Designation: B1 – 01 (Reapproved 2007)

Standard Specification for

Hard-Drawn Copper Wire1
This standard is issued under the fixed designation B1; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year of original
adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. A superscript
epsilon (´) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.
This standard has been approved for use by agencies of the Department of Defense.

1. Scope 3. Ordering Information

1.1 This specification covers hard-drawn round copper wire 3.1 Orders for material under this specification shall include
for electrical purposes. the following information:
1.2 The values stated in inch-pound or SI units are to be 3.1.1 Quantity of each size,
regarded separately as standard. Each system shall be used 3.1.2 Wire size: diameter in inches (5.4 and Table 1),
independently of the other. Combining values from the two 3.1.3 Type of copper, if special (Section 4),
systems may result in non-conformance with the specification. 3.1.4 Whether certification of resistivity of rod stock is
For conductor sizes designated by AWG or kcmil sizes, the acceptable instead of resistivity tests on the finished wire (6.2),
requirements in SI units are numerically converted from the 3.1.5 Package size (8.1),
corresponding requirements in inch-pound units. For conductor 3.1.6 Special package marking, if required, and
sizes designation by AWG or kcmil, the requirements in SI 3.1.7 Place of inspection (7.1).
units have been numerically converted from corresponding
values stated or derived in inch-pound units. For conductor 4. Materials and Manufacture
sizes designated by SI units only, the requirements are stated or 4.1 The material shall be copper of such quality and purity
derived in SI units. that the finished product shall have the properties and charac-
1.2.1 For density, resistivity and temperature, the values teristics prescribed in this specification.
stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. NOTE 1—Specification B49 defines the materials suitable for use.
2. Referenced Documents 5. General Requirements (see Section 8)
2.1 ASTM Standards:2 5.1 Tensile Strength and Elongation—The wire shall con-
B49 Specification for Copper Rod Drawing Stock for Elec- form to the requirements as to tensile strength and elongation
trical Purposes prescribed in Table 1 (see Explanatory Note 1 and Note 2). For
B193 Test Method for Resistivity of Electrical Conductor wire whose nominal diameter is more than 0.001 in. (1 mil)
Materials (0.025 mm) greater than a size listed in Table 1 and less than
B258 Specification for Nominal Diameters and Cross- that of the next larger size, the requirements of the next larger
Sectional Areas of AWG Sizes of Solid Round Wires Used size shall apply.
as Electrical Conductors 5.2 Joints—No joints shall be made in the completed wire
2.2 National Institute of Standards and Technology: (see Explanatory Note 3). Joints in the wire and rods made
NBS Handbook 100 —Copper Wire Tables3 prior to final drawing shall be in accordance with the best
commercial practice. Tests on a specimen containing a joint
1
This specification is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee B01 on shall show at least 95% of the tensile strength given in Table 1.
Electrical Conductors and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee B01.04 on Elongation tests shall not be made on a specimen containing a
Conductors of Copper and Copper Alloys. joint.
Current edition approved March 15, 2007. Published April 2007. Originally
approved in 1909. Last previous edition approved in 2001 as B1 – 01. DOI: 5.3 Resistivity—The electrical resistivity at 20°C shall not
10.1520/B0001-01R07. exceed the following values:
2
For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, or
contact ASTM Customer Service at service@astm.org. For Annual Book of ASTM
Standards volume information, refer to the standard’s Document Summary page on
the ASTM website.
3
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Road, Springfield, VA 22161.

