THE POLICE ORGANIZATION AND Philippine Republic.

While the American Soldiers were busy

ADMINISTRATION WITH POLICE PLANNING fighting the tug army of Gen. Aguinaldo, Gov. Taft,
established a police which shall maintain peace and order. On
Introduction January 9, 1901, Manila Police was formally organized by
virtue of Act No. 175 of the Philippine Commission.
The passage into law on December 13, 1990 of Thereafter adjoining places follow through.
Republic Act No. 6975 entitled “An Act Establishing the
Philippine National Police under a Reorganized Department of Implementation of Act No. 175
the Interior and Local Government and for Other Purposes,” On August 8, 1901, with the sanction of the U. S. War
gave way to the creation of the country's police force that is Department
national in scope and civilian in character. It is administered Henry T. Allen,
and controlled by the National Police Commission.  a graduate of the U.S. Military Academy,
With the effectivity of  a regular captain but then a Lieutenant Colonel of the
Republic Act No. 8551, “Philippine National Police Reform U.S.
and Reorganization Act of 1998,” the PNP was envisioned to  Cavalry Volunteers in the Philippines officially
be a community and service oriented agency. As mandated by designated and confirms by the Commission as Chief of
law, the PNP activated the Internal Affairs Service (IAS) on Constabulary
June 1, 1999. It is an organization within the structure of the  His designation as Chief was formally inaugurated, and
PNP, and it is headed by Inspector General. on the same day buckled down to work
Realizing the fact that military solution to the problem
Early Origins of the Police Forces is unwired; the military authorities opted to recommend to the
The police under the local setting primitively evolved Philippine Commission headed by William Taft to take over.
from the practice of the different tribes to select able-bodied In accordance with the instructions of the
young men to protect the people from the assault of the rival Secretary of War Elihu Root, the Commission took over the
tribe, and to maintain peace and order within the village. government from the military on July 18, 1901 with Taft as
By the coming of the Spaniards, the country’s police Civil Governor.
system started. The police were then called Guardillo, later the
functions of law enforcement were assumed by the Cuerpo de Filipinianization of the Constabulary
Carabineros de Seguridad Republica. In 1852, Guardia
Civil took over the peace keeping duties in the island under a The gradual Filipinianization of the Constabulary
Royal Decree. officer corps proved to be a sound move for World War I
After the Spanish Era, another master begins, the which was soon to break out and to drag the United States into
Americans came to our country to conquer and rule the it and many of the top Constabulary's American officers joined
the U.S. Expeditionary Forces to France. This development exercised and assumed by the PC in connection with Sections
gave the opportunity for the Filipinos to run the Constabulary 832-840 & 848 of the Revised Administrative Code,” were
themselves. The first to be given the chance was declared in full force and effect, pursuant to EO No. 94 dated
Brig. Gen. Rafael T. Crame appointed PC Chief in December October 4, 1947.
1917. Thus, for the first time in sixteen (16) years of existence,
the Constabulary was placed under Filipino leadership. Constitution of the Police Forces
With the assumption of Brig. Gen. Crame, the The Administrative Code of the Philippines,
Constabulary Districts were renamed and their respective promulgated on September 10, 1955, provided for the
districts redefined. The 4th District came to be known as constitution of police forces in every cities and municipalities
District of Northern Luzon based in San Fernando, La Union with the officers and members thereof being appointed by the
The 1st District was renamed District of Central Luzon Mayors with the consent of the City or Municipal Council.
The 2nd District was renamed District of Southern Luzon Under this set-up the police are primarily a political entity that
The 3rd District was renamed District of Visayas tended to serve the wills of those in power.
The 5th District was renamed district of Mindanao based in In an effort to improve the quality and morale of all
Zamboanga. existing police forces,
R.A. No. 4864, known as the Police Act of 1966 was enacted,
 The Post War Constable by virtue of which, National Police Commission was created,
On October 28, 1944, President Sergio Osmeña issued vested with the power to supervise and control the police forces
an Executive Order creating all insular police called Military all over the country. Under this act the administration, control
Police Command, USAFFE pursuant to USAFFE General and disciplinary measures, including training of each member
Orders Nos. 50 & 51, re-designated it as Military Police are placed under the exclusive jurisdiction of the
Command, AFWESPAC. This idea was conceived to restore NAPOLCOM.
the bad image of the Constabulary during the Japanese
occupation when these constables were made to run after the  Integration of the Police Forces
guerrillas. The early seventies saw the rapid escalation of
However, after the years of existence, the subversive activities of the insurgents throughout the country.
Constabulary was revived on July 1, 1947. About 12, 000 So, on September 21, 1972, the then
officers and men were withdrawn from the Military Police President Ferdinand E. Marcos proclaimed Martial Law
Command (MPC) and transferred to the Department of throughout the country by virtue of Proclamation No. 1081,
Interior (DI), and designated as the national police force is the and subsequently Presidential Decree No. 765 was put into
Philippine Constabulary. effect on August 8, 1975.
All the functions of the Military Police Command The said law instituted the integration of the nation’s
(MPC) except those military in character "were thereafter police forces with the Philippine Constabulary or the
 PC/INP, virtually making the Integrated National Police a  1908 - the Philippine constabulary school was transferred to
component of the Armed Forces of the Philippines, and under Baguio City.
the general supervision of the Department of National Defense.  1916 - the Philippine constabulary school was renamed
academy for officers of the Philippine constabulary.
Creation of the Philippine National Police  1917 - on December 17, 1917, Brigadier General Rafael Crame
In response to the call for public safety and reforms from Rizal Province, became the first Filipino chief of the
within the organization, Philippine constabulary.
 Honorables Teodulo Natividad,  1926 - the academy for officers of the Philippine constabulary
 Blas Ople, was renamed Philippine Constabulary Academy.
 Regalado Maambong  1936 - the Philippine Constabulary Academy became the
 Rustico Delos Reyes present day Philippine Military Academy. 
Authored the provisions of Sec. 6, Art XVI in the 1987  1938 - The Philippine Constabulary became the existing and
Constitution, which provides that, “the state shall establish organized national police force of the country pursuant to
and maintain one police force, which shall be national in scope commonwealth act no. 343 dated June 23, 1938 and EO no.
and civilian in character, to be administered and controlled by 389 dated December 23, 1950. This decree integrated local
the NAPOLCOM. The authority of local executives over the police forces into the Philippines constabulary operational and
police units in their respective jurisdiction shall be provided by organizational set up.
the law  1966 - Congress enacted RA no. 4864, the police act of 1966.
This gave birth in the enactment of RA No. 6975, entitled “An This law also created the Police Commission (POLCOM).
Act Establishing the Philippine National Police Under the  1972 - The POLCOM was reorganized as the National Police
Reorganized Department of the Interior and Local Commission.
Government and for Other Purposes,” which took effect on  1975 - PD 765 was enacted. This law is called the Police
January 2, 1991. The said act was subsequently amended by Integration Law of 1975. The Integrated National Police was
RA No. 8551 entitled “An Act providing for the Reform and established with the Philippine Constabulary as nucleus under
Reorganization of the Philippine National Police, and for the Department of national Defense. The NAPOLCOM,
Other Purposes,” which took effect on March 6, 1998. originally under the office of the President was transferred to
the Ministry of National defense.
Important dates in the history of modern Philippine  1985 - The National Police Commission was returned to the
Policing office of the President pursuant to E.O 1040.
 1901 - ACT no. 175 of the Philippine Commission established  1989 - Executive order 379 placed the Integrated national
the Philippine constabulary on august 8, 1901. Police directly under the command, supervision and control of
 1905 - the Philippine constabulary school was established at the President. This order vested the NAPOLCOM with the
the sta.lucia barracks in Intramuros on february 17, 1905.
 powers of administrative control and supervision over the
Integrated National Police. Bureau - The largest organic functional unit within a large
 1990 - RA 6975 was passed on December 13, 1990 department
establishing the Philippine National Police under a reorganized It comprises of numbers of divisions
Department of the Interior and Local Government (DILG). A
new National Police Commission was created under the DILG. Division – a primary subdivision of a bureau
 1998 - Congress passed into law RA no. 8551 on February 25,
1998, otherwise known as the Philippine National Police Section – Functional unit within a division that is necessary
reform and reorganization act of 1998. This act strengthened for specialization
and expanded NAPOLCOM,s authority over the PNP to
include administration of police entrance examination and Unit – Functional group within a section; or
conduct pre-charge investigation against police anomalies and The smallest functional group within an organization.
irregularities and summary dismissal of erring police members.
 Territorial Units
Organization defined Post – a fixed point or location to which an officer is assigned
It is a form of human association for the attainment of a for duty, such as a designated desk or office or an
goal or objective. intersection or cross walk from traffic duty
It is the process of identifying and grouping the work to It is a spot location for general guard duty.
be performed, defining and delegating responsibility and
authority establishing relationships for the purpose of enabling Route – a length of streets designated for patrol purposes.
people work effectively. It is also called LINE BEAT

Police Organization defined Beat – An area assigned for patrol purposes, whether foot or
Police organization is a group of trained personnel in motorized.
the field of public safety administration engaged in the
achievement of goals and objectives that promotes the Sector – An area containing two or more beats, routes, or posts.
maintenance of peace and order, protection of life and
property, enforcement of the laws and the prevention of crimes. District – a geographical subdivision of a city for patrol
purposes, usually with its own station.
The organization of the police force commonly requires the
following organizational units: Area – a section or territorial division of a large city each
comprised of designated districts.
 Functional Units
Important Terminologies Sick Leave - period which an officer is excused from active
duty by reason of illness or injury
Sworn Officers – all personnel of the police department who
have oath and who possess the power to arrest Suspension - a consequence of an act which temporarily
deprives an officer from the privilege of performing his duties
Superior Officer - one having supervisory responsibilities, as result of violating directives or other department regulations
either temporarily or permanently, over officers of lower rank. Department Rules - rules established by department
directors/supervisors to control the conduct of the members of
Commanding Officer - an officer who is in command of the the police force
department, a bureau, a division, an area, or a district
Duty Manual - describes the procedures and defines the duties
Ranking Officer - the officer who has the more senior of officers assigned to specified post or position
rank/higher rank in a team or group
Order - an instruction given by a ranking officer to a
Length of Service - the period of time that has elapsed since subordinate, either
the oath of office was administered. Previous active services
may be included or added a. General Order,
b. Special, or
On Duty - the period when an officer is actively engaged in the c. Personal
performance of his duty
Report - usually a written communication unless otherwise
Off Duty - the nature of which the police officer is free from specifies to be verbal reports; verbal reports should be
specific routine duty confirmed by written communication.

Special Duty - the police service, its nature, which requires that Types of Police Organizational Structures
the officer be excused from the performance of his active
regular duty Line Organization
 The straight line organization, often called the
Leave of Absence - period, which an officer is excused from individual, military or departmental type of
active duty by any valid/acceptable reason, approved by higher organization,
authority  Is the simplest and perhaps the oldest type;
  but it is seldom encountered in its channels of  It combines staff specialist such as the criminalists, the
authority and responsibility extends in a direct training officers, the research and development
line from top to bottomwithin the structures, specialists, etc.
 authority is definite and absolute.  Channels of responsibility is to “think and provide
While the line type of organization has many expertise” for the line units.
advantages,  The line supervisor must remember that he obtains
 It also has some inherent weaknesses which, for advice from the staff specialists.
many organizations, make its use impractical.  In normal operations, the staff supervisor has line
 Perhaps its greatest advantage is that, it is commands but with recognized limitations such as
utterly simple. coordination between line and staff personnel can be
 It involves a division of the work into units of achieved without undue friction.
eighth person with a person in charge who has  Failure to recognize these line and staff relationship is
complete control and who can be hold directly the greatest and most frequent source of friction and a
responsible or accountable for results, or lack of barrier to effective coordination.
them.  The advantage of this kind would be - it combines staff
specialist or units with line organization so that service
Functional Organization of knowledge can be provided line personnel by
specialist.
 The functional organization in its pure form is rarely
found in present day organizations, except at or near the Classification of Line, Staff, and Auxiliary Function
top of the very large organizations.
 Unlike the line type of structure, those establishments Whatever their method of grouping internal activities,
organized on a functional basis violate the prime rule all bureaucratic agencies segregate the function of line, staff,
that men perform best when they have but one superior. and auxiliary personnel. The reasons for this tripartite
 The functional responsibility of each “functional classification are best explained by examining each of the
manager” is limited to the particular activity over functions.
which he has control, regardless of who performs the
function. Line Functions:
 Line functions are the “backbone” of the police
Line and Staff Organization department;
 The Line and Staff organization is a combination of the  They include such operations as patrol, criminal
line and functional types. investigation, and traffic control, as well as supervision
of the personnel performing those operations.
  Line functions are carried out but “line members,”  Auxiliary functions involve the logistical operations of
including the patrol officer, the detective, the sergeant, the department.
the lieutenant, the captain, and the chief of police.  These include training, communications, jailing,
 Line members are responsible for: maintenance, record keeping, motor vehicles, and
 Carrying out the majors purposes of the police similar operations.
department.
 Delivering the services provided by the department. ELEMENTS OF THE ORGANIZATON
 Dealing directly with the department’s clientele.
 Making final decisions with respect to the activities Specialization
they perform.  The grouping of activities and segregation of line, staff,
and auxiliary functions are large-scale examples of
Staff Functions: specialization within a bureaucratic organization.
 Staff functions are those operations designed to support  Specialization of an individual level is also important in
the line functions, all organizations, since it must be expected that some
 Staff members are necessarily advisors who are members will know more, perform better and contribute
typically assigned to planning, research, legal advice, more in one area of activity than in others, Disparities
budgeting, and educational services. in job ability among persons may be the result of
 Staff members are often civilians with specialized physical attributes, mental aptitude, skills, interests
training who serve within the department but do not education, training, motivation, or adaptation, among
deal with daily operations on the street. other factors.
 Their main function is to study police policies and Specialization Defined:
practices and to offer proposals to the chief executive of  Specialization is the assignment of particular workers to
the department. particular tasks. Thus, it can be thought of in terms of
 Staff personnel tend to be: either jobs or people.
Specialization of people (specialists) is the designation of
 Highly specialized. particular persons as having expertise in a specific area of
 Involved in an advisory capacity work.
 Detached from the public Here, specialization signifies the adaptation of an individual to
 Not directly responsible for the decisions made by the requirements go some technical tasks through training,
department executive. conditioning or extensive on-the-job experience.
Example:
Auxiliary Functions: Areas of police specialization include undercover works, crime
scene operations, legal advising, computer work, planning,
community relations, drug reaction, gang activities, or SWAT  A hierarchy thus serves as the framework for the flow
operations. of authority downward (and obedience upward) through
the department.
Hierarchy of Authority Example:
 If all persons within an organization were given the Authority can be illustrated by the situation in which a
freedom to do what they like (and to refuse to do what subordinate abstains from making his or her choice among
they dislike), there would be little likelihood of several courses of action and instead automatically accepts the
accomplishment. choice made by the supervisor regardless of whether one
 Any collaborative effort such as that in a police personally agrees.
department thus requires a system of checks and
controls on individual behavior. Authority Roles:
 Hence, the department must have a person or persons  Authority within an organization must be viewed in
with authority to direct the actions of workers and terms of prescribed roles rather than of individuals.
ensure compliance with standards in order to achieve  A particular position within an organization carries the
the department’s goals. same authority regardless of who occupies that position.
While the personality of the occupant may change the
Hierarchy defined: style or manner in which authority is exercise, it should
 A hierarchy represents the formal relationship among increase or decrease the basic obligations of the
superiors and subordinates in any given organization. occupant toward those in subordinate positions.
 It can be visualized as a ladder, with each rung (or rank) Example:
representing a higher or lower level of authority. The authority of a police chief stems from the role that
 Each rank or position on a hierarchical ladder has a chief executive must play – whether he or she is referred to as
specific rights, while at the same time owing specific chief, superintendent, commissioner, or some other title, and
duties to the positions above and below it. regardless the size or location of the department he or he
 Any particular position of the ladder is expected to commands.
direct and control the activities of the ranks, while Span of Control
obeying the directions and instructions received from  A span of control is the maximum number of
higher ranks. subordinates at a given position that superior can
supervise effectively.
Authority Defined: Determining the Span of Control
 Authority is the right to command and control the  Effective organization requires that only a manageable
behavior of employees in lower positions within an number of subordinates be supervised by one person at
organizational hierarchy. any given time.
  This number will, of course, vary – not only from one standardized languages are essential to effective
organization to another (depending on each communication within such large organization.
organization’s definition of “effective supervision”) but
also within each organization depending on the number While the eight elements previously discussed are crucial to
of task and the size of personnel available at a given any police organization, they would remain fragmented without
time. some means of integrating them into a meaningful and
Delegation of Authority practical whole. The integrating element is communication.
 Delegation is the conferring of an amount of authority Through communication, personnel are kept informed of the
by a superior position onto a lower-level position. objectives of the organization, of the means selected for
 The person to whom authority is delegated becomes achieving them, and of the information necessary for the
responsible to the superior for doing the assigned job. continuing operation of the department. Effective
 However, the delegators remain accountable for communication would ensure a common understanding of
accomplishment of the job within the guidelines and department goals, policies, and procedures and this helps to
quality standards of the agency. bind the agency together.
Unity of Command THE PRINCIPLES OF POLICE ORGANIZATION
 Traditional theories of organization insisted that each
employee should have only one supervisor of “boss”, Police organizations are either formal or informal.
and considered this principle of “unity of command” Formal organizations are highly structured
the backbone of any organizational structure. Informal organizations are those without structure
 Thus, a patrol officer, for example, would always
receive orders from one sergeant and would always Every formal police organization whether small or large
report to that same sergeant. are governed by the following principles:
 If the officer was instructed or advised by a detective,
garage sergeant, or any other administrator (with the Principle of Unity of Objectives - an organization is effective
possible exception of the chief), if it enables the individuals to contribute to the organization’s
 The officer is expected to check with his or her sergeant objectives.
before taking any action. Principle of Organizational Efficiency – organization
Formal Communication structure is effective if it is structured in such a way to aid the
Basically, communication is the process of sharing accomplishment of the organization’s objectives with a
understanding and information on common subjects. More minimum cost.
precisely, it is an intercourse between, through or more people Scalar Principle – shows the vertical hierarchy of the
by means of words, letters symbols, or gestures for the purpose organization which defines an unbroken chain of units from top
of exchanging information. Procedures, channels, and
to bottom describing explicitly the flow of authority. The Principles of Absoluteness of Responsibility – explains that
scalar principles are: the responsibility of the subordinates to their superior for
performance is absolute and the superior cannot escape
a. Line of Authority and Chain of Command - This principle responsibility for the organization on activities performed by
of organization suggests that communications should ordinarily their subordinates.
go upward through established channels in the hierarchy. Principle of Parity and Responsibility – explains that
Diverting orders, directives, or reports around a level of responsibility for action cannot be greater than that implied by
command usually has disastrous effects on efficiency of the the authority delegated nor should it be less.
organization. Authority Level Principle – implies that decisions within the
b. The Span of Control of a supervisor over personnel or units authority of the individual commander should be made by them
shall not mean more than what he can effectively direct and and not be returned upward in the organizational structure.
coordinate. In span of control, levels of authority shall be kept Principle of Flexibility – means that the more flexible the
to a minimum. organization, the more it can fulfill its purpose.
c. The Delegation of authority shall carry with it a
commensurate authority and the person to whom the authority Other Principles in Police Organizations
is delegated shall be held accountable therefore. It implies that Grouping of Similar Task
delegation must carry with it appropriate responsibility. Tasks, similar or related in purpose, process, method, or
d. The Unity of Command - explains that subordinates should clientele, should be grouped together in one or more units
only be under the control of one superior. under the control of one person. Whenever, practicable, every
Functional Principle – refers to division of work according to function of the police force shall be assigned to a unit.
type, place, time and specialization.
Line and Staff – implies that a system of varied functions According to Function
arrange into a workable pattern. The line organization is The force should be organized primarily according to
responsible for the direct accomplishment of the objectives the nature of the basis to be performed. It should be divided
while the staff is responsible for support, advisory or into groups so that similar and related duties may be assigned
facilitative capacity. to each.
Principle of Balance – states that the application of principles According to Time Frame
must be balanced to ensure the effectiveness of the structure in The elements are divided into many shifts or watches
meeting organization’s objectives. according to the time of the day. This is the most elementary
Principle of Delegation by Results – states that authority form of police organization. Any large functional unit can also
delegated should be adequate to ensure the ability to be organized according to time if the demand exists.
accomplish expected results. According to Place of Work
 A territorial distribution of a platoon, accomplished by Composition of the PNP
assigning patrolman on beats, is necessary to facilitate the
direction and control of the officers and to ensure suitable The Philippine National Police (PNP) is hereby
patrol service at every point with in the jurisdiction. Patrolman established, initially consisting of the members of the police
on street duty is usually under the supervision of a patrol forces who were integrated into the Integrated National Police
sergeant. When the number of patrolmen is great, it may be (INP) pursuant to Presidential Decree No. 765, and the officers
desirable to divide them into squads assigned to specific and enlisted personnel of the Philippine Constabulary (PC).
sectors of jurisdiction, with a sergeant in charge of each squad.
According to Level of Authority Officers and enlisted personnel of the PC shall include
A police department is always divided according to the those assigned with the Narcotics Command (NARCOM),
level of authority. Example, there will be some patrolmen, Criminal Investigation Service (CIS), together with the civilian
sergeants, some lieutenants, some captains, and so on. Vertical operatives, and those of the technical service of the Armed
combinations of superior officers, with each rank at a different Forces of the Philippines (AFP) assigned with the PC.
level of authority from any other, from channels through which
operations may be directed and controlled can be adopted in Also included are the absorbed regular operatives of the
certain cases to ensure coordination. abolished Inspection, Investigation and Intelligence Branch
(IIIB) of the National Police Commission (NAPOLCOM).
Specialization Based on Need
Specialized units should be created only when overall Organization of the PNP
departmental capability is thus significantly increased. The Philippine National Police (PNP) shall be headed
Specialization is a principle of organization which is the by a Chief with the rank of Director General, who shall be
result of the division of the force into separate units. The assisted by two (2) Deputy Chiefs, i.e., one (1) for
degree of specialization is determined by the size and administration, who is the second in command with the rank of
sophistication of the department and by the extent to which unit Deputy Director General, and one (1) for operations, who is
has exclusive responsibility for the performance of each group third in command with the rank of Deputy Director General.
of the operational task. The organizational structure is composed of the
national office, regional offices, provincial offices, district
ORGANIZATIONAL STRUCTURE offices, in case of large provinces and city and municipal
The police force shall be organized, trained and stations. The national office is composed of the following:
equipped primarily for the performance of police functions. Its
national scope and civilian character shall always be 1. The Office of the Chief, PNP. the Office of the Deputy
paramount. Chief for Administration, the Office of the Deputy Chief for
Operations, and the Office of the Chief, Directorial Staff;
2. The fifteen (16) Staff Directorates as follows: Security & Protective Group (PSPG), Special Action Force
Directorate for Personnel and Records Management (DPRM), (SAF),and Anti-Kidnapping Group (AKG).
Directorate for Human Resource and Doctrine Development
(DHRDD), Directorate for Logistics (DL), Directorate for 6. The PNP Regional Offices (PROs) corresponding to the
Research and Development (DRD), Directorate for following: the Office of the Regional Director (ORD), the
Comptrollership (DC), Directorate for Intelligence (DI), Office of the Deputy Regional Director for Administration
Directorate for Operations (DO), Directorate for Plans (DP), (ODRDA), the Office of the Deputy Regional Director for
Directorate for Police-Community Relations (DPCR), Operations (ODRDO), the Office of the Chief, Regional
Directorate for Investigation and Detective Management Directorial Staff (CRDS) with staff divisions, as follows:
(DIDM), Directorate for Information Technology & Regional Personnel & Human Resource Division (RPHRDD),
Communications Management (DITCM), and the five Regional Logistics & Research Development Division
Directorates for Integrated Police Operations (DIPOs). (RLRD), Regional Comptrollership and Finance Division
(RCFD), Regional Intelligence Division (RID), Regional
3. The Office of the Inspector General, Internal Affairs Investigation and Management Division (RIDMD), Regional
Service (IG, IAS), Program Management Office (PMO), and Operations Divisions (ROPD), Regional Police Community
Public Information Office (PIO), which are all under the Office Relations Division (RPCRD), and Regional Training and Plans
of the Chief, PNP. Division (RTPD).

4. The eleven (11)Administrative Support Units (ASU), as 7. The five (5) Police District Offices (PDO) of the
follows: Chaplain Service, Information Technology National Capital Region (NCR), each headed by a District
Management Service (ITMS), Communications and Electronic Director (DD) and assisted by a Deputy District Director
Service (CES), Engineering Service (ES), Finance Service (DDD), and the District Internal Affairs Service (DIAS) which
(FS), Headquarters Support Service (HSS), Health Service is under the District Director.
(HS), Legal Service (L), Logistic Service (LOGS), Training
Service (TS), and Police Retirees Benefit Service (PRBS). 8. The Police Provincial Office (PPO) corresponding to all
provinces throughout the country, each headed by a Provincial
5. The eleven (10) Operational Support Units (OSU), as Director (PD) and assisted by a Deputy Provincial Director
follows: Aviation Security Group (ASG), Civil Security Group (DPD), and the Provincial Internal Affairs Service (PIAS)
(CSG), Crime Laboratory (CL), Criminal Investigation & which is under the Provincial Director.
Detection Group (CIDG), Maritime Security Group (MSG),
Police-Community Relations Group (PCRG), Police Highway 9. The City Police Office (CPO) of highly urbanized cities
Patrol Group (PHPG), Police Intelligence Group (PIG), Police outside of NCR which shall be under the command and
direction of the Regional Director (RD) and equivalent to a
Provincial Police Office (PPO), headed by a City Director population ratio as maybe prescribed by regulations
(CD) and assisted by Deputy City Director (DCD), and the promulgated by the NAPOLCOM.
City Internal Affairs Service (CIAS).
Rank Classifications
10. The City/Provincial Public Safety Company (C/PPSC) For purposes of efficient administration, supervision
headed by the Group Director (GD) to enhance the police and control, the rank classifications of the member of the PNP
internal security operations in the province, and to assist the shall be as follows:
AFP in counter-insurgency.
PNP Ranks AFP Ranks
11. The Police Station (PS) headed by a Chief of Police Director General General
(COP) which is established in every component city and Deputy Director General Lieutenant General
municipality, under the command and direction of the Director Major General
Provincial Director (PD), and with subordinate Police Chief Superintendent Brigadier General
Community Precincts (PCP) and Community-Police Assistance Senior Superintendent Colonel
Centers (COMPAC), classified as follows: Superintendent Lieutenant Colonel
a. Cities i.e., Type “A” - population of 100,000 or more, Chief Inspector Major
Type “B” - population of 75,000 to less than 100,000, and Senior Inspector Captain
Type “C” - population of less than 75,000. Inspector Lieutenant
Senior Police Officer IV Master Sergeant
b. Municipalities, i.e., Type “A” - population of 75,000 or Senior Police Officer III Technical Sergeant
more, Type “B” - population of 30,000 to less than 75,000, and
Senior Police Officer II Staff Sergeant
Type “C” - population of less than 30,000.
Senior Police Officer I Sergeant
Manning Levels
Police Officer III Corporal
On the average nationwide, the manning levels of the PNP Police Officer II Private First Class
shall be approximately in accordance with a police-to- Police Officer I Private
population ratio of one (1) policeman for every five-hundred
(500) persons. The actual strength by cities and municipalities Cadets of the Philippine National Police Academy (PNPA) are
shall depend on the state of peace and order, population density classified above the Senior Police Officer IV and below the
and actual demands of the service in the particular area. Inspector rank in the PNP.
However, the minimum police-to-population ratio shall not be Percentage Rank Distributions
less than one (1) policeman for every one thousand (1,000)
persons. Urban areas shall have a higher minimum police-to-
 The percentage rank distributions of the uniformed
members, except for the rank of Police Chief Superintendent An act extending for five years the reglementary period
and above, shall be as follows: for complying with the minimum educational qualification for
appointment to the PNP and adjusting the promotion system
Rank thereof is amending for the purpose pertinent provisions of R.A
6975 and R.A. 8551 and for other purposes.
Percentage
Police Senior Superintendent .23% General Qualifications
Police Superintendent .61% Hereunder are the general qualifications and standards
Police Chief Inspector 1.22% in the recruitment and selection of police personnel, as follows:
Police Senior Inspector 2.25%
Police Inspector 4.10% 1. A citizen of the Philippines;
Senior Police Officer IV 4.10% 2. A person of good moral character;
Senior Police Officer III 7.74% 3. Must have passed the psychiatric and
Senior Police Officer II 9.78% psychological, physical, medical and dental, and
Senior Police Office I 12.50% drug tests to be administered by the PNP Health
Police Officer III 14.95% Service and Crime Laboratory Service or by any
Police Officer II 18.77% NAPOLCOM accredited government hospital
Police Officer I 23.75% for the purpose of determining physical and
mental health;
======= 4. Must possess a formal baccalaureate degree
Total 100.00% from a recognized learning institution;
5. Must be eligible in accordance with the
At present there are ninety (90) star rank officers in the standards set by the Commission;
PNP, i.e., from Police Chief Superintendent to Police Director 6. Must not have been convicted by final judgment
General. of an offense or crime involving moral
RECRUITMENT & SELECTION turpitude;
Whereas, Section 14 of R.A. No. 8551 amending 7. Must not have been dishonorably discharged
Section 30 of R.A. No. 6975, prescribes the minimum from military employment or on AWOL or
qualifications for appointment of uniformed personnel in the Dropped from Rolls from the PNP service or
Philippine National Police (PNP). dismissed for cause from any civilian position in
the government;
R.A. 9708
8. Must have no pending criminal case in any
court, including the Office of the Ombudsman or any 2. Peace and order conditions, actual demand of
administrative case if already an employee of the the service, and class of city and municipality.
government;
9. Must be at least one meter and sixty-two cms. Regular Recruitment Quota
(1.62m) in height for male and one meter and fifty- The recruitment quota given to any of the National
seven cms. (1.57m) in height for female; Support Units (NSU) shall be based on the actual demands of
10. Must weigh not more or less than five kilograms (5kgs.) the functional area covered. Within five (5) working days from
from the standard weight corresponding to his/her receipt of the proposed annual recruitment quota, the
height, age and sex; and Commission shall grant the Chief, PNP with the authority to
11. Must not be less than twenty-one (21) nor more than recruit through a Resolution which shall contain the approved
thirty (30) years of age. quota distribution and supplemental guidelines peculiar to the
particular recruitment.
Appropriate Eligibilities
Attrition Recruitment Quota
The appropriate eligibilities to Police Officer I was Upon receipt of the recruitment quota, the Mayor as
those acquired from the following: Chairperson of the Local Peace and Order Council (LPOC)
shall create an Ad Hoc Body composed of four (4) members,
1. NAPOLCOM PNP Entrance Examination. namely: Vice-Mayor, DILG-CLGOO/MLGOO, POC Member,
2. R.A. No. 6506-Licensed Criminologist. and City Director/Chief of Police. The City Director/Chief of
3. R.A. No. 1080-Board and Bar Examinations Police (CD/COP) shall serve as the Secretariat for this activity.
4. P.D. No. 907-Honor Students. He shall publish the list of applicants in public places and
5. Civil Service Eligibilities. through the local media, if any, to encourage the public to
report any information relative to the worthiness of the
Distribution Criteria of Police Officer 1 applicant to become law enforcer in their community.

