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8-2 Adding and Subtracting Rational Expressions
Find the LCM of each set of polynomials. Simplify each expression.

2 3 3
1. 16x, 8x y , 5x y 5.

SOLUTION:
SOLUTION:
The LCD is

2 3 4
2. 7a , 9ab , 21abc

6.
SOLUTION:

SOLUTION:
The LCD is

2 2
3. 3y – 9y, y – 8y + 15

SOLUTION: 7.

SOLUTION:
The LCD is

3 2 2
4. x – 6x – 16x, x – 4

SOLUTION:

8.

SOLUTION:
Simplify each expression. The LCD is
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5.

8. 11.

SOLUTION: SOLUTION:
The LCD is

The LCD is

9.

SOLUTION:
12.

The LCD is SOLUTION:

The LCD is

10.

SOLUTION:

13. GEOMETRY Find the perimeter of the rectangle.

SOLUTION:
The perimeter P of the rectangle is:

11.
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The LCD is
SOLUTION:

13. GEOMETRY Find the perimeter of the rectangle.

15.

SOLUTION:
SOLUTION:
The perimeter P of the rectangle is:

The LCD is

16.

Simplify each expression.
SOLUTION:

14.

SOLUTION:
17.

SOLUTION:
15.

SOLUTION:

2 2
20. x – 9x + 20, x + x – 30
17.
SOLUTION:

SOLUTION:

2 2
21. 6x + 21x – 12, 4x + 22x + 24

SOLUTION:

Find the LCM of each set of polynomials.

2 3 4 3
18. 24cd, 40a c d , 15abd

SOLUTION:
CCSS PERSEVERANCE Simplify each
expression.

22.

2 3 4 2 SOLUTION:
19. 4x y , 18xy , 10xz
The LCD is

SOLUTION:

2 2
20. x – 9x + 20, x + x – 30

SOLUTION: 23.

SOLUTION:
The LCD is

2 2
21. 6x + 21x – 12, 4x + 22x + 24

8-2 Adding
and Subtracting Rational Expressions

23. 25.

SOLUTION: SOLUTION:
The LCD is The LCD is

24. 26.

SOLUTION:
SOLUTION: The LCD is
The LCD is

25. 27.

SOLUTION: SOLUTION:
The LCD is The LCD is

28.
26.
SOLUTION:

28. 30.

SOLUTION: SOLUTION:

The LCD is .
The LCD is

29. 31.

SOLUTION: SOLUTION:

The LCD is . The LCD is .

30.
32.

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SOLUTION: Page 6
SOLUTION:

8-2 Adding and Subtracting Rational Expressions The LCD is .

34. BIOLOGY After a person eats something, the pH

32.
or acid level A of his or her mouth can be determined
by the formula where t is the
SOLUTION: number of minutes that have elapsed since the food
was eaten.

a. Simplify the equation.

b. What would the acid level be after 30 minutes?
The LCD is .

SOLUTION:
a. The LCD is .

33. b. Substitute t = 30 minutes in the expression for A.

SOLUTION:
35. GEOMETRY Both triangles in the figure at the

right are equilateral. If the area of the smaller
triangle is 200 square centimeters and the area of the
larger triangle is 300 square centimeters, find the
minimum distance from A to B in terms of x and y
and simplify.

The LCD is .

34. BIOLOGY After a person eats something, the pH

or acid level A of his or her mouth can be determined
by the formula where t is the
number of minutes that have elapsed since the food
was eaten.
SOLUTION:
a. Simplify the equation. From the figure, the base length of the larger triangle
is x + 2y and the base length of the smaller triangle is
b. What would the acid level be after 30 minutes? x.

35. GEOMETRY Both triangles in the figure at the Simplify each expression.

right are equilateral. If the area of the smaller
triangle is 200 square centimeters and the area of the
larger triangle is 300 square centimeters, find the
minimum distance from A to B in terms of x and y 36.
and simplify.