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 B1 – 01 (2007)
TABLE 1 Tensile Properties
Nominal Tensile
Nominal
DiameterA Area at 20°C StrengthB (see Explanatory
Elongation,%B
Note 2)
in. mm cmil in.2 mm2 psi MPa in 10 in. (250 mm)
0.4600 11.684 211 600 0.1662 107.0 49 000 340 3.8
0.4096 10.464 167 800 0.1318 85.0 51 000 350 3.3
0.3648 9.266 133 100 0.1045 67.4 52 800 365 2.8
0.3249 8.252 105 600 0.08291 53.5 54 500 375 2.4
0.2893 7.348 83 690 0.06573 42.4 56 100 385 2.2
0.2576 6.543 66 360 0.05213 33.6 57 600 395 2.0
0.2294 5.827 52 620 0.04133 26.7 59 000 405 1.8
0.2043 5.189 41 740 0.03278 21.2 60 100 415 1.7
0.1819 4.620 33 090 0.02599 16.8 61 200 420 1.6
0.1650* 4.191 27 220 0.02138 13.8 62 000 425 1.5
0.1620 4.115 26 240 0.02061 13.3 62 100 430 1.4
0.1443 3.665 20 820 0.01635 10.5 63 000 435 1.3
0.1340* 3.404 17 960 0.01410 9.10 63 400 435 1.3
0.1285 3.264 16 510 0.01297 8.37 63 700 440 1.3
0.1144 2.906 13 090 0.01028 6.63 64 300 445 1.2
0.1040* 2.642 10 820 0.008495 5.48 64 800 445 1.2
0.1019 2.588 10 380 0.008155 5.26 64 900 445 1.2
0.0920* 2.387 8 460 0.00665 4.29 65 400 450 1.1
0.0907 2.304 8 230 0.00646 4.17 65 400 450 1.1
0.0808 2.052 6 530 0.00513 3.31 65 700 455 1.1
0.0800* 2.032 6 400 0.00503 3.24 65 700 455 1.1
0.0720 1.829 5 180 0.00407 2.63 65 900 455 1.1
0.0650* 1.651 4 220 0.00332 2.14 66 200 455 1.0
0.0641 1.628 4 110 0.00323 2.08 66 200 455 1.0
0.0571 1.450 3 260 0.00256 1.65 66 400 460 1.0
0.0508 1.290 2 580 0.00203 1.31 66 600 460 1.0
0.0453 1.151 2 050 0.00161 1.04 66 800 460 1.0
0.0403 1.024 1 620 0.00128 0.823 67 000 460 1.0
A
The diameters marked by asterisks (*) are often employed by purchasers for communication lines, but are not in the American Wire Gage (B & S Wire Gage) series,
as are the other diameters listed (see Explanatory Note 4).
B
These values are subject to the requirements of conformance criteria in Section 8 in determining acceptability of wire under this specification. They are intended to
be used as the “minimum values” in design and in all dependent specifications.

Nominal Diameter, in. Resistivity at 20°C, measured between gage marks placed originally 10 in. (250
V·lb/mile2 mm) apart upon the test specimen (see Explanatory Note 5).
0.460 to 0.325, incl 900.77
Under 0.325 to 0.0403, incl 910.15 6.1.3 If any part of the fracture takes place outside the gage
marks or in the jaws of the testing machine, or if an examina-
Nominal Diameter, in. Resistivity at 20°C, tion of the specimen indicates a flaw, the value obtained may
V·g/m2
11.68 to 8.25, incl 0.15775 not be representative of the material. In such cases the test may
Under 8.25 to 1.02, incl 0.15940 be discarded and a new test made.
5.4 Dimensions and Permissible Variations—The wire sizes 6.2 Resistivity—Determine the electrical resistivity of the
shall be expressed as the diameter of the wire in decimal material in accordance with Test Method B193 (see Explana-
fractions of an inch to the nearest 0.0001 in. (or 0.001 mm) (see tory Note 6). The purchaser may accept certification that the
Explanatory Note 4). Within the range of diameters given in wire was drawn from rod stock meeting the International
Table 1, the wire shall not vary from the specified diameter by Standard for Annealed Copper instead of resistivity tests on the
more than plus and minus 1 %, expressed to the nearest 0.0001 finished wire.
in. (or 0.001 mm). 6.3 Dimensional Measurements—Dimensional measure-
5.5 Finish—The wire shall be free of all imperfections not ments shall be made with equipment capable of measuring to
consistent with the best commercial practice. a graduation of 0.0001 in. (0.001 mm). Take measurements on
at least three places on each unit selected for this test. If
6. Test Methods accessible, take one measurement on each end and one near the
6.1 Tensile Strength and Elongation: middle. The average of the three measurements shall determine
6.1.1 Obtain the tensile strength, expressed in pounds per compliance with the requirements.
square inch, by dividing the maximum load carried by the 6.4 Surface Finish—Make a surface-finish inspection with
specimen during the tension test, by the original cross-sectional the unaided eye (normal spectacles accepted).
area of the specimen. Tensile strength and elongation may be
determined simultaneously on the same specimen. 7. Inspection
6.1.2 Determine the elongation of the wire as the permanent 7.1 General (see Explanatory Note 7)—Unless otherwise
increase in length due to the breaking of the wire in tension, specified in the contract or purchaser order, the manufacturer