To attain the equitable distribution, the allocation of Final Evaluation of Applicant

quota at the city or municipal levels shall be based on the set of The final evaluation of applicant to the position of
criteria, as follows: Police Officer I includes the sequential conduct of the
following examinations, i.e., Physical Agility Test (PAT),
1. Police-to-population ratio as herein provided: Psychiatric or Psychological Examination (PPE), Complete
highly urbanized cities - 1:500 to 700; component cities - 1:650 Physical, Medical and Dental Examination (PMDE), and Final
to 800; and municipalities - 1:750 to 1000. Screening Committee Interview (FSCI).
 The Drug Test (DT) shall not follow the sequential step 2. Permanent appointment shall be issued to a
but shall be conducted anytime after the PAT—on passers Police Officer I after the completion of the
only, and before the Final Screening Committee Interview required PNP Field Training Program for twelve
(FSCI)—on PMDE passers only. The Character and (12) months actual experience and assignment
Background Investigation (CBI) shall be conducted on all PPE in patrol, traffic, and investigation.
passers and must be completed before the start of the Final
Screening Committee Interview (FSCI). Guidelines in the Appointment on Waiver Program
The following are the guidelines in the appointment of
Appointing Authorities Police Officer I under a waiver program:
The following shall be the appointing authorities to the
rank of Police Officer I: 1. The age, height and weight for initial
appointment to the PNP may be waived only when the number
1. The Chief, PNP for applicants recruited at the of qualified applicant fall below the approved quota, and the
national level. Commission en banc my grant age, height, and weight waiver.
2. The PNP Regional Director for applicants The RD, NAPOLCOM may grant height waiver to a member
recruited at the regional level. of indigenous group.
3. The Director of the concerned National Support 2. Waiver of the age requirement may be granted
Unit (NSU) for applicants recruited by such provided that applicant shall not be less than 20 or not more
particular unit. than 35 years of age. For purposes of this paragraph, one is
considered to be not over 35 years old if he is no yet reached
Status of Appointment his or her 36th birthday on the date of the issuance of his or her
The following are the status of appointment of newly appointment.
appointed Police Officer I: 3. Waiver of the height requirements may be
granted to the male applicant who is at least one meter and
1. Temporary appointment shall be issued to a fifty-seven cms. (1.57m) and to a female applicant who is at
newly recruited Police Officer I who meets the least one meter and fifty-two cms. (1.52m).
required minimum qualifications, except the
training required which is the PNP Field Selection Criteria on Waiver Program
Training Program (FTP). The FTP shall be Applicants who possess the least disqualification shall
composed of the Public Safety Basic Recruit take precedence over those who possess more disqualification.
Course (PSBRC) and the Field Training The requirements shall be waived in the following order, i.e.,
Exercise (FTX). age, height, and weight. Each applicant for waiver must
possess special qualifications, skills, or attributes useful to or
 needed by the PNP, which are sufficient to compensate to his wherein the PNP is primary enforcer in coordination with the
or her lack or certain minimum qualifications. Department of Environment and Natural Resources (DENR).

Factors to be considered in the grant of waiver, are as follows: PNP: National in Scope - Civilian in Character
outstanding accomplishments or possession of special skills in
law enforcement or police work, martial arts, marksmanships National in scope simply means that the PNP is a
and similar skills; special talents in the field of sports, music, nationwide government organization whose jurisdiction covers
and others; and extensive experience or training in forensic the entire breath of the Philippines archipelago which extends
science and other technical services. up to the municipality of Kalayaan islands in the province of
Palawan. All PNP personnel both the uniformed and non-
The Powers and Functions of the PNP uniformed components are national government employees.
Civilian in character means that the PNP is not a part of the
 Enforce all laws and ordinances relative to the protection of military. Although,. it retains some military attributes such as
lives and properties; discipline, it shall adopt unique non-military cultures, Code of
 Maintain peace and order and take all necessary steps to ensure Ethics, and Standard of Professional conduct comparable to the
public safety; civilian police forces of other countries.
 Investigate and prevent crimes, effect the arrest of criminal
offenders, bring offenders to justice, and assist in their THE ANTI-CRIME MACHINERY – Criminal Justice
prosecution. System (CJS)
 Exercise the general powers to make arrest, search and seizure
in accordance with the Constitution and pertinent Laws. Anti-crime strategies, programs for crime prevention and the
 Detain and arrest person for a period not beyond what is like in any society is practically based on an organized criminal
prescribed by law, informing the person so detained of all justice system.
his/her rights under the Constitution;
 Issue licenses for the possession of firearms and explosives in Justice defined
accordance with law;
Justice is “rendering what is due or merited and that which is
 Supervise and control the training and operation of security
due or merited.”
agencies and issue licenses to operate security agencies, and to
According to Mortimer J. Adler, there are two principles of
security guards and private detectives for the practice of their
justice:
profession; and
 Perform such other duties and exercises all other functions as
Render to each his due
may be provided by law. One of these is the Forestry law
Treat equals equally and unequal unequally but in proportion to To investigate, apprehend, prosecute and sentence those who
their inequality. violated the rules of society; and,
To rehabilitate the convicts and reintegrate them into the
Justice, according to the Supreme Court of the Philippines, is community as law-abiding citizens.
symbolically represented by a blindfolded woman, holding
with one hand a sword and with the other a balance. How does the CJS Operate?

What is Criminal Justice System? The first four pillars, i.e., law enforcement, prosecution,
courts, and corrections, pertain to the traditional agencies
The Criminal Justice System (CJS) is the machinery vested with the official responsibility in dealing with crime or
which society uses in the prevention and control of crime. The in crime control. The community pillar is the broadest pillar.
process is the totality of the activities of law enforcers, Under the concept of a participative criminal justice system in
prosecutors, defense lawyers, judges and corrections personnel, the Philippines, public and private agencies, as well as citizens,
as well as those of the mobilized community in crime become a part of the CJS when they become involved in issues
prevention and control. and participate in activities related to crime prevention and
In theory, CJS is an integrated process primarily concerned control.
with apprehension, prosecution, trial, adjudication, and
correction of criminal offenders.
The Police or Law Enforcement Pillar
What are the major components of the CJS?
The first pillar consists mainly of the members of
Police or Law Enforcement Philippine National Police (PNP) and other law enforcement
Prosecution agencies. The work of the PNP is the prevention and control of
Courts crimes, enforcement of laws, and affecting the arrest of
Corrections offenders, including the conduct of lawful searches and
Mobilized Community seizures to gather necessary pieces of evidences so that a
complaint may be filed with the Prosecutor’s Office.
What are the functions of the major components of the
CJS? The Prosecution Pillar

To prevent and control the commission of crime; The second pillar takes care of the investigation of the
To enforce the law; complaint. In the rural areas, the PNP may file the complaint
To safeguard lives, individual rights, and properties; with the inferior courts (i.e. the Municipal Trial Courts or the
Municipal Circuit Trial Courts). The judges of these inferior he committed. He can apply for probation or he could be
courts act as quasi-prosecutors only for the purpose of the turned over to a non-institutional or institutional agency or
preliminary investigation. Once a prima facie case has been facility for custodial treatment and rehabilitation. The offender
determined, the complaint is forwarded to the City or could avail of the benefits of parole or executive clemency
Provincial Prosecutor’s Office which will review the case. once he has served the minimum period of his sentence.
When the complaint has been approved for filing with the When the penalty is imprisonment, the sentence is
Regional Trial Court, a warrant of arrest for the accused will be carried out either in the municipal, provincial or national
issued by the court once the information has been filled. penitentiary depending on the length of the sentence meted out.

The Courts Pillar The Community Pillar

The third pillar of the CJS is the forum where the The fifth pillar has a two-fold role. First, it has the
prosecution is given the opportunity to prove that there is a responsibility to participate in law enforcement activities by
strong evidence of guilt against the accused. It is also in the being partners of the peace officers in reporting the crime
courts that the accused is given his “day in court” to disprove incident, and helping in the arrest of the offender. Second, it
the accusation against him. has the responsibility to participate in the promotion of peace
The Constitutional presumption is the innocence of any and order through crime prevention or deterrence and in the
person accused of a crime unless proved otherwise. This rehabilitation of convicts and their reintegration to society.
means that the courts must determine the guilt of the accused – Rehabilitation takes place when the convict is serving his
beyond reasonable doubt – based on the strength of the sentence. A convict may be paroled or may even be placed on
evidence of the prosecution. probation.
If there is any reasonable doubt that the accused
committed the crime, he has to be acquitted. Under the concept of a participative criminal justice
The Rules of Court, however, provides that the accused system in the Philippines, public and private agencies as well
can be convicted of a lesser crime than the crime he has been as citizens, become a part of the CJS when they participate and
charged with in the information. But the elements of the lesser become involved with issues and activities related to crime
offense should be necessarily included in the offense charged, prevention. Thus, citizen-based crime prevention groups
and such lesser crime was proven by competent evidence. become part of the CJS within the framework of their
involvement in crime prevention activities and in the
The Corrections Pillar reintegration of the convict who shall be released from the
corrections pillar into the mainstream of society.
The fourth pillar takes over once the accused, after
having been found guilty, is meted out the penalty for the crime POLICE OPERATIONAL PLANNING
What is a Plan? Police Planning is an attempt by police administrators in
trying to allocate anticipated resources to meet anticipated
A plan is an organize schedule or sequence by methodical service demands. It is the systematic and orderly determination
activities intended to attain a goal and objectives for the of facts and events as basis for policy formulation and decision
accomplishments of mission or assignment. It is a method or affecting law enforcement management.
way of doing something in order to attain objectives. Plan
provides answer to 5W’s and 1 H. What is Operational Planning?

What is Planning? Operational Planning is the use of a rational design or pattern

for all departmental undertakings rather than relying on chance
Planning is a management function concerned with visualizing in an operational environment. It is the preparation and
future situations, making estimates concerning them, development of procedures and techniques in accomplishing of
identifying issues, needs and potential danger points, analyzing each of the primary tasks and functions of an organization.
and evaluating the alternative ways and means for reaching
desired goals according to a certain schedule, estimating the What is Police Operational Planning?
necessary funds and resources to do the work, and initiating
action in time to prepare what may be needed to cope with the Police Operational Planning is the act of determining policies
changing conditions and contingent events. and guidelines for police activities and operations and
providing controls and safeguards for such activities and
Planning is also the process of preparing for change and operations in the department. It may also be the process of
coping with uncertainty formulating future causes of action; the formulating coordinated sequence of methodical activities and
process of determining the problem of the organization and allocation of resources to the line units of the police
coming up with proposed resolutions and finding best organization for the attainment of the mandated objectives or
solutions. goals.

The process of combining all aspects of the department and the Objectives are a specific commitment to achieve a measurable
realistic anticipation of future problems, the analysis of result within a specific period of time. Goals are general
strategy and the correlation of strategy to detail. statement of intention and typically with time horizon, or it is
The conceptual idea of doing something to attain a goal or an achievable end state that can be measured and observed.
objective. Making choices about goals is one of the most important
aspects of planning. Relate this definitions with their
What is Police Planning? description as defined in chapter one.
The process of police operational planning involves strategies TASK 2 - Diagnose Environmental Threats and Opportunities
or tactics, procedures, policies or guidelines. A Strategy is a TASK 3 - Assess Organizational Strengths and Weaknesses
broad design or method; or a plan to attain a stated goal or TASK 4 - Generate Alternative Strategies
objectives. Tactics are specific design, method or course of TASK 5 - Develop Strategic Plan
action to attain a particular objective in consonance with TASK 6 - Develop Tactical Plan
strategy. Procedures are sequences of activities to reach a point TASK 7 - Assess Results of Strategic And Tactical Plan
or to attain what is desired. A policy is a product of prudence or TASK 8 - Repeat Planning Process
wisdom in the management of human affairs, or policy is a
course of action which could be a program of actions adopted In the process, the police administrator can use the potent tool
by an individual, group, organization, or government, or the set of alternatives. Alternatives (options) are means by which
of principles on which they are based. Guidelines are rules of goals and objectives can be attained. They maybe policies,
action for the rank and file to show them how they are expected strategies or specific actions aimed at eliminating a problem.
to obtain the desired effect. Alternatives do not have to be substitutes for one another or
should perform the same function. For example, our goal is to
STRATEGIC PLANNING “improve officer-survival skills.” The plan is to train the
officers on militaristic and combat shooting. The alternatives
Strategic Planning is a series of preliminary decisions on a could be:
framework, which in turn guides subsequent decisions that
generate the nature and direction of an organization. This is Alternative 1 - modify police vehicles
usually long ranged in nature. The reasons for Strategic Alternative 2 - issuing bulletproof vests
Planning are: Alternative 3 - utilizing computer assisted dispatch system
Alternative 4 - increasing first-line supervision, etc
VISION - A vision of what a police department should be.
LONG-RANGE THINKING - Keeping in mind that strategy is FUNDAMENTALS OF POLICE PLANNING
deciding where we want to be
STRATEGIC FOCUS What are the Objectives of Police Planning?
CONGRUENCE
A STRATEGIC RESPONSE TO CHANGE To increase the chances of success by focusing on results and
A STRATEGIC FRAMEWORK not so much on the objectives.
To force analytical thinking and evaluation of alternatives for
What is the Strategic Planning process? better decisions.
To establish a framework for decision making consistent with
TASK 1 - Develop Mission and Objectives the goal of the organization.
To orient people to action instead of reaction. Where to do – place
To modify the day-to-day style of operation to future Who will do – people involve
management. How to do – strategy
To provide decision making with flexibility.
To provide basis for measuring original accomplishments or What are the approaches in Police Planning?
individual performance.
What can be expected in planning? A variety of approaches are employed in the planning
processes. Each is unique and can be understood as a method
Improve analysis of problems of operationalizing the word planning. There are basically five
Provide better information for decision-making major approaches to planning which are:
Help to clarify goals, objectives, priorities
Result is more effective allocation of resources Synoptic Approach
Improve inter-and intradepartmental cooperation and Incremental Approach
coordination Transactive Approach
Improve the performance of programs Advocacy Approach
Give the police department a clear sense of direction Radical Approach
Provide the opportunity for greater public support
What is Synoptic Planning?
What are the characteristics of a good police plan?
Synoptic planning or the rational comprehensive
With clearly defined Objectives or Goals. approach is the dominant tradition in planning. It is also the
Simplicity, Directness and Clarity point of departure for most other planning approaches.
Flexibility
Possibility of Attainment This model is based on a problem-oriented approach to
Must provide Standards of Operation planning especially appropriate for police agencies. It relies
Economy in terms of Resources needed for implementation heavily on the problem identification and analysis of the
planning process. It can assist police administrators in
What are the guidelines in Planning? formulating goals and priorities in terms that are focused on
The five (5) W’s and one (1) H specific problems and solutions that often confront law
enforcement.
What to do – mission/objective
Why to do – reason/philosophy
When to do – date/time
Steps in Synoptic Planning that the police departments are problem oriented, choices about
goals and objectives should adhere to the synoptic model.
Prepare for Planning - The task of planning should be detailed
in a work chart that specifies (a) what events and actions are Identify alternative course of action – As stated earlier,
necessary, (b) when they must take place, (c) who is to be alternatives are means by which goals and objectives can be
involved in each action and for how long, and (d) how the attained. These are options or possible things to be done in
various actions will interlock with one another. case the main or original plan is not applicable.

Describe the present situation - Planning must have a mean for Select preferred alternatives – there are three techniques to
evaluation. Without an accurate beginning database there is no select alternative:
reference point on which to formulate success or failure.
Strategic Analysis – this includes the study on the courses of
Develop projections and consider alternative future states - actions; suitability studies; feasibility studies; acceptability
Projections should be written with an attempt to link the studies; and judgment.
current situation with the future, keeping in mind the desirable
outcomes. It is important for the police executive to project the Suitability – each course of action is evaluated in accordance
current situations into the future to determine possible, with general policies, rules and laws. Feasibility - these
probable and desirable future states while considering the include the appraisal of the effects of a number of factors
social, legislative, and political trends existing in the weighed separately and together. Acceptability – those judged
community. to be suitable and feasible are then analyzed in acceptability
studies.
Identify and analyze problems - The discovery of the problems
assumes that a system to monitor and evaluate the current arena Cost-effectiveness Analysis - This technique is sometimes
is already on place. Closely related to the detection and called cost-benefit or cost performance analysis. The purpose
identification of issues is the ability of the police to define the of this form of selection is that the alternative chosen should
nature of the problem, that is to able to describe the maximize the ratio of benefit to cost.
magnitude, cause, duration, and the expense of the issues at
hand. A complete understanding of the problem leads to the Must-wants Analysis – This method of selecting a preferred
development of the means to deal with the issues. course of action combines the strengths of both strategic and
cost effectiveness analysis. Must wants analysis is concerned
Set goals - Making choices about goals is one of the most with both the subjective weights of suitability, feasibility, and
important aspects of planning. It makes no sense to establish a acceptability and the objectives weights of cost versus benefits.
goal that does not address a specific problem. Remembering
Plan and carryout implementation - The police administrator Transactive planning is carried out in face-to-face
must be aware that the implementation requires a great deal of interaction with the people who are to be affected by the plan
tact and skill. It maybe more important how an alternative is and not to an anonymous target community of beneficiaries.
introduced to a police department than what actually is. Techniques include field surveys and interpersonal dialogue
marked by a process of mutual learning.
Monitor and evaluate progress - Evaluation requires
comparing what actually happened with what was planned for- What is Advocacy Planning?
and this may not be a simple undertaking. Feedback must be
obtained concerning the results of the planning cycle, the Beneficial aspects of this approach include a greater
efficiency of the implementation process, and the effectiveness sensitivity to the unintended and negative side effects of plans.
of new procedures, projects or programs. This is an important
step of synoptic planning, trying to figure out what, if anything What is Radical Planning?
happened as a result of implementing a selected alternative.
The first mainstream involves collective actions to
Summation of the synoptic planning approach – This can be achieve concrete results in the immediate future. The second
done by making a summary of the presentation, could be mainstream is critical of large-scale social processes and how
tabular or other forms of presentation. they permeate the character of social and economic life at all
levels, which, in turn, determine the structure and evolution of
Repeat the Planning Process – repetition of the process of social problems.
planning enables the planner to thresh out possible flaws in the
plan. CONSIDERATIONS IN POLICE PLANNING

What is Incremental Planning? 1. Primary Doctrines

Incrementalism concludes that long range and Fundamental Doctrines – These are the basic principles in
comprehensive planning are not only too difficult, but planning, organization and management of the PNP in support
inherently bad. The problems are seen as too difficult when of the overall pursuits of the PNP Vision, mission and strategic
they are grouped together and easier to solve when they are action plan of the attainment of the national objectives.
taken one at a time and broken down into gradual adjustments Operational Doctrines – These are the principles and rules
over time. governing the planning, organization and direction and
employment of the PNP forces in the accomplishment of basic
What is Transactive Planning? security operational mission in the maintenance of peace and
order, crime prevention and suppression, internal security and Authority – The right to exercise, to decide, and to command
public safety operation. by virtue of rank and position.
Functional Doctrines – These provide guidance for specialized Doctrine – It provides for the organizations objectives. It
activities of the PNP in the broad field of interest such as provides the various actions. Hence, policies, procedures, rules
personnel, intelligence, operations, logistics, planning, etc. and regulations of the organization are based on the statement
of doctrines.
Cooperation or Coordination
Discipline – It is imposed by command or self-restraint to
insure supportive behavior.
2. Secondary Doctrines
Classifications of Police Plan
Complimentary Doctrines – Formulated jointly by two or more
bureaus in order to effect a certain operation with regard to According to coverage: Police Plans could be Local Plans
public safety and peace and order. These essentially involve the (within police precincts, sub-stations, and stations), Regional
participation of the other bureaus of the Bureau of Jail Plans, and National Plans.
Management and Penology (BJMP), Bureau of Fire Protection
(BFP), Philippine Public Safety College (PPSC), National According to Time: Police Plans are classified as:
Bureau of Investigation (NBI) and other law enforcement
agencies. Strategic or Long Range Plan – It relates to plans which are
strategic or long range in application, and it determine the
Ethical Doctrines – These define the fundamental principles organization’s original goals and strategy.
governing the rules of conduct, attitude, behavior and ethical
norm of the PNP. Example: Police Action Plan on the Strategy DREAMS and
Program P-O-L-I-C-E 2000, Three Point Agenda, and
3. The Principles of Police Organization GLORIA (These are discussed on the latter part of this
Chapter).
The principles of organization are presented in chapter three.
These principles are considered in police planning in order not Intermediate or Medium Range Planning – It relates to plans,
to violate them but rather for the effective and efficient which determine quantity and quality efforts and
development of police plans. accomplishments. It refers to the process of determining the
contribution on efforts that can make or provide with allocated
4. The Four (4) Primal Conditions of the Police Organization resources.
Example: 6 Masters Plans:
Master Plan Sandigan-Milenyo (Anti-Crime Master Plan) OPLAN BANTAY DALAMPASIGAN that sets forth the
Master Plan Sandugo (Support to Internal Security Operations operational guidelines on the heightened security measures and
Master Plan) sea borne security patrols. 
Master Plan Banat (Anti-Illegal Drugs Master Plan)
Master Plan Sang-ingat (Security Operations Master Plan) TYPES OF PLANS in general
Master Plan Saklolo (Disaster Management Master Plan)
Sangyaman (protection and Preservation of Environment, Reactive Plans are developed as a result of crisis. A particular
Cultural Properties, and Natural Resources Master Plan) problem may occur for which the department has no plan and
must quickly develop one, sometimes without careful
Operational or Short Range Planning - Refers to the preparation.
production of plans, which determine the schedule of special Proactive Plans are developed in anticipation of problems.
activity and are applicable from one week or less than year Although not all police problems are predictable, many are,
duration. Plan that addresses immediate need which are and it is possible for a police department to prepare a response
specific and how it can be accomplished on time with available in advance.
allocated resources. Visionary Plans are essential statements that identify the role of
the police in the community and a future condition or state to
Examples of OPLANS which the department can aspire. A vision may also include a
statement of values to be used to guide the decision making
Oplan Jumbo – Aviation Security Group Strategic Plan against process in the department.
terrorist attacks Strategic Plans are designed to meet the long-range, overall
goals of the organization. Such plans allow the department to
Oplan Salikop – Criminal Investigation and Detection Group adapt to anticipated changes or develop a new philosophy or
(CIDG) Strategic Plan against Organized Crime Groups model of policing (e.g. community policing). One of the most
important aspects of strategic planning is to focus on external
LOI PAGPAPALA is the entry point in the conceptualization environmental factors that affect the goals and objectives of the
of the PNP Pastoral Program for the next five years with a department and how they will be achieved. Important
Total Human Development Approach (THD Approach). environmental factors include personnel needs, population
trends, technological innovations, business trends and demand,
The TMG through its "OPLAN DISIPLINA" that resulted in crime problems, and community attitudes.
the apprehension of 110,975 persons, the confiscation of 470 Operational Plans are designed to meet the specific tasks
unlawfully attached gadgets to vehicles, and rendering various required to implement strategic plans. There are four types of
forms of motorists’ assistance. operational plan:
 Policy and Procedural Plans – to properly achieve the
1. Standing Plans provide the basic framework for responding administrative planning responsibility within in the unit, the
to organizational problems. The organizational vision and Commander shall develop unit plans relating to: (a) policies or
values, strategic statement, policies, procedures, and rules and procedure; (b) tactics; (c) operations; (d) extra-office activities;
regulations are examples of standing plans. Standing plans also and (e) management.
include guidelines for responding to different types of
incidents; for example, a civil disturbance, hostage situation, Further, standard-operating procedures shall be planned
crime in progress, and felony car stops. to guide members in routine and field operations and in some
special operations in accordance with the following
2. Functional Plans include the framework for the operation of procedures:
the major functional units in the organization, such as patrol
and investigations. It also includes the design of the structure, Field Procedure – Procedures intended to be used in all
how different functions and units are to relate and coordinate situations of all kinds shall be outlined as a guide to officers
activities, and how resources are to be allocated. and men in the field. Examples of these procedures are those
related to reporting, to dispatching, to raids, arrest, stopping
3. Operational-efficiency, effectiveness, and productivity plans suspicious persons, receiving complaints, touring beats, and
are essentially the measures or comparisons to be used to investigation of crimes. The use of physical force and clubs,
assess police activities and behavior (outputs) and results restraining devices, firearms, tear gas and the like shall, in
(outcomes). If one of the goals of the police department is to dealing with groups or individuals, shall also be outlined.
reduce the crime rate, any change that occurs can be compared Headquarters Procedures – Included in these procedures are
to past crime rates in the same community or crime in other the duties of the dispatcher, jailer, matron, and other personnel
communities, a state, or the nation. If the crime rates were concerned which may be reflected in the duty manual.
reduced while holding or reducing costs, it would reflect an Procedures that involve coordinated action on activity of
improvement not only in effectiveness but also in departmental several offices, however, shall be established separately as in
productivity. the case of using telephone for local or long distance calls, the
4. Time-specific Plans are concerned with a specific purpose radio teletype, and other similar devices.
and conclude when an objective is accomplished or a problem Special Operation Procedures – Certain special operations
is solved. Specific police programs or projects such as drug also necessitate the preparation of procedures as guides.
crackdown, crime prevention program, and neighborhood Included are the operation of the special unit charged with the
clean-up campaign are good examples of time-specific plans. searching and preservation of physical evidence at the crime
scenes and accidents, the control of licenses, dissemination of
KINDS OF POLICE PLANS information about wanted persons, inspection of the PNP
headquarters, and the like.
Tactical Plans – These are the procedures for coping with Regular Operating Programs – These operating divisions/units
specific situations at known locations. Included in this shall have specific plans to meet current needs. The manpower
category are plans for dealing with an attack against buildings shall be distributed throughout the hours of operation and
with alarm systems and an attack against the PNP headquarters throughout the area of jurisdiction in proportion to need.
by lawless elements. Plans shall be likewise be made for Assignments schedules shall be prepared that integrate such
blockade and jail emergencies and for special community factors as relief days, lunch periods, hours, nature, and location
events, such as longer public meetings, athletic contests, of regular work. Plans shall assure suitable supervision, which
parades, religious activities, carnivals, strikes, demonstrations, become difficult when the regular assignment is integrated to
and other street affairs. deal with this short time periodic needs.
Operational Plans – These are plans for the operations of Meeting unusual needs – The unusual need may arise in any
special divisions like the patrol, detective, traffic, fire and field of police activity and is nearly always met in the
juvenile control divisions. Operational plans shall be prepared detective, vice, and juvenile divisions by temporary
to accomplish each of the primary police tasks. For example, readjustment of regular assignment.
patrol activities must be planned, the force must be distributed
among the shifts and territorially among beats, in proportion to Extra-office Plans – The active interest and the participation
the needs of the service, and special details must be planned to of individual citizen is so vital to the success of the PNP
meet unexpected needs. Likewise in the crime prevention and programs that the PNP shall continuously seek to motivate,
in traffic, juvenile and vice control, campaigns must be planned promote, and maintain an active public concern in its affairs.
and assignments made to assure the accomplishment of the These are plans made to organize the community to assist in
police purpose in meeting both average and regular needs. the accomplishment of objectives in the fields of traffic control,
Each division or unit has primary responsibility to plan organized crime, and juvenile delinquency prevention. The
operations in its field and also to execute the plans, either by its organizations may be called safety councils for crime
own personnel or, as staff agency, by utilizing members of the commissions and community councils for the delinquency
other divisions. prevention. They shall assist in coordinating community effort,
in promoting public support, and in combating organized
Plans for operations of special division consist of two types, crime. Organization and operating plans for civil defense shall
namely: (1) those designed to meet everyday, year-round also be prepared or used in case of emergency or war in
needs, which are the regular operating program of the coordination with the office of the Civil Defense.
divisions; and (2) those designed to meet unusual needs, the
result of intermittent and usually unexpected variations in Management Plans – Plans of management shall map out in
activities that demand their attention. advance all operations involved in the organization
management of personnel and material and in the procurement
and disbursement of money, such as the following:
 Field Operations shall be directed by the police commander
Budget Planning – Present and future money needs for and the subordinate commanders and the same shall be aimed
personnel, equipment, and capital investments must be at the accomplishment of the following primary tasks more
estimated. Plans for supporting budget request must be made if effectively and economically:
needed appropriations are to be obtained. Patrol – The patrol force shall accomplish the primary
Accounting Procedures – Procedures shall be established and responsibility of safeguarding the community through the
expenditure reports be provided to assist in making protection of persons and property, the preservation of the
administrative decisions and in holding expenditures within the peace, the prevention of crime, the suppression of criminal
appropriations. activities, the apprehension of criminals, the enforcement of
Specifications and Purchasing Procedures – Specifications laws and ordinances and regulations of conduct, and
shall be drawn for equipment and supplies. Purchasing performing necessary service and inspections.
procedures shall likewise be established to insure the checking Investigation – The basic purpose of the investigation division
of deliveries against specifications of orders. Plans and unit shall be to investigate certain designated crimes and clear
specifications shall be drafted for new building and for them by the recovery of stolen property and the arrest and
remodeling old ones. conviction of the perpetrators. To this end, the investigation
Personnel – Procedures shall be established to assure the division shall supervise the investigation made by patrolman
carrying out of personnel programs and the allocation of and undertake additional investigation as may be necessary of
personnel among the component organizational units in all felonies.
proportions need. Traffic Patrol – Police control of streets or highways, vehicles,
Organization – A basic organizational plan of the and people shall facilitate the safe and rapid movement of
command/unit shall be made and be posted for the guidance of vehicles and pedestrians. To this end, the inconvenience,
the force. For the organization to be meaningful, it shall be dangers and economic losses that arise from this moment,
accompanied by the duty manual which shall define congestion, delays, stopping and parking of vehicles must be
relationships between the component units in terms of specific lessened. Control of traffic shall be accomplished in three (3)
responsibilities. The duty manual incorporates rules and ways:
regulations and shall contain the following: definition of terms, Causes of accidents and congestion shall be discovered, facts
organization of rank, and the like, provided the same shall not gathered and analyzed for this purpose;
be in conflict with this manual. Causes shall be remedied, charges shall be made in physical
condition that create hazards, and legislation shall be enacted to
regulated drivers and pedestrians; and
FIELD OPERATIONS: How planning affects them? The public shall be educated in the provisions of traffic and
ordinances. Motorists and pedestrians shall be trained in
satisfactory movement habits, and compliance with regulations
shall be obtained by enforcement. The police shall initiate SOP #02 – BANTAY KALYE - This SOP prescribes the
action and coordinate the efforts of the agencies that are deployment of 85% of the PNP in the field to increase police
concerned in the activities. visibility and intensifies anti-crime campaign nationwide.
Vice Control – It shall be the determined stand of the PNP in SOP #03 – SIYASAT - This SOP prescribes the guidelines in
the control of vices to treat vice offenses as they shall do to any the conduct of inspections to ensure police visibility.
violation, and to exert efforts to eliminate them, as there SOP #4 – REACT 166 - REACT 166 was launched in 1992 as
attempt to eliminate robbery, theft, and public disturbance. the people’s direct link to the police to receive public calls for
Control of vice, shall be based on law rather than on moral assistance and complaints for prompt action by police
precepts, and intensive operations shall be directed toward their authorities. This SOP prescribes the procedures in detail of
elimination. A primary interest in vice control results from the Duty Officers, Telephone Operators and Radio Operators for
close coordination between vice and criminal activities. REACT 166; and their term of duty and responsibilities.
Constant raids of known vice dens shall be undertaken. SOP #5 – LIGTAS (ANTI-KIDNAPPING) - With the creation
Juvenile Delinquency Control – Effective crime control of the Presidential Anti-Organization Crime Task Force
necessitates preventing the development of individuals as (PAOCTF), the PNP is now in support role in campaign
criminals. The police commander shall recognize a need for against kidnapping in terms of personnel requirements. SOP #5
preventing crime or correcting conditions that induce sets forth the PNP’s guidelines in its fight against kidnapping
criminality and by rehabilitating the delinquent. activities.
SOP #6 – ANTI-CARNAPPING - This SOP prescribes the
STANDARD OPERATING PROCEDURES (SOPs) conduct of an all-out and sustained anti carnapping campaign
to stop/minimize carnapping activities, neutralize syndicated
Standard Operating Procedures or SOPs are products of police carnapping groups, identify/prosecute government personnel
operational planning adopted by the police organization to involved in carnapping activities, and to effectively address
guide the police officers in the conduct of their duties and other criminal activities related to car napping.
functions, especially during field operations. SOP #7 – ANTI-TERRORISM - This prescribes the
operational guidelines in the conduct of operations against
The following are Police Security Service Package of the terrorists and other lawless elements involved in terrorist
PNP with the following standard operating procedures and activities.
guidelines: SOP #8 – JOINT ANTI-BANK ROBBERY ACTION
SOP #01 – POLICE BEAT PATROL PROCEDURES - This COMMITTEE (ANTI-BANK ROBBERY) - This SOP
SOP prescribes the basic procedures to be observed by all PNP provides overall planning, integration, orchestration or
Units and mobile patrol elements in the conduct of visibility coordination, and monitoring of all efforts to ensure the
patrols. successful implementation.
SOP #9 – ANTI-HIJACKING/HIGHWAY ROBBERY - This SOP #17 – GUIDELINES IN THE CONDUCT OF ARREST,
SOP sets forth the guidelines and concepts of operations to be SEARCH, AND SEIZURE -This SOP prescribes the
observed in the conduct of anti-highway procedures and manner of conducting an arrest, raid, search
robbery/hold-up/hijacking operations. and/or search of person, search of any premises and the seizure
SOP #10 – PAGLALANSAG/PAGAAYOS-HOPE - This SOP of properties pursuant to the 1987 Philippine Constitution,
sets forth the concept of operations and tasks of all concerned Rules of Court, as amended and updated decision of the
units in the campaign against Partisan Armed Groups and loose Supreme Court.
fire. SOP #18 – SCHEMATIC DIAGRAM OF SANDIGAN
SOP # 11 – MANHUNT BRAVO (NEUTRALIZATION OF MASTER PLAN
WANTED PERSONS) - This SOP sets forth the objectives and SOP #19 – ANTI-ILLEGAL LOGGING
concept of operation tasks of all concerned units in the SOP #20 – ANTI-ILLEGAL FISHING
neutralization of wanted persons. SOP #21 – ANTI-ILLEGAL DRUGS
SOP #12 – ANTI-ILLEGAL GAMBLING - This SOP sets
forth the operational thrusts to be undertaken by the PNP that DISASTER AND EMERGENCY PLANNING
will spearhead the fight against all forms of illegal gambling
nationwide. Emergency and disaster planning is one of the most
SOP #13 – ANTI-SQUATTING - This SOP sets forth the important interrelated function in a security system. It is
concept of operation in the campaign against professional important in any organization as physical security, fire
squatters and squatting syndicates. protection, guard forces, security of documents and personnel
SOP #14 – JERICHO - This SOP prescribes the operational security.
guidelines to be undertaken by the National Headquarter
(NHQ) of PNP in the establishment of a quick reaction group Emergency and disaster planning refers to the
that can be detailed with the office of the Secretary of Interior preparation in advance of protective and safety measures for
and Local Government (SILG), with personnel and equipment unforeseen events resulting from natural and human actions.
requirements of that reaction group supported by the PNP.
SOP #15 – NENA (ANTI-PROSTITUTION/VAGRANCY) - Disaster plans outline the actions to be taken by those
This SOP sets forth the operational thrusts to be undertaken by designated for specific job. This will result in expeditious and
the PNP that will spearhead the fight against prostitution and orderly execution of relief and assistance to protect properties
vagrancy. and lives. These plans must also be rehearsed so that when the
SOP #16 – ANTI-PORNOGRAPHY - This prescribes the bell ring, there will be speed and not haste in the execution.
guidelines to be followed by tasked PNP Units/Offices in Speed is the accurate accomplishment of a plan as per
enforcing the ban on pornographic pictures, videos and schedule, while haste is doing a job quickly with errors. Plans
magazines. therefore must be made when any or all of the emergencies
arise. Those plans, being special in nature, must be prepared Equipping the crisis center
with people whose expertise in their respective field is legion Testing contingency plans and emergency procedures
together with the coordination and help of management, Dealing with the media
security force, law enforcement agencies, and selected Dealing with victims and their families
employees. Dealing with other affected person (such as employees)
Getting the organization’s normal work done
Planning is necessary to meet disaster and emergency Returning to normal after the crisis
conditions and it must be continuing and duly supported by
management. One aspect of the plans will be to consider Plan Checklist
recovery measures to be undertaken by the organization. Being Identify the type of crisis/disaster/induced catastrophe
prepared for the eventuality gives better chances of protection Identify which operation, facility, personnel at risk
and eventual recovery than those not prepared. Without Prioritize accordingly
planning, the emergency or disaster can become catastrophic. Determine effects of emergencies in the operation
With a good, suitable plan to follow, the unusual becomes Identify broad categories that must be addressed in your
ordinary, hence, the mental preparedness for easy survival and contingency planning
recovery. Review existing emergency plans to identify gaps
Consider the environment with in which your emergency plans
Understanding Disaster will be implemented.

