PUMPS AND PUMPING SYSTEMS

PROPERTIES OF FLUIDS:

INTRODUCTION: Matter exists basically in three states: SOLID; LIQUID; GAS

FLUID: A common name for LIQUID and GAS. Fluid is a substance which offers NO RESISTANCE
to shear deformation. The continuous deformation of a substance [FLUID] is called FLOW.

Difference between LIQUID and GAS

LIQUID GAS
1. In compressible 1. Compressible
2. Have a Free Surface 2. No Free Surface
3. A given Mass occupies 3. Fill the container regardless of the mass
4. High DENSITY 4. Low DENSITY

STP and NTP:

STP: STANDARD TEMPERATURE and PRESSURE NTP:NORMAL TEMPERATURE and PRESSURE

T0= 150C or 288K; P= 760 mm of Hg [or] 1.3 bar T=00C or 273K; P= 760 mm of Hg or 1.03 bar

MECHANICS OF FLUIDS or FLUID MECHANICS:

It is a branch of science that deals with the behaviour of fluid at rest or in motion. Fluid mechanics may be
classified into three categories:

1. Fluid Statics: Study of fluids at rest.

2. Fluid Kinematics: Study of fluids in motion; Without considering the cause of motion.
3. Fluid Dynamics: Study of fluids in motion, considering the cause of motion.

DENSITY: [MASS DENSITY or SPECIFIC MASS]:[ρ]

It is defined as the ratio of the mass of fluid to it’s volume. Denoted by ρ[RHO]:

ρ = MASS OF FLUID(m)/VOLUME OF FLUID (V) {m/V}

DENSITY of Water = 1000 kg/m3 at 40C

S.I unit of DENSITY ;ρ is Kg/m3 DENSITY of Mercury = 13,600 Kg/m3 at NTP.
DENSITY OF AIR = 1.29 Kg/m3 at NTP.

SPECIFIC VOLUME (υ):

It is defined as volume per unit mass. Denoted by(υ)
υ = Volume of Fluid (V) / Mass of fluid (m) = V/m = 1/V/m = 1/ρ. It is the Reciprocal of Density.
S.I unit of υ=1/ρ [m3/Kg]. It is commonly applied to Gases.
1
 SPECIFIC WEIGHT or WEIGTH DENSITY:

It is defined as the Weight per Unit Volume. Denoted by ω.

ω = Weight of Fluid (W) / Volume of Fluid (V) = W/V = mg/V = ρg

S.I Unit of ω = ρg {Kg/m3*m/Sec2} = N/m3.

SPECIFIC GRAVITY:

It is defined as the Ratio of Specific Weight or

Density of a given fluid to the Specific Weight or
Density of a Standard Fluid [WATER].Denoted by
“S” or Sf , f= fluid, Sf=
VISCOSITY:
[ADHESION]: It is the property of a liquid molecular to stick to the solid surface with which it comes in
contact with. When Finger is dipped into milk it, becomes wet, milk got strong ADHESION property. When
finger is dipped into mercury, it remains dry. It shows, Hg doesn’t show ADHESION.
[COHESION]: it is the property of a liquid attract each other. It is the intermolecular attraction of the same
liquid. Hg has high cohesion property.

[VISCOCITY]: It is defined as the property of a fluid which offers resistance to fluid to flow, under the
influence of shear force.

As per NEWTON’S LAW OF VISCOCITY, the Shear Stress “Ʈ” on a fluid element layer is directly
propertional to the VELOCITY GRADIENT. The constant of propetionality is called “VISCOCITY” or
“DYNAMIC VISCOCITY” or “ABSOLUTE VISCOCITY”

2
 KINEMATIC VISCOCITY: [Ɣ]

It is defined as the ratio of DYNAMIC VISCOCITY [µ] to the DENSITY [ρ] of the fluid. Denoted by Ɣ[nu].

