SUBJECT TEACHER: SIR.

IMRAN
MOHAMMED

GROUP PARTICIPANTS: AARTI

BALKARAN
SAMANTHA
ROGERS

GROUP NAME: MATH ANGELS

SUBJECT: ADD MATH SBA

DATE: 08/09/21

CLASS: 5.1

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 TABLE OF CONTENTS
Page Page #
Topic 3
Aim of SBA 4
Mathematical Formula 5-10
Solution 11-16
Discussion 17
Conclusion 18
Suggestions for Future 19
Analysis

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3
 TOPIC
To determine the optimal angle, the sides of the trapezium
should be bent to, in order to create the maximum carrying
capacity.

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 AIM OF SBA
This SBA shows how realistic problems can be solved using
and applying mathematical formulations.

A number of hardware and roofing companies are now

offering consumers materials in a variety of styles. With
specialised machinery, these sheets can be bent into any shape
to create the stylish look the customer requires.

A major company in the city has new equipment capable of

making guttering in the shape of an open top trapezium. The
sheet metal used is 22 cm wide and bent such that the base is
14 cm.

This SBA relates the angle of the bent sides of the trapezium
to its total area.

This SBA is targeted to evaluate the best angle to use to bend

the sides of the trapezium. In order to maximise the carrying
capacity of rain water run-off from the roof, the following
must be investigated:

1. The relationship between the angle and the total area of the
trapezium.
2. The size of the angle.
3. The maximum area that can be obtained.

This SBA uses two (2) mathematical method to solve this

problem; a graphical method and an analytical method.

The variables manipulated are:

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 X- Height of triangle or breadth of rectangle.
 A- Total area or area of trapezium.
 𝜃 - Angle the sides of the trapezium is bent.

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 MATHEMATICAL FORMULATION
N P

4c 4cm
m

𝜃 𝜃
Y M Q Z
14c
m
Above diagram NMQP, is a Trapezium made of a
metal sheet 22cm wide and bent such that the base is 14cm,
leaving 4cm for each side to be bent.

The Trapezium is examined further to obtain additional

information of it, by applying properties of a trapezium and
mathematical formulae and expressions.

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 N K L
P
𝜃 𝜃

4c 4c
m C m
A B
x x
cm cm

𝜃
Y Z
M Q
14c
m
The Trapezium is divided into Three (3) Parts;
MNK is Triangle A, MKLQ is Rectangle C and QLP is
Triangle B. Triangle A and Triangle B are both right-angle
triangles and are congruent. Rectangle C has sides 14cm and
X. Angle YMN and Angle MNK are alternating angles and
are therefore equal. In order to bend the sides to give the
required trapezium above, the angle must be acute, which
ranges from 0⁰ to 90⁰ (degrees).

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9
Triangle A is examined in a clearer diagram
N K
𝜃

A
4c X
m

𝜃 - 06

�
Y � M

Examining Triangle A, there are two methods to solving for

X, the height of triangle (breath of rectangle):
Opposite Adjacent
Either sin 𝜃 = Hypotenuse or cos (90- 𝜃)= Hypotenuse

[x] [x]
Either sin 𝜃 = 4 or cos (90- 𝜃)= 4

Either [x]= 4 sin 𝜃 or [x]= 4 cos (90- 𝜃)

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Triangle A and Triangle B are combined and then examined:

𝜃 𝜃

4cm 4c
A B m

180 – 2
𝜃
𝜃 𝜃

Examining combined Triangles A and B, the area of the

combined Triangles A and B can be evaluated:

Area of Triangle Formula= [ Side A ] × [ Side C ] ׿ ¿

[ 4 ] × [ 4 ] ×[sin ( 180−2 θ ) ]
Area of Combined Triangles A & B= 2

Area of Combined Triangles A & B= 8 sin (180- 2 𝜃)

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Rectangle C is examined:
14c
K m L

x cm C x
cm

M Q
14c
m
By solving for X using Triangle A, the area of rectangle C can
be evaluated:

Using Sine Angle Method:

Area of Rectangle= [Length] x [Breadth]
Area of Rectangle= [14] x [4 sin 𝜃]
Area of Rectangle= 56 sin 𝜃

