bars
of18mm dia.on the compression side.The effective cover on both
reinforcement is 50mm.Calculate moment of resistance of the
section..Adopting M20 and Fe415.
A doubly reinforced rectangular beam 250x400mm is subjected
to a B.M. 40KNM. The effective cover is 40mm. Calculate the
steel area in tension and compression zone. Assume M20
concrete and Fe 415 steel.
Compute the moment of resistance of the section shown in fig.
A doubly – reinforced concrete beam is 250 mm wide and 500 mm deep to the centre of
tension reinforcement. The centre of the compression steel is 50 mm from the
compression
edge. The areas of the compression steel are 50mm from the compression edge.
The area of the compression and tension steel are respectively, 1016 mm 2 and 1256mm2.
If m = 13.33 and the bending moment at the section is 70 KNm.
Calculate the stresses in concrete and steel.
Solution. b = 250 mm; d = 500; d c =50mm
Asc=1016 mm2 : Ast =1256mm2
Position of neutral axis,
Talking moments about the neutral axis,
2
bn /2 +(n-1) ASC (n-dc)= m Ast (d-n)
250n2/2 +(18 – 1)1016(n-50)=13.33 X 1256(500-n)
n2+234.16 n – 71980.4=0
Solving, we get, n =175.7 mm
let the max. compressive stress in concrete is c N/mm2
Stress in concrete at the level of the compression steel
=c’ =(n-dc/n) c =(175.7.50/175.7) c= 0.715c
M.R. =bxnxc/2(d-n/3) +(m-1) Asc c’(d -dc)

Substituting values we get M.R. =13725632c Nmm

Equating the MR to the bending moment

13725632c = 70x 106

C =5.1N/mm2

C’ =0.715c =3.65 N/mm2

Stress in compression steel= 13.33x3.65 =48.65N/mm2

Stress in tension steel =(d-n/n) m c =500-175.7/175.7 x13.33x5.10=125.5N/mm2


LIMIT STATE METHOD
The area of the stress block is the sum of rectangular portion and parabolic portion
A =0.45fck x o.42 x xu +2/3x 0.58x xux0.45fck =0.363fck xu

Computation of the Depth of Neutral Axis xu


T = 0.87 fy Ast
C = 0.36 fckb xu
0.87 fy Ast = 0.36 fck b x xu
Design of Doubly Reinforced Rectangular Beam – Limit State Method
If the applied bending moment is greater than the moment resisting capacity or
ultimate moment carrying capacity of the section (i.e. over reinforced section), then
there can be three alternatives:
If possible, increase the dimensions of the section, preferable ‘depth’.
2) Use higher grade of concrete
3) Steel reinforcement may be added in compression zone to increase the moment
resisting capacity of the section (depth is remain as it is). This is known as a ‘Doubly
Reinforced Beam’.
The main assumptions are:
plane sections remain plain even after bending
2) R.C. sections in bending fail when the compressive strain in the concrete reaches the
value of 0.0035
3) The stress at any point in steel and concrete can be taken as equal to the stress
corresponding to the strain at that point of the stress v/s strain graph for the
material (steel or concrete)
4) ‘Xu lim / d’ ratio need not be strictly adhered to in double reinforced beams
5) Even though shrinkage, creep and other properties of concrete wil affect the actual
stat of stress of steel and concrete, these are not taken into consideration in
estimating the collapse or ultimate strength
The Double Reinforced Section is normally required under the following circumstances:
1)sectional dimensions are restricted due to requirements of head room, appearance etc. and
the strength of given singly reinforced section is inadequate.
2) the beam which acts as a flanged beam at mid span becomes a rectangular beam at supports
of a continuous beam.
3)At support tension occurs at top making the flange ineffective and there for the section
becomes inadequate to resist large peak value of support moment.
4) basement with lower plinth level and combined with ventilator couples and to design a
double reinforced beam.
5) Compression steel is provided sometimes to reduce the deflection i.e. to increase the
stiffness and also to increase the rotation capacity.
6) Compression steel is always used in structures in earthquake regions to increase their
ductility.
7) Compression reinforcement will also aid significantly in reducing the long term deflection of
beams. The failure theory evolved for singly reinforced section holds good for doubly
reinforced beam also.
PROBLEMS
Example:
An reinforced concrete beam 200mm x 400mm overall is reinforced
with 4 – 22mm⏀ bars with centres 30mm from the bottom edge and 3 –
20mm⏀ bars with centres 25mm from the top edge. Find the neutral
axis of the beam, if m = 18.66

Doubly reinforced section diagram


Given that,
Width of the beam = 200mm
Effective depth of the beam = 400 – 30 = 370mm
Distance of compressive steel from the top edge of the beam to the centre of
the steel = d’ = 25mm
Modular ratio = m = 18.66
Area of concrete = Asc = 3 x π/4 x (20)2 = 942 mm2
Area of tensile steel = Ast = 4 x π/4 x (22)2 = 1520 mm2
To find x:
Equating moment of area on compression and tension sides about N.A.
bxx/2 + (1.5m – 1)Asc(x – d’) = mAst (d – x)
200x2/2 + (1.5 x 18.66 – 1) 942 (x – 25)
= 18.66 x 1520 (370 – x)
Therefore, x2 + 537.87x – 111299 = 0
Solving the above equation, we get,
x = 159.579mm
A beam of rectangular section is 250mm wide and 500mm effective depth and is provided
with4 bars of 15 mm diameter as tensile steel. Find the ultimate moment of resistance
use M20 concrete and Fe 415 steel.
b=250mm
d=500mm
A steel=4x201=804mm2,Fck=20N/mm2,Fy=415N/mm2
Depth of neutal axis=xu, xu/d=2.42fy/fckAst/bd=2.42*415/20*804/250*500=0.323
For Fe 415,
Xu,max/d= .48: Xu/d<Xu,max/d
The section is under reinforced
Xu=0.323 d=0.323*500=161.50mm
Ultimate moment of resistance M u=.87 fy Ast (d-.42 Xu)
=0.87*415*804*(500-0.42*161.5)Nmm=125.45*106Nmm=125.45KNm
Mu=0.36f ck X ub(d-0.42xu) =0.36*20*161.5*250(500-0.42*161.5)Nmm
=125.45*106Nmm=125.45kNm
A rectangular R.C.C beam 300x700overall depth is reinforced with 5 nos.
of 20mm dia bars in two layers.M20 concrete and Fe 415 steel.calculate
moment of resistance of the section.
The overall dimensions of singly reinforced section is 230x 600mm.effective
cover is 50mm.it is reinforced with 4 nos. of 16mm bars. Find the working
liveload that beam can carry without failure.
DESIGN OF BEAMS

