Long Span Structures: Long Span Beams Long Span Trusses Portal Frames
Long Span Structures: Long Span Beams Long Span Trusses Portal Frames
Long Span Structures: Long Span Beams Long Span Trusses Portal Frames
Subject to Funicular
Bending Structures
Subject to Funicular
Bending Structures
The number of
elements/surfaces
associated with a stub
girder may increase the
cost of fire protection
compared with simpler
solutions.
Spans in excess of 20 m
can be economically
achieved. Services and/or
Long Span Beams Long Span Trusses Portal Frames
secondary beams can pass
Types
5. Haunched Composite beams
Haunches may be added at
the ends of a composite
beam to provide moment
continuity. The stiffness and
strength of the connections
mean that the rest of the
span can be shallower (the
bending moment diagram is
'lifted' and the effective
stiffness of the beam
substantially increased),
and services passed under
it. In buildings where the
services are likely to need
frequent replacement (for
example in hospitals ),
hanging the services under
the beams can be
advantageous.
Long Span Beams Long Span Trusses Portal Frames
Spans in excess of 20 m can
Types
6. Composite trusses
Composite trusses, which use
the concrete slab as the
upper chord in the final state,
can achieve spans in excess
of 20 m. This means they
have been used when very
long spanning capability was
needed. The main
disadvantages are that during
the construction phase the
truss may be rather flexible
(laterally), and that in the
final state the costs of fire
protection can be high given
the large number of surfaces
to protect. Clearly one of the
prices to pay for the spanning
ability is that fabrication cost
is higher than for a plain
beam. Services can be passed
Long Span Beams Long Span Trusses Portal Frames
through the gaps between the
Construction drawings
Precast concrete beam sections
The bridge was designed as a single continuous box girder of welded steel.
The span that collapsed was the second one on the south side. The boxes were
fabricated in sections and moved over the previously built sections, aligned in place
and welded.
The collapse occurred when the last section of box for the second span was being
moved out along the cantilever.
This section slid forward down the cantilever buckled, at the support and collapsed
into the river (Fig 2), killing four men, including the site-engineer.
Long Span Beams Long Span Trusses Portal Frames
Investigation of collapse showed that the collapse was due to the buckling of the
diaphragm at the support (i.e., at the root of the second span being erected).
The diaphragm was torn away from the sloping web near the bottom. This caused
reduction in the lever arm between flanges resisting negative bending moment at the
support.
The tendency of the bottom
flange to buckle was
inevitably increased by the
reduction of the distance
between the flanges, as this
increased the force needed in
each flange to carry the
moment with the reduced
lever arm.
PRECAST BRIDGES
BENEFITS TO OWNER
o Reduction in the duration of work zones
o Reduced traffic handling costs
o Reduced accident exposure risks
o Less inconvenience to the traveling
public
BENEFITS TO OWNER
o Reduced exposure to hazards
o Reduced accident exposure risks
o Fewer weather delays
o Lower costs
Typical multi girder system with x-type Curved roof trusses can be used to support
intermediate cross frames and stay-in- structural decks with a suspended ceiling. The
place formwork used for constructing a natural open web of the steel truss allows for the
deck-slab simple passage of services.
A roof truss is a structure that includes one or multiple triangular units that include
straight slender members with their ends connected via nodes.
Trusses are frame works in which the members are subjected to essentially axial
forces due to externally applied load.
Bending leads to compression in the top chords (or horizontal members), tension in
the bottom chords, and either tension or compression in the vertical and diagonal
members, depending on their orientation.
Pratt truss:
Fan truss:
Scissor truss:
Warren girder:
Lattice girder:
Vierendeel truss:
K- type truss:
Dead Load
Live Load
Longitudinal Force
Horizontal Forces
Wind Load
Seismic Load
Direction of load transfer in Trusses
Wood
Metal - Steel
Concrete Precast /
Prestressed
Bamboo
Convention centre
Warren girder
Metal roofs-
III. When the metal is cut, drilled, scratched or welded, rust can
become a problem.
. Wooden roofs-
II. Wood can rot or become infested with bugs if not maintained
and treated properly.
Anchor Arm Cantilever Arm Suspended Arm Cantilever Arm Anchor Arm
All members of the super structure comprise built up riveted sections with a combination of high
tensile and mild steel. No nuts and bolts.
Road way beyond the tower is supported on ground leaving anchor arm free from deck loads
Bridge deck comprises 71 ft carriage way and 15 ft footway projecting either side of the trusses
and braced by a longitudinal fascia girder.
The deck system consists of cross girders hung with pinned connection.
They support a continuous pressed steel system over which deck concrete is laid out.
In a common variant,
thesuspended span, the
cantilever arms do not meet in
the center; instead, they
support a centraltruss
bridgewhich rests on the ends
of the cantilever arms.
International
airport, China
Reticular Loom
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