SOLUTION:

SOLUTION:
From the figure, the base length of the larger triangle
is x + 2y and the base length of the smaller triangle is
x.
The minimum distance from A to B is the sum of the
heights of the larger triangle and the smaller triangle.
The height of the larger triangle is
and the height of the smaller
triangle is
So, the distance between A and B is: 37.

SOLUTION:

36.
38.

SOLUTION:
SOLUTION:

40. OIL PRODUCTION Managers of an oil company

have estimated that oil will be pumped from a certain
38. well at a rate based on the function
where R(x) is the rate of

production in thousands of barrels per year x years
SOLUTION: after pumping begins.

a. Simplify R(x).

b. At what rate will oil be pumping from the well in
50 years?

SOLUTION:
a.
39.
b. Substitute x = 50 in R(x).

SOLUTION:

Therefore, the rate of oil pumping from the well in 50
years is about 1730 barrels per year.

40. OIL PRODUCTION Managers of an oil company
have estimated that oil will be pumped from a certain Find the LCM of each set of polynomials.
well at a rate based on the function
4 4 2 3 5 3
where R(x) is the rate of 41. 12xy , 14x y , 5xyz , 15x y

production in thousands of barrels per year x years
after pumping begins. SOLUTION:

a. Simplify R(x).

Therefore, the rate of oil pumping from the well in 50
years is and
8-2 Adding aboutSubtracting
1730 barrelsRational
per year. Expressions

Find the LCM of each set of polynomials. Simplify each expression.

4 4 2 3 5 3
41. 12xy , 14x y , 5xyz , 15x y 45.

SOLUTION:
SOLUTION:
The LCD is
2 2 2
42. –6abc , 18a b , 15a c, 8b
4 3

SOLUTION: 46.

SOLUTION:
The LCD is

2 2 2
43. x – 3x – 28, 2x + 9x + 4, x – 16

SOLUTION:

47.

SOLUTION:
2 2 2
44. x – 5x – 24, x – 9, 3x + 8x – 3

SOLUTION:

The LCD is


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45.

47. 49.

SOLUTION: SOLUTION:

The LCD is
The LCD is .

48.
50.
SOLUTION:

SOLUTION:

The LCD is .

The LCD is .

49.

SOLUTION:
51.

53. GEOMETRY An expression for the length of one

51. rectangle is The length of a similar rectangle
is expressed as What is the scale factor of
SOLUTION: the two rectangles? Write in simplest form.

SOLUTION:
Divide the expressions to find the scale factor.

52.
That is, the scale factor is

54. CCSS MODELING Cameron is taking a 20-mile
SOLUTION:
kayaking trip. He travels half the distance at one
rate. The rest of the distance he travels 2 miles per
hour slower.

a. If x represents the faster pace in miles per hour,
write an expression that represents the time spent at
that pace.

b. Write an expression for the amount of time spent

at the slower pace.

53. GEOMETRY An expression for the length of one
c. Write an expression for the amount of time
rectangle is The length of a similar rectangle Cameron needed to complete the trip.

is expressed as What is the scale factor of SOLUTION:
the two rectangles? Write in simplest form.
a.

SOLUTION:
Divide the expressions to find the scale factor. b.

c.

That is, and
8-2 Adding the scale factor is Rational Expressions
Subtracting

54. CCSS MODELING Cameron is taking a 20-mile Find the slope of the line that passes through
kayaking trip. He travels half the distance at one each pair of points.
rate. The rest of the distance he travels 2 miles per
hour slower.
55.
a. If x represents the faster pace in miles per hour,
write an expression that represents the time spent at
that pace. SOLUTION:

b. Write an expression for the amount of time spent

at the slower pace.

c. Write an expression for the amount of time
Cameron needed to complete the trip.

SOLUTION:
a.

b.

c.
56.

SOLUTION:
Find the slope of the line that passes through

each pair of points.

55.

SOLUTION:

57.