It is known by KINEMATIC VISCOCITY, because it can be defined by only by LENGTH and TIME.
Mass or Force Dimensions are NOT involved.

VARIATION OF VISCOCITY WITH TEMPERATURE:

Viscosity of fluid is mainly due to, -INTER MOLECULAR COHENSION.
Viscosity of Gasis mainly due to, - MOLECUALR MOMENTUM CHANGE
 As the temperature INCREASES, the intermolecular cohesion decreases and hence the viscocity of fluid decreases.
 As the temperature INCREASES, the molecular momentum transfer increases. Hence viscocity of gas increases.

3
 VAPOUR PRESSURE:

All liquids possesses a tendency to EVAPORATE when exposed to AIR. The evaporation takes place due to
liquid molecules exposing from the liquid surface. The rate of evaporation depends on … NATURE OF
LIQUID / TEMPERATURE OF LIQUID / CONDITION OF ATMOSPHERE ADJOINING IT.

It a sealed container, the partial pressure of vapor of saturated air exerted on the liquid surface is called
VAPOUR PRESSURE. It is denoted by Pυ. Pυ increases with increase in Temperature.

.SURFACE TENSION:

At the surface of contact – Between a gas and a liquid (or) between two immiscible liquids.A Tensile
force acts on the SURFACE due to the UNBALANCED MOLECULAR FORCES ACTING DOWN-WARDS.
This TENSILE FORCE is known as SURFACE TENSION. Denoted by σ [sigma]. It is the property of the
liquid surface. It is expressed as the FORCE ACTING PER UNIT LENGTH of the free surface (or) contact
between two immiscible liquids.

In Brief: Surface tension σ is the magnitude “F” of the force exerted PARALLEL to the surface of a liquid
divided by the length “L” of the line over which the force acts. Surface tension is a phenomenon in which the
surface of a liquid, where the liquid is in contact with the air (or) gas, acts like a thin ELASTIC FILM. Surface
Tension is caused by the INTER MOLECULAR ATTRACTION (IMA) between water molecules. The
attractive force exerted upon the SURFACE MOLECULES of a liquid by the molecules BETWEEN tends to
draw the SURFACE MOLECULES into the BULK of the liquid and makes the liquid to assume the shape
having LEAST SURFACE AREA. A SPHERE is the shape that has the SMALLEST surface area for a GIVEN
VOLUME. This results in MINIMM tension (or) MINIMUM surface energy. The COHESIVE FORCE among
the liquid molecules is responsible for SURFACE TENSION. The liquid molecules at the SURFACE Do not
have other liquid molecules on ALL SIDES of them (No liquid molecules on top) and there fore are pulled
INWARDS. This creates some INTERNAL PRESSURE (Surface tension, Parallel to the Surface) and forces
liquid Surface to contract to the MINIMAL AREA.

4
 CAPILLARITY

The Phenomenon of RISE/FALL of a liquid in a capillary tube is known as capillarity. This is due to
COHENSION / ADHESION (or) SURFACE TENSION.

COMPRESSIBILITY
It is the measure of the CHANGE OF VOLUME (or) DENSITY of fluid with respect to change in
APPLIED PRESSURE. It is measure by two parameters. BULK MODULUS OF ELASTICITY (K);
COEFFICIENT OF COMPRESSIBILITY (β).
BULK MODULUS OF ELASTICITY (K):
It is defined as the ratio of change in PRESSURE to corresponding Changes in VOLUMETRIC STRAIN.

COEFFICIENT OF COMPRESSIBILITY (β):

It is the reciprocal of “K” β= 1/K

PROBLEM - I A Three Cylinder maruti car has pistons of 75 mm and cylinders of 75.1 mm. find the
percentage decrease in force required to drive the piston when the lubricant varies from 25 0C to 1000C Given…

5
PROBLEM – II: A 125 mm diameter vertical cylinder rotates concentrically inside a fixed cylinder of
diameter 130 mm. Both cylinders are 325mm long. Find the dynamic viscosity of the liquid that fills the space
between the cylinders. If a torque of 0.92 N.m is required to maintain a speed of 70 rpm.