A DISASTER is a sudden, unforeseen, extraordinary Assessing the Risk

occurrence. It can be considered as an EMERGENCY but an Pro-crisis Actions - “The planning process begins with an
emergency may not always be a disaster. understanding of the situation and recognition that a number
of policy decisions must be made before the actual planning
An EMERGENCY falls into 2 broad categories: can begin.”; “Many emergencies can be prevented completely
with adequate thought and action. Others can be anticipated –
(Man-made Crisis) often by doing nothing but mere common sense. REMEMBER!
Commonalities: It was not raining when NOAH build the ark.”

Deciding Policy Checklist for a Disaster Action Plan

Assessing Threat
Identifying Resources Identify the type of disaster occurred in the area
Selecting crisis team personnel Identify those that could affect your operation in the area
Locating crisis management center Determine which scenarios are plausible
Survey your physical facilities and operating procedures to
determine preparedness Disaster team leadership is vested in one person, who should
Survey surrounding area to determine if there are operations or designate an alternate capable of acting independently in his or
facilities near which might create emergencies her absence.
Establish a liaison with law enforcement agencies and
emergency response groups One of the team leader’s primary tasks is to ensure that control
Know where to get help, how to get help, and what help you is maintained over the team’s activities, information flow, and
can expect the implementation of decisions and organizational policies.
Know who currently has authority to make key decisions with For these reason, the team leader should be a person who has
in your organization and who control access to decision makers demostarted ability to function under pressure, must have
in an emergency sufficient authority to make on the spot decisions with in the
Review emergency procedures, its completeness and accuracy framework of overall organization’s policy, access to decision
makers when required, and the ability to recognize which
decisions to make independently and which to refer to upper
Checklist for Reviewing Policies, Procedures, and Plans management.

Compile and review your organization”s policies on various Disaster Action Team Members
contingencies before establishing your plans
Ensure that these policies are known throughout the Depending on the size of the organization and the
organization and that they are included in your emergency number of people available, the following team mebers maybe
manuals considered:
Ensure that your procedures and plans are consistent with your
organization’s established policies and goals Team leader/ Alternate
Identify appropriate outside consultants and other sources of Executive Assistance
assistance in developing and implementing your plans and Public Affairs
procedures Liaison Officers
Ensure that appropriate personnel have any security clearances (for family/victim/government/International)
or background cheks which might be required Administrative Support
Establish a viable record-keeping system and procedures to Communications Specialist
ensure they are followed Legal Specialist
Organizing Disaster Management Team Medical and Relief Operations Officer
Financial Specialist
Disaster Team Leadership
Each disaster team member must be oriented and trained on Try to anticipate future consequences
their respective role and the functional requirements for Control stress of team members
disaster management. Ensure log maintenance

Disaster Action Team Duties On Post Event (After the Incident)

On Pre-event Evaluate effectiveness of plans

Evaluate adequacy of procedures
Supervise the formulation of policies Debrief personnel
Ensure the development of procedures Evaluate equipment and training used
Participate in preparing plans Revise plans and procedures in the light of new experience
Oversee and participate in exercise of plans Reward personnel as appropriate
Select crisis management/disaster center Assist victims as appropriate
Participate in personnel training Document events
Review preparation of materials Prepare after-action reports
Delegate authority Arrange an orderly transition to normal conditions
Brief personnel Retain archives
Ensure the assembly of supplies
Ensure preparation of rest, food, medical areas The chain of events during a disaster is simplified as follows:

During the Event Security receives initial report of emergency

Security notifies Disaster Team Leader
Establish shift schedules immediately Team leader decides if immediate action is required
Delegate tasks If action is required, he notifies the other team members to
Focus on underlying problem convene at the crisis management center
Maintain control Initial liason established and actions taken: create log, contact
Follow organizational policies of family, employees involved, government or law
Use prepared procedures enforcement liaison contacts, prepare contingency press
Innovate as needed guidance, others.
Ensure that information is shared with the entire team Respond to event
Review all press release and public statements
Double check or confirm informations if possible Crowd Control and Riot Prevention
Aid victim and their families
Background some common purpose that may give them at least one thing in
common.
Riot, in general is an offense against the public peace. It is Mob – A mob takes on the semblance of organization
interpreted as a tumultuous disturbance by several persons who with some common motive for action, such as revenge for a
have unlawfully assembled to assist one another, by the use of crime committed on the scene where the crowd assembled, an
force if necessary, against anyone opposing them in the aggravated fight, or a confrontation with the police. At times
execution of some enterprise of a private nature; and who like this, there is already a strong feeling of togetherness (“we
execute such enterprise in a violent manner, to the terror of the are one” attitude).
people. Riot – It is a violent confusion in a crowd. Once a mob
started to become violent, it becomes a riot.
Under the law, it is punishable for any organizer or leader of
any meeting attended by armed persons for the purpose of What is the Role of Planning in Crowd Control or Riot
committing any of the crimes punishable under the Revised Prevention?
Penal Code, or any meeting in which the audience is incited to
the commission of the crimes of treason, rebellion or A sound organizational planning, training, logistical support
insurrection, sedition or assault upon a person in authority or and a high departmental morale are the essential success
his agents (Art. 146, RPC). It is also punishable for any person elements in modern counter-riot operations.
who shall cause any serious disturbance in a public place,
office, or establishment, or shall interrupt or disturb public The control of violent civil disorder involving large segments
functions or gatherings or peaceful meetings (Art 153, RPC). of the population, especially in congested urban areas, requires
a disciplined, aggressive police counter-action which at the
Some Basic Definition of Terms same time adheres to the basic law enforcement precepts. This
is done through effective police operational planning.
Tumultuous – The disturbance or interruption shall be
deemed tumultuous if caused by more than three persons who Through planning, the law violators can be arrested and
are armed or provided with means of violence. processed with in the existing legal frameworks by the exercise
Outcry – The means to shout subversive or proactive of reasonable force. Without an immediate decisive police
words tending to stir up the people to obtain by means of force action, the continually recurring conditions of civil unrest and
or violence. lawlessness could quickly evolve into a full-scale riot. Police
Crowd – It consists of a body of individual people with planning could provide the best police reaction and order can
no organization, no single partnership. Each individual’s be restored with a minimum of property damage and injury.
behavior is fairly controlled and ruled by reason. All the
participants have been thrown by circumstance into a crowd for
What are the Police Purpose and Objectives in Anti-Riot What are the Basic Procedures in Anti-Riot Operations?
Operations?
Assess the Situation
Containment – Unlawful assembly and riot are as contagious determine whether the original purpose of the gathering was
as a plague unless they are quarantined from the unaffected lawful or not
areas of the community. In here, all persons who are at the determine also the lawfulness at the time of arrival at the scene
scene should be advised to leave the area, thereby reducing the assess their attitude, emotional state, and their general
number of potential anti-police combatants. condition
determine any state of intoxication and other conditions that
Dispersal – The crowd of unlawful assembly or riot may lead to violence
should be dispersed at once. It may appear at first to be a legal identify the cause of the problem
assembly but the nature of the assembly at the time of the locate and identify leaders or agitators
arrival of the police may clearly distinguish it as being
unlawful. Once it is determined, the responsibility of the police Survey the Scene
to command the people to disperse. Crowd control formations determine as soon as possible the best position of the command
may be done if necessary to expedite their movements. post
locate the best vintage point for observations
Prevention of Entry or Reentry- The police have to consider geographical factors such as natural barriers,
protect the area once the people have been moved out or buildings, and weather condition
dissipated into smaller groups to prevent them from returning. note the best method of approach
Enforce quarantine by not allowing the group to resume their
actions. Communicate
report on your assessment, keeping your assessment brief but
Arrest Violators – One of the first acts of the police concise, giving your superior the sufficient data with which to
upon arrival at the scene of the disturbance is to locate and proceed for plans of action
isolate individuals who are inciting the crowd to violate or ask for assistance or help from the command post hence remain
fragrantly violating the law. Prevent any attempt by the crowd close to the radio as possible until additional units arrived or to
or mob to rescue those arrested by enforcing total quarantine. communicate new developments

