Experiment # 8 8.1 Objective 8.2 Apparatus: 8.3.1 What Is Thermal Conductivity?

EXPERIMENT # 8
8.1 Objective
To find the thermal conductivity of Glass.
8.2 Apparatus
 Glass
 Thermal conductivity apparatus
 Weight measurement
 Steam generator
 Beaker
 Scale
 Stop watch
8.3 THEORY
8.3.1 What is thermal conductivity?
The thermal conductivity of a material is a measure of its ability to conduct heat. It is
commonly denoted by k, ĸ or ƛ. Heat transfer occurs at a lower rate in materials of
low thermal conductivity than in materials of high thermal conductivity. For instance,
metals typically have high thermal conductivity and are very efficient at conducting
heat, while the opposite is true for insulating materials like Styrofoam.
Correspondingly, materials of high thermal conductivity are widely used in heat
sink applications, and materials of low.
The rate at which heat is conducted across a substance is given by

∆Q/∆T = kA∆θ/∆x
Where
∆Q is total amount of heat conducted in time ∆T.
k is coefficient of thermal conductivity.
A is area of conducting surface, ∆x is thickness.
∆ϴ is difference in temperature between two faces.
Therefore
k = ∆Q∆x/∆TA∆θ
8.3.2 Coefficient of thermal conductivity:

Coefficient of thermal conductivity : The coefficient of thermal conductivity of a material is
defined as the quantity of heat that conducts per unit time through a unit cube of the material
when its opposite faces are kept at a temperature difference of one degree.
SI unit : W/m.K or W m-1K-1
8.3.2 Glass
8.3.2.1 Properties of Glass
 Density:
A 4mm thick pane of glass weighs 10kg/m2
 Hardness:
The hardness of float glass is established according to Knoop. The basis is the
test method given in DIN 52333 (ISO 9385). Hardness of glass is 470HK.
 Compressive resistance:
The compression strength defines the ability of a material to resist a load applied
vertically to its surface. Compressive resistance of glass is 800-1000MPa.
 Modulus of elasticity:
The modulus of elasticity is either determined from the elastic elongation of a
thin bar, or from bending a bar with a round or rectangular cross section.
Modulus of elasticity for glass is 70000 MPa
 Specific heat :
The specific heat (in joules) defines the amount of heat required to raise the
temperature of 1g of float glass by 1K. The specific heat of glass increases
slightly the temperature is increased up to the transformation range. Specific
heat of glass is 0.8J/g/K.
 Thermal conductivity:
Thermal conductivity determines the amount of heat required to flow through
the cross sectional area of the float glass sample in unit time at a temperature
gradient. Thermal conductivity of glass is 0.8W/mk.
8.3.2.2 Uses of Glass
 Packaging (jars for food, bottles for drinks, flacon for cosmetics and
pharmaceuticals).
 Tableware (drinking glasses, plate, cups, bowls).
 Housing and buildings (windows, facades, conservatory, insulation, reinforcement
structures).
 Interior design and furnitures (mirrors, partitions, balustrades, tables, shelves,
lighting).
 Appliances and Electronics (oven doors, cook top, TV, computer screens,
smart-phones).
 Automotive and transport (windscreens, backlights, light weight but reinforced
structural components of cars, aircrafts, ships, etc.).
 Medical technology, biotechnology, life science engineering, optical glass.
 Radiation protection from X-Rays (radiology) and gamma-rays (nuclear).
 Fibre optic cables (phones, TV, computer: to carry information).
 Renewable energy (solar-energy glass, wind turbines).
8.4. Apparatus Explanation:
8.4.1. Ice:
Ice is water frozen into a solid state. Depending on the presence of impurities such
as particles of soil or bubbles of air, it can appear transparent or a more or
less opaque bluish-white color.
FIG:8.2(ICE)
8.4.2. Glass
Glass is a non-crystalline, often transparent amorphous solid that has widespread
practical, technological, and decorative use in, for example, window panes,
tableware, optics, and optoelectronics.
FIG:8.3(Glass)
8.4.3. Beaker:
A beaker is a cylindrical glass or plastic vessel used for holding liquids. It is a multi-
purpose piece of equipment used for containing a chemical reaction, measuring
liquids, heating them over a Bunsen burners flame or collecting them in a titration
experiment.
FIG:8.4(BEAKER)
8.4.4. Steam Generator:

Steam generator is used to convert water into steam. This steam is used to increase
the temperature of rod by a plastic pipe. One end of pipe is connected to steam
generator and other end is connected to a side of rod.
FIG:8.5(STEAM GENERATOR)
8.4.5. Stop Watch:
A stopwatch is a handheld timepiece designed to measure the amount of time
that elapses between its activation and deactivation.
FIG:8.6(STOP WATCH)
8.4.6. Thermal Conductivity Apparatus:
Thermal Conductivity Apparatus allows one to investigate the rate of thermal conduction through
five common materials used in building construction. The equation giving the amount of heat
conducted through a material is: ∆Q = k A ∆T ∆t / h. is the thickness of the material.
Fig:8.7(Thermal Conductivity Apparatus)

8.4.7. Weight measurement
It is used to find out the mass of different objects. In this experiment we measure the mass of
beaker before the ice melts and also after the ice.
FIG:8.8(Weight measurement)
8.4 Procedure
 Measure and record the thickness of the material. ∆x.
 Run the jar under water to loosen the ice so that ice can move freely in the jar. Do
not remove the ice from the jar .Measure the diameter of the ice block and record
it as d1.
 Place the ice jar on top of the sample so that the open end is the contact with the
sample. Let the ice sit from several minutes on the top of the sample so that it
melts and comes in contact with the sample. Do not take any data at this time.
 Obtain the data for determining the ambient melting rate of the ice as follows:
 Determine the mass of the small beaker.
 Collect the melting ice in the beaker for 10 minutes.
 Measure the total mass (beaker+water).
 Obtain the mass of melted ice it as m.
 Run steam into the steam chamber. Run the steam for several minutes so that the
heat flow is steady. Collect melted ice for 10 minutes. Measure its mass and
record it as M.
 Measure the diameter of the ice block and record as d2.
 Repeat steps1 through 6 for four other materials.
8.5 Observation & Calculation:
Determine d, the average of d₁ and d₂ and find r =d/2. Calculate the area of the ice
block contact with the material as = 2 .
Determine M-m which is the mass of ice melted due to heat transmitted through
the material. then
∆Q= (M-m)*3.34*105 J.
Calculate k using the equation
k = ∆Q∆x/A∆θ∆T
where ∆ θ=100
and
∆t=10minutes=600sec.
Use the actual value of k to determine the percentage difference.
8.6 Table
x d1 d2 d=d1+d2/2 r=d/2 A=(pi)r2 m M ∆Q k =∆Q∆x/A∆θ∆T Actual” Error
k” %
(m) (m) (m) (m) (m) (m2) (kg) (kg) (J) W/m.K W/m .K %
8.7 Conclusion:

Experiment # 8 8.1 Objective 8.2 Apparatus: 8.3.1 What Is Thermal Conductivity?

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Experiment # 8 8.1 Objective 8.2 Apparatus: 8.3.1 What Is Thermal Conductivity?

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EXPERIMENT # 8

The rate at which heat is conducted across a substance is given by

8.3.2 Coefficient of thermal conductivity:

8.3.2.2 Uses of Glass

8.4.4. Steam Generator:

Fig:8.7(Thermal Conductivity Apparatus)

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