SOLUTION:

59. PHOTOGRAPHY The focal length of a lens

57. establishes the field of view of the camera. The
shorter the focal length is, the larger the field of

view. For a camera with a fixed focal length of 70
SOLUTION: mm to focus on an object x mm from the lens, the
film must be placed a distance y from the lens. This
is represented by

a. Express y as a function of x.

b. What happens to the focusing distance when the
object is 70 mm away?

SOLUTION:
a.

58.

SOLUTION:

b. Sample answer: When the object is 70 mm away,
y needs to be 0, which is impossible.

60. PHARMACOLOGY Two drugs are administered

to a patient. The concentrations in the bloodstream of
each are given by and
where t is the time, in hours, after

the drugs are administered.
59. PHOTOGRAPHY The focal length of a lens
establishes the field of view of the camera. The a. Add the two functions together to determine a
shorter the focal length is, the larger the field of function for the total concentration of drugs in the
view. For a camera with a fixed focal length of 70 patient’s bloodstream.
mm to focus on an object x mm from the lens, the
film must be placed a distance y from the lens. This b. What is the concentration of drugs after 8 hours?

is represented by
SOLUTION:
a. The total concentration of drugs in the patient’s
a. Express y as a function of x. bloodstream is:

b. What happens to the focusing distance when the
object is 70 mm away?

be the speed of the slower fire engine. Write and
simplify a rational expression representing the
b. Sample answer: When the object is 70 mm away, difference in pitch between the two sirens according
y needs to
8-2 Adding andbeSubtracting
0, which is impossible.
Rational Expressions to George.

b. If one is traveling at 45 meters per second and the
60. PHARMACOLOGY Two drugs are administered other is traveling at 70 meters per second, what is the
to a patient. The concentrations in the bloodstream of difference in their pitches according to George? The
speed of sound in air is 332 meters per second, and
each are given by and both engines have a siren with a pitch of 500 Hz.

where t is the time, in hours, after
SOLUTION:
the drugs are administered. a. Doppler effect of the faster fire engine is

a. Add the two functions together to determine a represented by the rational expression .
function for the total concentration of drugs in the
patient’s bloodstream.
Doppler effect of the slower fire engine is
b. What is the concentration of drugs after 8 hours? represented by the rational expression .

SOLUTION:
a. The total concentration of drugs in the patient’s
bloodstream is:

b. Substitute x = 70, y = 45, S 0 = 332, and P0 = 500
in the expression .

b. Substitute t = 8 in the expression for h(t).
The concentration of drugs after 8 hours is:

According to George, the difference in their pitches
61. DOPPLER EFFECT Refer to the application at the is about 55.2 Hz.
beginning of the lesson. George is equidistant from
two fire engines traveling toward him from opposite
directions. 62. RESEARCH A student studying learning behavior
performed an experiment in which a rat was
a. Let x be the speed of the faster fire engine and y repeatedly sent through a maze. It was determined
be the speed of the slower fire engine. Write and that the time it took the rat to complete the maze
simplify a rational expression representing the
followed the rational function where
difference in pitch between the two sirens according
to George. x represented the number of trials.

b. If one is traveling at 45 meters per second and the a. What is the domain of the function?
otherManual
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meters per second, what is the Page 15
difference in their pitches according to George? The b. Graph the function for
speed of sound in air is 332 meters per second, and
both engines have a siren with a pitch of 500 Hz.

According to George, the difference in their pitches d. Sample answer: 4; The fraction approaches 0 as x
is about and
8-2 Adding 55.2 Subtracting
Hz. Rational Expressions approaches infinity; 4 + 0 = 4.

62. RESEARCH A student studying learning behavior

performed an experiment in which a rat was
repeatedly sent through a maze. It was determined 63. CHALLENGE Simplify
that the time it took the rat to complete the maze
followed the rational function where
x represented the number of trials. SOLUTION:

a. What is the domain of the function?

b. Graph the function for

c. Make a table of the function for x = 20, 50, 100,
200, and 400.

d. If it were possible to have an infinite number of
trials, what do you think would be the rat’s best time?
Explain your reasoning.