Establish Priorities – Depending upon the Maintain a Watchful Waiting

circumstances, it is always necessary to establish priorities. make your presence known to the people in the vicinity
Assessing the situation to determine the nature of assistance if the crowd is too much to handle, stay near the command post
and number of men needed is part of the planning process. and wait for additional support units
use radio or other means of communications to call for
assistance  Preplanning must be high on the agenda whenever the
make preparations for decisive police action. department anticipates any disorder or major disturbance.
 Meet with responsible leaders at the scene and express your
Concentrate on Rescue and Self-Defense concern for assuring them their constitutional guarantees.
take care of the immediate needs of the situation until help Request them to disperse the crowd before attempting to take
arrives police action.
apply first aid to injured people and self protection must be  Maintain order and attempt to quell the disturbance without
considered attempting to punish any of the violators.
remember the primary objective of protecting lives, property  Use only the force that is necessary but take positive and
and the restoration of order decisive action.
 Post the quarantine area with signs and barricades, if necessary.
Maintain an Open Line of Communication  Keep the traffic lane open for emergency and support vehicle.
keep the dispatcher advised on the progress of the scene
 Consider the fact that most impressive police action at the
continue directing the support units to the scene and the general
scene of any type of major disturbance is the expeditious
perimeter control
removal of the leaders by a well-disciplined squad of officers.
Establish a Command Post
For riot control, consider the following:
follow what is in your contingency plan for civil disturbance
Surprise Offensive – The police action in its initial stages at a
make every officer aware of the command post for proper
riot must be dramatic. The elements of surprise may enhance
coordination
effectiveness of riot control
Security of Information – Plans for action and
Take immediate action for serious violations
communications regarding the movement of personnel and
arrest perpetrators
equipment should be kept confidential
isolate the leaders or agitators from the crowd
Maximum utilization of Force – A show of police force
show full police force strength
should be made in a well-organized manner, compact, and
efficient in a military-type squad formations.
Give the dispersal order
Flexibility of Assignments – Officers and teams should be
disperse the crowd upon order
flexibly assigned to various places where the need is greatest.
anti-riot formations and procedures must be used
Simplicity – Keep the plan as simple as possible and the
use of force necessary for dispersal maybe considered
instructions are direct to avoid mass confusion among the
officers.
What are the General Guidelines in Handling Riot?
What are the Special Problems in Crowd Control and Anti- • Provided further, the RAB and NAB shall decide the
Riot Operations? appeal within 60 days from receipt of the notice of
appeal.
Snipers – Certain psychopathic people may attempt to take PEOPLE’S LAW ENFORCEMENT BOARD
advantage of the mass confusion and excitement at a riot scene • - shall have jurisdiction to hear and decide citizen’s
by taking a concealed position and shooting at people with complaint or cases filed before it against erring officers
some type of weapons, usually rifle. and members of the PNP.
Arsonist – Persons holding torch in their hands are potential • The central receiving entity for all Citizen’s Complaint.
arsonists. They must be taken into custody immediately. WHAT IS A CITIZEN’S COMPLAINT?
Looters – Acts of simple misdemeanor thefts or may consists • It refers to any complaint by a natural or juridical
of robbery of breaking and entering. Take the suspects into person against any member of the PNP.
custody by whatever means are necessary. • NATURAL – refers to any individual person.
• JURIDICAL – refers to any organization, corporation
Disciplinary Board of the NAPOLCOM and institution.
• A. National Appellate Board – shall decide cases on COMPOSITION AND TERM OF OFFICE
appeal from decisions rendered by the PNP Chief and • 1. Any member of the sangguniang panglungsod/bayan
National Internal Affairs Service. chosen by his respective sanggunian
• B. Regional Appellate Board – shall decide cases on • 2. Any Barangay Captain of the city or municipality
appeal from decisions rendered by Regional Directors, concerned chosen by the Association of barangay
Mayors and PLEB. captains.
Finality of Disciplinary Action • 3. Three other members who shall be chosen by the
• The disciplinary action imposed upon a member of the peace and order council from among the respective
PNP shall be final and executory: Provided that a members of the community. 1 whom must be a member
disciplinary action imposed upon the regional director of the Bar or in the absence thereof, a college graduate,
or by the PLEB involving demotion or dismissal from or the principal of the central elementary school in the
service may be appealed to the Regional Appellate locality. The term of office of the members of the
Board within 10 days from receipt of the copy of PLEB shall be a period of 3 years from assumption of
notice of decision. office.
• Likewise on the disciplinary action imposed by the PNP PROCEDURE AT PLEB FOR CITIZEN’S COMPLAINT
Chief shall be appealed to the National Appellate Board • 1. The PLEB, by a majority vote of all its member and
within 10 days after the receipt of the notice of the copy its Chairman shall determine whether or not the
of decision. respondent office or member of the PNP is guilty of the
charge upon which the complaint is filed.
 • 2. Each case shall be decided within 60 days from the • 3. Decisions rendered by the National IAS shall be
time the case has been filed with the PLEB. appealed to the NAB.
• 3. The decisions of the PLEB shall become final and WHAT IS AN ATTRITION SYSTEM?
executory. Provided, that a decision involving demotion • - refers to the retirement or separation from the police
or dismissal from the service may be appealed by either service of the PNP uniformed personnel.
party with the Regional Appellate Board within days • RETIREMENT – refers the termination of
from receipt of the copy of decision. employment and official relations of PNP member who
INTERNAL AFFAIRS SERVICE rendered atleast 20 years of active service in the
• - the administrative Disciplinary Machinery of the PNP. government.
FUNCTIONS OF IAS • SEPARATION – refers to the termination of
• a. Pro-actively conduct inspections and audits on PNP employment and official relations of PNP member who
personnel units. rendered less than 20 years of active service in the
• b. Investigate complaints and gather evidence in government.
support of an open investigation. A. ATTRITION OF MAXIMUM TENURE
• c. Conduct summary hearings on PNP members facing • - refers to the maximum cumulative period for a PNP
administrative charges. member to hold particular position level.
• d. File appropriate criminal charges against PNP • 1. PNP Chief and Deputy Chief – 4 years.
members before the court as evidence warrants and • 2. Regional Director – 6 years
assist in the prosecution of the offense. • 3. Provincial and City Director – 9 years
• - The IAS shall have National, Regional and Provincial Section 30. Retirement or Separation Under the Preceding
Offices. The IAS is headed by a Inspector General Sections. – Any personnel who is dismissed from the PNP
assisted by the Deputy Inspector General. The Inspector pursuant to Sections 25, 26, 27, 28 and 29 hereof shall be
General shall be a civilian in character. retired if he or she has rendered at least twenty (20) years of
• - The area offices shall be headed by a Director. service and separated if he or she has rendered less than twenty
• - The provincial offices shall be headed by (20) years of service unless the personnel is disqualified by law
Superintendent. to receive such benefits.
PROCEDURE AT IAS Section 34.Section 75 of the same Act is hereby amended to
• 1. Decisions rendered by the provincial inspectors shall read as follows:
be forwarded to the area Internal Affairs Service for "SEC. 75. Retirement Benefits. – Monthly retirement pay shall
review within 10 working days upon receipt thereof. be fifty percent (50%) of the base pay and longevity pay of the
• 2. Decision of the area office may be appealed to the retired grade in case of twenty (20) years of active service,
National office through the office of the inspector increasing by two and one-half percent (2.5%) for every year
general. of active service rendered beyond twenty (20) years to a
maximum of ninety percent (90%) for thirty-six (36) years of The PNP is composed of a national headquarter, regional
active service and over: headquarters, provincial headquarters, district headquarters or
Provided, That, the uniformed personnel shall have the option municipal stations. At the national level, the PNP maintains its
to receive in advance and in lump sum his retirement pay for national headquarter in Camp Crame, Metropolitan Manila
the first five (5) years: Provided, further, That payment of the which houses the directorial staff, service staff and special
retirement benefits in lump sum shall be made within six (6) support units.
months from effectivity date of retirement and/or completion: PNP: National in Scope - Civilian in Character
Provided, finally, That retirement pay of the officers/non- Republic Act No. 8551             February 25, 1998
officers of the PNP shall be subject to adjustments based on the This Act shall be known as the "Philippine National Police
prevailing scale of base pay of police personnel in the active Reform and Reorganization Act of 1998".
service." "SEC. 13. Creation and Composition. – A National Police
Commission, hereinafter referred to as the Commission, is
Section 35.Section 73 of the same Act is hereby amended to hereby created for the purpose of effectively discharging the
read as follows: functions prescribed in the Constitution and provided in this
"SEC. 73. Permanent Physical Disability. – An officer or non- Act.
officer who is permanently and totally disabled as a result of "The Commission shall be an agency attached to the
injuries suffered or sickness contracted in the performance of Department for policy and program coordination. It shall be
his duty as duly certified by the National Police Commission composed of a Chairperson, four (4) regular Commissioners,
, upon finding and certification by the appropriate medical and the Chief of PNP as ex-officio member.
officer, that the extent of the disability or sickness renders such Three (3) of the regular commissioners shall come from the
member unfit or unable to further perform the duties of his civilian sector who are neither active nor former members of
position, shall be entitled to one year's salary and to lifetime the police or military, one (1) of whom shall be designated as
pension equivalent to eighty percent (80%) of his last salary, in vice chairperson by the President. The fourth regular
addition to other benefits as provided under existing laws. commissioner shall come from the law enforcement sector
"Should such member who has been retired under permanent either active or retired:
total disability under this section die within five (5) years from Provided, That an active member of a law enforcement agency
his retirement, his surviving legal spouse or if there be none, shall be considered resigned from said agency once appointed
the surviving dependent legitimate children shall be entitled to to the Commission: Provided, further, That at least one (1) of
the pension for the remainder of the five (5) years guaranteed the Commissioners shall be a woman. The Secretary of the
period." Department shall be the ex-officio Chairperson of the
Commission, while the Vice Chairperson shall act as the
THE PHILIPPINE NATIONAL POLICE (PNP) executive officer of the Commission."
ORGANIZATION
General Qualifications for Appointment. – No person shall be more years to obtain the minimum educational qualification
appointed as officer or member of the PNP unless he or she and one (1) year to satisfy the weight requirement.
possesses the following minimum qualifications: "For the purpose of determining compliance with the
"a) A citizen of the Philippines; requirements on physical and mental health, as well as the non-
"b) A person of good moral conduct; use of prohibited drugs, the PNP by itself or through a
"c) Must have passed the psychiatric/psychological, drug and NAPOLCOM accredited government hospital shall conduct
physical tests to be administered by the PNP or by any regular psychiatric, psychological drug and physical tests
NAPOLCOM accredited government hospital for the purpose randomly and without notice.
of determining physical and mental health; "For the purpose of determining compliance with the
"d) Must possess a formal baccalaureate degree from a requirements on physical and mental health, as well as the non-
recognized institution of learning; use of prohibited drugs, the PNP by itself or through a
"e) Must be eligible in accordance with the standards set by the NAPOLCOM accredited government hospital shall conduct
Commission; regular psychiatric, psychological drug and physical tests
"f) Must not have been dishonorably discharged from military randomly and without notice.
employment or dismissed for cause from any civilian position "After the lapse of the time period for the satisfaction of a
in the Government; specific requirement, current members of the PNP who will fail
"g) Must not have been convicted by final judgment of an to satisfy any of the requirements enumerated under this
offense or crime involving moral turpitude; Section shall be
"h) Must be at least one meter and sixty-two centimeters (1.62 separated from the service if they are below fifty (50) years of
m.) in height for male and one meter and fifty-seven age and have served in Government for less than twenty (20)
centimeters (1.57 m.) for female; years or
"i) Must weigh not more or less than five kilograms (5 kgs.) retired if they are from the age of fifty (50) and above and have
from the standard weight corresponding to his or her height, served the Government for at least twenty (20) years without
age, and sex; and prejudice in either case to the payment of benefits they may be
"j) For a new applicant, must not be less than twenty-one (21) entitled to under existing laws."
nor more than thirty (30) years of age: except for the last Section 15. Waivers for Initial Appointments to the PNP. –
qualification, the above-enumerated qualifications shall be The age, height, weight, and educational requirements for
continuing in character and an absence of any one of them at initial appointment to the PNP may be waived only when the
any given time shall be a ground for separation or retirement number of qualified applicants fall below the minimum annual
from the service: quota:
"j) Provided, That PNP members who are already in the service Provided, That an applicant shall not be below twenty (20) nor
upon the effectivity of this Act shall be given at least two (2) over thirty-five (35) years of age: Provided, further, That any
applicant not meeting the weight requirement shall be given
reasonable time but not exceeding six (6) months within which enforcement, national security administration, defense studies,
to comply with the said requirement and other related disciplines from a recognized institution of
Provided, furthermore, That only applicants who have finished learning.
second year college or have earned at least seventy-two (72) No person shall be appointed chief of a municipal police
collegiate units leading to a bachelor's decree shall be eligible station unless he or she has finished at least second year
for appointment: Bachelor of Laws or has earned at least twelve (12) units in a
Provided, furthermore, That anybody who will enter the service master's degree program in public administration, criminology,
without a baccalaureate degree shall be given a maximum of criminal justice, law enforcement, national security
four (4) years to obtain the required educational qualification: administration, and other related disciplines from a recognized
Provided, finally, That a waiver for height requirement shall be institution of learning:
automatically granted to applicants belonging to the cultural Provided, That members of the Bar with at least five (5) years
communities. of law practice, licensed criminologists or graduates of the
Section 18. Re-application of Dismissed PNP Members Philippine National Police Academy and who possess the
Under a Waiver Program. – Any PNP member who shall be general qualifications for initial appointment to the PNP shall
dismissed under a waiver program shall be eligible to re-apply be qualified for appointment as chief of a city or municipal
for appointment to the PNP: Provided, That he or she possesses police station:
the minimum qualifications under Section 14 of this Act and Provided, further, That the appointee has successfully passed
his or her reappointment is not by virtue of another waiver the required field training program and has complied with other
program. requirements as may be established by the Commission:
Section 19. The Field Training Program. – All uniformed Section 36.Section 36 of Republic Act No. 6975 is hereby
members of the PNP shall undergo a Field Training Program amended to read as follows:
for twelve (12) months involving actual experience and "SEC. 36. Status of Members of the Philippine National Police.
assignment in patrol, traffic, and investigation as a requirement – The uniformed members of the PNP shall be considered
for permanency of their appointment. employees of the National Government and shall draw their
"SEC. 32. Examinations of Policemen. – The National Police salaries therefrom. They shall have the same salary grade level
Commission shall administer the entrance and promotional as that of public school teachers:
examinations for policemen on the basis of the standards set by Section 36.Section 36 of Republic Act No. 6975 is hereby
the Commission." amended to read as follows:
"SEC. 34. Qualifications of Chief of City and Municipal Police : Provided, That PNP members assigned in Metropolitan
Stations. – No person shall be appointed chief of a city police Manila, chartered cities and first class municipalities may be
station unless he/she is a graduate of Bachelor of Laws or has paid financial incentive by the local government unit concerned
finished all the required courses of a master's degree program subject to the availability of funds."
in public administration, criminology, criminal justice, law
Section 37. Early Retirement Program. – Within three (3) Section 40. Organization. – National, regional, and provincial
years after the effectivity of this Act, any PNP officer or non- offices of the Internal Affairs shall be established. Internal
commissioned officer may retire and be paid separation Affairs Service shall be headed by an Inspector General who
benefits corresponding to a position two (2) ranks higher than shall be assisted by a Deputy Inspector General.
his or her present rank subject to the following conditions: The area offices shall be headed by a Director while the
a) that at the time he or she applies for retirement, he or she has provincial offices shall be headed by a Superintendent:
already rendered at least ten (10) years of continuous Provided, That the head of the Internal Affairs Service shall be
government service; a civilian who shall meet the qualification requirements
b) the applicant is not scheduled for separation or retirement provided herein.
from the service due to the attrition system or separation for Section 41. Appointments. – The Inspector General shall be
cause; appointed by the President upon the recommendation of the
c) he or she has no pending administrative or criminal case; Director General and duly endorsed by the Commission.
and Appointments of personnel who shall occupy various positions
d) he or she has at least three (3) more years in the service shall be made by the Inspector General and shall be based on
before reaching the compulsory retirement age and at least a an established career pattern and criteria to be promulgated by
year before his or her maximum tenure in position. the Commission.
Section 39. Creation, Powers, and Functions. – An Internal DISCIPLINARY MECHANISMS
Affairs Service (IAS) of the PNP is hereby created which shall: "SEC. 41(a). Citizen's Complaints. – Any complaint by a
a) pro-actively conduct inspections and audits on PNP natural or juridical person against any member of the PNP shall
personnel and units; be brought before the following:
b) investigate complaints and gather evidence in support of an "(1) Chiefs of Police, where the offense is punishable by
open investigation; withholding of privileges, restriction to specified limits,
c) conduct summary hearings on PNP members facing suspension or forfeiture of salary, or any combination thereof,
administrative charges; for a period not exceeding fifteen (15) days;
d) submit a periodic report on the assessment, analysis, and "(2) Mayors of cities and municipalities, where the offense is
evaluation of the character and behavior of PNP personnel and punishable by withholding of privileges, restriction to specified
units to the Chief PNP and the Commission; limits, suspension or forfeiture of salary, or any combination
e) file appropriate criminal cases against PNP members before thereof, for a period of not less than sixteen (16) days but not
the court as evidence warrants and assist in the prosecution of exceeding thirty (30) days;
the case; "(3) People's Law Enforcement Board, as created under Section
f) provide assistance to the Office of the Ombudsman in cases 43 hereof, where the offense is punishable by withholding of
involving the personnel of the PNP. privileges, restriction to specified limits, suspension or
forfeiture of salary, or any combination thereof, for a period Provided, further, That the chief of the PNP shall have the
exceeding thirty (30) days; or by dismissal authority to place police personnel under restrictive custody
"(b) Internal Discipline. – On dealing with minor offenses during the pendency of a grave administrative case filed
involving internal discipline found to have been committed by against him or even after the filing of a criminal complaint,
any regular member of their respective commands, the duly grave in nature, against such police personnel.
designated supervisors and equivalent officers of the PNP "(c) Exclusive Jurisdiction. – A complaint or a charge filed
shall, after due notice and summary hearing, exercise against a PNP member shall be heard and decided exclusively
disciplinary powers as follows: by the disciplining authority who has acquired original
"(1) Chiefs of police or equivalent supervisors may summarily jurisdiction over the case and notwithstanding the existence of
impose the administrative punishment of admonition or concurrent jurisdiction as regards the offense:
reprimand; restriction to specified limits; withholding of Provided, That offenses which carry higher penalties referred
privileges; forfeiture of salary or suspension; or any of the to a disciplining authority shall be referred to the appropriate
combination of the foregoing: Provided, That, in all cases, the authority which has jurisdiction over the offense.
total period shall not exceed fifteen (15) days; "For purposes of this Act, a 'minor offense' shall refer to any
"(2) Provincial directors or equivalent supervisors may act or omission not involving moral turpitude, but affecting the
summarily impose administrative punishment of admonition or internal discipline of the PNP, and shall include, but not limited
reprimand; restrictive custody; withholding of privileges; to:
forfeiture of salary or suspension, or any combination of the "(1) Simple misconduct or negligence;
foregoing: Provided, That, in all cases, the total period shall not "(2) Insubordination;
exceed thirty (30) days; "(3) Frequent absences and tardiness;
"(3) Police regional directors or equivalent supervisors shall "(4) Habitual drunkenness; and
have the power to impose upon any member the disciplinary "(5) Gambling prohibited by law.
punishment of dismissal from the service. He may also impose SEC. 44. Disciplinary Appellate Boards. – The formal
the administrative punishment of admonition or reprimand; administrative disciplinary machinery of the PNP shall be the
restrictive custody; withholding of privileges; suspension or National Appellate Board and the Regional Appellate Board.
forfeiture of salary; demotion; or any combination of the "The National Appellate Board shall be composed of the four
foregoing: Provided, That, in all cases, the total period shall not (4) regular commissioners and shall be chaired by the
exceed sixty (60) days; executive officer. The Board shall consider appeals from
"(4) The Chief of the PNP shall have the power to impose the decisions of the Chief of the PNP.
disciplinary punishment of dismissal from the service;
suspension or forfeiture of salary; or any combination thereof
for a period not exceeding one hundred eighty (180) days
 POLICE PERSONNEL AND RECORDS The objectives are:
MANAGEMENT  To assist top and line management achieves the organization’s
Police Personnel Management (Human Resources objective of fostering harmonious relationship with its human
Management) may be defined as that area of management resource
concerned with human relations in the police organization.  To acquire capable people and provide them with opportunities
As an overview, Police Personnel Management uses for advancement in self-development
planning, organizing, directing and controlling of day-to-day  To assist top management in formulating policies and programs
activities involved in procuring, developing and motivating that will serve the requirements of the police organization and
them and in coordinating their activities to achieve the aims of administer the same fairly to all members.
the police.  To provide technical services and assistance to the operating
Efficient management of human resources in any management in relation to their personnel functions in
organization can spell the difference between its success and promoting satisfactory work environment
failure to attain its objectives or goals.  To assist management in training and developing the human
The need for a more efficient management of human resources of the organization if it does not have a separate
resources is very demanding today. The success of every training department to perform its functions
organization is for the organization to overcome the demands  To see that all police members are treated equally and in the
in human response brought about by several factors. application of policies, rules and regulations and in rendering
 Purpose of Police Personnel Administration services to them
The prime objective of an effective police personnel  To help effect organization development and institution
administration is the establishment and maintenance for the building effort
public service of a competent and well-trained police force, Operative Functions of Police Personnel
under such conditions of work that this force may be The primary function of Personnel Department is
completely loyal to the interests of the government of all times. commonly Personnel Operative Functions. These are the
following:
 Objectives of Personnel Management 1. Police Personnel Planning – is a study of the labor supply of
The management of human resources is delegated to the jobs, which are composed with the demands for employees in
unit of organization, known as Human Resource Department an organization to determine future personnel requirements,
(HRD). This is to provide services and assistance needed by which either increase or decrease. If there is an expected
the organizations’ human resource in their employment shortage of personnel the organization may decide to train and
relationship with the organization. An important task of the develop present employees and/or recruit from outside sources.
Human Resource Department is winning employee’s 2. Police Recruitment - is the process of encouraging police
acceptance of organization’s objectives. applicant from outside an organization to seek employment in
an organization. The process of recruitment consists of
 developing a recruitment plan, recruitment strategy formulation means to attain that standard of living and economic security
job applicants search, screening of qualified applicants, and that vary in degrees upon a person’s expectations.
maintaining a waiting list of qualified applicants.
3. Police Selections (screening) - is the process of determining
the most qualified police applicant for a given position in the  POLICE PERSONNEL PROGRAMS AND
police organization. POLICIES
4. Police Placement- is the process of making police officers Nature of Personnel Programs
adjusted and knowledgeable in a new job and or working
environment. Personnel Programs refers to the activities
5. Police Training and Development – refers to any method programmed to implement the organization philosophy or
used to improve the attitude, knowledge, and skill or behavior creed and the personnel philosophy of central managers in
pattern of an employee for adequate performance of a given relation to people so as to accomplish organizational
job. It is a day-to-day, year round task. All police officers on a objectives. It serves as a fundamental guide for personnel
new position undergo a learning process given a formal practices and personnel policies used in an organization for
training or not. Learning is made easier for officers when the maintaining harmony between management and employees. A
organization provides formal training and development. It good personnel program covers all the operative functions of
reduces unnecessary waste of time, materials, man-hours and personnel.
equipment. Factor to Considered in Personnel Program
6. Police Appraisal or Performance Rating - performance The following factors should be taken into
rating is the evaluation of the traits, behavior and effectiveness consideration in the preparation of a personnel program.
of a police officer on the job as determined by work standards.  objectives of the organization
It is judgmental if it is made a tool in decision-making for  organizational philosophy of central management in relation to
promotion, transfer, pay increase, termination or disciplinary personnel,
actions against police officers. It is developmental in purpose  financial conditions and physical facilities of the organization
when the evaluation is used to facilitate officer’s improvement  cultural background and tradition of the people
in performance or used to improve recruitment, selection,  community and employees
training and development of personnel.  governmental factors
7. Police Compensation - Financial compensation in the form of
wages of salaries constitutes the largest single expenditure for  Police Personnel Policies
most organizations. In Metropolitan Manila and other urban 1. Acquiring competent personnel - includes human resources
centers, wages of salaries represent the sole source to meet the planning, job description and job specification, police
basic needs of food, clothing and shelter. It also provides the recruitment, selection, placement, transfer, layoffs, and
separation.
2. Holding and retaining competent police personnel - gives Policies are tools of police management, which give
depth and meaning to good management philosophy, and life and direction to the police program of activities and set
involves the granting of fair wages, reasonable working hours, limits within which action is to be pursued by the personnel
and other employee benefits and services. These activities concerned.
include the determination of an equitable wage and Policies define the authority and the responsibility of
maintenance of an incentive system. This area also concerned subordinates. They help the personnel understand their mutual
with securing greater officer participation in activities and with relationships. They are ahead to guide the men on the
strengthening officer morals and effectiveness. All these help operational level, authority, and responsibility and to enable
make the organization a “good place to work in.” them to arrive at sound decisions.
3. Developing and motivating personnel - deals with the POLICY refers to a general plan of action that serves as
education of the police officers, the appraisal of work a guide in the operation of the organization. It makes up the
performance, their promotion, and the suggestion system, basic framework of management decisions that set the course
which enables them to develop so they can rise to the police what the organization should follow. It defines the authority
organization’s desired standards of performance. and responsibility of supervisors in their job of directing group
4. Labor and human relations - involves the development of efforts and implementing personnel programs.
harmonious relations between management on one hand and Policies form a code of procedure in that they broadly
individual police officer the on the other hand. It also concerns indicate the best method of conducting any portion of the work
the observance and application of laws and court decisions at hand. They assist police officers in problem solving and
affecting human relations, and relationships with other decision-making. While policies must be consistent, they must
government law enforcement agencies. be flexible enough to permit adjustments when the need for
5. Efficient administration of the program with adequate change arises.
budget – this is to achieve a favorable climate for police  Types of Police Policies
officers. Good human relations should be the attitude in the According to origin, policies are classified as:
applications, implementation and interpretation of the 1. Originated Policy - This type of policy comes from top
organization’s policies, rules and regulations. The important management level and is intended to set up guidelines in the
tools in this area are records and reports, personnel research operation of the police organization.
and statistics, and evaluation of the effects of current policies, 2. Appealed Policy - This type of policy is born when problems
activities, and programs. arise at the lower levels of the organization and the man in
charge does not know how to meet the problem. He then
 POLICE POLICIES AND PROCEDURES appeals to his superiors for guidelines and for guidance.
3. Imposed Policy - This type of policy comes from the
Nature of Police Policies government in the forms of laws, administrative orders, and
rules and procedures or contract specifications.
 to all officers. They can be issued fast and they provide the
According to their subject matter, policies may be classified greatest assurance of reaching every employee. They are built
into: in means by which every member of the organization is
1. General Statement of Principles - policies stated in broad reached.
terms, such as statement of objectives, philosophy and creed. Bulletin Boards - Organizational policies, rules and
Others stress in general terms management traits, such as regulations, and activities may be typed out of mimeographed
fairness in dealing with officers, understanding and humane and the posted on bulletin boards. If strategically located and
treatment of the work force. well managed, bulletin boards are an effective medium for
2. Specific Rules - cover specific situations. They are more direct transmitting newly issued policies, rules and regulations to
and are less flexible. They are more rigid in nature. police officers.
Meetings or Conferences - Meeting or conferences are
Dissemination of Policies often held to inform officers about new policies, their
To be effective, personnel policies must be understood objectives and implementation. One advantage of this type of
by all concerned including the managers and supervisors who policy dissemination is that it gives the officers the opportunity
are to interpret and implement them to the employees who will to ask questions and request clarification on vague and
be affected by the policies. Various means are used by doubtful points. It is effective to smaller departments, as they
communicate personnel policies to employees. The most accommodate small groups and allow the scheduling of
common are police handbooks, manuals, publications, meeting at very convenient hours.
memoranda, and circulars, bulletin boards, meetings and Police Publications - Communication has gained such
conferences. importance to and attention by management in recent years. To
Police Handbooks - These handbooks are distributed to meet the needs of communicating with officers, police
all personnel, and contain among other things, information organizations have been spending amount of money on
about the benefits and services that the organization grants to publications, internal or external.
its officers, the organization’s history, its organizational  POLICE JOB DESCRIPTION
structure, its officers, and other information useful to the After a job is analyzed, the facts about it are gathered,
officers in understanding their relationship with the summed up, and recorded in the job description and job
organization. specifications.
Police Manual - A policy manual covering all police Job description may be defined as an abstract of
personnel policies and procedures, if made available to information derived from the job analysis report, describing the
managers and supervisors, will be a great help in their duties performed, the skills, the training, and experience
decision-making and employees relationship. required the responsibilities involved, the condition under
Memoranda and Circulars - Memoranda and circulars which the job is done, and relation of the job to the other job in
are another common means of communicating police policies the organization.
 4. Must possess a formal baccalaureate degree from a
POLICE RECRUITMENT, SELECTION, AND recognized institution of learning;
PLACEMENT 5. Must be eligible in accordance with the standards set by the
On Police Recruitment Commission;
The first step in the recruiting procedure, and the one 6. Must not have been dishonorably discharged from military
that should receive greatest emphasis, is that of attracting well- employment or dismissed for cause from any civilian
qualified applicants. The best selection devices available are of position in the Government;
little value if the recruiting effort has failed to attract 7. Must not have been convicted by final judgment of an
candidates of high caliber. Widespread publicity directed at the offense or crime involving moral turpitude;
particular element of the population which it is hoped will be 8. Must be at least one meter and sixty-two centimeters
attracted to the examination is the best method of seeking (1.62m) in height for male and one meter and fifty-seven
outstanding applicants. centimeters (1.57m) for female;
Recruitment in the police service is dependent on the 9. Must weigh not more or less than five kilograms (5kgs)
availability of national or regional quota of the PNP, which is from the standard weight corresponding to his or her
determined by the NAPOLCOM. height, age, and sex; and
Standard Policy on Selection and Appointment 10. For a new applicant, must not be less than twenty-one (21)
There shall be a standard policy for the selection of not more than thirty (30) years of age.  Except for the last
policy personnel throughout the Philippines in order to qualification, the above-enumerated qualifications shall be
strengthen the police service and lay the groundwork for police continuing in character and an absence of any of them at
professionalization. any given time shall be a ground for separation or
The general qualification for initial appointment to the retirement from the service:  Provided, that PNP members
police service shall be based on the provisions of Republic Act who are already in the service upon the effectivity of these
No. 8551, which states: Implementing Rules and Regulations shall be given five (5)
No person shall be appointed as uniformed member years to obtain the minimum educational qualification and
of the PNP unless he or she possesses the following one (1) year to satisfy the weight requirement.
minimum qualifications: For the purpose of determining compliance with the
1. A citizen of the Philippines; requirements on physical and mental health, as well as the non-
2. A person of good moral conduct; use of prohibited or regulated drugs, the PNP by itself or
3. Must have passed the psychiatric or psychological, drug through a government hospital accredited by the Commission
and physical tests to be administered by the PNP or by any shall conduct regular psychiatric, psychological, drug and
government hospital accredited by the Commission for the physical tests randomly and without notice.
purpose of determining physical and mental health; After the lapse of the reglamentary period for the
satisfaction of a specific requirement, current members of the
 PNP who shall fail to satisfy any of the requirements Physical and Medical Examination - in order to
enumerated under this Section shall be separated from the determine whether or not the applicant is in good health, free
service if they are below fifty (50) years of age and have served from any contagious diseases and physically fit for police
in Government for less than twenty (20) years or retired if they service, he shall undergo a thorough physical and medical
are from the age of fifty (50) and above and have served the examination to be conducted by the police health officer after
Government for at least twenty (20) years without prejudice in he qualifies in the preliminary interview.
either case to the payment of benefits they may be entitled to Physical Agility Test - the Screening Committee shall
under existing laws. (Section 14, RA 8551 – IRR) require the applicant to undergo a physical agility test designed
On Selection Procedures to determine whether or not he possess the required
The purpose of the selection process is to secure these coordination strength, and speed of movement necessary for
candidates who have the highest potential for developing into police service. The applicant shall pass the tests like Pull-ups-6
good policemen. The process involves two basic functions. The Push-ups-27, Two minutes sit-ups-45, Squat jumps-32, and
first function is to measure each candidate’s qualifications Squat thrusts-20
against whose ideal qualification that are established chiefly The Police Screening Committee may prescribe
through job analysis. The second function, because of the additional requirements if facilities are available.
comparative nature of the merit system, is to rank the  Medical Standards for Police Candidates
candidates relatively on the basis of their qualifications. 1. General Appearance – the applicant must be free from any
The Screening Procedures marked deformity, from all parasite or systematic skin disease,
Preliminary Interview - the applicant shall be and from evidence of intemperance in the use of stimulants or
interviewed personally by the personnel officer. If the applicant drugs. The body must be well proportioned, of good muscular
qualifies with respect to the requirements of citizenship, development, and show careful attention to personal
education and age, he shall be required to present the cleanliness: Obesity, muscular weakness or poor physique must
following: be rejected. Girth of abdomen should not be more than the
 Letter of application if none has been submitted measurement of chest at rest.
 An information sheet 2. Nose, Mouth and Teeth – Obstruction to free breathing,
 A copy of his picture (passport size) chronic cataract, or very offensive breath must be rejected. The
 Birth Certificate mouth must be free from deformities in conditions that
 Transcript of scholastic records and/ or diploma interfere with distinct speech or that pre-dispose to disease of
 Fingerprint card, properly accomplished. the car, nose or throat. There shall be no disease or hypertrophy
 Clearance papers from the local police department PNP of tonsil or thyroid enlargement. Teeth must be clean, well
provincial headquarters, city or municipal court and city or cared for and free from multiple cavities. Missing teeth may be
provincial prosecutor’s office and his hometown police supplied by crown or bridge work, where site of teeth makes
department, NBI, and others that may be required.
 this impossible, rubber denture will be accepted. At least Psychological and/or Neuro-Psychiatric Test - in order
twenty natural teeth must be present. to exclude applicants who are emotionally or temperamentally
3. Genitals – must be free from deformities and from varicose, unstable, psychotic, or suffering from any mental disorder, the
hyrocole, and enlargement of the testicles, stricture of urine, applicant shall take a psychological and/or neuro-psychiatric
and retained testicles. Any acute and all venereal diseases of test to be administered by the NBI, the PNP, or other duly
these organs must be rejected. recognized institution offering such test after he has qualified
4. Varicose Veins - a marked tendency to their formation must be and met all the requirements above.
rejected. The Oral Interview - the Screening Committee shall
5. Arms, Legs, Hands and Feet – must be free from infection of interview the qualified applicants for suitability for police
the joints, sprains, stiffness or other conditions, such as flat work. The interview shall aid in determining appearance,
foot, long nails or hammer toes which would prevent the likeableness, and affability, attitude toward work, outside
proper and easy performance of duty. First (index) second interest, forcefulness, conversational ability, and disagreeable
(middle), and third (ring) fingers and thumb must be present in mannerism.
their entirely. The toe must be the same.
6. Eyes – the applicant must be free from color blindness, and be POLICE APPOINTMENT
able to read with each eye separately from standard test type at Any applicant who meets the general qualifications for
a distance of twenty feet. Loss of either eye, chronic appointment to police service and who passes the tests required
inflammation of the lids, or permanent abnormalities of either in the screening procedures shall be recommended for initial
eye must be rejected, 20/20 or 20/30 in one eye, with binocular appointment and shall be classified as follows:
vision of 20/30. 1. Temporary – if the applicant passes through the waiver
7. Respiration – must be full, easy, regular, the respiratory program as provided in under R.A 8551.
murmur must be clear and distinct over the lungs and no 2. Probationary – if the applicant passes through the regular
disease of the respiratory organ is present.
screening procedures.
8. Circulation – The action of the heart must be uniform, free
and steady, it’s rhythm and the heart from organ changes. 3. Permanent – if the applicant able to finish the required field
Blood Pressure – systolic maximum 135; diastolic 90; pulse training program for permanency.
pressure 15 to 50. Brain and nervous system must be free from
defects. Appointment in the PNP shall be affected in the following
9. Kidneys – must be healthy and urine normal. manner:
Character and Background Investigation - the A. PO1 to SPO4 – appointed by the PNP Regional Director for
Screening Committee shall cause a confidential investigation regional personnel or by the Chief of the PNP for National
of the character and from among various sources. Head Quarter’s personnel and attested by the Civil Service
Commission (CSC)
B. Inspector to Superintendent – appointed by the Chief PNP as Organized training is the means by which officers are
recommended by their immediate superiors and attested by the provided with the knowledge and the skills required in the
Civil Service Commission (CSC). performance of their multiple, complex duties. In order that the
C. Sr. Supt to Dep. Dir. Gen. – Appointed by the President upon recruit officer may commence his career with a sound
the recommendation of the Chief PNP with the endorsement of foundation of police knowledge and techniques, it is most
the Civil Service Commission (CSC) and with confirmation by important that the entrance level training he soundly conceived,
the Commission on Appointment (CA). carefully organized and well-presented.
D. Director General – appointed by the President from among Training and the Changes in Police Works
the most senior officers down to the rank of Chief During the past decades tremendous changes in police
Superintendent in the service subject to the confirmation of the work have occurred. Advances in technology of
Commission on Appointment (CA). Provided, that the C/PNP communications and equipment, public relations and employee
shall serve a tour of duty not exceeding four (4) years. relations as well as total evolution in the whole social structure
Provided further, that in times of war or other national have made a law enforcement work more complex and difficult
emergency declared by congress, the President may extend to pursue. The ordinary officer must be briefed and oriented on
such tour of duty. new changes and developments that affect his job and the
Waiver for Appointment - Waivers for initial recruit must be given a new solid foundation contemporary
appointment to the police service shall be governed by Section with the needs of the time. Policemen do not stay trained. If
15 of Republic Act 8551, IRR. they do not forget what they have learned, it is continually
Appointment by Lateral Entry -In general, all original made absolute by improved technology and social changes, and
appointments of Commissioned Officers (CO) in the PNP shall requires frequent renewal to keep it current and useful.
commenced with the rank of inspector to include those with Standards for Police Training
highly technical qualifications applying for the PNP technical All training programs operated by law enforcement
services, such as dentist, optometrist, nurses, engineers, and agencies should limit their enrolment to law enforcement
graduates of forensic sciences. Doctors of Medicine, members officers. Training courses should be set-up, prescribed units of
of the Bar and Chaplains shall be appointed to the rank of instruction, and arranged a time schedule. Practical recruit
Senior Inspector in their particular technical services. training subsequent to employment should be provided.
Graduates of the PNPA shall be automatically appointed to the Pre-and-post employment university training
initial rank of Inspector. Licensed Criminologist may be Responsibility of Training
appointed to the rank of Inspector to fill up any vacancy. The training of police officers shall be the responsibility
of the PNP in coordination with the Philippine Public Safety
POLICE TRAINING College (PPSC) which shall be the premier educational
The Need for Police Training institution for the training of human resources in the field of
 law enforcement (PNP, BFP, BJMP), subject to the supervision Under R.A 8551, all uniformed members of the PNP
of the NAPOLCOM. shall undergo a field training program involving actual
Types of Police Training Programs experience and assignment in patrol, traffic and investigation
The following are the training programs in the police service: as a requirement for permanency of their appointment.  The
 Basic Recruit Training program shall be for twelve (12) months inclusive of the Basic
 Field Training Recruit Training Course for non-officers and the Officer
 In-Service Training programs Orientation Course or Officer Basic Course for officers.
 Department In-service training programs (Section 20, RA 8551 – IRR)
 National and International Conventions on Policing The In-Service Training Programs
 Junior Leadership Training – for PO1 to PO3
The Basic Recruit Training – the most basic of all  Senior Leadership Training – for SPO1 to SPO4
police training. It is a prerequisite for permanency of  Police Basic Course (PBC) – preparatory for OBC – for senior
appointment. police officers
The Basic Recruit Training shall be in accordance  Officers Basic Course (OBC) – for Inspectors to Chief
with the programs of instructions prescribed by the PPSC and Inspectors
the NAPOLCOM subject to modifications to suit local  Officers Advance Course (OAC) – for Chief Inspectors to Sn
conditions. This course is conducted within not less than six Superintendent
(6) months. A training week shall normally consist of 40 hours  Officer Senior Education Course (OSEC) – Superintendent and
of scheduled instructions. above
Full time attendance in the Basic Recruit Training –  Directorial Staff Course (DSC) – for directors and above.
Attendance to this type of training is full time basis. However, POLICE APPRAISAL
in cases of emergency, recruits maybe required to render Appraisal refers to the process of measuring the
service upon certification of the Regional Director or the City performance of people in achieving goals and objectives. It is
or Municipal Chief of Police the necessity of such service. also known as “performance evaluation system”.
Completion and Certification of Training – After the Purposes of Police Appraisal
Basic Recruit Training, the Regional Director shall certify that 1. It serves as guide for promotion, salary increase, retirement,
the police recruits have completed the training and has satisfied and disciplinary actions.
all the requirements for police service. 2. It increases productivity and efficiency of police works.
The PNP Field Training – is the process by which an 3. It assimilate supervision
individual police officer who is recruited into the service 4. It informs the officer of the quality of his work for
receives formal instruction on the job for special and defined improvements
purposes and performs actual job functions with periodic Uses of Police Appraisal
appraisal on his performance and progress.
 Police appraisal can be useful for personal decision- Under the law, the NAPOLCOM shall establish a
making in the following areas: system of promotion for uniformed and non-uniformed
1. Eligibility to be hired members of the PNP, which shall be based on:
2. Salary adjustments 1. Merit – includes length of service in the present rank, and
3. Determining potential for promotion qualification.
4. Evaluation of probationary officers 2. Seniority
5. Identification of training needs 3. Availability of vacant position.
6. Isolating supervisory weaknesses The promotion shall be gender fair which means
7. Validating selection techniques women in the PNP shall enjoy equal opportunity for promotion
8. Reduction in ranks (demotion) as that of men.
9. Dismissal from service and other disciplinary actions.
PNP Appraisal System  Preferences for Promotion
The Performance Evaluation in the police service is the 1. Appropriate Eligibility - Whenever two or more persons who
responsibility of the NAPOLCOM, which shall issue the are next in rank, preference shall be given to the person who is
necessary rules and regulation for the orderly administration of the most competent and qualified and who has the appropriate
the appraisal process. Such performance evaluation shall be eligibility.
administered in a manner as to foster the improvement of every 2. Competency and Vacancy - When competency, qualification,
individual police efficiency and behavioral discipline as well as and eligibility are equal, preference shall be given to the
the promotion of the organization’s effectiveness. qualified member in the organizational unit where the vacancy
occurs.
The rating system shall be based on the standards set by 3. Seniority - When all the foregoing conditions have been taken
the NAPOLCOM and shall consider results of annual physical, into account, and still the members in the next rank have the
psychological and neuro-psychiatric examinations. same merit and qualification, preference shall be given to the
POLICE PROMOTION most senior officer.
Promotion is a system of increasing the rank of a  Factors in Selection for Promotion
member of the police service. It has the following objectives: 1. Efficiency of Performance – as an aid to fair appraisal of the
1. To invest a member of the police force with the degree of candidates’ proficiency, the performance-rating period shall be
authority necessary for the effective execution of police duties. considered. Provided, that in no instance shall a candidate be
2. To place the police officer in a position of increased considered for promotion unless he had obtained a rating of at
responsibility where he can make full use of his capabilities. least “satisfactory”.
3. To provide and promote incentives, thus motivating greater 2. Education and Training – educational background which
efforts of all members of the police force, which will gradually includes completion of in-service training courses, academic
improve efficiency in police works. studies, training grants and the like.
 3. Experience and Outstanding Accomplishment – this the next higher rank. Provided, that such act shall be validated
includes occupational history, work experience and other by the NAPOLCOM based on established criteria.
accomplishment worthy of commendation.
4. Physical Character and Personality – the factors of physical  Promotion by Virtue of Position
fitness and capacity as well as attitude and personality traits in Any PNP member designated to any key position
so far as they bear on the nature of the rank and/or position to whose rank is lower than that which is required for such
be filled. This means that the candidate should have no position shall, after six (6) months of occupying the same, be
derogatory records which might affect integrity, morality and entitled to a promotion, subject to the availability of vacant
conduct. positions.  Provided, that the member shall not be reassigned to
5. Leadership Potential – the capacity and ability to perform the a position calling for a higher rank until after two (2) years
duties required in the new or higher position and good qualities from the date of such promotion.  Provided, further, that any
for leadership. member designated to the position who does not possess the
established minimum qualifications thereof shall occupy the
 Kinds of Police Promotion same for not more than six (6) months without extension.
(Section 34, RA 8551 – IRR)
1. Regular Promotion - Regular promotion shall be based on the
following requirements: POLICE ASSIGNMENT
a. He or she has successfully passed the corresponding Police assignment is the process of designating a police
promotional examination given by the NAPOLCOM; officer at a particular function, duty or responsibility.
b. Passed the Bar or corresponding Board examination for
technical services and other professions; Purpose of Police Assignment
c. Satisfactory completion of the appropriate accredited course in The purpose of police assignment is to ensure
the PPSC or equivalent training institutions; systematic and effective utilization of all the members of the
d. Passed the Psychiatric, Psychological, and Drug test; and force.
e. Cleared by the People’s Law Enforcement Board (PLEB) and
the Office of the Ombudsman for any complaints against Power to make designation or assignment
him/her The Chief of PNP (CPNP), Regional Director (RD),
 Promotion by Virtue of Exhibited Acts (Special Provincial Director (PD), and the City or Municipal Chief of
Promotion) Police (COP) can make designation or assignment of the police
force with in their respective levels. They shall have the power
Any uniformed member of the PNP who has exhibited to make designations or assignments as to who among the
acts of conspicuous courage and gallantry at the risk of his or police officers shall head and constitute various offices and
her life above and beyond the call of duty, shall be promoted to units of the police organization. The assignment of the
 members of the local police agency shall be in conformity with 8. To give well rounded training and experience to police recruits,
the career development program especially during the tour of duties in various assignments during the probationary
probationary period. Thereafter, shall be guided by the period shall be in accordance with Republic Act 8551.
principle of placing the right man in the right job after proper
classification has been made. POLICE SALARIES, BENEFITS, AND PRIVILEGES
On Salary
Criteria in Police Assignment The uniformed members of the PNP are considered
1. Those possessing the general qualifications for police duties employees of the National Government and draw their salaries
without technical skills may be assigned to positions where any therefrom. They have the same salary grade that of a public
personnel can acquire proficiency within considerably short school teacher. Police Officers assigned in Metropolitan
period of time. Manila, chartered cities, and first class municipalities may be
2. Those possessing skills acquired by previous related paid with financial incentives by the local government unit
experiences should be assigned to the corresponding positions. concerned subject to the availability of funds.
3. Those possessing highly technical skills with adequate
experience and duly supported by authoritative basis shall be On Benefits and Privileges
given preferential assignment to the corresponding positions, 1. Incentives and Awards
which call for highly technical trained police officers.
(Misassignment of personnel falling under this criteria The NAPOLCOM shall promulgate standards on
constitute a serious neglect of duty of the C/PNP, RD, or the incentives and award system in the PNP administered by the
COP, in the exercise of his administrative function) Board of Incentives and Awards. Awards may be in the forms
4. Those selected to undergo further studies in specialized courses of decorations, service medals and citation badges or in
shall be chosen solely on the basis of ability, professional monetary considerations. The following are examples of
preparation and aptitude. authorized Decorations/medals/citation:
5. Qualifications of the police officers shall be examined annually  Police Medal of Valor
to ascertain newly acquired skills, specialties, and  Police Medal of Merit
proficiencies.  Wounded Police Medal
6. Those with physical limitation incurred while in the  Police Efficiency Medal
performance of duties should be assigned where they can be  Police Service Medal
best used in accordance with the requirements of the force.  Police Unit Citation Badge
7. Assignments and reassignments of the police officers from one
unit to another shall be the prerogative of the authority. Posthumous Award – in case a police officer dies.

2. Health and Welfare

 The NAPOLCOM is mandated to provide assistance in A PNP member who is permanently and totally
developing health and welfare programs for police personnel. disabled as a result of injuries suffered or sickness contracted
All heads of the PNP in their respective levels are responsible in the performance of duty as certified by the NAPOLCOM,
to initiate proper steps to create a good atmosphere to a upon finding and certification by the appropriate medical
superior-subordinate relationship and improvement of officer, that the extent of the disability or sickness renders such
personnel morale through appropriate welfare programs. member unfit or unable to further perform the duties of his or
her position, shall be entitled to a gratuity equivalent to one
3. Longevity Pay and Allowances year salary and to a lifetime pension equivalent to eighty
Under Republic Act 6975, PNP personnel are entitled percent (80%) of his or her last salary, in addition to other
to a longevity pay of 10% of their basic monthly salaries for benefits as provided under existing laws.
every five years of service. However, the totality of such Should such member who has been retired under
longevity pay does not exceed 50% of the basic pay. They shall permanent total disability under this Section die within five (5)
also enjoy the following allowances: Subsistence allowance, years from his retirement, his surviving legal spouse or, if there
Quarter’s allowance, Clothing allowance, Cost of living be none, the surviving dependent legitimate children shall be
allowance, Hazard pay and others entitled to the pension for the remainder of the five (5) year
4. Retirement Benefit guaranteed period. (Section 37, RA 8551 – IRR)
Monthly retirement pay shall be fifty percent (50%) of
the base pay and longevity pay of the retired grade in case of 6. Early Retirement Benefit
twenty (20) years of active service, increasing by two and one- A PNP member of his or her own request and with the
half percent (2.5%) for every year of active service rendered approval of the NAPOLCOM, retire from the service shall be
beyond twenty (20) yeas to a maximum of ninety percent paid separation benefits corresponding to a position two ranks
(90%) for thirty-six (36) years of service and over:  Provided, higher than his present rank provided that the officer or non-
that the uniformed member shall have the option to receive in officer has accumulated at least 20 years of service.
advance and in lump sum his or her retirement pay for the first
five (5) years.  Provided, further, that payment of the POLICE INSPECTION
retirement benefits in lump sum shall be made within six (6) The purpose of police inspection is to ascertain the
months from effectivity date of retirement and/or completion.  standard policies and procedures, review and analyze the
Provided, finally, that the retirement pay of PNP members shall performance, activities and facilities affecting operations and to
be subject to adjustments based on the prevailing scale of base look into the morale, needs and general efficiency of the police
pay of police personnel in the active service. (Section 36, RA organization in maintaining law and order.
8551 – IRR)
Types of Police Inspection
5. Permanent Physical Disability Pay
1. Authoritative Inspection – those conducted by the head of Where the irregularity noted during inspection is
subordinate units in a regular basis. serious as to warrant administrative charges against a police
2. Staff Inspection – those conducted by the staff for and in officer, the inspecting officer shall immediately file the
behalf of the Chief PNP or superior officers in command of necessary charge or charges before the appropriate disciplinary
various units or departments. action offices.

