Mehran University of Engineering and Technology Jamshoro.: Aqib Munir 20CE171

MEHRAN UNIVERSITY OF ENGINEERING
AND TECHNOLOGY JAMSHORO.
AQIB MUNIR
20CE171
SUBMITTED TO
J K ANSARI
Liquids and their Properties
Ordinarily, there is no difficulty in distinguishing a liquid from a solid or a gas. A

solid ha a definite shape, which it retains, until some external force is applied to
alter it. On the contrary, liquid takes the shape of a vessel, into which it is poured.
On the other hand, a gas completely fill up the vessel which contains it.
PROPERTIES
1. Density
The density (or mass density) of a liquid may be defined as the mass per
unit volume at standard temperature and pressure and is usually denoted
as (p). Mathematically
P=Mass/Volume
Note:
The variation in the density of water, with the variation of pressure and
temperature, is so small, that for all practical purpose it is generally
neglected.
2. Specific Weight
The specific weight (or weight density) of a liquid may be defined as the weight
per unit volume at the standard temperature and pressure and is usually denoted as
(w). Mathematically,
W=Weight/Volume
Note:
The variation in the specific weight of water, with the variation of pressure and
temperature, is also so small, that for all practical purposes, it is generally
neglected. It is also known as weight density.
3. Specific Gravity
The specific gravity (briefly written as sp. gr.) of a liquid may be defined as the
ratio of its specific weight to that of a standard substance at a standard temperature.
For liquids, pure water is taken as a standard substance and at 4°C.
Mathematically,
Wliquid/Wwater = Specific weight of liquid / Specific weight of pure water.
Notes:
1. The specific gravity of water, in the calculation of Hydraulics, Fluid Mechanics
and Hydraulic Machines is taken as unity.
2. If density of a liquid is in tonne per m² (t/m³), it is numerically equal to specific
gravity of the liquid.
4. Compressibility
The compressibility of a liquid may be defined as the variation in its volume, with
the variation of pressure. The variation in the volume of water, with the variation
of pressure, is so small that for all practical purposes it is neglected. Thus, the
water is considered to be an incompressible liquid.
5. Surface Tension
The surface tension of a liquid is its property, which enables it to resist tensile
stress. It is due to the cohesion between the molecules at the surface of a liquid.
The effect of surface tension may be easily seen in the case of tubes of smaller
diameters, open to the atmosphere.
6. Capillarity
when a tube of smaller diameter is dipped in water, the water rises up in the tube
with an upward concave surface. This is due to the reason that the adhesion is
more than the cohesion between the water molecules. But when the same tube is
dipped in mercury, the mercury depresses down in the tube with an upward convex
surface. This is due to the reason that the adhesion is less than the cohesion
between the mercury molecules.
7. Viscosity
We see that the flow of thin liquids, such as alcohol or water, is much easier than
thick liquids, such as syrup or heavy oil. It is thus obvious, that each liquid
possesses some property, which controls its rate of flow. This property is termed as
viscosity and is an essential property of the liquid.
8. Specific Volume
The volume occupied by a unit mass is called specific volume. In other words it is
the volume per unit mass.
9. bulk modulus
The bulk modulus is a measure of the ability of a substance to withstand changes in

volume when under compression on all sides. It is equal to the quotient of the
applied pressure divided by the relative deformation.
10. Dynamic viscosity
Dynamic viscosity is the force needed by a fluid to overcome its own

internal molecular friction so that the fluid will flow.
11. Kinematic Viscosity
The kinematic viscosity is defined as the absolute viscosity of a liquid

divided by its density at the same temperature.
12. Fluid pressure
Fluid pressure is a measurement of the force per unit area on a object in the
fluid or on the surface of a closed container.

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Mehran University of Engineering and Technology Jamshoro.: Aqib Munir 20CE171

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MEHRAN UNIVERSITY OF ENGINEERING

AND TECHNOLOGY JAMSHORO.

Ordinarily, there is no difficulty in distinguishing a liquid from a solid or a gas. A

Wliquid/Wwater = Specific weight of liquid / Specific weight of pure water.

The bulk modulus is a measure of the ability of a substance to withstand changes in

10. Dynamic viscosity

Dynamic viscosity is the force needed by a fluid to overcome its own

11. Kinematic Viscosity

The kinematic viscosity is defined as the absolute viscosity of a liquid

12. Fluid pressure

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