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 B1 – 01 (2007)
shall be responsible for the performance of all inspection and TABLE 3 Sampling for Surface Finish and Packaging Inspection
test requirements specified. Number of Units Number of Units in Allowable Number
in Lot Sample, n of Defective
7.1.1 All inspections and tests shall be made at the place of Units, c
manufacture unless otherwise specifically agreed to between
1 to 30, incl all 0
the manufacturer and the purchaser at the time of the purchase. 31 to 50, incl 30 0
7.1.2 The manufacturer shall afford the inspector represent- 51 to 100, incl 37 0
101 to 200, incl 40 0
ing the purchaser all reasonable manufacturer’s facilities to 201 to 300, incl 70 1
satisfy him that the material is being furnished in accordance 301 to 500, incl 100 2
with this specification. 501 to 800, incl 130 3
Over 800 155 4
7.1.3 Unless otherwise agreed upon between the purchaser
and the manufacturer, conformance of the wire to the various
requirements listed in Section 5 shall be determined on samples
taken from each lot of wire presented for acceptance. 8. Packaging and Package Marking
7.1.4 The manufacturer shall, if requested prior to inspec- 8.1 Package sizes shall be agreed upon between the manu-
tion, certify that all wire in the lot was made under such facturer and the purchaser in the placing of individual orders.
conditions that the product as a whole conforms to the 8.2 The wire shall be protected against damage in ordinary
requirements of this specification as determined by regularly handling and shipping.
made and recorded tests.
7.2 Inspection and Testing Terms: 9. Conformance Criteria (see Explanatory Note 7)
7.2.1 Lot—A lot is any amount of wire of one type and size 9.1 Any lot of wire, the samples of which comply with the
presented for acceptance at one time, such amount, however, conformance criteria of this section, shall be considered as
not to exceed 100 000 lb (45 000 kg) (see Explanatory Note complying with the requirements of Section 5. Individual
8). production units that fail to meet one or more of the require-
7.2.2 Sample—A sample is a quantity of production units ments shall be rejected. Failure of a sample group from a lot to
(coils, reels, etc.) selected at random from the lot for the meet one or more of the following criteria shall constitute
purpose of determining conformance of the lot to the require- cause for rejection of the lot. The conformance criteria for each
ments of this specification. of the prescribed properties given in Section 5 are as follows:
7.2.3 Specimen—A specimen is a length of wire removed 9.1.1 Tensile Strength—The lot shall be considered con-
for test purposes from any individual production unit of the forming if the average tensile strength of the four specimens is
sample. not less than the appropriate tensile strength of Table 1 minus
400 psi (3 MPa); however, any individual production unit, the
7.3 Sample Size—The number of production units in a
specimen from which has a tensile strength less than the
sample (see Explanatory Note 7) shall be as follows:
appropriate tensile strength value in Table 1 minus 1700 psi (12
7.3.1 For tension, elongation, and resistivity determinations, MPa) shall be rejected.
the sample shall consist of four production units. From each 9.1.1.1 The lot shall be considered to have failed to meet the
unit, one test specimen of sufficient length shall be removed for tensile conformance criterion if the average of the four
the performance of the required tests. specimens is less than the tensile strength in Table 1 minus 400
7.3.2 For dimensional measurements, the sample shall con- psi (3 MPa) and the tensile strength of any of the individual
sist of a quantity of production units shown in Table 2 under specimens is less than the value in Table 1 minus 1700 psi (12
the heading “First Sample.” MPa).
7.3.3 For surface-finish inspection and for packaging in- 9.1.1.2 If the average of the four specimens is less than the
spection (when specified by the purchaser at the time of placing tensile strength in Table 1 minus 400 psi (3 MPa) and the
the order) the sample shall consist of a quantity of production tensile strength of each of the individual specimens is equal to
units shown in Table 3. or more than the value in Table 1 minus 1700 psi (12 MPa), six

TABLE 2 Sampling for Dimensional Measurements

First Sample Second Sample
Number of Allowable Number Allowable
Number of Units in Lot Units in Sample, of Defects in Number of Units Number of
n, plus n2
n1 First Sample, c1 in Sample, n2 Defects in Both
Samples, c2
1 to 14, incl all 0 ... ... ...
15 to 50, incl 14 0 ... ... ...
51 to 100, incl 19 0 23 42 1
101 to 200, incl 24 0 46 70 2
210 to 400, incl 29 0 76 105 3
401 to 800, incl 33 0 112 145 4
Over 800 34 0 116 150 4