Nature of Police Inspection POLICE DISCIPLINARY MECHANISM

1. Internal Affairs – inspection on internal affairs embraces Aside from higher police management levels that can
administration, training, operation, intelligence, investigation, impose disciplinary actions against subordinates, the following
morale and discipline as well as the financial condition of the also serves as disciplinary mechanisms in the police service:
police organization. Administrative Disciplinary Powers of the Local Chief
2. External Affairs – it embraces the community relationship of Executive (LCE) - The City and Municipal Mayors shall have
the organization, the crime and vice situation of the locality, the power to impose, after due notice and summary hearings,
and the prevailing public opinion concerning the integrity and disciplinary penalties for minor offenses committed by
reputation of the personnel. members of the PNP assigned to their respective jurisdictions
as provided in Section 41 of Republic Act No. 6975, as
Authority to Inspect amended by Section 52 of Republic Act No. 8551.
In the PNP, the following are the authority to conduct PLEB - the PLEB (People's Law Enforcement Board)
inspection: is the central receiving entity for any citizen's complaint
1. NAPOLCOM or its representative against PNP members.  As such, every citizen's complaint,
2. PNP Chief or his designated representative regardless of the imposable penalty for the offense alleged,
3. PNP Director for Personnel or his representative shall be filed with the PLEB of the city or municipality where
4. PNP Regional Director or his representative the offense was allegedly committed.  Upon receipt and
5. City/Municipal Chief of Police or his representative docketing of the complaint, the PLEB shall immediately
6. Internal Affairs Service (IAS under RA 8551) determine whether the offense alleged therein is grave, less
grave or minor.
The inspecting officer/s shall examine, audit, inspect Should the PLEB find that the offense alleged is grave
police agencies in accordance with existing standards and with or less grave, the Board shall assume jurisdiction to hear and
the following objectives: decide the complaint by serving summons upon the respondent
1. To take note or discover defects and irregularities within three (3) days from receipt of the complaint. If the
2. To effect corrections on minor defects being discovered PLEB finds that the offense alleged is minor, it shall refer the
3. To bring to the attention of and recommend to the concerned complaint to the Mayor or Chief of Police, as the case may be,
officers for appropriate actions on defects noted.
 of the city or municipality where the PNP member is assigned 6. Dishonesty – it is the concealment or distortion of truth in a
within three (3) days upon the filing thereof. matter of fact relevant to one’s office, or connected with the
If the city or municipality where the offense was performance of his duties.
committed has no PLEB, the citizen's complaint shall be filed 7. Disloyalty to the Government – it consist of abandonment or
with the regional or provincial office of the Commission renunciation of one’s loyalty to the Government of the
(NAPOLCOM) nearest the residence of the complainant. Philippines, or advocating the overthrow of the government.
8. Violation of Law – this presupposes conviction in court of any
Administrative Offenses that may be imposed against a crime or offense penalized under the Revised Penal Code or
PNP Member any special law or ordinance.
The following are the offense for which a member of POLICE RECORDS MANAGEMENT
the PNP may be charged administratively:
1. Neglect of duty or nonfeasance – it is the omission or refusal, The Need for Police Records
without sufficient excuse, to perform an act or duty, which it A police department is only as good as its records
was the peace officer’s legal obligation to perform; it implies a keeping abilities. The effectiveness of the police department is
duty as well as its breach and the fast can never be found in the directly related to the quality of its records. They are the
absence of a duty. primary means of communications among the members of the
2. Irregularities in the performance of duty – it is the improper police department and have as their purpose the integration of
performance of some act which might lawfully be done. the various department units into an integrated organization for
3. Misconduct or Malfeasance – it is the doing, either through accomplishing the police task. Records are essential in the
ignorance, inattention or malice, of that which the officer had efficient performance of routine duties, in the wise direction of
no legal right to do at all, as where he acts without any the police effort, in supervision and control of personnel, and in
authority whatsoever, or exceeds, ignores or abuses his powers. the determination of departmental policies.
4. Incompetency – it is the manifest lack of adequate ability and
fitness for the satisfactory performance of police duties. This Brief History of Filing and Records Storage
has reference to any physical, moral or intellectual quality the Records and management of them have existed in one
lack of which substantially incapacitates one to perform the form or another since written history began. Many original
duties of a peace officer. tablets, parchment, and manuscripts of great historical value
5. Oppression – it imports an act of cruelty, severity, unlawful have come down through the ages and how are carefully
exaction, domination, or excessive use of authority. The guarded in museums all over the worlds. Without some
exercise of the unlawful powers or other means, in depriving methods of preservations, most of these valuable documents
an individual of his liberty or property against his will, is would have remained unknown. Possession of many of them,
generally an act of oppression. however, is the result of chance, as record-bearing stones and
tablets have been found buried in the loose earth and many arches according to the system or arrangement being
places, with no attempt of preservation. used. The Shannon file was suitable only for small
One of the most common methods used by the ancients amounts of correspondence. The present day Shannon
for the filing of their papers was that of keeping them in a stone arch-board filed operate on the same principle, but they
or earth ware pot. Many bits of historical evidence have been are designed for temporary storage.
preserved on wax, stones parchment or in the urn. A modern  Vertical File – Vertical filing of papers was in all
day application of this custom is the widespread practice of probability first suggested by Dr. Nathaniel S.
sealing letters, pictures, newspapers, and other memorabilia of Reosenay, secretary of the Charity Organization
the current day on the cornerstone of a new building. Society of Buffalo, New York. His long experience
with card filing made him believed the same principle
Many items used in offices today have a long history. might be applied to filing papers (placing them on edge
These items are discussed below: behind guides). He advanced the idea in 1892. The
 Spindle File – The Spindle, on with papers nay be following year, several firms demonstrated vertical files
impaled, appeared 15th century. at the World’s Fair in Chicago. Large crowds gathered
 Pigeonhole File – Persons who disliked spindle folded before the exhibits; but the general opinion was, “It will
or rolled their papers, wrote names or subjects of the never work; you cannot stand papers on edge; and if
outside and place the roll in holes in rolltop desks or in you leave them loose. They will lose.” Today, vertical
a series of separate boxlike openings in a cabinet. filing is generally recognized as the best method of the
 Bellow File – The bellow files are used as sorters. It majority of business records. The first files were built
appeared at about 1860. Each lettered compartment, the of wood in horizontal sections, but about 1900, the first
alphabetic bellows files is sometimes used as sorters. steel files appeared in vertical sections.
 Box-File – in 1875, the box file shaped-like a book and
opening from the side was invented. Each box Records management varies greatly from organization.
contained a set of sheets having extended labels bearing In some, records are handled very informally because their
the letters of the alphabet. The box file is still popular volume is small. At the opposite extreme is the careful control
for a limited account of correspondence and especially of all key records under the direction of a record manager. This
for home use. is a position of great responsibility because it includes working
 Shannon File – Named after its inventor. The Shannon with records from their creation to their final disposition.
file originated in 1880 in response to a need of greater
security of papers. The Shannon file consisted of a Classification of Records
double side-opening arch, mounted on a board with a The classification of records is important from the
drawer front on the end. Papers to be filed were management view because the classification frequently
perforated along the upper edge and then placed on the determines the kinds of filing system used, the type of
equipment require, and the arrangement of the records in the and brochures) and technical pieces (engineering specification,
system. Records can be classified in several ways. Some advertising copy, and galley proofs) are also classified as
managers classify records into two basic types: Transportation reference documents.
documents and reference documents. Other managers classify The Record Cycle
records into two other basic types: external communications Record may differ from each other in construction or
and internal communications. contents, but each follows a common cycle (or path) through
External Communications - Written communications its life. The life span of a record from creation to final
between organizations, between customers/ client and the disposition is called the record cycle. Whether you are
organization, between buyer and supplier and between the considering a simple one-copy payroll check, a complex ten-
organization and various branches of the government are the copy report, or a recorded cassette tape – the record cycle is
most notable examples of external communications. Further after referred to as the “birth-through-death” cycle.
examples are public service or public relation message, (the 1. Creation
reply received after writing to a business of information) and 2. Classification
telephone massages (received orally, but written on a message 3. Storage
from for a record and after confirmed in writing by a letter). 4. Retrieval
Internal Communications - Examples of internal 5. Purging or retention
communications are communications between an organization 6. Transfer
and employees (such as payroll, records, bulletins and 7. Archival Storage or Disposition
regulations) and communications among an organizations If an organization has no plan for seeing that all records
department (such as inventory control records, interoffice flow smoothly through the record cycle, it will be faced with
memoranda, and reports. Also in the internal communications more of the following problems, any one which can severely
categories are plans for future productions or services and drain of profits.
records of equipment and assists owned).  An unmanageable tangle of papers within the office
With the Industrial Revolution, the rapid movements in  Wasted clerical effort searching for information.
production technology, the introduction of the factory system,  Loss of important operating information
and the changes in forms of business ownership, firms grow in  Extravagant use of operating information.
size and scope of operations. Competition become keener;  Possible loss of key information in defending the
finance production, marketing, and other functions vied for company against legal actions or governmental
management attention. An awareness of the responsibilities inquiries.
workers spend a great deal of time reading, analyzing, writing Poor records management also creates chaos and wastes a
and summarizing business letters and interoffice memoranda. tremendous amount of time and money. Such mismanagement
Reference documents also include reports and studies (formal is characterized by:
and informal). Telegrams, printed matters (catalog, pamphlets,  Improper control of records creation.
 Free access by anyone at any time to the files. 1. Standardizing the purchase of equipment and supplies to
 No control over records taken from the files. allow their usage anywhere in the organizations.
 No plans for disposition of absolute records. 2. Training personnel
 Retention of unnecessary records. 3. Following standard procedures of storage and control.
 No plans for retention of needed records.
Proper records management provides information, Terminology of Storage
instantaneously and streamlines the operation of any Filing terminology may be confusing to someone who
organization. The information contained in the filed records is is not familiar with it. Understanding the naming of records
the lifeblood of any office. The person who is responsible for control and being able to analyze the various systems of
the orderly arrangement and control of those records has one of storage available require knowledge of the terms used. The
the most responsible positions in any offices. definition given in the following paragraphs will help in
understanding.
Records Storage 1. Filing – Filing is the actual placement of materials in a storage
Although filing and records management are sometimes container, generally a folder, according to a plan. It includes
used interchangeable, storage is only one phase in the the process of classifying, coding, arranging, and storage
management of a record. Material is placed in the files because systematically so that they may be located quietly when
it may be useful in the future-to help information too needed.
complicated to be trusted to memory, to assist departments in 2. Filing Manual – A filing manual is an instructional book
communicating with each other, to substantiate claims, and to containing detailed information about various phases of filing
provide a record of the past, to provide information useful fro and records management including rules for the procedures
legal purposes. The filler, therefore, must be able to find used. Illustrations of those procedures and examples of clerical
quickly any information contained in the stored records. details, such as folder labeling, typing style, and material used,
When a record is created and is ready for filing, are usually included in the manual.
unnecessary working papers or rough drafts used in its creation 3. Procedures – Procedures are series of steps for the orderly
should be destroyed. Excessive duplicate copies should be arrangement or records which include: alphabet, geographic,
avoided and papers of temporary value should be prominently numeric, subject of chronologic.
marked for destruction before they are put into files so that the 4. System – The word system as used in records storage means
files do not jumped with duplicates and records of little or no any plan of filing devised by a filing equipment manufacturer.
value. This is a process of control that is continued as papers System has a broader meaning in management circles.
are dated and time stamped upon receipt, started through the 5. Classifying – Mentally determining the name of subject or
work flow from office to office, and stored for retrieval when number of which a specific record is to be filed is called
needed. classifying.
Efficient records control includes:
6. Indexing – Another method of classifying. Depending upon the size and needs of the police force,
7. Coding – Making an identifying mark on the item to be stored the Chief of police shall maintain an adequate and centralized
to indicate what classifications it is to be filed is called coding. records system by organizing in his force an efficient records
Coding may be done by underlining, checking, circling, or and communication units. The centralization of records in the
marking the record in some other way. When a record does not police organization brings together at one point all information
need to classify or re-index to determine where it should be concerning police activities, and it is trough centralization that
refilled because the original code mark remains on it. the various line functions of the police organization are
8. Unit – The names, initials, or words used in determining the coordinated.
alphabetic order of field materials are called units. The name Functions and Uses of Records
Joan C. Brown, for example has three units. Brown is the first, a) It measure police efficiency,
Joan is the second, and C is the third. b) It present the community’s crime picture,
9. Cross Reference – A cross reference is a notation put into a c) It assist in assigning and promoting personnel,
file to indicate that a record to not store in that file but in the d) It identify individuals,
file specified on the cross-reference. A cross-reference is e) It provide a basis for property accountability,
somewhat like a directional sign. It tells the filer or searcher f) It control Investigation,
where to find the needed material. g) It can make information available to the public,
10. Guide – Dividers in filing equipment are called guides because h) It increase efficiency in traffic control,
information on them serves as guide to the eye of filing and i) It assist the courts and prosecutors,
locating stored items. A primary guide introduces a special j) It assist in evaluating control services,
section that falls within the alphabetic range of the primary k) It coordinate custodial services,
guide it fallows (such as A section devoted to a special subject l) It integrate the department,
applications, or a special name group such as names beginning m) It furnish data for the budget,
with the word General). An OUT guide is a heavy divider that n) It establish responsibility,
replaced a folder in the file when the folder is temporarily o) It reveal unusual problems,
removed. p) It aid in the apprehension of criminals.
11. Folder – The container in which papers or materials are kept in q) It assist other police agencies,
a filing cabinet is called a folder. Popular materials used in r) It provide the basis for compilation of police
making folders, are manila, Kraft, plastic and pressboard. A statistics,
miscellaneous folder is a folder that contains has not s) Effective employment of personnel and equipment,
accumulated is sufficient volume being removed to its own t) Future references and basis of action.
specially labeled folder known as an individual. Incidents to be Recorded
 Organization of a Centralized Record System 1. Violations of laws and ordinances,
 2. All calls in which any member of the police force  The Case Records
dispatched or takes official action, A case of records is composed of two categories:
3. All legal papers handled such as warrant of arrest, 1. Complainant/Assignment Sheet which reflects all
subpoenas, summonses, citations and the like, information regarding complains and reports received by the
4. Cases of missing and found persons, animals and police from the citizens and other agencies, or actions initiated
property, by the police.
5. Accidents which require police actions, 2. Investigation Report, which contains the findings of
6. All personal injuries, bodies found and suicides, an action taken by the investigating officer based on inquiries
7. Any damage to property made and by obtaining the available facts of the incidents.
8. All cases in which a police officer is involved,
9. All arrests made,  The Arrest and Booking Records
10. Miscellaneous cases, general and special orders and all This record maintains the arrest and jail booking report,
other incidents that need to be recorded. which is required for all persons arrested. It shall bear an arrest
number for each arrest made.
 Mechanics of Good Report
1. It should present a chronological sequence of events.  The Identification Record
2. It should be typed written or computerized. Identification record is the third major division of
3. It should provide complete data of victim or suspect. police records. Fingerprint records are the heart identification
4. Abbreviations should be avoided except those that are system. It provides positive identification and the police must
commonly known. supplement it with a record of physical characteristics and in
5. It should be brief but clear. some cases a photograph of the criminal. Identification records
6. Every incident should be written in separate report. have their own number series: an identification number is
7. It should be accurate and state facts and not opinions. assigned to each criminal to identify records relating to him.
8. It should answer the 5W’s and 1H.
 Types of Police Records  The Administrative Record
These are records required in the management of the
Police Records are classified into the following: department personnel and designed to aid in assignment,
1. Case Records promotion, and disciplinary actions. Such records are so
2. Arrest and Booking Records essentials in administering personnel matters that they must be
3. Identification Records maintained in a police department.
4. Administrative Records
5. Miscellaneous Records  The Miscellaneous Records
 These are records, which do not relate to recorded This is the foundation record of the police department.
complaint and investigation reports but are informational in The desk officer, or clerk, or telephone operator receiving a
character. call for police assistance accomplishes it. All incidents
mentioned above and reported to the police shall have a
Recording and Filing System complaint/assignment sheet. Each complaint/assignment sheet
The nature of police work justifies emphasis on shall be assigned a different number.
criminal records. To be fully effective, a police record system There are therefore, two numbering system:
must: complaint/assignment sheets becomes the primary document
1. Be comprehensive and include every incident coming to the for the analysis of crime occurrences while the investigative
attention of the police. report becomes the prime document for the continuation of the
2. Be adequately indexed to permit ready reference; investigative process two copies of the complaint/assignment
3. Be centralized to prove adequate control and maximum sheet shall be made for each complaint requiring a sheet report.
utilization of clerical personnel. A separate complaint/assignment sheet is required for
4. Be as a simple as possible, consistent with adequacy, and; each crime or incident reported to the police. It makes no
5. Lend itself into summarization and analysis to permit difference whether the complaint is reported by telephone, by
continuing appraisal of the police services. letter, in person at the police desk, to an officer on duty
Such a system will permit a police records, report and analysis otherwise. The complaint/assignment sheet is registered by
to be used as significant tools of management, supervision, stamping a serial on each. When registered the
control, policy making, and operations. A police department, complaint/assignment sheet becomes a part of the records
large or small, shall maintain a centralized record file under a system. There shall be a consecutive series of complaint
unified control. The case file is the master record and is numbers assigned by the desk officer. The complaint number
supplemented by the arrest and the identification records. Each must not be confused with the case number.
of these records is numbered serially; thus there are case
numbers, arrest numbers, and identification numbers. All incidents, which require for a police investigation,
shall receive a complain number. The case number identifies
Filing the Case Record each case and all other papers and reports relating to it and as a
The case record is the heart of any police record basis for filing. The desk officer receiving the call need not be
system. It is the basis for an analysis of offences and the obtain detailed information from the complainant but secure
methods by which they are committed. The following are the the basic information needed to prepare the
different types of reports included under the case records, complaint/assignment sheet. If the complaint is lodge in the
which shall be accomplished by all concerned; precinct, the desk officer of the precinct shall prepare the
complaint/assignment sheet in two copies indicating there on
1. Complaint/assignment sheet the complaint number assigned by the Central Record Unit.
 The original copy shall be forwarded to the Central Records c) Continuation Report – This report shall be used as
Unit. the second as the succeeding pages of all kinds or reports.
d) Technical Report – This report shall be
2. Investigative Report accomplished by the investigator to cover other angles of the
This type of report is prepared as a written report on the case or the technical staff whose assistance has been requested
findings of the investigator. The following are the different to conduct laboratory examination of evidence specimen
types of the investigative reports. gathered, to supplement the findings and report of the
a) Case Report – This report shall be accomplished by investigating officer.
the investigator or member making preliminary investigation of f) Wanted Person Report – Information of persons who
crime reported to the police. The investigating officer shall are wanted by the police shall be flashed by means of “Notice”
submit this report at the end of his tour of duty. This report wanted person, accomplished in six copies, one copy to be sent
shall be prepared in the number of copies required by the to the PNP Provincial Director, one (1) copy to the PNP
department for distribution. For uniformity of crime reporting Regional Director, one copy to be sent to PNP Director
this shall follow the prescribed classification of offences, while General, Camp Crame, Quezon City, one copy to be sent to
the duplicate copy shall remain in the precinct concerned for the NBI Central office, Taft avenue, Manila, the original copy
the corresponding action. The officer assigned to the case shall to be placed in the “Persons Wanted File” of the police station
make his report at the end of his tour of duty. concerned, and the six (6) copies to be displayed in the Rogues
b) Supplemented / progress – final Report – Progress Gallery. Strict compliance with the instructions at the back of
report shall accomplished by the investigator continuing the the form is required.
investigation if the case is left by pending status. g) Daily Record of Events – A daily record of event is
It shall be submitted within three (3) days after the needed to keep all members of the force informed concerning
submission of the initial report and monthly thereafter until the police operations, assignments, and administrative instructions.
case is closed or cleared. It shall carry a brief resume of each complaint/assignment
Closing a case shall not be confused with clearing a sheet, a description of missing persons, and persons wanted,
case. A case is “Closed”, for administrative purposes, when it and other information of interest to the police force. The officer
is no longer being investigated and is not assigned to an who prepares the complaint/assignment sheet may reproduce
investigator. A closed case can be either solved or unsolved. the daily record of events becomes a chronological cross-
A case is “Cleared” when one or more person is arrested, reference to the complaint file. A number of copies may be
charge with the commission of the made for dissemination to the different divisions and units of
offense and turned over to the fiscal or court for prosecution. the department. In large police stations, the daily record of
Based on the final report a complaint maybe filed by the Police events may be duplicated by mimeograph. In all police forces,
Station Commander before the Municipal Criminal Circuit a log book or police blotter shall be used, provided that it
Trial Court, if it is the municipality. contains all the information in the daily record of events and
that each incident shall be assigned a serial number. All make out one and assign a serial number at the time of the time
investigation report and other documents dealing with a case of the booking. Immediately after accomplishing the arrest
are assembled in a folder. The accumulation of the record is report, three things are done.
called the “Case File” and is one of the principal features of the First – Send to the complaint clerk for the preparation of the
satisfactory record system. Case files are always filed complaint/assignment sheet.
according to the case number. Second – Send to the complaint clerk for name search against
 Filing the Arrest and Booking Records the alphabetical index file in order to determine if the prisoner
These reports are required for all persons arrested. They is wanted on some other cases.
shall be made out in full on each person arrested.
1. Arrest Report – An arrest report shall be out in full Third – Two sets of the fingerprints of the prisoner shall be
on each person arrested and should be prepared at the time is taken. One set shall be forwarded to the NBI headquarters,
prisoner is booked. Information regarding the offender, the Manila, and the other shall be searched by fingerprint
charges and circumstances of arrest is recorded before the classification in the fingerprint file, only one set shall be taken
prisoner is locked in jail or released on bond. The arresting and forwarded to the NBI headquarters in Manila.
officer is responsible for the arrest report and its completion. Finding shall be noted on the arrest report shall be
One or more criminal charge may be placed on one arrest prepared in triplicate together with one booking sheet as its
report. However, if the arrest is in obedience to a warrant or fourth copy. The original is filed with the arrest record file be
warrants, separate arrest report will be made for each warrant. the number in the Central Record Unit, The duplicate and
In preparing for the arrest record, it is important the full name triplicate copies shall be sent to the fiscal or to the clerk of
first, middle and last, another personal circumstances of the court, as the case may be, together with the criminal complaint
prisoner are entered and all questions on the form are of information and its other supporting papers. The lower
answered. It shall bear on arrest number for each arrest made. portion of the arrest report will be later on detached and
The number series for arrest shall start from no. 1 on the first returned to the police department by the fiscal or the clerk of
day of each year which will known as Calendar Year court concerned after the termination of the case, to be filed
Numbering System. For example, the first arrest in 1991 shall with the case record after the disposition of the case has been
be 91-1 this means that it is the first case of the calendar year annotated on the fingerprint of the accused.
1991. This report shall be used in controlling prisoners during 2. Booking Report – The police station needs a current
the period of investigation. The arrest report shall be filed by list of the prisoners in custody which will indicate the status
the arrest number and cross-indexed by name and all aliases of and disposition of each. It provides information to each
the prisoner. It shall carry the serial number of the division as to the inmate or inmates in jail. It facilitates
complaint/assignment sheet and case report, as the case may accounting for the prisoners at the end of each shift and their
be. In an arrest where there has been no previous control and all times and on which restrictions or privileges are
complaint/assignment sheet prepared, the desk officer shall noted. The booking sheet shall be jail file for arrest, arranged
alphabetically, and serves as the jail resister. Information indicate that the original prisoners property receipt was lost,
regarding any prisoners in custody is thus immediately stolen or destroyed.
available. The file shall be kept at the booking counter or Prisoner’s property that is clearly identifiable by a
location convenient in examination when inquiries are made. number or inscription shall be checked against the stolen
After the release of the prisoner, either the police or the court, property files. If an identification is made, an investigation
the jail-booking sheet is forwarded to the records division report stating the facts is written in duplicate; the original is
where it is filed according to the arrest number. sent to the Commanding Officer who shall cause the property
3. Prisoner’s Property Receipt – All police stations so identified to be held as evidence, the duplicate shall be sent
shall give receipts to prisoners’ property that is taken from to the detective division for appropriate action.
them. This receipt is prepared in duplicate. Everything taken
from his is still the prisoners’ property until shown to be Filing the Identification Record
otherwise. The officer who makes the search and remove the The various identification records for the identification
property shall itemize it completely in the presence of another of the criminals and other individuals now extensively used in
officer and the prisoner and give prisoner the original receipt. police stations shall include the following:
The officer must also see that the property is sealed in an
envelope, which bears the prisoners name, the property receipt Fingerprint Record – Of the various method of
number and the date. The department property clerk will not be criminal identification, the fingerprint system is the most
concerned with the care of prisoner’s property except when it is reliable. Identifying criminals by name is unsatisfactory
too bulky for storage in the prisoner’s property cabinet or safe. because of the frequent use by criminal or aliases. Fingerprint
The prisoners property receipt blank form should be in record shall be prepared in at least two copies, the original
book form, with the original perforated for easy removal and remain in the Central Record of the police station concerned
with a serial number printed on each pair. The duplicate should and a copy to be sent to the NBI headquarters in Manila.
be removed from the book. This is to eliminate danger of loss a. Criminal Fingerprint – All persons arrested for an
and to have an easy reference by property receipt number or offense shall be fingerprinted and an identification number
date. shall be assigned to each prisoner to identify records relating to
On the time of release, the prisoner shall be required to him. A prisoner shall be fingerprinted each time he is arrested,
produce the original receipt. Where he sign to acknowledge even though his prints have already on the file, in order that a
return of his property. The receipt is then filed with the case copy may be sent to the National Bureau of Investigation. This
file. In the event the receipt has been lost, stolen or destroyed procedure brings the criminal history file up to date after each
before the return of the property, certification listing as the arrest. The same ID number shall be used for each subject,
property as described on the duplicate prisoners property regardless of the numbers of time he may be arrested or
receipt shall be signed by the prisoner. This certification shall fingerprinted. This is the fourth series of number used, the
other three being the compliant sheet, case report and arrest
report. The identification number shall appear on the person arrested by a local police station shall have an
fingerprint card; the description and the photograph. The individual file folder.
identification numbers are recorded chronologically in a ledger Criminal Specialty or Modus Operandi File – This
the entries on which include the name, identification number, consists of photographic records and modus operandi of known
case number, the fingerprint classification and the date criminals. This shall describe the method of operation of a
fingerprinted. criminals, Classified and filed in such a way as to aid in
b. Civilian Fingerprint – All persons requesting identifying the crime as one committed by a known criminal.
clearance certificate or other personal identification purposes This is commonly known as M. O. (Modus Operandi)
shall be fingerprinted using the prescribed form. file. The use of the classification index file is the simplest form
c. Alien Fingerprint – All aliens requesting clearance of modus operandi. This is a sort of Rogues Gallery and is
certificate for purposes of petition for naturalization, charge of helpful in controlling crime and in apprehending criminals.
name, oath taking for other personal identification, purposes This shall be filed accordingly to certain M. O. characteristics,
shall be fingerprinted, using also the prescribed form. according to major classes of crimes, and according to
The fingerprint card is searched in the alphabetical identification number. Group photographs of criminals
index file. If the search is negative, search is then made in the working together are aid to identification and they shall be filed
fingerprint file by fingerprint formula. The fingerprint card are of Criminal Specialty of group involved.
then indexed and filed. This means that it is mandatory
principle of taking the fingerprint of all people mentioned Filing the Administrative Records
above in the three categories: criminal civilians, and aliens. A number of different records are required in the
Secondly, although the police station wishes to management of the departments’ personnel. Some of these are
maintain its fingerprint card will be sent to the NBI in Manila. of an informational character designed to aid in assignments,
In order for fingerprints to serve their maximum usefulness to promotions and disciplinary actions; others are of control
the local police stations and to all other law enforcement character such as correspondence files, department
agencies, it is imperative that copies be sent to the NBI, Manila memoranda, daily summary of daily attendance record, follow
wherein a history sheet will be prepared and furnished the up and call sheet and monthly report. In police stations of over
contributing agency. Other police stations may have arrested 100 men, the use of such file is essential in administering
the subject in the past are thus inform of his present personal matters.
whereabouts. The history sheet sent to the NBI by fingerprints.
It is most important, however, that the fingerprint shall be 1. Personal Records – A file showing the history of
taken accurately. each police officer, both prior and subsequent to joining the
The Henry FBI extension classification system of force, is indispensable.
fingerprints shall be used by the police stations. The criminal
history sheet shall be filed in the individual criminal file. Each
 2. Correspondence File – This shall consist of set or maintained in order to ensure a prompt reply. Every police
records of communications classified, arranged and filed form shall keep and maintain the following miscellaneous
alphabetically by the subject to which they pertain. record.
3. Memoranda, Orders, Policy files, etc. – These shall  Register of the aliens within the city or municipality obtain
be filed accordingly as they are made available. from the Immigration Commission and/or other sources
4. Assignment Record – The detective assignment  List of firearm holders from the Philippine National Police
record is desirable for the effective function of the detective
division. Other division in the force may devise a system of  List incumbent city or municipal and barangay officials and
assigning personnel. their address
5. Other files – Police stations shall maintain other  Lists of the labor unions, cooperative associations, civic,
administrative records responsive to their needs. professionals, social and religious organizations, in industrial
 Filing the Miscellaneous Records plants, movie houses, etc
Police stations perform a variety of services that do not  List and description and all army camps and mobilization
relate to recorded complaints. In addition to the general classes centers
or records, there is miscellaneous group which do not feel  Facts about the locality indicating district, barangays, sitios,
under categories of records that a police stations maintains and roads, bridge, centers of population, voters and the like;
which on occasions create filing problems within a  Copies of ordinances and penal laws
department.  Roster of AFP reservists, (obtainable from military sources)
The average small police stations may simply maintain showing current addresses
one file folder for each category. Each piece of  List of private security agencies
correspondence, together with the copy of the reply, should be  List of parolees, pardoned and released criminals and their
filed in chronological order in an appropriate location file. As a addresses
refinement, the names of the authors of the correspondence
received may be indexed – the index care referring to the folder Property and equipment records – complete inventory shall
in which the correspondence may be located. If correspondence be keep by the police station and property as well as the cause
with a particular office is frequent, a separate folder for the of maintenance and operations, and
office may be maintained. However, another method used is to
filed miscellaneous correspondence by a subject matter such as  Such other reports that may be required by proper authorities
firearms, speaking engagements, and the like. and those that are necessary and the police force. This shall
Another system utilized occasionally is to assign a include the list of police numbers assigned to individual police
correspondence number to each piece of incoming personnel for identification purposes, which shall be varied and
correspondence, which then is filed by the name of the author. standard identification card for all members of the police force.
In any event, some types of control records should be
 Indexing concerned. however, both shall be reflected on the index card
Police stations shall prepare and maintain index card underlying the first or the original name used.
appearing in the case report and index card for serial number 6. A cross-index card shall be prepared for each additional name
and description of recovered lost or stolen property that has use without the brief information. The one in charge of the
been brought to their attention. The following are different master name index file shall go through indexes, card by card,
types of index file. in search of misfile card. The sizes and conditions of the files
Master Name Index File will influence the frequency of searching.
Every police station shall maintain a master name index Stolen Property Index File
for the operation. It shall be in 3/5 inches index card stock. One principal objective of the investigation conducted
Index cards shall be arranged in general alphabetical order by by the line-operating units is the identification of the recovery
the last name. Index cards shall be made of all names appearing of lost or stolen property. The stolen property index is an
in the case report, including aliases, name of complainants, investigative aid of inestimable value in achieving this
victims, suspect and wanted persons, index card shall be objective. There are two means of identifying property. One by
prepared when outside fingerprint cards are received and serial number placed on the property and the other is the type
placed in a local fingerprint collection whether the subject is of property (unnumbered) this shall be indexed and 3/5 inches
wanted or not. The department shall also index all names of index card stock, describing the articles that are reported lost or
persons wanted by other police agencies as listed in circulars or stolen locally or by circulars from other police station. Prior to
by other notice, persons placed on probation or parole. On the filing a card, a search shall be made to determine whether the
index card, the following shall be reflected. same piece of property has been previously recorded.
1. Complaint, case and/or ID number as the case may be Numbered Property Index
2. Name, aliases, addresses, sex, race, height, weight, color of the 1. Police stations with less than 200 police force may
eyes and hair, date and place of birth number guide cards from 00 through 99. Numbered property
3. Fingerprints classification (if available) shall be indexed by the last two digits of the serial numbers.
4. Brief statement of each incident base on the source document When more than one index card filed behind one guide card,
with the following date they may be placed a numerical order according to the third
 Date fingerprint taken, court case warrant of arrest issued or digit from the end as follows:
date alleged information. Example: Guide card 66
 Contributor of fingerprint or information and local number Revolver 952066
 Nature of offense and or purpose, and; Motor number 123066
 Result of disposition, it known Watch 51-266
5. If the subject has used to or more names, he will be known by Electric drill 752566
the name first used and so far as the particular police station is Radio AMD 3866
 2. Radio stations with more than 200 members shall the misplacement of records that have been used and keep the
number the guide cards from 000 through 999. Numbered files personnel informed at all times of the whereabouts of the
property shall be indexed according to the last three digits of records instead out at any given time.
the number without regard to the type of article. The indexed Borrower’s Slip
card is fixed behind the guide cards corresponding to the last This is used when asking for files, and is used as a
three digits of the number. receipt for a case or any number of items from a file. It is in
4x6 inches sheet. A supply of such slip shall be kept in each
Unnumbered property index division or unit. This form is accomplished by the borrower
Property not identifiable by manufacturers serial who needs a file and maybe brought to the file room either
number is indexed in the unnumbered property index, by through the regular messenger service or by any person
description of the article, such as clothing, furniture, footwear, authorized by the borrower. It is presented to the record’s
and etc., should be indicative of the general character of the official. It is kept in a file control box when the file stands or
article indexed. Index card shall be removed from the files remains charged-out. On the return of the record, the
when the property is recovered and file should be overhauled borrower’s slip is cancelled in the presence of the borrower and
periodically and certain cards removed. For example, cards same is attached to the record and remains in the file as a
over six months old describing perishable goods; those over permanent record of the transaction.
two years old describing non-perishable foodstuff, tobacco, and Charge-out Card
liquor; and those over five years old describing wearing Each time any file is issued, a record should be made on
apparel, linens and bed cloths, etc., serve no useful purpose a color charge-out which is often called a “Substitution Card”
after such a period of time, cards describing articles of greater or an “Out Card” which takes the place of a file that has been
value, of articles not likely to be worn, consumed, are removed from the cabinet. This cards maybe cut to fit the file
destroyed should be kept indefinitely. The complete description drawer and shall stand out prominently among the files. When
should be described on the index card to eliminate the need for a file or folder is withdrawn, one of the cards is filed out and
a search to check the investigative report to obtain the complete inserted in place of the file. It remains there until the borrowed
description. file is returned. When the record is returned, the entry of the
record is crossed out and the card is put back in its place in
Charging Out Files front of the file drawer.
Responsibility for filing each class of records should be Follow-up Procedure
definitely assigned to one or more designated clerks. Access to It is essential that each Station Commander have an
records, cabinets shall be restricted to record’s division administrative device, which will ensure that all case brought
members only. When any record is removed from the file, an to the attention of the force shall receive appropriate attention.
appropriate borrower’s slip is used and a charged-cut card is The mechanics of the follow-up system consists in making use
accomplished. This ensures the proper used of the files; prevent of one smooth copy of the complaint/assignment sheet for
every complaint, arrest, or other matter which is not completely reported. These reports shall follow the prescribed
disposed of at the time of the original report. These sheets are classification of offenses. The monthly statistical reports shall
placed in a “Tickler” or “Follow-up File” according to the date include the following:
as determined by the manual on which the investigating officer  Monthly report of cases handled by the police station
shall submit a progress or final report. The file has dividers for  Supplement on monthly report on cases handled by the police
each day of smooth and is separated in to 12 months. If a report station
is due on a designated date, the follow-up slip shall be filed on  Report of male persons arrested
the day following the target for submission of the report. A  Report of female persons arrested
reminder slip shall be made and sent to the superior of the The four reports above described shall be submitted to
officer concerned if the report is not submitted on the date due. the National Police Commission in three copies not later than
Spot Map the 15th of each month. The National Police Commission in
Spot maps are useful to indicate the traffic accidents return shall each furnish the NBI and the Chief/Director
and crime location. The location of crime hazards aid in the General of the PNP. Accuracy and promptness in the
direction of enforcement effort. It provides supervising officer submission of these reports shall be the responsibility of the
with evidence of weakness in police service and shows the Station Commander.
individual officer where his attention is specially needed. Spot The annual crime statistical report shall follow the
maps should be placed where they will be readily available for prescribed form of monthly reports.
consultation. They shall be placed in the office of the head of
the division or in the office housing the specialized activity INDUSTRIAL SECURITY MANAGEMENT
involved. Spot maps should be kept up to the date by the record
staff. Each map should be limited not over four different PADPAO
factors if this factors have about equal frequency. In place of  stands for the Philippine Association of Detective and
the crime index and the location index, spot maps shall be Protective Agency Operators.
maintained by the police station for its use as follows:  It is a non-stock private organization, and it was formed
Traffic spot maps – Accident spot map for the posting for in May 1958.
motor vehicle and pedestrian accident, which occur in the area. R.A. 5487
Crime spot map – A general crime spot map on which are  is an act that regulates the organization and operation of
posted the location of murders, rapes, robberies, holdup, the private detective, watchmen or security guard
carnapping and other major crimes of the locality. agencies.
Uniform Crime Reporting (UCR)  it is known as Private Security agency Law.
A uniform crime reporting shall be established in every Before R.A. 5487 there is no law, what they need is only a
police station for monthly and annual reports on case handled permit from the city or municipal mayor to hire a security
and persons arrested by the police station to include cases guard.
PCSUSIA – Philippine Constabulary Supervisory Unit for is the crime target
Security and Investigation Agencies – was formed as a result of
the approval of R.A. 5487, which directs the Chief PC to issue What is Victimology?
rules and regulations concerning the implementation of R.A. is the study of victim
5487 later was change to PNPSOSIA- when the Philippine Different Types of Security:
Constabulary was dissolved and the personnel was merged to 1. Physical Security – is a system of barriers placed between
the PNP. the potential intruder and the matter to be protected.
PNPSOSIA – PNP Supervisory Office for Security and is concerned with the physical measures adopted to prevent
Investigation Agencies – before it is responsible for the unauthorized access to equipment, facilities, material, and
issuance of implementing orders regarding the rules and documents, and to safeguard them against espionage,
regulations affecting security agencies operation. sabotage, damage and theft.
At present Types of Physical security;
PNPSAG/SD – PNP Security Agency Guards/ Supervision  Active- by using different types of barriers.
Division – for national and Methods used;
PNP FE/SAGS – PNP Firearm and Explosives/ Security a. Overt method b. Covert method
Agency Guard Services – for local it directs the Chief of PNP  Passive- by using psychological approach
to issue rules and regulations concerning the implementing 2. Communication Security – is the protection resulting from
rules of R.A. 5487. the application of various measures which prevents or delay the
Date of effectivity – Oct. 3, 1972 and Jan. 17, 1975 and enemy or unauthorized person in giving information through
amended by P. D. # 11 and 11A the communication system.
and again amended in 2003 with Title 2003 Revised Rules and 3. Hotel Security – is the protection resulting from the
Regulations Implementing R.A. 5487 as amended. application of various measures which safeguards hotel guests
Part 11. Security. and personnel, hotel property, and functions in hotel
Purpose of Securit restaurants, bars and clubs.
 is to protect the establishment from any form of losses 4. Bank Security – is the protection resulting from the
as a result of theft, robbery, pilferage, sabotage, application of various measures which safeguards cash and
espionage, accident, fire and subversive activities. assets which are in storage in transit and during transactions.
5. Document Security – is physical security that involves the
What is Security? protection of documents and classified papers from loss, access
Security – means the defense against crime or a state of to unauthorized person, damage, theft and compromised
being secured or free from hazard. through disclosure.