Refer sp 16 solved problems


Example 1 Singly Reinforced Beam
Determine the main tension reinforcement
required for a rectangular beam section
with the following data:
Size of beam 3ox6Ocm
Concrete mix M 15
Characteristic strength 415 N/mm’
of reinforcement
*Factored moment 170 kN.m
*Assuming 25 mm dia bars with 25 mm
clear cover,
Effective depth I 60 - 2.5 -2;- 5625 cm
From Table D, for fr P 415 N/mm’ and
fcr-c 15 N/mm*
MWliUJM’ p 2.07 N/mm:
v$g$ x (1000)’
e; 2.07 x 101 kN/m*
:. &am - 2.07 x 1O’W
I 2-07 x 10’ x f3a0 x
I 1965 kN.m
$%ua] moment. of. 170 kN.m is less *than
The sectton 1s therefore to be destgned
as u’~mm’singlyei nforced (unde&einforced)
rectangular section
For referring to Tables, we need the value
of Mu w
M” 170 x IO’
bd’ - -3m6.25 x 56.25 x IO’
I 1.79 N/mm’
From Table 1,
Percentage of reinforcement, pt = 0.594
.* . As-0.594 x 30 x 56.25 _ ,10mo2 ,,*
Concrete mix M 15
Characteristic strength of 415 N/mm2
reinforcement
Factored moment 320 kN.m
Assuming 25 mm dia bars with 25 mm
clear cover,
d = fj0 - 2.5 - 225 = 56*25 cm
From Table D, for fy = 415 N/mm2 and
f ck = 15 N/mm2
Mu,linJbd”=2.07 N/mm2 = 2.07 x IO2 kN/m”
.*. Mu,lim -2.07 x 103 bd2
30 56.25 56.25
-2.07 x 10” x loo x Ts- x -100-
= 196.5 kN.m
Actual moment of 320 kN.m is greater
than Mu,lim
.* . The section is to be designed as a doubly
reinforced section.
Reinforcement from Tables
Mu 320
$$ = O-562 5)2 x 103~~~~~ N/mm2
d’/d c 2.5 + 1.25 i o,07
5625 >
Next higher value of d’/d = 0.1 will be used
for referring to Tables.
REINFORCEMENT FROM CHARTS
(d-d’) = (56.25 - 3.75) - 52.5 cm
Mu2 - (320 - 196.5) = 123.5 kN.m
Chart is given only for fy = 250 N/mm2;
therefore use Chart 20 and modification
factors according to Table G.
Referring to Chart 20,
Art2 (for fY = 250 N/mm2) = 10.7 cm2
FLEXURAL MEMBERS 13
usia Jl¶odibrion factors given in
for B Y = 415 N/nuns,
I& - 10.7 x 0.60 r! 6-42 cm*
,& I 10.7 x 0.63 = 674cm’
Referring to ruble E,
Table G
pt,nm - 072
* Ast,u,n -0.72 .x
5625 x 30
. . ,oo - 1215cm’
A*: E 12.15 + 642 = 18.57 cm’
These values of At and AE are comparable
to the values obtained from the table.
Design a singly reinforced beam to carry a live load of 4500N/m. The clear span of
the beam is 5.00m. the bearing at each end is 400mm
. Use M 20 concrete and Fe 415 steel.

Moment Ml =45000x5.42/8 =164025NM

Approximate dead load moment =0.12%of M l =0.12x164025=19683

Total factored moment Mu =1.5(164025+19683)=275.562KNM

let b =2/3d

equating the limiting moment of resistance :0.138fck bd2=275.562

d=531mm

Ast from sp 16

Provide 6bars of 20mm dia


MODULE II
SLABS
RCC SLABS

❖ RCC SLAB IS a flat two dimensional plane


structural element having thickness smaller than its
other two dimensions.
❖ It provides a flat working surface

❖ It provides a covering shelter in buildings

❖ It transfer the loads by bending in one or two


directions
Types of slabs
❖Simply supported one way slab
❖Cantilever slab
❖Two way slab--restrained and unstrained slab
❖Continuous slab
❖Flat slabs
TYPES OF SLABS

❖Based on shapes
❑Square
❑,rectangular,
❑Circular
❑.polygonal

❖Based on types of supports


•Slab supported on walls
•Slab supported on beams
•Flat slabs … supported directlly on columns without beams

❖Based on support or boundary conditions


➢Simply supported slab
➢Continuous slab
➢Cantilever slab
➢Overhanging slab
➢Fixed slab
❖Based on use
▪Roof slab
▪Foundation slab
▪Water tank slab
▪Sun shade

❖Based on cross section/sectional configuration


▪Grid slab
▪Ribbed slab
▪Solid slab filler slab
▪Folded plate

❖Basis of spanning direction


o one way slab,, spanning in one direction
otwo way slab,, spanning in two direction
FLAT SLABS
Flat slab
Flat slab is a reinforced concrete slab supported directly by concrete
columns without the use of beams. Flat slab is defined as one sided or
two-sided support system with sheer load of the slab being
concentrated on the supporting columns and a square slab called ‘drop
panels’.
▪Drop panels play a significant role here as they augment the overall capacity and
sturdiness of the flooring system beneath the vertical loads thereby boosting cost
effectiveness of the construction. Usually the height of drop panels is about two
times the height of slab.

▪Flat Slabs are considered suitable for most of the construction and for
asymmetrical column layouts like floors with curved shapes and ramps etc. The
advantages of applying flat slabs are many like depth solution, flat soffit and
flexibility in design layout.
▪Even though building flat slabs can be an expensive affair but gives immense
freedom to architects and engineers the luxury of designing.
•Benefit of using flat slabs are manifold not only in terms of prospective
design and layout efficacy but is also helpful for total construction process
especially for easing off installation procedures and saving on
construction time.
•If possible, try to do away with drop panels as much as possible and try to
make the best use of thickness of flat slabs. The reason is to permit the
benefits of flat soffits for the floor surface to be maintained, ensure
drop panels are cast as part of the column
To utilize the slab thickness to optimum level, the essential
aspects that should be kept in mind are:
Procedure related to design
Presence or absence of holes
Significance of deflections
Previous layout application experience
Types of Flat Slab Construction
Following are the types of flab slab construction:
Simple flat slab
Flat slab with drop panels
Flat slab with column heads
Flat slab with both drop panels and column heads
Uses of Column Heads
It increase shear strength of slab
It reduce the moment in the slab by reducing the clear or effective span
Uses of Drop Panels
It increase shear strength of slab
It increase negative moment capacity of slab
It stiffen the slab and hence reduce deflection
Advantages of Flat Slabs
It is recognized that Flat Slabs without drop panels can be built at a very fast
pace as the framework of structure is simplified and diminished. Also, speedy turn-
around can be achieved using an arrangement using early striking and flying
systems.
Flat slab construction can deeply reduce floor-to –floor height especially in the
absence of false ceiling as flat slab construction does act as limiting factor on the
placement of horizontal services and partitions. This can prove gainful in case of
lower building height, decreased cladding expense and pre-fabricated services.
In case the client plans changes in the interior and wants to use the
accommodation to suit the need, flat slab construction is the perfect choice as it
offers that flexibility to the owner. This flexibility is possible due to the use of
square lattice and absence of beam that makes channelling of services and
allocation of partitions difficult.
Thickness of flat slab
Thickness of flat slab is another very attractive benefit because thin slab provides
the advantage of increased floor to ceiling height and lower cladding cost for the
owner. However, there is profound lower limit to thickness of slab because extra
reinforcements are needed to tackle design issues. Besides this, added margin
must be provided to facilitate architectural alterations at later stages.
Advantages and Disadvantages of Flat Slabs
Advantages:
❖Simple formwork
❖No beams—simplifying under-floor services outside the drops
❖Minimum structural depth
❖Usually does not require shear reinforcement at the columns.
Disadvantages:
❖Medium spans
❖Generally not suitable for supporting brittle (masonry) partitions
❖Drop panels may interfere with larger mechanical ducting
❖Vertical penetrations need to avoid area around columns
❖For reinforced flat slabs, deflection at the middle strip may be critical.
Design of slabs
Design steps
1 .Assume depth of slab …