Using Cosine Angle Method:

Area of Rectangle= [Length] x [Breadth]
Area of Rectangle= [14] x [4 cos (90 - 𝜃)]

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Apply Compound Angle Formula:
Cos (a ± β) = cos α cos ±β sin α sin β

Area of Rectangle= [14] x [4 {cos 90 cos 𝜃 + sin 90 sin 𝜃]

Area of Rectangle= [14] x [4 sin 𝜃]
Area of Rectangle= 56 sin 𝜃

End Result for using either method is the same:

Area of Rectangle= 56 sin 𝜃

Knowing the areas of Triangles A and B, and Rectangle C, the

total area of the trapezium is found:
Total Area, [A]= [Area of Combined Triangles] + [Area of
Rectangle]
[A]= [8 sin (180- 2 𝜃)] + [56 sin 𝜃]
[A]= [8 sin (180- 2 𝜃) + 56 sin 𝜃]

Apply Compound Angle Formula:

sin (α±β) = sin α cos β ± sin β cos α
Total Area, [A]= [8 {[sin 180 cos 2 𝜃] – [sin 2 𝜃 cos 180]} +
56 sin 𝜃]
[A]= [8 sin 2 𝜃 + 56 sin 𝜃]

Hence, the area of the trapezium, A cm2, is given in terms of

sine of the angle 𝜃, of the bent sides of the trapezium.

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 SOLUTION

ASSUMPTIONS:

1. It is expected that the angle required to bend the sides of the

trapezium is acute and therefore can only lie within the first
quadrant, which ranges from 0⁰ to 90⁰ (degrees).
2. It is assumed that the trapezium can be divided into three
(3) shapes, a rectangle at the centre and two (2) congruent
triangles.
3. Consequently, finding the sum of these three (3) shapes is
equivalent to the exact area of the trapezium.

GRAPHICAL METHOD:

To obtain the best angle to give maximum carrying capacity

of the guttering, a table will be created for values of angle 𝜃
using the domain 0⁰ ≤ 𝜃 ≤ 90⁰ (degrees) in intervals of 15⁰
(degrees) and corresponding values of a will be calculated
using the equation [A]= [8 sin 2 𝜃 + 56 sin 𝜃].

A graph of area of trapezium (A cm2) VS the angle (𝜃 ⁰

(degrees)) at which the sides of the trapezium are bent will
then be plotted on graph paper and hence the best angle to
give maximum area will be obtained.

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CALCULUS METHOD:

To obtain the best angle to give maximum carrying capacity

of the guttering, the area of the trapezium will be
dA
differentiated for the first derivative function dθ . For
stationary values (maximum or minimum), the first derivative
dA
function dθ will be equated to zero (0) since the turning points
are the maximum or minimum value.
To determine whether the values obtained are maximum or
2
ⅆ A
minimum values, the second derivative ⅆ θ will then be
2

ⅆ2 A
found. A negative value of ⅆ θ2
will indicate that the area of
2
ⅆ A
the trapezium is a maximum value. A positive value of ⅆ θ2
will indicate that the area of the trapezium is a minimum
value.
When the angle for the sides of the trapezium to be bent at is
known, it will be substituted into the equation for A, the
maximum area of the trapezium.

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16
GRAPHICAL METHOD:
[A]= [8 sin 2 𝜃 + 56 sin 𝜃]

Angle 𝜃 (Degrees) Area (A cm2)

0 0
15 18.49
30 34.93
45 47.60
60 55.43
75 58.09
90 56.00

Area Of Trapezium
70

60

50
Area (cm2)

40

30

20

10

0
0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100
Angle θ (Degrees)

Area Of Trapezium

From the graphical method, it is seen that the maximum value

for the area A, of the trapezium, is 58.09cm2 and is obtained
when the angle 𝜃, the sides of the trapezium is bent at is 75⁰
(degrees).