What is a Victim?
6. Personal and VIP Security – involve in the protection of Natural- mountain, forest, water or in nature.
top ranking official the government, visiting persons of Human
illustrious standing and foreign dignitaries. Animals
7. Crisis Security- is the protection of the rich person, Structural- man made obstacles
industrial magnates, political leaders against kidnapping for Energy- alarm system
economic, political, emotional or nationalistic purposes. Different factors that to be considered in providing the
8. Industrial Security- various measures to safeguard amount of security.
factories, manufacturing establishment, etc.  Criticality- the importance of the product or services
9. Operational Security- is physical which deals with the that the company is giving or producing.
protection of processes, formulas, patents and other  Vulnerability – how susceptible the establishment for
activities. the particular sabotage, espionage, etc.
10. Other special type of security- these type of security are Different factors that to be considered in providing
adaptations, variations, innovations and modifications of security in the establishment.
physical security which are follows, to wit:  Size, shape and location
1. Air cargo security  Number and character of people
2. Supermarket  Kind of product
3. School Security Espionage- an act of gathering information
4. Personnel security- involves the background Espion – French word- that means spy
check of persons This is used to estimate or determine the best possible
Security Hazard- is any act or condition, which may result means of sabotage.
in the compromise of information, loss of life, loss or Spy – is the agent of Espionage. They are very dangerous
destruction of property, or disruption of the objectives of because of their skill in deception and undercover works.
the installations. Methods used by the Agents of Espionage.
Types of Security Hazards:  Stealing or buying information from the employees.
Natural Hazards- types of hazard, which the mere cause is  By using various form of threats or extorting
the natural phenomenon. Ex. Storm, earthquake, typhoons, information’s.
floods, fire, lightning etc.  By means of blackmail.
Human/Manmade Hazard - which is actually the act of  Obtaining or gaining information from social
omission or commission both overt/covert by an individual gathering.
or by group of an individual?  By the use of fake organization as a front.
Ex. Espionage and sabotage-because of the state of mind of  Stealing records or documents.
an individual  By means of subversive activities.
Different types of barriers/Obstacles
 Sabotage – is an act of destroying, damaging or any evil High Intensity Explosives – is detonated by means of shock,
motives that will lead to stoppage of the normal operation jarring or shake. These are from liquid.
of the company, factory, plant and or establishment. Types of High Intensity Explosives;
Sabot- French word – that means Wooden Slipper. 1. Dynamite – from liquid it is manufactured and usually
Saboteur – is the agent of sabotage. homemade and popularly used by illegal fisherman and
3 types of Saboteur miners.
 Enemy agent 2. TNT (Trinitrotoluene) – popular in the military.
 Traitorous person 3. Plastic Explosives
 Irresponsible person 4. Molotov Bomb
Types of Sabotage 5. Stench Bomb – Chemical that is carried out by the
 Mechanical Sabotage racketeers and with disagreeable odor.
 Psychological Sabotage 6. Nitro-glycerin – contains of nitro-acid, sulfuric acid and
Mechanical Sabotage – is an act wherein they used the glycerin.
object or substance within the area of an establishment. Types of Stench Bomb
Types of Mechanical Sabotage 1. Zinc Valerate – mix with alcohol, ether or warm water
1. Contamination – is a type where they used foreign and place it in a vial or bottle. (White Powder)
materials to apply in the establishment. 2. Valeriana Acid – white crystal – Valeriana Officinales
2. Breakage – destroying the vital parts of a machine. 3. Butyric Acid - double fermentation of sugar and milk.
3. Substitution – Substitution or changing of formula 4. Hydrogen Sulfide – it has a rotten eggs, or rotten fish
to another, which will cause damage or smell or odor.
destructions. Arson – is the malicious burning of one’s property.
4. Omission – this is committed by means of a doing Objectives:
by an individual, which can cause destruction inside Fraud- losing- by burning the property they can recover
of the company or establishment. from losing.
5. Abrasive – a special type of contamination, by Revenge/Spite
using a type of material that will grind metals. Pyromaniac- a person who is fond of looking fire
6. Explosives – substances that are easily exploded by Combustion- a chemical process by which the heat and
means of heat, friction, jarring or sparks. They are flame will comes out.
highly dangerous because of its damaging effect. Causes of fire
Types of Explosives: According to their sensitivity. 1. Flame
2. Gas or Electricity
Low Intensity Explosives – It is very sensitive to heat. It can 3. Chemicals
be exploded by means of fire, friction or spark. 4. Heat of the sun
 5. Bacteria Causes of riot:
6. Spark 1. Panic
Fire is classified according to their classes. 2. Strike
Class A Fire - are those disposed by ordinary combustible 3. Mob- a promiscuous multitude of people, rude and
material – Fire extinguisher used is water. disorderly.
Class B Fire - is disposed or composed of petroleum product- Types of mob:
it serves as blanket to burning material. 1. Aggressive mob
Class C Fire - is disposed or composed of electrical energy or 2. Escape mob
from electricity related fire- Fire extinguisher used are dry 3. Acquisitive mob
chemicals and carbon dioxide 4. Expressive mob
Class D Fire - composed or disposed by combustible metal- Crowd – Temporary congregation of people.
Fire Extinguisher used are powder talc and dry sand. Types of crowd:
What is the reason in classifying fire? 1. Physical crowd – temporary congregation of people
The reason is that in order to determine the types of fire without interest
extinguisher to be used. 2. Psychological crowd- temporary congregation of
Fire Fighting- is used to reduce the burning material. people with common interest in a certain thing.
Subversive activities- are dealing with the weakness of a Types:
person. a. Casual psychological – common
Economic sabotage- activities of the business interest only for short duration
establishment against the government. b. International Psychological- common
Objectives of Subversive activities: interest in a long duration
In order to determine the authority; to under weaken the Pilferage- Petty theft
organization; in order that they can manage or take over the One of the most annoying and common human hazard
organization. These activity must be immediately put in control
Parts of Subversive activities: Types of pilferage:
1. Rumor mongering 1. Casual pilferage- one who steal due to inability to resist
2. Propaganda the unexpected opportunity or has little fear that there is
3. Legal Action detection for souvenir
4. Arm threats – used of force 2. Systematic pilferage – one who steal with preconceived
5. Murder, Kidnapping, corruption of a certain employee plan and take away things for all types of goods,
or employees supplies or merchandise for economic gain
Riot- refers to the unlawful assembly that resulted to violent Methods used in Systematic Pilferage:
disturbance of peace. 1. Classic method
 2. Uses fake documents 1. 7 feet minimum height of the fence, on top is a
3. Removal of items barbwire.
4. Disposal of the same 2. Security Guard- to check the in and out of building and
5. Limiting factors of pilferage: the people.
 Value of the item- very expensive 3. Protective lighting for safety protection.
 Ease of concealment – easy to cover 4. Poor lighting – indirect action- lack of protection
 Transportation 5. Well lighted- psychological barriers- it gives more
KLEPTOMANIAC – The person who is fond of getting the protection.so that they can notice and familiarize, they
property of other people. There is satisfaction on the part of the can immediately detect the particular intruder.
person committing a crime Different factors that to be considered in protective
Theft - is committed by any person who with intent to gain but lighting.
without violence against or intimidation of persons nor force 1. Size, shape and location
upon things shall take personal property of another without the 2. Kind of product-variable, critical or plenty of loses
latter’s consent. 3. Protective advantage
Simple theft- without violation of trust and confidence 4. Management policy-for security consciousness
Qualified Theft – taking the property of another with violation ??is used to increase the
of trust and confidence; effectiveness of the guard by
Example: maid, houseboy, salesgirl, or employees or any increasing the guard’s visual range
person that the victim has trusted. during the hours of darkness or in
Shoplifter- is those people or somebody who gets the things or location where natural lighting does
property displayed in the store without payment. not reach or is insufficient to provide
PROTECTIVE BARRIERS AND SECURITY the desired visibility.
LIGHTING: PROTECTIVE LIGHTNING
PERIMETER SECURITY- is the first line of security or
defense by establishing structural barriers fence, to protect the Types of lighting system:
entire establishment. 1. Continuous- non-stop
Different enclosures used in the perimeter security. 2. Stand by- operated manual by security guard or
Solid – they cannot see what is in the inside and those who are operated by an alarm system
in the inside they cannot see also what is in the outside. 3. Movable- search light
Full View- you can see through the fences, or what’s going on 4. Emergency- use in case of emergency
inside and out. Position of the protective lighting
Safety measures to be used. 1. Always focus on the approach
2. Must focus on the people not on the guard
 Preventive measures- is the best approach. 5. Perimeter barriers- is a system of protection designed to
 Perimeter security restricted areas by unauthorized person.
 Carefully select the workers and employees; Purposes of perimeter barrier:
1. Initial security 1. Outline the perimeter of the area to be protected.
2. Background investigation 2. Create a physical and psychological deterrent to
3. Analysis of previous employment or unauthorized entry.
employment history 3. Delay intrusion, thus facilitating apprehension of
4. Personal investigation intruders
5. Establishing rules and regulation 4. Assist in a more efficient and economical
6. Regularly check the pulse of your workers employment of guards
Preventing measures to help in the establishment 5. Facilitate and improve the control of pedestrian and
1. Intelligence vehicular traffic.
2. Solved Grievance Openings in perimeter barriers.
3. Prevent the organization of opposition The number necessary to handle peak loads of pedestrian and
4. Develop working relation with other local vehicular traffic
authorities.  Gates- locks (seals) and seals
Different entries that are need to be controlled by the  Frequent inspection by guards
security guards.  Key control
1. Restricted area- is an area access to which is subject to  Windows
special restriction to the flow of pedestrian or vehicular  Other openings
traffic to safeguard property or material. 1. Sewer
2. Limited area- a restricted area containing a security 2. Air and water intake
interest or other matter in which uncontrolled 3. Exhaust tunnels
movement will permit access to such security interest or 4. Electrical and common tunnels
matter; but within which and controlled.  Clear zones- exterior – 20 feet
3. Exclusive area- a restricted area containing a security  Interior- 50 feet
interest or matter, which is of such nature or of such  If minimum clear zones is not possible
vital importance that access to the area of proximity 1. raise height of fence
resulting from access to the area, constitutes access to 2. add more lights
the security interest or matter. 3. increase patrol
4. Clear zones- the exterior and interior parallel area near Types of physical barriers
perimeter barriers of an industrial compound to afford 1. Natural barriers- mountain, rivers, seas and terrain
better observation and patrol movements.
 2. Man made barriers- structural construction, like fences,  Security Survey- is the process of conducting an
walls, floors, muffs and grills exhaustive physical examination and thorough
Common types of physical barriers are; inspection of all operational systems and procedures
1. Wire fences of a facility.
2. Building walls Purposes of Security Survey
3. Bodies of water 1. To determine existing state of security
Types of fencing a. To locate weaknesses in defenses
1. solid b. To determine degree of protection required.
2. full view- chain-link, barbwire c. To produce recommendations, establishing a
Security Planning: total security program
 Security Planning- is a corporate and executive Persons responsible to conduct security survey
responsibility. It involves knowing the objectives of 1. Staff security personnel
security and the means and methods to reach those 2. Qualified security specialist
objectives or goals must then be evolved. In short, A Security Survey is known by a number of different
security planning is a decision-making process. terms such as;
Contents of Security planning:  Risk analysis
The situation- this part of security planning explains the  Risk assessment
historical background of the organization of its security picture Key step in a risk assessment process;
The mission- this part of security will cover what the plan is all 1. to determine value, impact and cost of any asset
about and what it intends to do, This mission is further should it be lost due to natural or man-made forces.
subdivided into: 2. To determine the degree of probability that natural
1. Purpose or man-made forces will strike at any given facility.
2. Goals Information necessary in conducting a survey:
3. Objectives 1. A plot plan of the area to be surveyed
Execution- this part of security plan will explains and outline 2. A map of the city or locality in which the facility is
the concept of the security project located, this becomes very important if the facility
Administrative and Logistics- This part of the security plan consist of more than one location.
involves listing of security equipment 3. The number of employees working on each shift by
Command and signal- this last portion of the security plan category
pertains to the channel of communication needed, when 4. The operational flow plans of the facility if they are
implementing to the project until in full view. available in writing
SECURITY SURVEY 5. Maps and description of guard tours and stations if
available
6. Guard orders and the facility’s security manuals if there 3. Government Guard Forces- they are considered as
are such government employees and paid by the government
7. Locations of the nearest fire department and police 4. Security Guard Forces- maybe define as a group of
headquarters forces of men selected, trained and organized into a
functional group for the purpose of protecting
operational processes from those disruption which
 Security Inspection- is a process of conducting impede efficiency or halt operations at a particular
physical examination to determine compliance with plant, facility, institution or special activity.
established security policies and procedures as a The Essential Qualities of Security Guards:
result of a security survey. 1. Alertness
Comparison made between Security Survey and 2. Judgment
Security Inspection. 3. Confidence
1. Security Survey. 4. Physical Fitness
2. Defensive type process/service 5. Self-control
3. Detailed study of the existing security measures SECURITY COMMUNICATION SYSTEM – facilities
4. Conducted to determine the level of security provided for signaling, alerting or alarming workers at any
required consistent with the mission location throughout the installation as occasion demands.
5. Broader in scope These include the use of telephone and radio.
6. Non-recurring type of service PROTECTIVE ALARM SYSTEM- provide an electrical
Security Inspection. and mechanical means of detecting and announcing
1. Defensive type service proximity of intrusion which endanger the security of a
2. Limited check of the security measures already restricted area, a facility of an installation, or its
adopted components.
3. Conducted to determine the degree of compliance Kinds of Lock:
with directed security measures 1. Warded lock- old type where the key is open and be
4. Limited in scope seen through
5. Recurring type of service 2. Disc tumbler lock- used in car doors, desk, drawers,
Types of Guard Forces etc.
1. Company guard- proprietary or in house security, and 3. Pin tumbler lock –widely used I doors of offices
they are directly under the payroll of the company. and houses irregular in shape and the key
2. Agency guard- they are hired by an agency, and they 4. Lever lock- used in locker
are paid by contract 5. Combination lock- has 3 deals which must be
aligned in proper order before the lock will be open
 6. Code-operated lock- this opens by pressing a series 2. Security administrative problems are reduced
of numbers buttons in proper sequence 3. Problems related to recruiting, pre-employment
7. Card-operated lock- coded cards whether notched, investigation and training are eliminated
embossed or embedded with magnetic-fuels are 4. Absenteeism and vacation leaves are eliminated
inserted to open 5. Security personnel are separated from co-employees
8. Padlock- a pad and a lock combination 6. Incase of emergencies, extra guards are easily
Terminologies: available
Private Detective – is refers to any person who is not a 7. Incase of company strike, the agency guards will be
member of a regular police agency or the Armed Forces of on duty to carry out their assigned duties.
the Philippines who does detective work for hire, reward, Disadvantages of Agency Guard Services;
or commission. 1. Lack of training
Persons – as used in this act, shall include not only natural 2. Low caliber employees
persons but also judicial persons such as corporation, 3. No company loyalty
partnership, company or association duly registered with 4. Project poor image
the Securities and Exchange Commission (SEC) and 5. Large turn-over
Bureau of Commerce. 6. Not familiar with plans
Private Detective Agency – refers to any organization or Advantages of a company Guard Forces:
corporation who is not a member as regular police agency 1. Generally higher caliber as they can receive higher
or of the AFP. wage
Watchmen/Security Agency – Any persons, associations, 2. Generally they provide better services
partnership or corporation who recruits training, masters, 3. Can be trained to handle of the more complex
furnishes, and solicits individuals or business firms, private security duties
or government owned corporation, engaging his services 4. Less turn-over
those of its watchmen either residential or business 5. Are more familiar with facilities they protect
premises, or both for hire or compensation thru 6. Tend to be more loyal to the company
subscription shall be known as watchmen or security Disadvantages of Company Guard Forces:
agency. 1. Cost more
License or License Certificate – a document issued to a 2. Maybe required to join guard force
person by competent authority allowing such person to 3. Problem of ensuring availability of back-up
established direct, manage, or operate detective or personnel
intelligence and private watchmen/security agency. Control of authorized entry:
Advantages of an Agency Guard Services; 1. Screening of personnel
1. More economical 2. Identification of personnel
 3. Identification of visitors 1. Physical Security -is the broadest branch of security
4. Control of truck/vehicle because it covers all types of security.
5. Control of packages  Exterior Physical Characteristics
6. Container control  Perimeter
What is the purpose of Key Control? Grounds:
1. To control the issue, use and storage of keys and  Is the fence strong and in good repair?
reserve key locks  Fence height- Is it designed so that an intruder
2. To control reproduction of duplicate keys cannot climb over it?
3. to control lock rotation and or replacement  Distance of fence from the building- Is it designed
4. To maintain record on all of the above so that an intruder cannot crawl under it?
5. To ensures proper supervisions of key control  Are boxes or other materials placed at a sage
measures by responsible persons. distance from the fence?
The following areas needs to be inspected, to determine the
 Are the weeds or trash adjoining the building that
degree of protection to be applied in the establishment
should be removed?
1. Perimeter
 Are stocks, crates or merchandise allowed to be
2. Building Security
piled near the building?
3. Key Control
4. Protective lighting  Is there a cleared area on both sides of the fence?
5. Communication and alarm system  Are fence gates properly locked?
6. Personnel identification and control  Are fence gates’ hinges secure and removable?
7. Vehicular identification and control  What types of lock and chain are used to secure
8. Safety for personnel gate?
9. Adequacy of existing guard forces 2. Communication Security - is applied to prevent or
SURVEY REPORTS – itemizes the condition which are delay enemy or unauthorized persons in gaining
conducive to breaches of security, records the preventive information through communication system.
measures currently in effect and when required--- makes
specific practical and reasonable recommendations to bring the a. Transmission Security - applied to protect the
physical security to the desired standard. transfer of communication from interception, traffic
analysis, and imitative deception.
Security Defined: b. Crypto Security - other component of communication
Is an act of being secured, freedom from fear, assurance security that resulted from the provisions of technically
or certainty sound Crypto-systems and their proper use.
TYPES OF SECURITY
Communication – the transfer of thought from the mind of volume of cash inside the bank. Security in the bank should
one person to the mind of another thought a common medium have specialized training.
or channel. 7. Crises Security -allied if not part of VIP Security, involves
Conference – the exchange of thoughts or opinions by in the protection of VIP’s like dignitaries, rich scions,
conversations, or seminar. The exchange could be from oral, industrial magnates, and political leaders against kidnapping.
written and other forms. 8. Industrial Security - is physical security applied to
Medium of Communication – refers to the common language business groups engaged in industries like manufacturing
known for two or more individuals who want to exchange assembling, research and development, processing,
thought or ideas with each other. warehousing and even agriculture.
Example: English: Is the dominant medium of 9. Operational Security - is part of physical
communication in the world. security that deals primarily with the protection of
Ilocano – is the common medium of communication in Baguio processes, formulas, patents and other activities.
City. 10. Other Types of Security - these types are
Channel of Communication – refers to the equipments being adaptations, variations, innovations and or modification of
used to transfer thought or ideas. physical security and these are the following:
Hotel Security - specialized physical security wherein aside a) Air Cargo Security - the objective of this type of
from uniformed guards assigned, they also employed hotel security is to minimize if not prevent loses of cargo
detectives. Their primary concern is the peace atmosphere of during transit, storage or transfer.
the hotel. Since there are lot of types of people entering the b) School Security - involves the protection of
hotel, guards should possess good human relations. children, buildings, faculty members, and school
4. Document Security - involves the protection of documents properties. This specialized type of work came about
and classified papers from loss, access by unauthorized due to rampant campus riots, vandalism, activism and
persons, damage, theft, and compromise through disclosure. wide used of dangerous drugs and narcotics among the
Inadequate and non-continuous background checks of people school population.
handling the document seems to the primary reason of c) Supermarket security- ahs emerged due to rampant
compromise. pilferage in these big institutional stores. Security for
5. Personnel and VIP Security – the protection of top ranking department stores, warehouse, ports and piers, and
officials of the government, visiting persons of illustrious storage depots are by themselves peculiar work
standing and foreign dignitaries is no easy job. Protection of activities requiring special treatment.
officials especially during travel or public appearances is no d) Personnel Security - involves in the background
easy task. checks of the individuals commensurate with the
6. Bank Security -another type of physical security. The main security requirements of their work. Pre-employment
concern of the bank guards is to protect the bank assets, the checks of personnel are undertaken by agencies to
 determine their character, credit and social standing, Possible Reasons Why Pilferage Happened Inside the
and professional competence. Storeroom:
a) Poor personnel movement control;
GENERAL SECURITY PLANNING b) Inadequate patrol guards;
Planning c) Lack of surveillance equipment;
 Is an act of or process of choosing goals to be d) Defective choice of locks; and
attained in the future, methods of attaining goals, e) Inadequate background checks on employees.
the allocation of resources to carryout those 3 FACTORS IN SECURITY PLANNING:
methods, and methods of determining the extent or 1. Cold hard facts - records of crime trend from law
degree to which the goals are attained. enforcement agency. The security staff officer should not
In the concept of hiring guards to protect a particular contest the facts, but make some moves just to prevent any
establishment, it requires planning. future occurrences.
Security Staff Officer is the one responsible of making the 2. Statistics - is designed to give the planner the opportunity
plan. to take advantage of everybody else’s experiences. The
TWO (2) MEASURES INVOLVES IN SECURITY following must be considered in statistics:
WORK: a) The prevailing rate for a guard’s pay;
1. Active measures - are the physical barriers, security b) The response time of police agencies when called;
lighting, use of vaults, locks and others. 3. Estimate - is a guess, but with the knowledge, background,
2. Passive measures - are those that will deter man the available hard cold facts, and the statistical data, it becomes
from committing such acts for fear of being caught, educational guess. This simply brings down that plans can
charged in court, or get dismissed.Examples: never appropriately answer all the problems that will come,
a. Security education programs hence the estimate.
b. Investigations
c. Fire prevention seminars A plan when being prepared can assume many names. It can be
d. Personnel security checks called:
TWO ACTIVITIES THAT ARE PART AND PARCEL OF a) a proposal
SECURITY PROCESS: b) a project study
Investigation - serve as deterrents on those involved, at c) an outline
the same time ways and means can be evolved if the cause d) a feasibility study
or causes of such violations can be found. e) under a code name
Audit - is the discovery of weaknesses of the system in WOMEN SECURITY GUARDS
use and the adoption of countermeasures to forestall or Women security can be given a light work due to the invention
prevent similar occurrences of similar errors. of modern technology wherein women security could be
assigned as operator of electronically operated security devices.  In a plant, shift change should not be made when
Experienced revealed that women as guards can be used people are coming to work; guard shift turn-over
effectively in following types of work: should be made an hour or more before entry or
a) Checking passes of static posts dismissed time.
b) Administrative duties at offices SECURITY GUARD FORCE
c) Escorting female visitors  Human guard - is the key element in the security
d) Making body checks on women employees system of a plant of installation.
e) Checking women’s areas a) Without human guard element, all mechanical,
f) Investigating women suspects electrical and electronic protective aids as well as
g) Operator of security radio sets security techniques would be worthless.
h) Console operator of electronic devices b) The selection of guards must be done with care and
i) Guarding secured parking areas meticulousness.
j) Toll gate operator Guard force - is a group of forces of men selected, trained and
k) Observing and guarding display booths organized into a functional group for the purpose of protecting
l) Traffic operation operation processes from those distributions which facility,
institution of special activity.
ORGANIZATION OF GUARD FORCES Types of guard forces:
Organization of guard forces varies depending on the a. Company or organic b.Private agency or contractual
circumstances and the available manpower.
Usually, a security force has a chief and for each shift, there is TRAINING OF GUARDS
a supervisor. a) Need for training
If there is no shift in-charge, the senior guard can assume the b) Trained guards can be depend on as they can apply
supervisory functions. what they have learned in the training.
Guards can perform the following functions: c) It is not only dangerous but a criminal act to assign a
a. Fixed post d. Administrative work guard who has not been properly indoctrinated and
b. Patrol e. Others trained.
c. Reserve d) The untrained guards may do unnecessary harm to
GUARD SHIFTS employees in performing their assigned duties.
 Guard forces are organized for duty into three shift e) Training gives supervisor better tolls to do his task
on an eight-hour period. efficiently among his guards.
 Change of shifts is variable but normally should be
made not on peak periods of activity in the normal SUPERVISION AND MANAGEMENT
operation of the establishment.
The Security Supervisor b) The color of the uniform is navy blue.
1. He is charged with directing the work and observing the c) Other include pistol belt, holster and night stick.
behavioral performance of the men under his unit. SECURITY HAZARDS
2. The effective supervisor must possess the necessary Security Hazards
leadership, human understanding, and job knowledge to do his Is any act or condition, which may result in the
work. compromise of information, loss of life, loss or destruction
3. A good supervisor is a good leader. A man who can induce of property or disruption of the objective of the installation.
his subordinates to render excellent work is a leader of men. Degree of Security Requirements:
4. A superior leader is intelligent, emotionally stable, and a) Relative criticality of operation
physically strong. b) Relative vulnerability of installation
EQUIPAGE FOR SECURITY GUARDS  Relative criticality – refers to an imminent danger
In a company or organic security guard force, equipment which of an item, area, or activity.
include uniforms, vehicles and firearms are provided by the  Relative vulnerability - is the susceptibility to
mother unit. damage of each part of the facility and the means by
In cases of agency guards, the client’s contract on the rates as which it may be damage.
agreed upon, includes individual equipage of the guards. THE SABOTEUR
The prescribed equipage of security guards is under the PNP  The saboteur is indeed the most dangerous foe whom
SOSIA, Camp Crame. This unit prescribes the uniform, the security will have to deal with while planning and
standard firearms, insignias and other accessorial and implementing security measures and techniques. A
ornamental requirements. saboteur is an ordinary-looking guy but in his mind, he
These are covered in the rules and regulations governing the has the training in deception, knowledge in
organization and operation throughout the Philippines, and as incendiarism, explosives, chemistry, bacteriology,
vested in Sec. 17 of RA 5487. mechanics and psychology.
Uniforms (Rule VI) – Rules and Regulation THE ESPIONAGE AGENT
All guards personnel should required to wear the complete The espionage agent is a very dangerous adversary, and his
prescribed uniform as prescribed by the PNP rules and skills in deception and his cunning should never be
regulations; underestimated. He is usually a person of extensive training
a) The uniform shall consist of headgear, service shirt, and will be highly effective in gaining the confidence of
service trousers, service belt and footwear. It shall be people and of extracting information of value to be relayed
different from that of the members of the Armed Forces to his employer
of the Philippines and the Philippine National Police. SECURITY COMMUNICATIONS SYSTEM
Uniforms should display the prescribed badge, buckle,
collar and cap devices, etc.
  These are facilities for signaling, alerting, or alarming immediate vicinity of the protected area or
workers at any location throughout the installation, as component.
occasion demands. These includes: Kinds:
a) Telephone 1. Audio - sound
b) Radio 2. Ultrasonic - movement of sound waves
This system should provide for employees, guard, or watchmen 3. Electro-magnetic - breaking electric circuit
reporting fires, accidents, or suspicious circumstances without 4. Photo-electric - interrupting light beam
leaving their posts or areas of patrol. 5. Thermal - heat
Protective Alarm Systems - provides an electrical and 6. Television
mechanical means of detecting and announcing proximity of SCREENING OF PERSONNEL
intrusion which endangers or may endanger the security of a Includes all the security measures designed to prevent
restriction area, a facility, or its components. unsuitable persons of doubtful loyalty from gaining access to
Purpose: classified matters or may security facility and to prevent the
a) To permit more economical and efficient use of appointment, employment, and retention of such person.
manpower by substitution of mobile responding 1. Background Investigation (BI)
guard units for larger numbers of fixed guards 2. Record clearances
and/or patrols; Types of Background Investigation
b) To take the place of other necessary elements of 1. Partial Background Investigation _(PBI)
physical security, which cannot be used because 2. Complete Background Investigation – (CBI)
building layout safety regulations, operating PBI - is an inquiry into specific phases of the persons life and
requirements, or other reasons; and includes a Local Agency Check (LAC), interviews of
c) To provide additional controls at vital areas as references and former co-employees, if any.
insurance against human or mechanical failure. CBI - is thorough inquiry into all important aspect or the
Types of Alarms: persons life history and includes a National Agency History
1. Central Alarm Station - in which the operation Sheet (NAHS) and those developed in the course of the
electrical protection circuits and devices are inquiry.
automatically signaled to a central station which as Factors to considered in the inquiry:
trained guards and operation is attendance at all 1. Loyalty - faithful allegiance to the Philippine
times. Government and its duly constituted authorities.
2. Local Alarm System - is one which the 2. Integrity - uprightness of character, soundness of
protective devices are connected to a visual and/or moral principle; freedom from moral delinquencies;
audible signal element which is located at/or in the honesty.
 3. Discretion - ability or tendency to act or decide with Cylinder Lock -usually installed at residences. It is also called
prudence; habits of wide judgment; good judgment. night latch and is operated by a key on the outside and a knob
4. Moral - personal traits; moral habits. on the inside.
5. Character - the aggregate of distinctive mental and Dry Run -is the practical exercise or test of a plan or activity
moral qualities that have been impressed by nature, to determine its effectiveness.
education and habit upon the person. Facility - is a plan, building, office, institution of any
6. Reputation - opinion or estimation in which a group commercial or industrial structure or complex with all the
of person is generally held; what he is reported to be. attendant structure and functions that are of an integrated
IMPORTANT THINGS TO REMEMBER: operation.
Close-in Security - refers to the working protective detail that Grand Master Key - refers to a key that will open
provides close physical security on the principal. everything in a system involving two or more master key
25 Years Old - the minimum age requirement for Security groups.
Manager or Operator of a Security Agency. Peterman - a term used in England for lock pickers,
1,000 -The maximum number of guards for company guard safe combination crackers.
and agency guard forces. Recon Vehicle - a vehicle always in fronting the
200 -The minimum number of guards allowed for private principal’s vehicle to neutralize any possible threat. .
security agencies. Securities and Exchange Commission - a
30 -The minimum number of guards allowed for company government agency where the registration of a security
guard forces. agency took place.
Perimeter Defense -It includes barriers, perimeter fences or Security Education - refers to means and ways that trains
guards at the gate. personnel and employees making, them security conscious.
Examples of interior perimeter defense: Trade Secrets - it consists of devices, patterns or
a. Doors compilation of information which is used in one’s business
b. Floors and gives the user advantage over competitors.
c. Grills Vault - a heavily constructed fire resistant storage facility
Barrier - refers to a natural or man-made structure which and is always part of the building structure.
is capable of delaying illegal access to a facility. When may firearms issued to private security agencies be
Central Alarm System - is a type of alarm system utilizes confiscated?
a station outside the compound. Answer:
Chief PNP - exercises the power to revoke, for causes a. When the firearm has been used or is about to
licenses issued to security guards. be used in the commission to a crime.
b. When the firearm’s caliber is not among those
prescribed by law for use.
 c. When the firearm is carried or used outside the W. Parker
property or compound serviced by the agency without “Against organized crime, internal affairs
proper authority. in my defensive arm; Intelligence is my offensive arm.”
Known in the Industrial Security as Physical Security: History
a. Perimeter barriers Biblical Setting
b. Protective lighting The earliest source of intelligence, in the age of belief is
c. Guarding super natural interventions in the affairs of men, were prophets,
Three Categories of Security Guards Belonging to the seers, oracles, soothsayers and astrologers. Since God knew
“Blue Army” what was going to happen ahead to time, having to some extent
1. Agency guards ordained the outcome of events, it was logical to seek out
2. Company guards divine intentions in the inspiration of holy men in the riddles of
3. Government security guards oracles, in the stars and often in dreams.
“Deploy intelligence men in pilferage prone areas to catch the MOSES
culprits” – is the best choice of action by the security chief of One of the first recorded formalized intelligence efforts,
an industrial firm if inventory shows that pilferage is rampant with format, can also be found in the Holy Bible Numbers
in the warehouse. 13:17
File Room - is installed as part of the building which holds DELILAH
up to 10,000 cubic meters of essential items and at least 12 feet The Philistine used her when she allowed Philistine
in height, with enough ventilation and fire proof of at least I spies to hide in her house (Judges 16). Delilah was an
hour. impromptu intelligence agent. Apart from her tonsorial
Key Control specialty, she also allowed sex to gain intelligence from a
Is a very important factor in conducting a survey. powerful enemy. She achieved the largest effective force of her
Check whether the clients are in the habit of picking up employer’s adversaries and contriving the stroke which put that
keys from employees at their termination or if they have an force out of action”.
accurate record if who has which keys.
IMPORTANT EVENTS AND PERSONALITIES IN THE
POLICE INTELLIGENCE AND SECRET SERVICE WORLD OF INTELLIGENCE
Sun –Tzu
SUN TZU A Chinese philosopher, creator of the “The Art of War”
“If you know the enemy and know yourself, you need “Information must be obtained from men who knew the enemy
not fear the result of a hundred battles.” situation.”
“If you know yourself and not the enemy, for every “Know thy enemy and know yourself, you need not fear the
victory, you are a fool who will meet defeat in every battle” results of a hundred battles”
“If you know yourself and not the enemy, for every victory, you He was known as the “Father of Organized Military
are a fool who will meet defeat in every battle.” Espionage”.
Alexander the Great   Alfred Redl
When Alexander the Great was marching to Asia, were He was one of the most brilliant intelligent agents.
rumors of disaffection growing among his allies and Though a homosexual, he became Chief of the Austro –
mercenaries, he sought the truth, and got it by simplest Hungarian Secret Service. He became a double agent of
expedient by devising the first “letter sorting” and opening to Russia. In 1913, his treason was discovered and he was forced
obtain information. to commit suicide. His treason also led to the death of almost
Genghis Khan 500,000 agents and soldiers combined in his 13 years
He was known “The Great Mongol”, who used espionage episode.
intelligence to conquer China and invade Cathay. He instructed Federal Bureau of Investigation
his Generals to send out spies and used prisoners as sources of First established in 1908 as an investigative arm of the
information. The leader of the so-called MONGOL U.S. Department of Justice and became what is known as the
CONQUERORS - made use of effective propaganda machine F.B.I. under its first director John Edgar Hoover in 1924. On
by spreading rumors of Mongol Terror, they collected September 6, 1939 by a presidential directive, it came to its
information on weaknesses and rivalries of Europe. The leaders responsibility the task of a domestic intelligence.
usually disguised as merchants. Central Intelligence Agency
  The agency was created under the US National Security
The French Intelligence System continued since 15th Act of 1947. It was the Central Intelligence group established
Century. during the time of President Truman in January 1946. The CIA
was under the National Security Council.
Napoleon Bonaparte once said, “One Spy in the right Committee for State Security
place is worth 20,000 men in the field”. He organized two  Russia - The Intelligence agency known as the KGB -
Bureaus of Interest: Bureau of Intelligence – which consolidate Komitet Gosudarstvennoy Bezopasnosti (KGB)
all incoming information regarding the enemy for presentation  British Secret Service – Great Britain
to the emperor and to obtain information as desired, and  Mossad – Israel
Topographic Bureau – which maintains a large map which WHAT IS INTELLIGENCE ?
covers the latest information regarding both enemy and According to Government – Commission Task Force
friendly forces. He maintained Military Intelligence and Secret It means the collection, processing, collation, interpretation,
Political Police Service all over Europe. His main arm was evaluation and dissemination of information, with references to
“Spy against spy” concept.  national security.
Frederick the Great   According to Military Terminologies - Intelligence is the end
product resulting from the collection, evaluation, analysis,
integration and interpretation of all available information story must be convincing and to be convincing it must
which may have immediate or potential significance to the not only be plausible or factual but its significance must
development and execution of plans, policies and programs of be shown.
the users. e) Selection - Intelligence should be essential and
According to Police Parlance - The end product resulting from pertinent to the purpose at hand.
the collection, evaluation, analysis, integration and f) Timeliness - Intelligence must be communicated to the
interpretation of all available information regarding the decision maker at the appropriate time to permit its
activities of criminal and other law violators for the purpose of most effective use.
affecting criminals and other law violators for the purpose of g) Security - Security is achieved by the measures which
affecting their arrest, obtaining evidence, and forestalling plan intelligence takes to protect and preserve the integrity
to commit crime. of its activities.
Principles
a) Objectivity - in intelligence, only the well guided General Activities in Police Intelligence
succeed. It is a basic intelligence concept that there
must be unity between knowledge and action. It follows a) Strategic Intelligence – it is an intelligence activity
therefore that intelligence should interact and condition which is primarily long range in nature with little
the decision practical immediate operation value.
b) Interdependence - Intelligence is artificially subdivided b) Line Intelligence – it is an intelligence activity that has
into component elements to insure complete coverage, the immediate nature and value necessary for more
eliminate duplication and to reduce the overall task or effective police planning and operation.
manageable sizes. Continuity - Intelligence must be c) National Intelligence - it is the integrated product of
continuous. It is necessary that coverage be continuous intelligence developed by all the governmental
so that the shape of what happens today could be branches, departments concerning the broad aspect of
studied in the light of what happened before, which in national security and policy.
turn would enable us to predict the shape of things to d) Counter-Intelligence – phase of intelligence covering
come. the activity devoted in destroying the effectiveness of
c) Communication - Intelligence adequate to their needs hostile foreign activities and to the protection of info
must be communicated to all the decision makers in against espionage, subversion and sabotage.
manner that they will understand and form that will e) Undercover Work – is an investigative process in which
permit its most effective use. disguises and pretext cover and deception are used to
d) Usefulness - Intelligence is useless if it remains in the gain the confidence of criminal suspects for the purpose
minds, or in the files of its collectors or its producers. of determining the nature and extent of any criminal
The story must be told and it must be told well. The activities that maybe contemplating or perpetuating.
 Functional Classification of Police Intelligence THE INTELLIGENCE CYCLE