D(overall depth)=40mm/1mspan or d(effective depth)=span/25 to span/30


2.Determine span …(page no.34of IS 456-2000)
clear span + effective depth(d) or clear span +width of bearing
3.Calculate factored load
wu =1.5(DL+LL+FF)
4.Calculate moments as per formula
Simply supported one way slab Mu= wu l2/8
Cantilever slab wul2/2
Two way slab..restrained and unstrained slab (page no.90 of IS 456-2000)
Continuous slab (page no.36 of IS 456-2000)
5.Find effective depth d= (Mu/0.138 fck.b)1/2 [Fe 415 --.138 & Fe 250
0.149]
6.Find area of steel Ast

Pt ( percentage of steel) from SP 16 Tables

Ast=ptxbd/100


Spacing =1000a /Ast

7.Distribution steel 0.15% of gross c.s area for mild steel bars & 0.12 % for HYSD

8.check for shear(page no.72,73 of IS 456-2000)

9.Check for deflection(page no.37 of IS 456-2000)

10.Check for stiffness

11.Check for development length(page no.42 ,44 of IS 456-2000)

12. Draw reinforcement details


Reinforcement in slabs

In concrete slabs the minimum reinforcement will be provided in either

direction together with details of reinforcement.

IS 456 SPECIFICATION

min. reinforcement not less than 0.15%of total C.S area for mild steel bars and

0.12% total C.S area for HYSD steel bars

Spacing not greater than 5d or 500mm whichever is smaller

Main steel not greater than 3d or 300mm whichever is smaller

Distribution steel Max. diameter not greater than D/8

Cover 20mm or diameter of bar which is higher


SIMPLY SUPPORTED SLAB
ONE WAY SLAB
•Design a slab for a room 7mx3m.Liveload 2KN/m2.fck
20KN/mm2&fy250N/mm2.
Step 1:
20KN/mm2
Ly/Lx=7/3=2.33>2
Therefore, one-way slab is to be designed.
Assuming overall depth =40 x Lx=40x3=120mm.
Assuming an effective cover 20mm.
Therefore, d=120-20=100mm
Step 2:
Span:
1.Lx+d=3+0.10=3.1m
2.c/c distance b/w supports (30cm support)
3+0.3=3.3m.
Lesser value=3.10m=Le
Step3:Load calculation

Wu=1.5(0.12x25+2+1.9) =10.35KN/m2
Step 4:Maximum bending moment

Mu=Wu le2/8=10.35x3.102÷8=12.43 KNm


d=√Mu÷0.149x1000xf ck for Fe250=0.149 =√12.43x106÷0.149x20x1000
=64.59mm<100mm
Hence it is safe.
Pt=50[1-√1-4.6x12.43x106÷20x1000x1002÷(250/20)]
=0.169
Ast = pt/100xbxd
Ast=0.6197/100x1000x100=620mm2
Provide 10mm dia bars
p=1000Aø÷Ast
=1000x /4x10÷620=127mm
120mm

Therefore provide 10mm dia bars 120mm c/c


step 5.Area of distribution reinforcement
=0.15% cross area
=0.15/100x1000x120=180mm2
Provide 6mm dia bars
Pv=1000Aø÷Ast
t=1000x (6)2÷180=150mm.
Provide 6mm dia bars @150mm c/c

Step 6: Check for shear


Vu=Wu le÷2
=10.35x3.10÷2=16.05KNm
Nominal shear stress=Vu/bd
=16.05x10^6÷1000x100=160.5
% steel 100Ast/bd=100x620÷1000x100=0.62
K=1.3
CANTILEVER SLAB
Design a cantilever slab with an overhang of 1m from a wall of 300mm thick.
The live load on the slab is 2kN/m2

1.Assume depth of slab …


D(overall depth)=120mmat fixed end and 50mm at the free end d= 120-20 100mm
2.Determine span 1m or 1000mm
3.Calculate factored load
wu =1.5(DL+LL+FF) =0.120+0.050/2 x25 +2 +1.5 =8.4375KN
4.Calculate moments as per formula
Cantilever slab wul2/2
MU =8.4375 x1x1/2= 4.219 KNM
5.Find effective depth d= (Mu/0.149fck.b)1/2 [Fe 415 --.138 & Fe 250 0.149]
Effective depth =37.62mm<100mm hence it is safe
However from stiffness consideration higher depth is required d=100mm
6.Find area of steel Ast

Pt ( percentage of steel) from SP 16 Tables

Ast=ptxbd/100 =162mm2


Spacing =1000a /Ast

Provide 8mm bar @270mm c/c as main reinforcement

7.Distribution steel 0.15% of gross c.s area

=0.15/100 x1000x100 =150mm 2

Provide 6mm bar@ 180 mm c/c as distribution steel.