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 B1 – 01 (2007)
additional specimens from six production units other than the 9.1.3 Resistivity—The electrical resistivity of each of the
four originally sampled shall be tested. The lot shall be four specimens shall conform to the requirements of 5.3.
considered conforming if the tensile strength of each of the ten Failure to meet this requirement shall constitute failure to meet
specimens is not less than the appropriate tensile strength value the resistivity conformance criterion.
in Table 1 minus 1700 psi and the average of the ten specimens 9.1.4 Dimensions—The dimensions of the first sample
is not less than the value in Table 1 minus 400 psi. The lot shall (Table 2) shall conform to the requirements of 5.4. If there are
be considered to have failed to meet the tensile strength no failures, the lot conforms to this requirement. If there are
requirement if the tensile strength of any of the individual failures but the number of these does not exceed the allowable
specimens is less than the value in Table 1 minus 1700 psi or defect number, c2(Table 2), for the respective number of units
if the average of the ten specimens is less than the value in in the sample, a second sample equal to n2 shall be taken and
Table 1 minus 400 psi. the total defects of the n1 plus n2 units shall not exceed the
9.1.2 Elongation—The lot shall be considered conforming allowable defect number, c2. Failure to meet this requirement
if the average elongation of the four specimens is not less than shall constitute failure to meet the dimensional conformance
the appropriate elongation value in Table 1 minus 0.1 percent- criterion.
age points; however, any individual production unit, the
specimen from which has an elongation less than the appro- 9.1.5 Surface Finish—The surface finish of the samples
priate elongation value in Table 1 minus 0.2 percentage points taken in accordance with Table 3 shall conform to the require-
shall be rejected. ments of 5.5. The number of units in the sample showing
9.1.2.1 The lot shall be considered to have failed to meet the surface defects not consistent with commercial practice shall
elongation conformance criterion if the average of the four not exceed the allowable defect number, c, in Table 3. Failure
specimens is less than the appropriate elongation value in Table to meet this requirement shall constitute failure to meet the
1 minus 0.1 percentage points the elongation of any of the surface-finish conformance criterion.
individual specimens is less than the elongation value in Table 9.1.6 Packaging—Conformance to the packaging require-
1 minus 0.2 percentage points. ments specified by the purchaser shall be determined in
9.1.2.2 If the average of the four specimens is less than the accordance with Table 3. The number of units in the sample
appropriate elongation value in Table 1 minus 0.1 percentage showing nonconformance to the requirement shall not exceed
points and the elongation of each of the individual specimens the allowable defect number, c, in Table 3. Failure to meet this
is equal to or more than the elongation value in Table 1 minus requirement shall constitute failure to meet the packaging
0.2 percentage points, six additional specimens from six conformance criterion.
production units other than the four originally sampled shall be
tested. The lot shall be considered conforming if the elongation 10. Density
of each of the ten specimens is not less than the appropriate
10.1 For the purpose of calculating mass per unit length,
elongation value in Table 1 minus 0.2 percentage points and the
cross sections, etc., the density of the copper shall be taken as
average of the ten specimens is not less than the value in Table
8.89 g/cm3(0.32117 lb/in.3) at 20°C (see Explanatory Note 9).
1 minus 0.1 percentage points. The lot shall be considered to
have failed to meet the elongation requirement if any of the ten
11. Keywords
specimens is less than the appropriate elongation value in Table
1 minus 0.2 percentage points or if the average of the ten 11.1 copper electrical conductor; copper wire; electrical
specimens is lessthan the elongation value in Table 1 minus 0.1 conductor; electrical conductor—copper; hard-drawn copper
percentage points. wire.