SOLUTION:
a. Domain:

b.
64. CCSS ARGUMENTS The sum of any two

rational numbers is always a rational number. So,
the set of rational numbers is said to be closed
under addition. Determine whether the set of
c. rational expressions is closed under addition,
subtraction, multiplication, and division by a nonzero
rational expression. Justify your reasoning.

SOLUTION:
Sample answer: The set of rational expressions is
closed under all of these operations because the sum,
difference, product, and quotient of two rational
d. Sample answer: 4; The fraction approaches 0 as x
expressions is a rational expression.
approaches infinity; 4 + 0 = 4.

65. OPEN ENDED Write three monomials with an
4 6
LCM of 180a b c.
63. CHALLENGE Simplify
SOLUTION:
4 2 6
eSolutions Manual - Powered by Cognero Sample answer: 20a b c, 15ab , 9abc Page 16
SOLUTION:
Sample answer: The set of rational expressions is of the expressions. Find the LCD of the
closed under all of these operations because the sum, denominators. Convert each expression so they all
difference, product, and quotient of two rational have the LCD. Add or subtract the numerators.
expressions
8-2 Adding andisSubtracting
a rational expression.
Rational Expressions Then simplify. It is the same.

65. OPEN ENDED Write three monomials with an 67. PROBABILITY A drawing is to be held to select
4 6 the winner of a new bike. There are 100 seniors, 150
LCM of 180a b c.
juniors, and 200 sophomores who had correct entries.
The drawing will contain 3 tickets for each senior
SOLUTION: name, 2 for each junior, and 1 for each sophomore.
4 2 6 What is the probability that a senior’s ticket will be
Sample answer: 20a b c, 15ab , 9abc
chosen?

66. WRITING IN MATH Write a how-to manual for A
adding rational expressions that have unlike
denominators.

B
SOLUTION:

Sample answer: First, factor the denominators of all
of the expressions. Find the LCD of the C
denominators. Convert each expression so they all
have the LCD. Add or subtract the numerators.
Then simplify. It is the same.
D

67. PROBABILITY A drawing is to be held to select
the winner of a new bike. There are 100 seniors, 150 SOLUTION:
juniors, and 200 sophomores who had correct entries. Number of senior tickets = 100(3) or 300.
The drawing will contain 3 tickets for each senior Number of junior tickets = 150(2) or 300.
name, 2 for each junior, and 1 for each sophomore. Number of sophomore tickets = 200(1) or 200.
What is the probability that a senior’s ticket will be
chosen?

A

B

So, the correct choice is D.
C
68. SHORT RESPONSE Find the area of the figure.

D

SOLUTION:
Number of senior tickets = 100(3) or 300.
Number of junior tickets = 150(2) or 300.
Number of sophomore tickets = 200(1) or 200.

SOLUTION:

So, the correct
8-2 Adding choice is D.Rational Expressions
and Subtracting

68. SHORT RESPONSE Find the area of the figure. 69. SAT/ACT If Mauricio receives b books in addition
to the number of books he had, he will have t times
as many as he had originally. In terms of b and t,
how many books did Mauricio have at the beginning?

F

G

SOLUTION: H

J

K

SOLUTION:
Let x be the number of books he had originally.
69. SAT/ACT If Mauricio receives b books in addition
to the number of books he had, he will have t times
Therefore,
as many as he had originally. In terms of b and t,

how many books did Mauricio have at the beginning?

F

G The correct choice is F.

H 70. If then a = ___.

J
A

K
B

SOLUTION:
Let x be the number of books he had originally. C

Therefore,
D2

SOLUTION:

The correct choice is F.
70. If then a = ___.

The correct choice is F.
70. If then a = ___. 72.