1. Criminal Intelligence – refers to the knowledge

essential to the prevention of crimes and the
investigation, arrest, and prosecution of criminal
offenders.
2. Internal Security Intelligence – refers to the knowledge
essential to the maintenance of peace and order.
3. Public Safety Intelligence – refers to the knowledge
essential to ensure the protection of lives and
properties.
KINDS OF INTELLIGENCE
A. Strategic Intelligence – as defined earlier, it is an
intelligence data that are not of an immediate value. It is
usually descriptive in nature, accumulation of physical
description of personalities, modus operandi. It does not have PHASE1
immediate operational value but rather long range that may Planning the Collection Effort
become relevant to future police operations.  This phase of the cycle involve the determination of
B. Line Intelligence – It is the kind of intelligence required by the requirements of intelligence. It is concerned with
the commander to provide for planning and conduct tactical identifying the so called Essential Element of
and administrative operation in counter insurgency. This Information (EEI) - an item of intelligence or
pertains to knowledge of People, Weather, Enemy and Terrain information of the characteristics of the area of
(PWET) used in planning and conducting tactical and operations and the enemy, which the commander
administrative operation in a counter insurgency. feels he needs before he needs before he can
C. Counter Intelligence (CI) - this kind of intelligence covers reasonably arrive at a decision.
the activity devoted in destroying the effectiveness of hostile 1. What are their capabilities and vulnerabilities?
foreign activities and to the protection of info against 2. What are the physical characteristics of the probable
espionage, subversion and sabotage. Hence, the three activities area of operation?
of CI are: protection of information against espionage; 3. What major policies, plans and decisions must be made
protection of personnel against subversion; and protection of in the near future?
installations and material against sabotage. 4. What step must be taken to preserve the security of the
nation?
 5. What is the information required by the higher, lower or
adjacent echelons within the government or armed Recording – is the reduction of info into writing or some other
forces? form of graphical representation and the arranging or this info
into writing or some form of graphical representation and the
arranging of this into groups of related items. Police log book
PHASE 2 and Journal, Intel-work Sheet - Intel Files, Situation Maps -
Collection of information Rouges Gallery, Modus Operandi Files.
 This phase of the cycle is concerned with Evaluation – examination of raw information to determine
identification of the collecting agency, the intelligence value, pertinence of the information, reliability of
formulation of procedures on the manner of collecting the source and agency, and its credibility or truth of
the information in conjunction with the plans as information. Evaluation is the determination of the pertinence
achieved in phase one. of the info to the operation, reliability of the source of or
Methods of Collection – information can be collected through agency and the accuracy of the info.
overt method (open system) or covert method
(secret/clandestine). PHASE 4
Collecting Agencies – depending on the type of operation, the Dissemination & Use of Information
collecting agency could be Government Agencies, Intelligence  This phase of the cycle refers to the activities of
units, or Organizations transferring the processed information to the proper
Trade Crafts – includes the use of photography, users, most particularly the authority that requires the
investigations / elicitation / interrogation, surveillance, sound activity. Processed information can be disseminated
equipment, surreptitious entry – keys and locks, use of an through annexes, estimates, briefing, message,
artist, communication reports, overlays, and or summaries.
Methods of Dissemination
1. Fragmentary orders from top to bottom of the command
PHASE 3 2. Memorandum, circulars, special orders
Processing the Collected Information 3. Operations order, oral or written
 This phase of the cycle is concerned with the 4. Conference – staff members
examination and collation of all collected 5. Other report and intelligence documents
information. 6. Personal Contact
Steps in Processing Raw Information Who are the users of intelligence?
Collection – organization of raw data and information into 1. National leaders and military commanders –
usable form; grouping similar items of information so that they formulation and implementation of national policies.
will be readily accessible.
 2. Advisors and Staff – preparations of plans and Covert Intelligence – is the secret procurement of information,
estimates which is obtained without the knowledge of the person or
3. Friendly nations or other branches of the armed forces. persons safeguarding vital intelligence interest.
4. Processor – basis for evaluation and interpretation.
5. Head / chairman of an organization Close Sources: Include information which may be taken
6. Any person with authority for purposes of planning. through:
a) Casing and Elicitation
b) Surreptitious entry
INFORMATION AND ITS SOURCES c) Employment of technical means (Bugging and Tapping
Information device)
Information refers to all evaluated materials of every d) Tactical Interrogation
description including those derived from observation, reports, e) Observation and Description (ODEX)
rumors, imagery, and other sources from which intelligence in Informant / Informer
produced. Information is a communicated knowledge by others a) Informant – refers to a person who gives information to
obtaining by personal study, investigation, research, analysis, the police voluntarily or involuntarily without any
observation. consideration
b) Informer – those who give information to the police for
Two General classifications of sources of information: price or reward
1. Open Sources – 99% of the information collected are Types of Informants
coming from open sources. a) Criminal Informant – an informant who give
2. Close Sources – 1% of information are collected from information to the police pertaining to the underworld
close sources about organized criminals with the understanding that
his identity will be protected.
Overt Intelligence – is the gathering of information or b) Confidential Informant – is similar to the former but he
documents procured openly without regard as to whether the gives information violate of the law to include crimes
subject or target become knowledgeable of the purpose and criminals.
c) Voluntary Informant – a type of informant who give
Open Sources: Includes information taken from information freely and willfully as a witness to a certain
a) Enemy activity act.
b) POW and Civilians d) Special Informant – those who gives information
c) Captured documents concerning specialized cases only and it is regarded a
d) Map - Weather, forecast, studies, report - Agencies special treatment by the operatives (ex. teachers,
businessmen).
 e) Anonymous Informant – those who gives information 1. Mission and Target
through telephone with the hope that the informant can Infiltration – the insertion of action agent inside the
not be identified. target organization
Penetration – recruitment of action agent inside the
Sub-type of Informant target organization
a) Incidental Informant – a person who casually imparts
information to an officer with no intention of providing 2. Planning
subsequent information. 3. Spotting
b) Recruited Informant – A person who is selected 4. Partial Background Investigation (PBI) or Complete
cultivated and developed into a continuous source of Background Investigation
info. 5. Recruitment - the only qualification of an agent is to
Categories of Recruited Informants have an access to the target
a) Spontaneous or Automatic Informant – Informants who 6. Training
by the nature of their work or position in society have a 7. Briefing
certain legal, moral or ethical responsibilities to report 8. Dispatch
info to the police 9. Communication - technical method like
b) Ordinary (out-of-their-will) Informants – those under telephone/radio, non-technical method like personal
the compulsion to report info to the police meeting, live drop or dead drop
c) Special Employee – informants who are of a specific 10. Debriefing
operational nature  11. Payments – depends upon the motivation of informant
Motives of Informants 12. Disposition – involve activity on rerouting, retraining,
People give information to the police due to various retesting, termination
reasons. Their motives include reward, revenge, fear and 13. Reporting
avoidance of punishment, friendship, patriotism, vanity, civic- 14. Operational Testing
mindedness, repentance, competition, and other motives.
INFORMANT RECRUITMENT COVER AND UNDERCOVER
1. Selection a) Cover - the means by which an individual group of
2. Investigation organization conceals the true nature of its acts and or
3. Approach existence from the observer.
4. Testing b) Cover story – a biographical data through fictional that
will portray the personality of the agent he assumed, a
THE 14 OPERATIONAL CYCLES scenario to cover up the operation
 c) Cover Support – an agent assigned in target areas with physical observation in order to obtain evidence or
the primary mission of supporting the cover story. information pertinent to an investigation. Surveillance
d) Undercover Assignment – is an investigative technique of persons is called Tailing or Shadowing,
in which agent conceal his official identity an obtain Surveillance of place is called Casing or
information from that organization Reconnaissance, and Surveillance of other things,
events, and activities is called Roping.
THE UNDECOVER AGENT
Special qualifications include knowledge of the language, area In Surveillance, the following are considered:
background regarding events, knowledge about the custom and Pre-Surveillance Conference – a conference held among the
habits, physical appearance, and must be an artist. team members, the police intelligence unit before surveillance
is conducted.
Procuring Different Type of Agents Surveillance Plan – a plan established the as required
1. Agent in Place – an agent who has been recruited by an according to type of personnel, and the general and specific
intelligence service within a highly sensitive target, instructions for surveillance.
who is just beginning a career or have been long or Area Target Study – refers to the area of operation of
(outside) insider. surveillance activities.
2. Double Agent – an enemy agent who has been Surveillant – a person who conducts surveillance with
captured, turned around and sent back where he came includes only observations.
from as an agent of his captors Stakeout or Plant – is the observation of places or areas from
3. Expandable Agent – an agent whom false information a fixed point.
is leaked to the enemy. Tailing or Shadowing – it is the observation of a person’s
4. Penetration Agent – an agent who has such reached the movement. 
enemy gets information and would manage to get back Undercover Man – it refers to a person trained to observe and
alive. penetrate certain organization suspected of illegal activities and
5. Agent of Influence – an agent who uses influence to later reports the observation and information’s that proper
gain information operational action can be made
6. Agent of Provocation – one who provoke the enemy to Liason Program – the assignment of trained intelligence
give information personnel to other agencies in order to obtain information of
police intelligence value. (Agencies like the press, credit
METHODS OF COVERT INTELLIGENCE agencies, labor unions, telephone companies)
Surveillance Safehouse – is a place, building, enclosed mobile, or an
 is a form of clandestine investigation which consists apartment, where police undercover men meet for debriefing or
of keeping persons, place or other targets under reporting purposes.
Drop – any person is a convenient, secure and unsuspecting reconnaissance is the surveillance of a building place or area to
place where police undercover men meet his action agent for determine its suitability for Intel use or its vulnerability in
debriefing or reporting purposes. operations. It aids in the planning of an operation by providing
Convoy – an accomplice or associate of the subject used to needed information.  It assists the agent handler to install
avoid or elude surveillant. confidence in his agent during briefing phase by being able to
Decoy – a cover supporting the surveillant who can become a speak knowingly about the area of operation.
convoy whenever surveillant is burned. Casing is also considered a security measure because it offers
Contact – any persons whom the subject picks or deals with some degree of protection for those operating in an area
while he is under observation and identifies the observer.  unfamiliar to them.
Made – when subject under surveillance becomes aware that
he is under observation and identifies the observer.  Method of Casing
Lost – when the surveillant does not know the whereabouts of 1. Personal Reconnaissance – the most effective method
his subject or the subject had eluded the surveillance. and will produced the most info since you know just
TYPES OF SURVEILLANCE what you’re looking for.
According to Intensity and Sensitivity 2. Map Reconnaissance – it may not sufficient but it can
Discreet –subject person to be watch is unaware that he is produce a certain amount of usable information
under observation 3. Research - much info can be acquired through
Close – subject is aware that he is under observation varied on research
each occasions 4. Prior Information – your unit and of the unit will have
Loose – applied frequently or infrequently, period of file report that they may provide you with info
observation varied on each occasion 5. Hearsay –info usually gain by the person operating in
According to Methods the area and performing casing job
Stationary – this is observation of place usually a bookie stall,
a gambling, joint, a residence where illegal activities are going ELICITATION
on (fixed position)  It is a system or plan whereby information of
Moving – surveillance follow the subject from the place to intelligence value is obtained through the process
place to maintain continuous watch of his activities direct intercommunication in which one or more of he
Technical – this is a surveillance by the use of communications parties to the common is unaware of the specific
and electronic hardware’s, gadgets, system and equipment purpose of the conservation.
Two Devices in the conduct of Elicitation
CASING OR RECONNAISSANCE 1. Approach – process of setting people to start talking
Casing is the term use in the police organization while 2. Probe – to keep the people taking incessantly
Reconnaissance is used in military terms. Casing or
TACTICAL INTERROGATION Opposite Personality Technique – also known as “Mutt and
 The need for obtaining information of the highest Jeff”, “Threat and Rescue”, “Bud Guy – God Guy’, “Sweet and
degree of credibility taken on the minimum of time Sour”, “Sugar and Vinegar”, “Devil and Angel”. Use of two
can be through interrogation which varies and (2) interrogators playing opposite roles.
dependent entirely on the situation.
Egotist Techniques (Pride and Ego) – usually successful
when employed against an interrogee who has displayed a
INTERROGATION TECHNIQUES: weakness or a feeling of insecurity. You may reverse the
Techniques of Approach – the purpose is to gain the technique by complimenting the interrogee in hopes of getting
cooperation of the source and induce him to answer questions him to admit certain information to gain credit. Described him
which will follows: The “Open Techniques” – the interrogator as the best person, superior or comrade.
is open and direct in his approach and makes no attempts to
conceal the purpose of the interrogator. It is best employed “Silent” Technique – employed against nervous or the
when the interrogee is cooperative. It is frequently used at the confident type of interrogee. Look out the interrogee squarely
tactical level where time is a major interrogator. in the eye with sarcastic smile (force him to break eye contact
The “Common Interest” Technique first). He may ask questions but the interrogator must not
The interrogator must exert effort to impress the interrogee of answer. Patience is needed until the interrogator is ready to
their common interest. The interrogator must look for he point break silence.
out the real advantages the interrogee will receive if he
cooperates. “Question Barrage” Technique (Rapid Fire Questioning) –
Record File (we know all technique) intended to confuse the interrogee and put him into a defensive
the interrogator prepare a file on the source listing all known position. The interrogee become frustrated and confused, he
information (record should be padded to make it appear to be will likely reveal more than he intended, thus creating opening
very extensive). The “we know all” s used in conjunction with for further questioning.
the record file. During the approach, the interrogator may ask
the interrogee about a subject, if he refuses to cooperate, the CRITERIA IN DISSEMINATION
interrogator may provide the answer in order to impress him A. Timeliness – which connotes that it should be forwarded
that the interrogator knows him very well (all is known). without delay when needed.
Exasperation – Techniques (Harassment) – effectively B. Propriety – the message must be clear, concise and
employed against hostile type interrogee. The interrogator must complete as well as in the proper form for the receiver to
be alert because the interrogee may fabricate information to readily understand its content.
gain relief from irritation (monotype). Subject Interrogee is C. Security – dissemination of intelligence should follow the
placed in a longer period of interrogation without rest or sleep. proper security measures for classified matters. It should be
sent through personal courier, coded messages or formal What is a Compromise?
intelligence documents with corresponding cover sheets. • lose of security, which results from an authorized
Need to Know Principle – is the principle whereby access to persons obtaining knowledge of classified matter.
classified matter may only be given to those persons to whom What is Compartmentation?
it is necessary for the fulfillment of their duties. • the grant of access to classified matter only to properly
cleaved persons in the performance of their official
A. TOP SECRET MATTER (Green) duties.
• the authorized disclosure of information and material What is a Declassify?
(matter) would cause exceptionally grave damage to the • is the removal of security classification from classified
nation, politically, economically or from a security matter.
aspect. This category is reserved for the nation's closest What is a Reclassify / Re-grading?
secrets and is to be used with great reserve. • is the act of changing the assigned classification of
B. SECRET MATTERS (RED) matter.
• unauthorized disclosure of information and material What is Up- grading?
(matter) which would endanger national security, cause • the act of assigning to a matter of higher classification
serious injury to the interest or prestige of the nation or to a classified document.
any government activity or would be of great advantage Police Intelligence
to a foreign nation. The product resulting from the collection, evaluation, analysis,
C. CONFIDENTIAL MATTER (BLUE) integration and interpretation of all available information
• the unauthorized disclosure information and material regarding the activities of criminal and other law violators for
(matter) which, while not endangering national security, the purpose of affecting their arrest, obtaining evidence, and
would be prejudicial to the interest or prestige of the forestalling plan to commit crime.
nation or any government activity or would cause Intelligence
administrative embarrassment or unwarranted injury to The end product resulting from the collection, evaluation,
an individual or would be of advantage to a foreign analysis, integration and interpretation of all available
nation. information which concerns one or more aspect of foreign
D. RESTRICTED MATTER (WHITE OR NO COLOR) nations or of areas of operations and which is immediately or
• information and material (matter) which requires potentially significant to planning.
special protection other than that determined to be Top Information
Secret, Secret or Confidential. Refers to all evaluated materials of every description including
What is a Classification? those derived from observation, reports, rumors, imagery, and
• refers to assign information by one of the four other sources from which intelligence in produced.
classification categories. Surveillance is what form of investigation? clandestine
Psychologists estimate that approximately Police, the first component of the Criminal Justice System in
 85% of our knowledge is gathered through sight the Philippine setting is responsible in performing these
 13% if your hearing fundamental functions.
 2% through the three senses 1. Prevention of crime and repression of criminal
activities
POLICE PATROL OPERATIONS 2. Preservation of peace and order
Protection of life and property
What is Patrol? 3. Enforcement of laws and ordinances and regulation of
According to Hale, Patrol is the essence of police function non-criminal conduct
Payton said Patrol division is the backbone of a police 4. Investigation of crimes
department. The proof to this statement is that patrol force is 5. Apprehension of criminals
the only division in the police organization that cannot be Safeguarding of citizens’ rights and public morals
eliminated. This is usually true in small police organization 6. On Law Enforcement, it embraces crime prevention and
since it cannot afford to create divisions such as Traffic, crime control, including customary police functions.
Investigation, Juvenile and other specialized areas. 7. On the other hand, peace and order maintenance covers
Making it simpler, patrol may refer to the regular tour made by the peacekeeping role and community-oriented services
a guard in a place in order to protect it or to maintain order. (community service role).
It could also mean a person or a group (such as a police or  
military unit) sent to carry out a tour of duty in a certain place What is the Concept of Crime Prevention and Crime
with a particular mission either for reconnaissance purposes or Suppression?
simply to provide protection.
Patrol originated directly or via German Patrolla from the Theoretically, crime prevention involves the suppression of
French patrouller (patroullier), which originally means ‘to the desire of potential criminals to commit crimes.
walk through mud in a military camp.’
The Role of Police Patrol Crime suppression involves the elimination of the opportunity
of criminals to perform acts against the law.
 The primary law enforcement body of the state is the police.
The basic police mission — preserving order by enforcing Crime formula by David Abrahamsen
rules of conduct or laws — was the same in the ancient
communities as it is today in sophisticated and highly C= T+S
urbanized societies. R
A. Fundamental Theories of Patrol