8.check for shear(page no.72,73 of IS 456-2000)

9.Check for deflection(page no.37 of IS 456-2000)

10.Check for stiffness

11.Check for development length(page no.42 ,44 of IS 456-2000)

12. Draw reinforcement details


Continuous slabs
Design of continuous slabs
step4.Area of steel
TWO WAY SLAB SLAB
TWO WAY SLABS
Design a RCC roof slab over a room 4x5m.The slab is simply supported on
all four edge with corners are held down the super imposed load
is2kN\m2 and floor finish in 0.5kn\m2. Use M15 concrete and Fe415 steel

Step 1 effective depth


D =l/28 =4000/28 =142
Provide D is 130mm d=110mm
Step 2 effective span
lx=4=0.11=4.11
Ly=5+0.11=5.11
Span ratio r = 5.11/4.11=1.24
Step 3 calculation of load
Wu=1.5(D.L+ L.L+F.F)
d=Mx/0.138fckxb =10.898x106/0.138fckxb
=72.6mm<110mm
hence it is safe
providing 110mm effective depth
step 6 area of steel
providing 8mm dia bar
pt =50[1-1-4.6mu/fck.bd2/fy/fck]
shorter span
pt =50[1-1-4.6x10.898x106/16x1000x1102/415/15]
=50[1-1-/27.67]
=0.271%
Astx=0.271/100x1000x110
=300.81mm2
spacing =50x1000/300.81
=166mm=160mm
longer span =50[1-1-4.6x8.759x06/15x1000x1022/415/15]
=.25
Asty -0.25/100x1000x102
=255mm2
spacing =50x1000/255
=196=120mm
min=0.1570/100x1000x130=195mm
providing 8mm dia bar
=1000/195x50
256mmc/c
providing 8mm dia bar @250mmc/c m both direction
As corners are held town and all edges are continuous torsion reinforcment is
needed
size of torsion mesh=lx/5 x lx/5=401/5x4.1/5
At each corner two mesh one at top and aren at bottom are to be provided
area of torsion reinforcement =3/4(Astx)
=3/4x300.81mm2
=225.608mm2
step 8 check for shear
Vu Wul x/2 =8.625x4/2 =17.25KN
Tu=Vu/bd =17.25x103/1000*110
=0.157N/mm2
shear stress
% of steel near support =0.5x300.81=150.41mm
Tc=100Ast/bd =100x150.41/1000x110 =0.28N/mm2
k=1.3
Tv<Tc.k=1.3x0.28
=0.364N/mm2
hence it is safe
Step 9 Check for development length
Ld =0.87fydia/4tbd =0.87x415x8/4x1.6=451.31m

Tbd from 26.211


M15-1N/mm2
M1 =0.87fy Ast f(1-Ast/bdxy/fck)
=0.87x415x150.41x110(1-150.41/1000x110x415/15)
=5747624Nmm
Vu =17250N
m1/Vu+l0=1.3x5747624/17250+40 =473mm
Lf<1.3M1/Vu+l0
so it is safe
451.31<473mm.
UNIVERSITY
QUESTION ANSWERS
Development length of reinforcing bars
The fig. shows a reinforcing bar embedded in concrete subjected to a pull T.
For the beam to stay embedded in concrete without pullout certain embedment
length is necessary so that it is sufficient to resist the pull and at the same time
the embedment length should not be too large. The bond stress acting parallel
to the surface of reinforcement act as shear force between the reinforcement
and the concrete. If st is the tensile stress developed in the bar, the
development length Ld required is obtained by equating the shear force to the
tensile force.

Tbd x Ldx πф = st x π ф2/4

Ld =0.87x fy ф/4 Tbd

Development length. When you have a reinforcement bar, that is no longer


required to carry the tensile forces, that is the tension is zero at that section, then
you will have to develop the bar further so that the grip between the steel and
concrete makes it a continuous structure.
Reinforced slabs are singly reinforced. Why not
doubly reinforced?
What are merits and demerits in providing large clear
cover to reinforcements in flexural members.

Clear cover is the distance measured from the exposed concrete surface
(without plaster and other finishes) to the nearest surface of the reinforcing
bar. The Code (Cl. 26.4.1) defines the term nominal cover as “the design
depth of concrete cover to all steel reinforcements, including links”. This
cover is required to protect the reinforcing bars from corrosion and fire, and
also to give the reinforcing bars sufficient embedment to enable them to be
stressed without ‘slipping’ (losing bond with the concrete). As mentioned
earlier, the recent revision in the Code with its emphasis on increased
durability, has incorporated increased cover requirements, based on the
severity of the environmental exposure conditions
.
As corrosion of reinforcing bars is a common and serious occurrence, it
is advisable to specify liberal clear cover in general (particularly in
excessively wet and humid environments, and in coastal areas). It may
be noted that in actual construction, the clear cover obtained may be
(and often is) less than the specified clear cover; however, this should be
within the tolerance allowed and appropriate allowance should be made
for such errors in construction. In this context, it is important to note
the revised tolerance specified in IS 456 (2000), according to which the
maximum deviation in clear cover from the value specified by the
designer are “+10 mm and –0 mm†”.

. In general, for a nominal 1 hour fire resistance, the nominal cover


specified is 20 mm for beams and slabs, and 40 mm for columns.
Larger cover is required only if the structural element under
consideration has to be specially designed for fire resistance.

DEMERITS

❑ Decrease effective depth when providing large clear cover.


❑ Increase size of the section.
Comparison between one way and two way slab
(need fig)
Sl.n One way slab Two way slab
o
1 Ly/Lx>2 where Lx is shorter span Ly/Lx<2 where Lx is shorter span
and Ly is longer span and Ly is longer span

2 Bending takes place only in one Bending takes place in both


direction direction
3 The depth required is more The depth required is Less
4 Main steel reinforcement is Main steel reinforcement is
provided along the shorter span provided along both the spans

5 It is less economical as thickness is It is more economical as thickness is


more and amount of steel is more less and amount of steel is less
(UQ )List the general rules used in design of a stair case
(UQ)Distinguish between laterally restrained and un strained slabs with the help of sketches

Cornersof a 2 way slablift up ,then when atwo way slab is loaded thus the corners are
prevented from lifting up,when fixity is provided at supports by beams or columns. In
these slabs special reinforcement is provided at the edges to prevent cracking of
corners .Theseare also known as slabs with corners held down .Slabs in which corners
are not prevented from lifting up are called as unstrained slabs or slabs with
corners not held down.
MODULE III
STAIRS
(UQ)
SINGLE STAIR
Design a single stair to reach a roof slab at a height of 2.70m. Rise and tread of the steps may be taken as 180mm and
250mm respectively. The stairs shall be 1m wide. Use M20 concrete and Fe 415 steel.
Solution:

Assume Waist slab= 150mm thick.

Dead load of slab per m width (on horizontal plane) = 1x 0.15x 25000x ((250 2+1802)1/2)/250 =4620 N/m2.

Dead load of steps (average thickness 90mm) =25x90=2250N/m 2.

Live load= 3000N/m2

Finishes =600N/m2

Total Load = 10470N/m2

Since the waist slab is 1m wide load on the waist slab per m run of horizontal run =10470N/m2

Effective horizontal span= 3.5m

Maximum bending moment M= (10470x 3.5 2)/8=16032Nm

Factored moment Mu = 1.5x 16032= 24048Nm

Providing 8mm diameter bars at a clear cover of 15mm.

Effective depth available = d =150-15-4=131mm


Mu/bd2= (24048x1000)/ (1000x 1312) = 1.401

Percentage of steel = 50x (1- (1-(4.6x 1.401)/20)1/2)/ (415/ 20) =0.427%

Ast=0.427/100(1000x131) =559.4mm2.