A SOLUTION:
Flip the second expression and multiply.
B

C

D2

73.
SOLUTION:

SOLUTION:

The correct choice is B.


74. BIOLOGY Bacteria usually reproduce by a process
71. known as binary fission. In this type of
reproduction, one bacterium divides, forming two
bacteria. Under ideal conditions, some bacteria
reproduce every 20 minutes.
SOLUTION:
a. Find the constant k for this type of bacterium
under ideal conditions.

b. Write the equation for modeling the exponential
growth of this bacterium.

72. SOLUTION:
a. Substitute 2 for y, 1 for a, 20 for t in the equation

.
SOLUTION:

b. Substitute k = 0.0347 in the equation .


74. BIOLOGY Bacteria usually reproduce by a process Graph each function. State the domain and
known as binary fission. In this type of range of each function.
reproduction, one bacterium divides, forming two
bacteria. Under ideal conditions, some bacteria 75.
reproduce every 20 minutes.

a. Find the constant k for this type of bacterium SOLUTION:
under ideal conditions.

b. Write the equation for modeling the exponential
growth of this bacterium.

SOLUTION:
a. Substitute 2 for y, 1 for a, 20 for t in the equation
.

76.

SOLUTION:

b. Substitute k = 0.0347 in the equation .

Graph each function. State the domain and

range of each function.

75.

77.
SOLUTION:

SOLUTION:


76.

77. 80.

SOLUTION: SOLUTION:

78.
Solve each equation. State the number and type
of roots.
SOLUTION:

81. 3x + 8 = 0

SOLUTION:

There is only one real root.

79. 2
82. 2x – 5x + 12 = 0

SOLUTION: SOLUTION:
Use the quadratic formula.

There are two imaginary roots.

80. 3
83. x + 9x = 0

There is only one real root.
8-2 Adding and Subtracting Rational Expressions There are two real roots and two imaginary roots.

2 Graph each function.
82. 2x – 5x + 12 = 0

2
85. y = 4(x + 3) + 1
SOLUTION:

Use the quadratic formula.
SOLUTION:

There are two imaginary roots.

3 2
83. x + 9x = 0 86. y = –(x – 5) – 3

SOLUTION: SOLUTION:

There is one real root and two imaginary roots.
4
84. x – 81 = 0

SOLUTION:
87.

SOLUTION:

There are two real roots and two imaginary roots.

Graph each function.

2
85. y = 4(x + 3) + 1

SOLUTION:
88.

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88.

SOLUTION:

2
89. y = x + 6x + 2

SOLUTION:

2
90. y = x – 8x + 18

SOLUTION:

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8-2 Adding and Subtracting Rational Expressions

Find the LCM of each set of polynomials. Simplify each expression.

13. GEOMETRY Find the perimeter of the rectangle.

13. GEOMETRY Find the perimeter of the rectangle.

Find the LCM of each set of polynomials.

34. BIOLOGY After a person eats something, the pH

35. GEOMETRY Both triangles in the figure at the

34. BIOLOGY After a person eats something, the pH

35. GEOMETRY Both triangles in the figure at the Simplify each expression.

Simplify each expression.

40. OIL PRODUCTION Managers of an oil company

Find the LCM of each set of polynomials. Simplify each expression.

Simplify each expression.

53. GEOMETRY An expression for the length of one

SOLUTION: the two rectangles? Write in simplest form.

eSolutions Manual - Powered by Cognero Page 12

Find the slope of the line that passes through

59. PHOTOGRAPHY The focal length of a lens

60. PHARMACOLOGY Two drugs are administered

where t is the time, in hours, after

62. RESEARCH A student studying learning behavior

x represented the number of trials. SOLUTION:

64. CCSS ARGUMENTS The sum of any two

68. SHORT RESPONSE Find the area of the figure.

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70. If then a = ___.

70. If then a = ___. 72.

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Graph each function. State the domain and

Graph each function.

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