MEASUREMENT OF VISCOSITY
The device used to determine the viscosity of a fluid is called a…. Viscometer (or)
ViscosimeterCommon devices are …. (1) Capillary Tube Viscometer (2) Rotating cylinder Viscometer (3)
Falling Sphere viscometer (4) Industrial ViscometerSystem consists of two cylinder of Radial R 1&R2 Outer
cylinder of Radius R2 is rotating.Space in between is filled with liquid, whose viscosity is to be measured.
Torque applied to the outer cylinder is transferred to the inner cylinder, through the shear resistance (or)
Viscosity of liquid, which is absorbed by a torsional spring and measured by the dial and the pointer. Let the
cylinder I rotated at a constant angular speed (ω) . The peripheral speed of the outer cylinder = -Rω, the
peripheral speed of the liquid layer in constant with the outer cylinder is equal to the peripheral speed of the
outer cylinder U2 = R2ω, Velocity of liquid in contact with the inner cylinder is zero. Velocity gradient over the
radial distance R2 to R1… du/dr.
6
PROBLEM – III: Find the viscosity of an oil for the following data. Diameter of inner and outer cylinder are
250 mm and 255mm respectively. Height of liquid in the cylinder is 320mm clearance at the bottom of two
cylinder is 6 mm. speed of outer cylinder is 350 rpm reading on torsion meter is 5.2 Nm.

7
 FORCE EXERTED BY A JET ON A STATIONARY PLATE

A. THE PLATE IS STATIONARY AND VERTICAL TO JET

d= Diameter of jet; a = Area of Cross section of jet = ᴨ/4 d2; m = mass flow rate; Ɣ = specific volume; ρ =
density
ASSUMPTION MADE:
 PLATE IS SMOOTH  MAGNITUDES OF THE INITIAL AND
 NO FRICTION LOSS LEAVING VELOCITYIES are same = V
 NO IMPACT LOSS
The force exerted by the plate on the jet, in the X-Direction is same as Fx, but in the opposite direction. Which
is = - Fx.

APPLYING MOMENTUM EQUATION in X-Direction.

- Fx = Mass flow rate * [final velocity of fluid jet in X – Direction, After striking the plates – Initial velocity of
fluid before striking the plate, in X – Direction]

The work done on the plate is zero, since, there is no displacement, and the plate is fixed.

8
B. JET STRIKING AT THE CENTRE OF A CURVED STATIONARY PLATE:

ASSUMPTION MADE:
 SMOOTH PLATE  MAGNITUE OF INITIAL AND LEAVING
 NO FRICTION LOSS VELOCITIES OF THE JET ARE SAME
 NO IMPACT LOSS

9
JET STRIKING AT ONE END OF A CURVED STATIONARY PLATE:

10
PROBLEM – IV: A jet of water of diameter 40 mm moving with a Velocity of 60 m/s strikes a curved fixed
symmetrical plate at the centre. Find the force exerted by the jet of water in the direction of the jet, if the water
is deflected through an angle of 1250, at the outlet of the curved plate.

PROBLEM – V: A Square plate of mass 13.5kg of uniform thickness and 300 mm length is hung form one
edge, so that it can swing freely about it’s upper horizontal edge. A Horizontal jet 16mm in diameter strikes the
plate with a velocity of 20 m/sec. when the plate is horizontal the jet strikes the plate normally at the centre. (i)
What force must be applied at the lower edge of the plate, to keep it vertical. (ii) what inclination the plate will
assume under the action of the jet, if allowed to swing freely.

11
C. FORCE EXERTD BY THE JET ON A HINGED PLATE:

THE ANGLE OF SWING “Ӫ” CAN BE FOUND OUT FROM THE ABOVE EQUATION.

12