Provide 12 bars of 8mm dia. (600mm2)

Distribution steel =0.15% of gross cross sectional Area

=0.15x1000x150=225mm2

Spacing =1000xarea of one bar/225= 125mm

Provide also distribution steel of 6mm dia. @120mm c/c.


DESIGN OF STAIRCASE:DOUBLE FLIGHT
QN NO:30.2.The main stair of an office building has to be located in a stair
measuring 3.5x5.5m. The vertical distance between the floors is 3.75m.Design the
staircase. Allow a L.L of 2000 N/m2. Use M20 concrete, and Fe415 steel.
SOLUTION:
It is proposed t provide two flights for stairway.
Hence the height of each flight
=3.75/2 m= 1.875meters=1875mm
Assuming 150 mm risers,
Number of risers required =1875/150=12
Hence, the actual rise of each riser =1875/12=156.2mm
Number of treads in each flight
= number of risers – 1
=12-1= 11 treads
Let the width of the stairs be 1600mm
Let the tread of the steps be 270 mm
Design of flight AB .Let the bearing for the flight be 150mm.
Effective Horizontal Span =2.97 +1.60+ 0.16/2=4.645mtrs.
Let the thickness of the waist slab be 220mm.
Loads:
D.L of 220mm waist =25x220 =5500N/m2
Ceiling finish (12.5mm) = 24x 12.5 = 300 N/m2
Total =5800N/m2
Corresponding load per sq metre on plan
=√R² +T²/T X 5800
=√156.2²+270 ²/270 X 580
= 6700 N/ m2.
Hence actual load per sq metre of plan area will consist of the following :
Waist and ceiling finish = 6700N/m2
D.L of steps (156.2/2mm average)
Ceiling finish(12.5mm) =12.5 x 24 =300 N/m2
D.L load = 2000 N /m2
Total Load=10,952N/m2
Maximum bending moment per metre width of stairs
M =10952x 4.645²/8=29538 N/m
Moment =Mu = 1.5 x 29538 = 44307N /M
Fck bd² =0.138x 20x1000d²=44307x10² so d=127mm
Molding 10mm diameter bars, effective cover =15+5=20mm
Full depth required =127+20=147mm :Overall depth of 220mm
Depth = d= 220-20 = 200mm
Mu/bd²= 44307x10³/1000x200² = 1.11
Percentage of steel=Pt =50[1-√1-4x4.6x1.11/20͞/415/20]
Au=0.33/100(1000 x 200)=660mm²
Spacing of 10 mm dia bars = 79x1000/660 = 120mm c/c
Provide 10mm dia bars@ 120 mm c/c
Distribution steel= 0.12/100 (1000x220)=264mm²
Spacing of 8mm dia bars = 50x1000/264=189mm

Provide 8mm dia bars @ 180 mm c/c.


COLUMNS
Introduction
✓Columns support primarily axial load but usually also some
bending moments.
✓The combination of axial load and bending moment defines the
characteristic of column and calculation method.
✓ A column subjected to large axial force and minor moment is
design mainly for axial load and the moment has little effect.
✓A column subjected to significant bending moment is designed
for the combined effect.
✓The ACI Code assumes a minimal bending moment in its
design procedure, although the column is subjected to
compression force only.
✓Compression force may cause lateral bursting because of the
low-tension stress resistance.
✓To resist shear, ties or spirals are used as column
reinforcement to confine vertical bars.
✓The complexity and many variables make hand calculations
tedious which makes the computer-aided design very useful.
DESIGN OF
COLUMNS
Types of Columns
(UQ)

I. ON shape
➢rectangular tied column,

➢ rectangular spiral column,

➢ round tied column,

➢ round spiral column,

➢columns of other geometry (Hexagonal, L-shaped,

T-Shaped, etc).
Types of Columns
Types of Columns

II. on load
Types of Columns

Types of Columns
Types of Columns

III.SHORT AND LONG COLUMNS


Types of Columns
Types of Columns
problem
A short reinforced concrete column 300mm x400mm is reinforced with 6 bars of
20mm dia .equally distributed on the two sides Determine the ultimate comp. load
which the column can take if Mu is 100KNM and d’ is 40mm. M 20 and Fe 415
Solution
DESIGN OF COLUMNS
Problem 23.1
A short R.C.C column 400mm x 400mm is provided with 8 bars of 16mm diameter. If
the effective length of column is 2.25 m, find the ultimate load for the column. Use M 20
concrete and Fe415steel.
=

= 2.25 m
Minimum eccentricity is greater than the following:
Solution,
Size of the column : 400 mm x 400 mm

+
=4.50 +13.33 = 17.83 mm.
• 20 mm.
Therefore, emin=20 mm.
0.05b =0.05 x 400 = 20 mm.
Therefore, e minhas not exceeded 0.05 b.
Gross area of the section = Ag = 400 x 400 = 160000 mm2
Area of steel = Asc = 8 x 201 = 1608 mm2
Area of concrete = Ac = 160000 – 1608 = 158392 mm2
Since e minhas not exceeded 0.05 b, the ultimate load is given by,
Pu = 0.40 fck Ac + 0.67 fy Asc
Pu = (0.40 x 20 x 158392) + (0.67 x 415 x 1608)
=1267136 + 447104
= 1714240 N = 1714.24 kN
Prefabrication
Prefabrication is a construction industry term used to

describe assemblies that are manufactured under factory

conditions and then transported to construction sites for

incorporation into building and civil engineering works.


➢Time
Where there is a short programme for construction, and so time has a higher
priority than cost,prefabrication can allow parallel working on different aspects of
a project.
For example:
The Trustees of Ascot Racecourse were only prepared to lose one year of Royal
Ascot racing during which the old grandstand had to be demolished and replaced
with a new 50,000 sq m equivalent. As a result, the frame and steppings were
manufactured while racing took place under the old facilities. The new structure,
consisting of composite concrete and steel, was installed in record time.
Bridges over motorways are often prefabricated to avoid causing traffic
congestion.
Avalanche shelters have a narrow timescale between seasons in which
construction can take place so are mostly prefabricated structures.
➢Quality
❖The quality achievable with factory prefabrication is generally higher than

can be achieved on site.

❖ This particularly applies to welding and hot trades such as pipe work and

mechanical services.

❖Back to back toilet and basin units mounted on steel framework are

commonplace.

❖Even mini plant rooms lend themselves to prefabrication.

❖This can save a lot of complex site work in confined spaces


Advantages

Programme savings due to the ability to progress work as a parallel operation in a factory
and on a construction site.
Factory tolerances and workmanship is of a higher quality and consistency to that
achieved on site.
There tends to be less waste.
Independence from adverse weather and winter working.
An alternative means of production where there may be shortages of local skilled labour.
Access to cheaper labour markets.
For instance two hundred prefabricated timber lodges for short holiday lets in
Pembrokeshire were sourced from Eastern Europe.
Reduction in learning curves.
Greater programme certainty.
The factory environment can allow better safety than the construction site.
Disadvantages

Road transport maximum widths.