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CALCULUS METHOD:

[A]= [8sin 2 𝜃 +56 sin 𝜃]

Differentiate:
dA
dθ
= [16 cos 2 𝜃 + 56 cos 𝜃]

dA
Maximum or Minimum Area occurs when gradient is zero: dθ
=0
0= [16 cos 2 𝜃 + 56 cos 𝜃]

Applying Trigonometry Identities:

0= [16 {(2 cos 𝜃)2 – 1} + 56 cos 𝜃]
0= [32 (cos 𝜃)2 – 16 + 56 cos 𝜃]

Divide Throughout the Equation by Eight (8):

0= [4 (cos 𝜃)2 – 2 + 7 cos 𝜃]

Solve Quadratic by Applying Formula:

−[ b ] ± √ [{b } − { 4 }{ a } {c } ]
2

cos 𝜃= [ {2} {a}]

−[ 7 ] ± √ [{7 } − { 4 } { 4 } {−2 } ]
2

cos 𝜃= [ { 2 } { 4 }]

−[ 7 ] ± √[49+32]
cos 𝜃= 8

−7 ± √ 81
cos 𝜃= 8

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 −7 ± 9
cos 𝜃= 8

1
Either cos 𝜃= 4 or cos 𝜃= -2
cos 𝜃= -2 Cannot be evaluated, therefore only solution to the
problem is:
1
cos 𝜃= 4

1
cos 𝜃= 4
1
𝜃= cos-1 ( 4 )

This angle is in the first quadrant and fourth quadrant.

However, the angle is acute and therefore can only be in the
first quadrant:
𝜃= 75.52⁰ (Degrees)

To determine whether it is a maximum or minimum value for

the area of the trapezium, substitute angle 𝜃 into the second
derivative:

Differentiate The First Derivative:

ⅆ2 A
= [-18 sin 2 𝜃 – 56 sin 𝜃]
ⅆ θ2

2
ⅆ A
= [-18 sin {2(75.52)} – 56 sin (75.5)]
ⅆ θ2

ⅆ2 A
= [-18 sin (151.04) – 56 sin (75.52)]
ⅆ θ2

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 2
ⅆ A
2= [(-18) (0.48) – (56) (0.97)]
ⅆθ

2
ⅆ A
= [-8.71 – 54.22]
ⅆ θ2

2
ⅆ A
2= -62.93
ⅆθ

The angle obtained will give a maximum value for the area of
the trapezium.
From the calculus method, it is seen that the best angle, the
sides of the trapezium should bend at, is 75.52⁰ (degrees).

Maximum Area of Trapezium:

[A]= [8 sin 2 𝜃 + 56 sin 𝜃]

[A]= [8 sin 2 (75.52) + 56 sin (75.52)]

[A]= [8 sin (151.04) + 56 sin (75.52)]

[A]= [(8) (0.48) + (56) (0.97)]

[A]= [3.87 + 54.22]

[A]= 58.09cm2

From the calculus method and the angle obtained, the

maximum area of the trapezium is 58.09cm2.

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 DISCUSSION
It is noticeable that the values obtained for angle 𝜃, at which
the sides of the trapezium should be bent, differ slightly from
the to (2) methods used. The graphical method gives a best
approximated value (𝜃= 75⁰ (degrees)) and is dependent on
how precise the points ere plotted and the curve drawn,
whereas the calculus method provides a more precise value
(𝜃= 75.52⁰ (degrees)). Therefore, for these real-life problems,
the calculus method should be used to attain a more accurate
result, without the many errors associated with the graphical
solutions.

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22
 CONCLUSION
Using the 22cm wide metal sheet, the guttering in shape of a
trapezium with a base of 14cm, can be constructed to give a
maximum carrying capacity of 58.09cm2 and this occurs when
the angle at which the sides of the trapezium is bent, is 75.52⁰
(degrees).
As observed, the value from the calculus method will be used.

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SUGGESTIONS FOR FUTURE ANALYSIS
Further investigations involving the rates of inflow and
outflow of the trapezium-shaped guttering can be carry out for
further projects. In addition to this, guttering can be made in
many other shapes such as a semi-circle or triangle which
could have a better carrying capacity than a trapezium and
therefore investigations pertaining to these shapes can be
carried out for future projects.

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