EXPLANATORY NOTES

NOTE 1—Other tests than those provided in this specification have been NOTE 3—Mechanical joints made during inspection at the request of the
considered at various times, such as twist tests, wrap tests, tests for elastic purchaser are permissible if agreed upon at the time of placing the order.
limit, etc. It is the opinion of the committee that twist and wrap tests on NOTE 4—The values of the wire diameters in Table 1 which correspond
hard-drawn wire do not serve a useful purpose and should be regarded as to gage numbers of the American Wire Gage (see Specification B258) are
undesirable, as well as inconclusive as to results and significance. Tests for given to the nearest 0.0001 in. (0.002 mm). The diameters preceded by
values of elastic limit are likewise indefinite as to results. Tests to asterisks are not in the American Wire Gage series. They correspond to
determine elastic properties of hard-drawn wire from which wire stringing certain of the numbers of the Birmingham Wire Gage or of the British
and sagging data may be compiled are considered to be outside the scope Standard Wire Gage and are used for communication lines. The use of
of the acceptance tests contemplated in this specification. gage numbers to specify wire sizes is not recognized in this specification,
NOTE 2—The tensile strength values given in Table 1 cannot always be because of the possibility of confusion. An excellent discussion of wire
met if the wire is drawn into coils of less than 19 in. (48 mm) inside gages and related subjects is contained in NBS Handbook 100.3
diameter or if the wire has been rewound. Lower tensile strength values, NOTE 5—It is known that the rate of loading during tension testing of
therefore, are permissible for smaller-diameter coils, or rewound wire, copper affects the performance of the sample to a greater or lesser extent,
through mutual agreement between the manufacturer and the purchaser at depending upon many factors. In general, tested values of tensile strength
the time the order is placed. are increased and tested values of elongation are reduced with increase of

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 B1 – 01 (2007)
speed of the moving head of the testing machine. These effects are TABLE 4 Resistivity Relationships
pronounced when the speed of the moving head is excessive in the testing Conductivity at
of hard-drawn wires. It is suggested that tests be made at speeds of moving 100.00 97.16 96.16
20°C %
head which, under no-load conditions, are not greater than 3 in. (75 V·lb/mile2
875.20 900.77 910.15
mm)/min, but in no case at a speed greater than that at which correct V·g/m2 0.15328 0.15775 0.15940
readings can be made. V·cmil/ft 10.371 10.674 10.785
NOTE 6—Resistivity units are based on the International Annealed V·mm2/m 0.017241 0.017745 0.017930
Copper Standard (IACS) adopted by IEC in 1913, which is 1/58 V·mm2/m µV·in. 0.67879 0.69863 0.70590
at 20°C for 100 % conductivity. The value of 0.017241 V·mm2/m and the µV·cm 1.7241 1.7745 1.7930
value of 0.15328 V·g/m2 at 20°C are respectively the international
equivalent of volume and weight resistivity of annealed copper equal (to
5 significant figures) to 100 % conductivity. The latter term means that a
copper wire 1 m in length and weighing 1 g would have a resistance of ensure an over-all product meeting the requirements of this specification.
0.15328 V. This is equivalent to a resistivity value of 875.20 V·lb/mile2, The sample sizes and conformance criteria given for the various charac-
which signifies the resistance of a copper wire 1 mile in length weighing teristics are applicable only to lots produced under these conditions.
1 lb. It is also equivalent, for example, to 1.7241 µV/cm of length of a NOTE 8—A lot should comprise material taken from a product regularly
copper bar 1 cm2 in cross section. A complete discussion of this subject is meeting the requirements of this specification. Inspection of individual
contained in NBS Handbook 100 of the National Bureau of Standards.3 lots of less than 5000 lb (2270 kg) of wire cannot be justified economi-
The use of five significant figures in expressing resistivity does not imply cally. For small lots of 5000 lb or less, the purchaser may agree to the
the need for greater accuracy of measurement than that specified in Test manufacturer’s regular inspection of the product as a whole as evidence of
Method B193. The use of five significant figures is required for reasonably acceptability of such small lots.
accurate reversible conversion from one set of resistivity units to another. NOTE 9—The value of density of copper is in accordance with the
The equivalent resistivity values in Table 4 were derived from the International Annealed Copper Standard. The corresponding value at 0°C
fundamental IEC value (1/58 V·mm2/m) computed to 7 significant figures is 8.90 g/cm3(0.32150 lb/in.3). As pointed out in the discussion of this
and then rounded to 5 significant figures. subject in NBS Handbook 100 of the National Bureau of Standards, there
NOTE 7—Cumulative results secured on the product of a single manu- is no appreciable difference in values of density of hard-drawn and
facturer, indicating continued conformance to the criteria, are necessary to annealed copper wire.

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