The need for police escorts.
Height restrictions under bridges.
Daytime traffic restrictions in city centres.
Maximum load capacities of site craneage and temporary gantries.
Space and building elements held back for access/installation routes.
Additional cost of temporary bracing for transportation and/or lifting or permanent
framing to support prefabricated assemblies.
Additional cost of pre-assembly in the factory prior to dismantling for transport and
delivery.
The insitu work abutting prefabricated assemblies requires a higher degree of
accuracy than is normally associated with on-site building work to avoid interface
problems.
A mistake in the mass production of prefabricated elements ahead of the measurable
site work is a serious risk. Reputedly there is a field in which sixty
prefabricated concrete staircases are buried as they had been incorrectly
manufactured for a tower block in the City of London.
Sustainability is an issue regarding the transportation of the materials to the
construction site.
Modular coordination
Modular coordination is a concept of coordination of
dimension and space in which buildings and components are
dimensioned and positioned in terms of basic unit or module
Purpose Of Modular Coordination

❖To achieve the Dimensional Compatibility between the Building Dimensions,

Span or Spaces and the Size of Components and Equipment by using related

Modular Dimensions

❖Modular Coordination generally provide the easy grasped layout of the

positioning of the building components in relation to each other and to the

building and facilitate collaboration between planners, manufactures, distributors

and contractors.
Modular coordination is essentially based on:

❑ The use of modules (basic module, multi-module and sub module)

❑reference system to define coordinating spaces and zones for building

elements and for the components which form them.

❑ Rules for location of building elements within the reference system.

❑Rules foe sizing building components in order to determine their work

sizes.

❑ Rules for defining preferred sizes for building components and

coordinating dimensions for buildings


PRESTRESSED CONCRETE
➢In concrete structures, prestress is introduced by stretching steel

wire and anchoring them against concrete.

➢ Therefore, the prestressing systems should comprise essentially

a method of stretching the steel and a method of anchoring it to

the concrete.

➢ Different systems are adopted for pre-tensioning and post

tensioning.
STEEL FOR PRESTRESSED CONCRETE WORK
High strength steel is used.
Types
Cold drawn stress relieved round wires
Made by drawing hot rolled steel rods through dies 50 as to obtainwires of the
requored diameter.ina process of continuous heat treatment.
5mmto 7mm dia.
Stress relieved strands
Commonly used steel
A strand is madefrom a number ofprestressingwires wound round a central
wire.
7 wire strand is commonly used.
6wires wound round seventh central wire of larger diameter.the pitch of the
spirally wound wires is 12 to 16 times the nominal diameter of strand.After
stranding he tendon obtained is subjected to stress relief.
Bars
A high strength alloy bars are made by inroducing alloy elements in the
process of manufacture of the steel and by cold working he bar. Hen the bars
are subjected to stress relief to reach the required proerties.bars may be plain
or deformed and are made in diametres ranging from 12.7mmto 35mm.
Disadvantages

1.Disadvantages in this system are that the end abutments should be very
strong and are provided only in pre-cast factories.

1.This naturally limits the size of the member as large sizes are difficult to
transport from factory to the site of construction. Loss is more in pre-
tensioned members.
ADVANTAGES
• Maximum utilization of provided section of the member.
• Provision of slender member for long span beams as compared to
RCC.
• Use of high strength materials contribute to the durability of the
structure.
• Pre-stresses concrete has considerable resilience and impact
resistance.
• Proves to be economical only in long span beam-column frames
compared to other materials.
• The intermediate distance between the columns can be in increased
by using pre-stressed concrete as compared to reinforced cement concrete.
• Architectural design provisions and specifications can be achieved
using pre-stressed concrete.
• Dead weight of concrete is reduced to a higher rate using pre-
stressed concrete.
PRINCIPLE OF PRESTRESSING

The function of pre-stressing is to place the concrete structure under


compression in those regions where load causes tensile stress. Tension caused
by the load will first have to cancel the compression induced by the pre-
stressing before it can crack the concrete.
Pre-stressing can be applied to concrete members in two ways, by pre-
tensioning or post-tensioning. In pre-tensioned members the pre-stressing
strands are tensioned against restraining bulkheads before the concrete is cast.
After the concrete has been placed, allowed to harden and attain sufficient
strength, the strands are released and their force is transferred to the concrete
member. Pre-stressing by post-tensioning involves installing and stressing pre-
stressing strand or bar tendons only after the concrete has been placed,
hardened and attained a minimum compressive strength for that transfer.
REASONS FOR USING PRESTRESSED CONCRETE

Column-Free Long Spans


With fewer columns and more usable floor space, precast, prestressed
concrete provides greater freedom for space utilization.
Conserves Energy
Pre-stressed concrete components can improve the thermal storage potential
of a building. It effectively conserves energy required for heating and cooling.
Maintenance Free
Precast concrete does not require painting and is free from corrosion. Its
durability extends building life.
Resists Fire
Durability and fire resistance mean low insurance premiums and greater
personnel safety. Those who investigate life cycle costing will appreciate the
precast concrete's excellent fire resistance characteristics.
Rapid Construction
Precast concrete construction gets the job done sooner. The manufacturing
of prestressed members and site preparation can proceed simultaneously. Early
occupancy provides obvious benefits to the client.
Versatility of Design
Precast concrete buildings are not only functional but beautiful as well. Numerous panel
configuration design possibilities are available.
Sustainability
As with all concrete wall systems, precast offers high durability and strength as well as thermal mass,
which contributes to increased energy efficiency. Precast systems use locally derived materials, and can
incorporate recycled supplementary cementitious materials like fly ash and slag cement, one of the key reasons
why they are often used in sustainable or “green” buildings.
Variety, Flexibility, Utility
One of the biggest benefits of precast systems is in their design: tight controls mean more efficient mix
designs, resulting in smaller structural members and longer spans. Construction waste is reduced because the exact
amount of necessary components is delivered to the site; any spare components can be recycled, and their
materials used again in another structure. Precast systems can adopt almost any aesthetic, incorporating a variety
of colours and textures, or emulating natural stone. By crafting systems that not only look great, but also act as
structural walls and support floor loads, designers can reduce material redundancy—and project costs.
Quality in Manufacturing
Because components are precast at manufacturing facilities, quality control measures ensure that every
piece is made to specifications. The components can be cast and transported to the job site while designs are still
being finalized, helping to speed construction schedules. Evolutions in self-consolidating concrete also promise to
offer new options and challenges for designers using precast.
APPLICATIONS

❖ Prestressed concrete is the predominating material for


floors in high-rise buildings and concrete chambers in nuclear
reactors, as well as in columns and shear walls in
the buildings intended for a high degree of earthquake and blast
protection.
❖ Unbonded post-tensioning tendons are commonly used
in parking garages as barrier cable. Also, due to its ability to be
stressed and then de-stressed, it can be used to temporarily repair
a damaged building by holding up a damaged wall or floor until
permanent repairs can be made.
The advantages of post-tensioning compared to pre-
tensioning in the multi storied frame construction
a) Tendons can be provided in any desired profile.
b) Stage pre-stressing can be adopted conveniently.
c) Costly factory equipments are not required.
d) Cast-in-situ construction procedure can be conveniently
adopted.
e) It is possible to fabricate a beam with pre-cast and cast-in-
situ elements, which are post-tensioned together to form a
single structural unit.
f) Number of systems is available in this method.
PRESTRESSING SYSTEMS
1.PRE TENSIONING METHODS
HOYER SYSTEM_
2. POST TENSIONING METHODS
❖THE FREYSSINET SYSTEM
❖THE MAGNEL BALTON SYSTEM
❖GIFFORT UDALL SYSTEM
❖P.S.C.MONOWIRE SYSTEM
❖C.C.L STANDARD SYSTEM
❖LEE MCCALL SYSTEM
❖ELECTRICAL PRESTRESSING SYSTEM
❖CHEMICAL PRESTRESSING SYSTEM
Procedure of precast pre-tensioned concreting

Procedure of precast pre-tensioned concreting


Stage 1
Tendons and reinforcement are positioned in the beam mould.

Stage 2
Tendons are stressed to about 70% of their ultimate strength.

Stage 3
Concrete is cast into the beam mould and allowed to cure to the required initial
strength.

Stage 4
When the concrete has cured the stressing force is released and the tendons
anchor themselves in the concrete.
PRE-TENSIONING SYSTEM:
Hoyer system or long line method is often adopted in pre-tensioning. Two bulk heads or
abutments independently anchored to the ground are provided several meters apart,
say, 100m. wires are stretched between the bulkheads. Moulds are placed enclosing the
wires. Concrete is placed surrounding the wires. With this Hoyer system, several
members can be produced along one line. This method is economical and is used in
almost all pre-tensioning factories. For tensioning, a hydraulic jack is used. Wires are
gripped at the bulkheads, using split-cone wedges. These wedges are made from
tapered conical pins. Flat surface of the pin carries serrations to grip the wire (fig. 1 and
2).
There is another pre-tensioning method known as Shorer system. In this system a
central tube of high strength steel carries the prestress from surrounding wires and the
entire assembly is placed in position and concreted. After the concrete has attained
sufficient strength, the tube is removed and the prestress is transferred to concrete
through bond. The hole left by the tube is grouted.
The advantage in pre-tensioning system is that there is no expenditure on end
anchorages and on rubber core or metal sheath required for post-tensioning system.
There is greater certainty about the prestressing force. In post-tensioned members
certainty of the force depends on the two end anchorages.
Procedure of precast post-tensioned concreting

Procedure of precast post-tensioned concreting


Stage 1
Cable ducts and reinforcement are positioned in the beam mould. The ducts are usually raised towards the neutral axis at the ends to reduce the
eccentricity of the stressing force.

Stage 2
Concrete is cast into the beam mould and allowed to cure to the required initial strength.

Stage 3
Tendons are threaded through the cable ducts and tensioned to about 70% of their ultimate strength.

Stage 4
Wedges are inserted into the end anchorages and the tensioning force on the tendons is released. Grout is then pumped into th e ducts to protect the
tendons.
Procedure of precast post-tensioned concreting
Stage 1
Cable ducts and reinforcement are positioned in the beam mould. The ducts are usually raised towards the neutral axis at the ends to reduce the eccentricity of the stressing force.

Stage 2
Concrete is cast into the beam mould and allowed to cure to the required initial strength.

Stage 3
Tendons are threaded through the cable ducts and tensioned to about 70% of their ultimate strength.

Stage 4
Wedges are inserted into the end anchorages and the tensioning force on the tendons is released. Grout is then pumped into th e ducts to protect the tendons.
DDC reinforced frame beam.
Reinforcing cage of precast column.
❖P.S.C.MONOWIRE SYSTEM
✓Wires are tensioned individually.
✓The anchorage consists of a single piece collet sleeve wedging in a conical
hole
✓A steel truncated guide leads each wire from the cable to the anchorage
point along a gentle curvature.
✓Central block is also provided to anchor the central wires.
❖C.C.L STANDARD SYSTEM

➢The CCL Stressing XL open grip is the most popular


multiple use grip in use throughout the world.
➢ It comprises a barrel and a wedge, where the wedge
is in two segments for the wire and three segments for
strand.
➢The wedge segments are held together with an 'O'
ring. These are available in a variety of sizes.
➢Advantages of the open grip include:
•It is highly economical with few components.
•The wedge position may be inspected during use.
•Ease of detensioning.
•Ease of cleaning and maintenance
The CCL Stressing system range comprises of prestressing products
including Prestressing Jacksand Prestressing Pumps, Open Grips, Spring
Loaded Anchors and Double Ended Joints. Developed in 1951 CCL's wedge
type grip is today accepted as industry standard. We provide technical
assistance with the selection of appropriate products for precast concrete
and our technical staff will be pleased to discuss your specific application.
All CCL products are designed and manufactured to the quality
requirements of BS EN IS
POST-TENSIONING:
A metal tube or a flexible hose following intended profile is placed inside the
mould and concrete is laid. Flexible hose is then removed leaving a duct inside
the member. Steel cable is inserted in the duct. The cable is anchored at one end
of the member and stretched using a hydraulic jack at the other end. After
stretching the cable is anchored at the other end also. Therefore post tensioning
system consists of end anchorages and jacks. The popular post-tensioning
systems are the following:
1.Freyssinet system
2.Magnel Blaton system
3.Gifford-Udall system
4.Lee-McCall system
Freyssinet system

Freyssinet system was introduced by the French Engineer Freyssinet and it was the first method to
be introduced. High strength steel wires of 5mm or 7mm diameter, numbering 8 or 12 or 16 or 24
are grouped into a cable with a helical spring inside. Spring keeps proper spacing for the wire. Cable
is inserted in the duct.
Advantages
1.Securing the wires is not expensive
2.The desired stretching force is obtained quickly
3.The plugs may be left in the concrete and they donot project beyond he ends of the member.
Disadvantages
1.All the wires of a cable are stretched together. Hence the stresses in the wires may not be exactly
the same.
2.The greatest stretching force applied to acable is from 250kn to500kn .this may not be sufficient.
3.The jacks used are heavy and expensive.
Gifford Udall System:
This system originated in Great Britain, is widely used in India. This is a single wire system.
Each wire is stressed independently using a double acting jack. Any number of wires can be
grouped together to form a cable in this system. There are two types of anchorage device in
this system.
a) Tube anchorages
b) Plate anchorages
Tube anchorage consists of a bearing plate, anchor wedges and anchor grips. Anchor plate
may be square or circular and have 8 or 12 tapered holes to accommodate the individual
prestressing wires. These wires are locked into the tapered holes by means of anchor
wedges. In addition, grout entry hole is also provided in the bearing plate for grouting.
Anchor wedges are split cone wedges carrying serrations on its flat surface. There is a tube
unit which is a fabricated steel component incorporating a thrust plate, a steel tube with a
surrounding helix. This unit is attached to the end shutters and form an efficient cast-in
component of the anchorage (fig.5).
4. Lee McCall System:
This method is used to prestress steel bars. The diameter of the bar is between
12 and 30mm. and length upto 20ms.bars provided with threads at the ends are
inserted in the performed ducts. After stretching the bars to the required length,
they are tightened using nuts against bearing plates provided at the end sections
of the member (fig.6).HIGH tesile alloy steel bars are used.
Magnel Blaton system:
In Freyssinet system several wires are stretched at a time.
In Magnel Blaton system, two wires are stretched at a time. This method was
introduced by a famous engineer, Prof. Magnel of Belgium. In this system, the
anchorage device consists of sandwich plate having grooves to hold the wires and
wedges which are also grooved. Each plate carries eight wires. Between the two ends
the spacing of the wires is maintained by spacers. Wires of 5mm or 7mm are
adopted. Cables consists of wires in multiples of 8 wires. Cables with as much as 64
wires are also used under special conditions. A specially deviced jack pulls two wires
at a time and anchors them. The wires with the sandwich plate using tapered wedge
is shown in fig.4.
a) Electrical Prestressing:
In this method, reinforcing bars is coated with thermoplastic material such
as sulphur or low melting alloy and buried in the concrete. After the
concrete is set, electric current of low voltage but high amperage is passed
through the bar. Electric current heats to 1700 C the bar and the bar
elongates. Bars provided with threads at the other end are tightened
against heavy washers, after required elongation is obtained. When the bar
cools, prestress develops and the bond is restored by resolidification of the
coating.

b) Chemical Prestressing:
Chemical prestressing is done using expanding cement. Prestressing can be
applied b embedding steel in concrete made of expanding cement. Steel is
elongated by the expansion of the concrete and thus gets prestressed. Steel
in turn produces compressive stress in concrete.
LOSSES OF PRESTRESS
EARTHQUAKE RESISTANT STRUCTURES
GENERAL GUIDE LINES:
Drift:

It is the maximum lateral displacement of the structure with respect to total

height or relative inter-storey displacement.

The overall drifts index is the ratio of maximum roof displacement to the height

of the structure and inter-storey drift is the ratio of maximum difference of

lateral displacement at top and bottom of the storey divided by the storey

height.
Non structural elements and structural non seismic members primarily get
damaged due to drift.
Higher the lateral stiffness lesser is the likely damage.
The storey drift in any storey due to minimum specified design lateral force with
partial safety factor of unity shall not exceed 0.004 times the storey height

Separation between adjacent units or buildings:

Two adjacent buildings or two adjacent units of the same building with separation

joint in between shall be separated by distance equal to the amount R times the

sum of the calculated storey displacements as specified above of each of them to

avoid damaging contact when the two units deflect towards each other.
Soft storey:
Soft storey or flexible storey is one in which the lateral stiffness is less than
70% of that in the storey above or less than 80% of the average lateral
stiffness of the three storeys above. In case of buildings with a flexible
storey such as ground storey consisting of open spaces for parking i.e. stilt
buildings, special arrangements are need to be made to increase the lateral
strength and stiffness of the soft storey.
For such buildings, dynamic analysis is carried out including the strength
and stiffness effects of infills and inelastic deformations in the members
particularly those in the soft storey and members designed
accordingly. Alternatively, the following design criteria are to be adopted
after carrying the earthquake analysis neglecting the effect of infill walls in
other storeys.
When the floor levels of two similar adjacent buildings are at the same

elevation levels, factor R can be taken as R/2.

a) The columns and beams of the soft storey are to be designed for 2.5

times the storey shear and moments calculated under seismic loads

specified.

b) Besides the columns designed and detailed for calculated storey shears

and moments, shear walls placed symmetrically in both directions of the

building as far away from the centre of the building as feasible to be

designed exclusively for 1.25 times the lateral storey shear calculated.
Foundation:

The use of foundations vulnerable to significant differential settlement due

to ground shaking shall be avoided for structures in seismic zones-III, IV & V.

individual spread footings or pile caps shall be interconnected with ties

except when individual spread footings are directly supported on rock. All

ties shall be capable of carrying in tension and in compression an axial force

equal to Ah/A times the larger of the column or pile cap load in addition to

the otherwise computed forces where Ah is the design horizontal spectrum

value.
Projections:

a) vertical projections:

Tanks, towers parapets, chimneys and other vertical cantilever projections attached to buildings

and projecting the above roof shall be designed and checked for stability for 5 times the design

horizontal seismic co-efficient Ah. In the analysis of the building, the weight of these projecting

elements will be lumped with the roof weight.

b) horizontal projections:

All horizontal projections like cornices and balconies shall be designed and checked for stability

for 5 times the design vertical co- efficient equal to 10/3 Ah. These increased design forces

either for vertical projection or horizontal projection are only for designing the projecting parts

and their connection with the main structures.

This means that for the design of main structure such increase need not to be considered.
Shape of the building:
❖Very slender buildings should be avoided.
❖ Large overhangs and projections attract large earthquake forces.
❖Heavy masses like large water tanks, etc., at the top shall be avoided.
❖Small water tanks, if provided, should be properly connected with the framing
system.
❖ Building should be sufficiently be away from steep slopes. It should be built on filled
up soil.

❖Asymmetry should be avoided as they undergo torsion and extreme

corners are subjected to very large earthquake forces.

❖The vibration will grow from zero displacement and velocity.

❖Damping limits the vibration maximum amplitude


Damping:

Damping is the removal of kinetic energy and potential energy from a

vibrating structure and by virtue of which the amplitude of vibration

diminishes steadily. Some vibrations are due to initial displacement or

initial velocity. Due to damping, these vibrations decay in amplitude


Damping:

1.When there is harmonic applied force and its period is nearly equal to the natural

.2 More damping less is the amplitude.

3. Negative damping may arise while the vibration is small, followed by positive damping at

large amplitude vibrations. The code adopted for design of multistoried2damping at large

amplitude vibrations. The code adopted for design of multi storied buildings considering

seismic forces is IS 1893 (part I) – 2002. more than 60% area of India is earthquake prone.

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