Theory of Police Omnipresence - High police visibility The most important role of a patrol officer is to serve as the
discourages criminals. police organization’s actual field contact with the people. Thus,
Normally, criminals think twice before executing their the word PATROL is an acronym of: P – oliceman; A –
plans if there is obvious presence of police officers. Thus, ssigned; T – o; R – estore; O – rder in the ; L – ocality
patrol activity should be carried in a manner that attracts
maximum attention to the police officer or police vehicles. This B. Patrol Methods
theory applies the principle of overt operation or high police   Patrol methods are various means of getting from one
visibility. place to another within a specified patrol jurisdiction. Various
Low Profile Theory - Low police visibility increases the methods of patrol are not intended to isolate the patrol officer
opportunity to apprehend criminals. Deceptive absence of the from the people he vowed to serve and protect.
police officers will let criminals believe that they will not be Patrol effort made by the police may be in the form of any or
detected or caught if they execute crimes that they planned. combination of the following:
In this theory, the objective is to attract as little attention as 1. Beat Patrol
possible while on the process of patrolling. The officers should 2. Foot Patrol
operate in a manner that it would be difficult for either 3. Bicycle Patrol
criminals or the public to determine that police are around. The 4. Sector Patrol (Motorized Patrol)
principle of covert operation is integrated in this theory. 5. Automobile Patrol
Therefore: 6. Motorcycle Patrol
Theory of Omnipresence= Overt Operation 7. Aircraft Patrol (Helicopter and Fixed Wing)
Low Profile Theory = Covert Operation  
If you are a police officer, what theories will you going to use?  FOOT PATROL
A smart patrol officer should use both approaches depending Foot patrol is restricted to small areas and is used to
on the circumstances of a situation. He can make his presence deal with special situations while maintaining radio contact
obvious in a high-crime area to deter criminals by conducting with officers in patrol cars. Foot patrol is used to secure 2 types
slow motor patrol. In another situation, he may conceal himself of police geographical units:
and test the presence of criminals around an area. Post – a fixed position or location where an officer is assigned
Game theory for guard duty
 This is a theory on patrol emphasizes the selection of Beat – the smallest area specifically assigned for patrol
places to be patrolled like those of establishments that purposes
are likely be victimized by criminals. Types of Foot Patrol
 1. Fixed foot patrol is usually used for traffic, officers because of the ease and speed of moving
surveillance, parades, and special events. around. Motorcycles have greater access than
2. Mobile foot patrol is used where there is considerable automobiles to some areas and are better suited to
foot movement such as patrolling business and heavy traffic, narrow alleys and rugged terrain.
shopping centers, high crime areas, and in places where
there are many or multiple family dwellings. HORSE PATROL (Mounted Patrol)
   Mounted patrol is decreasing in the US but is still
AUTOMOBILE PATROL used in some large cities for crowd and traffic control.
 The patrol car is the most extensively used and the Mounted officers are usually more acceptable than K-
most effective means of transportation for police on 9s as crowd control instruments. Expense is one of
patrol. Equipped with state-of-the-art police gear, the main advantages of mounted patrol. The greatest
patrol cars today provide a rapid, safe, and efficient advantage is that an officer on horseback is much
means of transportation under average operating more effective at controlling a disorderly crowd than
conditions. Automobile patrol has the greatest one on foot or in any kind of vehicle (other than a
mobility and flexibility. Most experts on patrol tank). Mounted officers can see up to three blocks
operation agree that it is the most cost-effective away and cover more territory than officers on patrol.
method of patrol. Horses are useful in patrolling jurisdiction that covers
large park areas or similar places where automobiles
BICYCLE PATROL cannot go or may be forbidden. Mobile patrol cars
 Bicycle patrol is growing in popularity because of cannot be expected to race on grassy fields or wooded
easy operation and its acceptance by the public, areas but horses can.
particularly children who view them as a non-
threatening form of patrol. Bicycles are now used in AIRCRAFT PATROL
many countries as a simple and inexpensive means of  Among the more recent trends in patrolling is the use
silent transportation to carry police officers of aircraft, either helicopter or fixed-wing. Today, it
throughout their patrol district. Often, bicycles are has become necessary for the police use aircraft in
used in parks and on beaches and have many of the performing both routine and specialized patrol
same advantages and disadvantages as motorcycles. activities. The use of aircraft is not totally new. In
1925, the Los Angeles County Sheriff Department
MOTORCYCLE PATROL has already formed a volunteer Reserve Aero
 Most police departments have their motorcycles Squadron. Full-time Aero detail is still an official unit
marked with the same insignia as their patrol cars. in this police department today.
Motorcycles are beginning to be a favorite of patrol  Before 1929, the New York police department began
 using aircraft. In 1947, the New York Port Authority that the company began a loan program wherein law
began using helicopters for surveillance, enforcement agencies can obtain free use of Yamaha
transportation, and rescue. Other cities and state PWC during the boating season. These vehicles have
agencies in United States has employed helicopters, very shallow draft, high maneuverability and stability.
usually during daylight hours. In 1986, the state of They are also very easy to operate. The 2 models
California developed an experimental program using most frequently used were the: Wave Runner LX (for
helicopters for police patrolling known as SKY 2 people) and the Wave Runner III (for 3 people). The
KNIGHT.During the latter part of 1959, the Public front compartment allows for storage of ticket book,
Safety Department of Dade County in Florida used high-powered binoculars and a portable breath test.
the aerial patrol concept. At present, it is effectively Many are equipped with public-address systems,
utilizing fixed-wing aircraft and helicopters in regular sirens, and lights.
patrols to prevent crime and apprehend offenders or
engage in surveillance activities. CANINE (K-9) ASSISTED PATROL (Dog Patrol)
 As earlier mentioned, the Egyptians were the first to
WATER PATROL (Marine/Bay/River Patrol) use dogs in patrolling. In the US, dogs have been used
 Water patrol units are extremely specialized and are in police patrol since 1900. In April 1957, Baltimore
not in great use except in areas with extensive coasts was the only American police force that used trained
or a great deal of lake or river traffic. The objective dog handler teams on patrol. As of April 1968, about
was to use the water vehicles in anti-smuggling 200 police agencies used a total of 500 man dog
operations as well as against robberies committed in teams in police patrol work.Egyptians are the first
warehouses along riverbanks or water ports. Like people to use police dogs on patrol. They also
aircraft, boats are expensive to buy, operate and invented the lock.
maintain. Further, those who operate them must have
special training.  Nonetheless, boats are the best
means to effectively control violators of water safety PATROL SUPERVISION
regulations as well as to apprehend drug and gun Hands on - supervisor involved in day to day activities
smugglers. They are also valuable in rescue Command - supervisor shows up at incident sites and gives
operations during times of flooding as well as in orders
dragging operations for drowning cases. A new trend Counsel - supervisor available and when requested shows up at
in water patrol is the use of PWC or Personal incident sites
Watercraft. Among the earliest manufacturers of this Specialized Units and Operations
type of vessel was the Yamaha Motor Corporation 1. Special Weapons & Tactics
(1990). The reason why PWC became popular was 2. Vice & Drugs
 3. K-9 Organization of a Centralized Records System
4. Organized Crime Depending upon the size and needs of the police force,
5. Community Services the Station Commander shall maintain an adequate and
6. Crime analysis efficient records system by organizing in his force and efficient
7. Domestic Violence records and communication unit capable of providing
8. Sex Crimes appropriate services to the line units. The centralization of
9. Internal Affairs records in a police station brings together at one point all
10. Crime Prevention information concerning the police activities, and it is through
11. Juvenile & School Service such centralization that the various line functions of a police
12. Intelligence department are coordinated.
POLICE OPERATIONS Functions and Uses of Records:
PATROL - 50 % OF FORCE ~ 80 % OF BUDGET a. Measure police efficiency
A crew which is assigned to a mobile car usually consists of a b. Present the community’s crime picture
driver and a recorder. Considered as the busiest shift in a patrol c. Assist in assigning and promoting personnel
duty is Afternoon shift .Considered as the graveyard shift is d. Identify individuals
Midnight shift. e. Provide a basis for property accountability
f. Control investigation
POLICE RECORDS MANAGEMENT g. Make information available to the public
h. Increase the efficiency of traffic control
The Need for Police Records i. Assist the courts and prosecutors
A police department is only as good as its records j. Assist in evaluating control services
keeping capabilities. The effectiveness of a police department k. Coordinate custodial services
is directly related to quality of records.They are the primary l. Integrate the department
means of communication among the members of the police m. Furnish data for the budget
department and have as their purpose the integration of the n. Establish responsibility
various department units into an integrated organization for o. Reveal unusual problems
efficient performance of routine duties, in the wise direction of p. Aid in the apprehension of criminals
police effort, in supervision and control of personnel, and in the q. Assist other police agencies
determination of department policy. r. Provide the basis for combination of police \ statistics
The PRDM is organized into three sections: s. Effective employment of personnel and equipment
1. Accident Records Mechanics of Good Report
2. Arrest Records a. Report shall be written to present a chronological record of
3. Offense Records events always beginning with time and date
b. If possible, it shall be typed; if not, ink shall be used but i. Periodic inspection shall be made to see that the rules and
never pencil regulations of the local agency relative to records creation and
c. Report shall provide complete name (first, middle and last) maintenance are strictly complied with; and
address, as well as aliases, brief bio data (such as age, sex) of j. Statistical records shall conform in all respect to the uniform
victim or suspect crime reporting standards and regulations.
d. Abbreviations shall be avoided except those that are Five (5) Categories of Police Records:
commonly known a. Case records
e. It shall be brief as to sacrifice clarity nor should it contain b. Arrest and booking records
excess materials that would tend to confuse c. Identification records
f. Every incident shall be written in a separate report d. Administrative records
g. It shall be accurate and shall state facts not opinions e. Miscellaneous records
h. It shall answer these questions: WHEN, WHERE, WHAT, Case Records
WHO, WHY and HOW Two (2) Categories:
Installation of a Police Records System: 1. Complaint/assignment sheet which reflects all information
a. A permanent record shall be made of each crime regarding complaints and reports received by the police from
immediately upon receipt of the complaint citizens and other agencies, or actions initiated by the police
b. Proper control shall be made upon the receipt of a complaint 2. Investigation report which contains the findings of an action
to insure that it is promptly recorded and accurately tabulated taken by the investigating officer based on inquiries made and
c. An investigative report shall be rendered in each case by obtaining the available facts of the incident.
showing fully the details of the offense as alleged by the Arrest and Booking Records-This record maintains the arrest
complainant and is disclosed by the police investigation. An and jail booking report which is required for all persons
effective follow-up system shall be adopted to insure that all arrested. It shall bear an arrest number for each arrest made.
reports are promptly submitted in all cases Identification Record-Identification record is the third major
d. All reports shall be checked to see that the crime division of police records. Fingerprint records are the heart of
classification conforms to the classification of offenses any identification system. It provides positive identification
e. The offense or complaint report on crime cleared by arrest and the police must supplement it with
shall be noted as cleared a record of physical characteristics and in some cases a
f. Arrest record shall be completed, special care being taken to photograph of the criminal. Identification records have their
show the final disposition of all charges own number series; an identification number is assigned to
g. Records shall be centralized each criminal to identify records relating to him.
h. Records and statistical reports shall be closely supervised by Administrative Records-These are records required in the
the Station Commander management of the department’s personnel and designed to aid
in assignments, promotions, and disciplinary actions. Such e. Accident Report-This report shall serve as the investigation
records are so essential in administering report of the officer who investigated the accident.
personnel matters that they must be maintained in a police f.Wanted Person Report-Information on persons who are
department. wanted by the police shall be flashed by means of “Notice
Miscellaneous Records-These are records which do not relate Wanted Person, accomplished in six copies: one to be sent to
to recorded complaint and investigation reports but are PNP Provincial Director, one copy to PNP Regional Director,
informational in character. one copy to be sent to the PNP Director General, Camp
a. Case Records-The case record is the heart of any police Crame, Quezon City, and one copy to be sent to NBI Central
record system. It is the basis for an analysis of offenses and the Office, Taft Avenue, Manila. The original copy to be placed in
methods by which they are committed. the “Persons Wanted File” of the Police Station concerned and
Two (2) Numbering Systems: the sixth copy to be displayed in the Rogues Gallery.
1. Complaint Assignment Sheet-becomes the primary g. Daily Record of Events-A daily record of events is needed to
document for analysis of crime occurrences. keep all members of the force informed concerning police
2. Investigative Report-the prime document for the operations, assignments administrative instructions.
continuation of the investigative process. Investigative Report- b. Arrest and Booking Records-These records are required for
This type of report is prepared as a written report on the all persons arrested. They shall be made out in full on each
findings of the investigator. person arrested.
Types of Investigative Reports:
a. Case Report-This report shall be accomplished by the 1) Arrest Report-An arrest report shall be made out in full on
investigator or member making preliminary investigation of each person arrested and should be prepared at the a prisoner is
crimes reported to the police. booked. Immediately, after accomplishing the arrest report,
b. Supplemental/Progress Final Report-Progress report shall be three things are done:
accomplished by the investigator continuing the investigation if First-Send to the complaint clerk for the preparation of a
the case is left in pending status. complaint/assignment sheet.
c. Continuation Report-This report shall be used as the second Second-Send to the records office for name search against the
and succeeding pages of all kinds of reports. alphabetical index file in order to
d. Technical Report-This report shall be accomplished by the determine if the prisoner is wanted on some other cases.
investigator to cover other angles of the case or the technical Third-Two sets of fingerprint of the prisoner shall be taken.
staff whose assistance has been requested to conduct laboratory One set shall be forwarded to the NBI headquarters, Manila,
examination of evidence specimen gathered, to supplement the and the other shall be searched
findings and report of the investigating officer. by fingerprint classification in the fingerprint file if the
department is maintaining one.
2. Booking Report-The police station needs a current list of the 1. Personal Records-A file showing the history of each police
prisoners in custody which will indicate the status and officer, both prior and subsequent to joining the force, is
disposition of each. It provides information to each division as indispensable.
to the inmate or inmates in jail. 2. Correspondence File-This shall consist of sets or records of
3. Prisoner’s Property Receipt-All police stations shall give communication classified, arranged and filed alphabetically by
receipts to prisoners to property that is taken from them. This the subject to which they pertain.
receipt is prepared in duplicate. Everything taken from him is 3. Memoranda, Orders, Policy Files, etc.-These shall be filed
still the prisoner’s property until accordingly as they are made available.
shown to be otherwise. 4. Assignment Record-The detective assignment record is
c. Identification Records-The various identification records for desirable for the effective function of the detective division.
the identification of criminals and other individuals now 5. Other Files-Police stations shall maintain other
extensively used in police stations shall include the following: administrative records responsive to their needs.
1. Fingerprint Record-Of the various methods of criminal e. Miscellaneous Records-Police stations perform a variety of
identification, the fingerprint system is the most reliable. services which do not relate to recorded complaints.
f. Indexing-Police stations shall prepare and maintain index
a. Criminal Fingerprint-All persons arrested for an offense cards for all names appearing in the case report, and index
shall be fingerprinted and an identification number shall be cards for serial number and description of recovered, lost or
assigned to each prisoner to identify records relating to him. stolen property that has been brought to their attention.
b. Civilian Fingerprint-All persons requesting clearance Different Types of Index File:
certification or other personal identification purposes shall be 1. Master Name Index File-It shall be in 3x5 inches card stock.
fingerprinted using the prescribed form. Index cards shall be made on all names of complainants,
c. Alien fingerprint-All aliens requesting clearance certificate victims, suspects and wanted persons.
for purposes of petition for naturalization, change of name, 2. Stolen Property Index File-One principal objective of the
oath taking and for other personal identification purposes shall investigation conducted by the line-operating units is the
be fingerprinted using also the prescribed form. identification and recovery of lost or stolen property.
2. Criminal Specialty or Modus Operandi File-This consist of Two means of identifying property:
photographic records and modus operandi of known criminals. 1. By serial number placed on the property
The use of classification index file is the simplest form of 2. The type of property (unnumbered)
modus operandi.
d. Administrative Records-A number of different records are UNIFORM CRIME REPORTING (UCR)
required in the management of the department’s personnel. A uniform reporting shall be established in every police station
for monthly and annual reports on cases handled and persons
Kinds of Administrative Records: arrested by the police to include cases reported.
Monthly statistical reports: Record cycle- refers to the lifespan of a record from creation
a. Monthly report of cases handled by the police station. until disposition.
b. Supplement on monthly report on cases handled by the Tab - refers to the portion of a guide or of a folder that extends
police station. above the regular height of the folder or the guide.
c. Report of male persons arrested Wasserman - Test that will be made before permanent
d. Report of female persons arrested appointment.
The four (4) reports above described shall be submitted to the Public Safety Officer’s Candidate Course – required for
NAPOLCOM in three copies not later than the 15 th of each promotion for Police Inspector
month. The NAPOLCOM in return shall each furnished the Public Safety Officer’s Basic Course – required for promotion
NBI and the Chief PNP. to Senior Inspector
The annual crime statistical report shall follow the prescribed Public Safety Officer’s Advance Course – required for
form of monthly reports. promotion to Police Chief Inspector
Documents Necessary in Personnel Management: Public Safety Senior Officer’s Course (other term is OSEC) –
1. Roster of personnel. is a mandatory training required for promotion to Police
2. Statistical summary and changes in personnel letter. Superintendent
3. Data on scalawags, those with criminal and administrative
cases.
4. Records of individual sick or vacation leaves Police Activity Percentage
5. Comparative monthly statistics on resolution of police cases.
6. Data on personnel occupying positions and assignments. 1. Patrol Functions 50%
7. List of retirees and attrited personnel.
8. Plantilla of personnel including those of civilians. 2.Criminal Investigation 15%
9. List of personnel with training and schooling. 3.Traffic Functions 10%
10. List of equipage for use in personnel management. 4. Vice & Juvenile Related Functions 10%
11. 1Distribution of men to everystation,sections, units. 5.Administrative Functions 10%
12. Data on time and grade of personnel. 6.Auxiliary Functions 5%
13. Performance evaluation files of personnel. Proactive and Reactive Patrol
14. Promotional data of personnel. Proactive patrol – an effort, which seeks to prevent crime
15. List of personnel carried on the withholding section such as from occurring. This involves the use of patrol officers of all
those on detached service, prolonged leave of absence, crime analysis. It includes the effort by the beat officer to see
suspended and temporary duty with other offices. trends in developing areas or individual and to make measures
to intercede. An alternative patrol system which entails
anticipation on the part of the patrol units that something Event Oriented Patrol
unusual would occur. • It is simply the identification of events which may
require the application of intensified patrol efforts or
Reactive Patrol- an effort to respond existing situations that different kind of patrol strategies due to the nature of
confront them and the type of reaction may determine whether the problems they may create.
or not a suspect is arrested and prosecuted, or a problem is Shift Scheduling
solved or a life is saved. This is a patrol activity which consists • One of the major indication of the effectiveness of the
of driving around the district and waiting for something to patrol shift is how to tell matches variations in
happen. workload by day of the week and by hour of the day.
• A work schedule for patrol officers to consists of eight
Directed Deterrent Patrol (8) hours shift. The daily work pattern would consist of
• This patrol methods performs a predetermined six (6) days, with officers having the same day off each
preventive functions on a planned and systematic basis. week.
These preventive activities are designed on the basis of Shift Rotation
detailed analysis of crime incidents, offender • Day Shift – This shift is devoted to service activities.
characteristics, methods of operating and locations. The people that a police officer meets during the day
Target Oriented Patrol shift are usually law abiding and create few problems.
• Target Oriented Patrol strategies are those that are • Afternoon Shift – The afternoon shift is usually the
directed toward specific persons, places, or events. busiest and offers the greatest variety of activities.
• It can be Location Oriented, Offender Oriented, and • Midnight Shift – The so called “graveyard shift” to
Event Oriented Patrol. denote lack of activities or dog watch”.
Location Oriented Patrol
• Is the process of conducting intensified surveillance COMPARATIVE POLICE SYSTEM
over selected areas that have been identified through
crime analysis or through intelligence data as being COMPARATIVE POLICE SYSTEM
high risk areas for the commission of selected types of  The study of comparative police system, criminal
crimes. justice and law is a fairly new field and has
Offender Oriented Patrol corresponded with rising interest in a more
• It is the process of conducting surveillance of an established field, comparative criminology.
individual. In this case, police intelligence data as well  Comparing reflects how we make decisions, and it
as criminal history information on known offenders will provides the impetus for how we act.
form the basis for the identification of targets against
which patrol efforts are directed.
  Comparative criminology has been defined as the 2. Threat of aggression
systematic and theoretically informed comparison 3. Intervention (in the internal or external affairs of
of crime in two or more cultures. another state)
 It explain why crime exists to a greater or lesser 4. Genocide (destroying a national, ethnic, racial or
degree in one country versus another. religious group)
Three practical reasons why we should compare our 5. Apartheid (suppression (to abolish by authority) of a
system: racial and ethnic group)
1. To benefit from the experience of others. 6. Systematic or mass violation of human rights
 To learn from the experience of others and, conversely, 7. Terrorism
that he who knows only one country knows none. 8. Drug trafficking
2. To broaden our understanding of different cultures and 9. Will full and severe damage to the environment
approaches to problems  These are not the only forms of international
 If we fail to broaden our understanding of other crimes. Other have been identified by various
countries we are more likely to fall prey to the problem legal conventions
of ethnocentrism---the belief that one’s own country or (ex. Human trafficking) while some are not yet
culture does things “right” and all other ways are formally
“wrong” or ”foreign”. recognized y international agencies and
3. To help us deal with the many transnational crime agreements.
problems that plague our world today.
 These problems have now become imperative because  TRANSNATIONAL CRIMES always involve at least
the multicultural world we now live in has entered the two countries. Transnational crimes have been defined
stage of globalization. as “offenses whose inception, proportion and/ or direct
or indirect effects involve more than one country”.
 INTERNATIONAL CRIMES have been defined as Examples of Transnational Crimes
“crimes against the peace and security of mankind”. 1. Money Laundering- is the practice of disguising the
Such acts become “crimes” based on agreements origins of illegally-obtained money. Ultimately, it is the
between countries, called conventions, or based on process by which the proceeds of crime are made to
legal precedents that develop over time. Some appear legitimate.
international crimes can occur only within the 2. Theft of art and cultural objects
boundaries of a country, as with genocide or apartheid. 3. Drug trafficking
4. Terrorism
Examples of International Crimes 5. Economic crimes (ex. Insurance fraud, fraudulent
1. Aggression (by one state against another) bankruptcy)
 6. Sea piracy leading characteristics of the contemporary
7. Computer crimes world.
8. Land hijacking  It embodies the idea that the world is getting
9. Corruption and bribery of public officials smaller.
 It is used to describe how the world has become
Terms to Ponder interdependent in terms of the events and the
 Cyber crime – a crime committed with the use of actions of people and governments around the
computers world.
 Independent state refers to people who are politically  It has occurred as a result of a number of cultural
organized into a sovereign state with a definite territory. and technological changes like the tremendous
 Sovereign state is an internationally recognized unit of innovations in communications, the increase in
political authority. worldwide transportation, and growth in
 Examples: Puerto Rico, which is a dependency of the technology– internet, have served to fuel the
United States, and Hong Kong, which is politically tied to move to globalization.
China.
 Professed values are those that are proclaimed as GLOBALIZATION Effects of Globalization on Law
values by the participants in the system. Enforcement
 Ethnocentrism- the belief that one’s own country or Every law enforcement agency in the world is expected
culture does things “right” and all other ways are to be the protector of the people’s right. Globalization has
“wrong” or ”foreign”. great impact on every human right.
 Crime statistics attempt to provide statistical measures
of the crime in societies. Threats on Law Enforcement brought by globalization:
 Triangulation is the implementation of multiple  Increasing volume of human rights violations evident
measures as a way to improve the validity or by genocide or mass killing
truthfulness of what one is trying to measure.  The underprivileged gain unfair access to global
mechanisms on law enforcement and security
GLOBALIZATION  Conflict between nations
 Globalization is a package of transnational flows  Transnational criminal networks for drug trafficking,
of people, production, investment, information, money laundering, terrorism, etc.
ideas and authority. It is the growing
interpenetration of states, markets,
communications, and ideas. It is one of the
 with or without an arrest. The law enforcement
Effect of Globalization on Human Rights agencies then voluntarily send the data to the Federal
The effect of globalization on state- based human rights Bureau of Investigation (FBI), which compiles them
violations will into an annual published report.
depend on the type of state and its history.  It was formed when information on a subset of crimes
Why measure crime and compare crime data? were collected by participating police agencies.
Purposes:  It provides a good overall picture of the incidence of
 Collecting data about crime allows us to determine the crime but it is not without serious methodological flaws
kind and extent of crimes reported in any one country  It is limited in that it measures only crimes reported to
and, more importantly, to distinguish long- term police, does not weight the crimes ( a murder and a
patterns from year- to- year trends. bicycle theft count the same), often counts only the
 Measuring crime and comparing crime data provide most serious crime committed in the series of crimes,
clues as to why some nations are more successful than does not differentiate between completed and attempted
others in controlling crime rates. acts, and does not cover white collar or federal crimes.
Between 1940s and the early 1970s, crime data
collection was limited to the International Criminal Police National Crime Victimization Surveys
Organization (ICPO) more commonly called Interpol, which  It covers the crimes of rape, robbery, assault, larceny,
tried to collect data from as many of its member nations as burglary, and motor vehicle theft.
cared to report them.  This improves our knowledge of the true extent of
crime by reducing the dark figure of crime, that is, the
Common Source of Crime Data amount of unknown crime.

 Uniformed Crime Reports Self- Report Surveys

 National Crime Victimization Surveys  In Self- Report Surveys people are asked to report their
 Self- Report Surveys own delinquent and criminal acts in an anonymous
 United Nations Surveys questionnaire or confidential interview. Self reporting is
 Interpol Crime Data helpful because it is able to tap additional information
Uniformed Crime Reports about offenders and about victimless crimes.

The Uniform Crime Reports (UCR) Interpol Crime Data

 are crime data collected by over 16, 000 city, country,  One of the world’s greatest source of information on
and state law enforcement agencies about twenty nine crime data and criminals is the International Police
types of crimes that have been brought to their attention Association, more commonly called INTERPOL.
United Nations Surveys  legal in most countries, is illegal in certain
 The United Nations Surveys has conducted the survey Muslim societies, including Iran and Saudi
every five years to provide a source of statically Arabia.
information about crime and criminal justice in UN  Cases that would constitute minor traffic offenses in the
member countries. The crimes that are measured in United States are often classified as “professional negligence”
UNS are the “traditional” crimes of murder, rape, in Japan on the theory that a drivers license constitutes a kind
robbery, assault and theft. The UN tries to improve on of professional certification.
their data by engaging in three validity checks.  Sexual acts like that of adultery, fornication, and
1. To minimize errors produced by misinterpretation of homosexuality, which are not usually handled as
“what is a crime” they provide standard definitions for criminal cases in Western countries, may result in very
each crime and ask countries if their definition varies grave sanctions, including death, in fundamentalist
from that of the UN. Muslim countries like Iran and Saudi Arabia.
2. If there is any serious change in any crime statistic, they
contact the reporting agency to determine if there is an INTERPOL
inaccuracy and to ask what might account for the sharp  It is the world’s largest international police
increase or decrease. organization, with 188 member countries. Created in 1923, it
3. The UN makes a concerted effort to solicit constructive facilitates cross-border police co-operation, and supports and
criticism from participating members with the goal of assists all organizations, authorities and services whose mission
improving future surveys. is to prevent or combat international crime.
 A more complicated problem in comparing crime rates  It aims to facilitate international police co-operation
across nations is that of nonstandardized definition of even where diplomatic relations do not exist between
crime. However, we may find that what is criminal in particular countries. Action is taken within the limits of
one country is acceptable behavior in another. existing laws in different countries and in the spirit of
Examples: the Universal Declaration of Human Rights.
 Prostitution, INTERPOL’s constitution prohibits ‘any intervention
 largely illegal in the United States, or activities of a political, military, religious or racial
 is sanctioned and licensed in Japan and parts of character.’
Germany.  One of Interpol’s most important functions is to help
 Gambling, member countries’ police communicate critical crime-
 largely illegal in the United States, related information to one another using Interpol’s
 is legal in many other countries, including Japan, Germany system of international notices.
and France.
 Drinking alcoholic beverages,
 the Secretary General. Officials from more than 80
INTERPOL’s Leadership countries work side-by-side in any of the
The President of INTERPOL and the Secretary General Organization’s four official languages: Arabic, English,
work closely together in providing strong leadership and French and Spanish. The Secretariat has seven regional
direction to the Organization. offices across the world; in Argentina, Cameroon, Côte
d’Ivoire, El Salvador, Kenya, Thailand and Zimbabwe,
INTERPOL’S STRUCTURE along with Special Representatives at the United
As defined in Article 5 of its Constitution, INTERPOL Nations in New York and at the European Union in
(whose correct full name is 'The International Criminal Police Brussels.
Organization – INTERPOL’) comprises the following: National Central Bureaus (NCB)
 General Assembly  Each INTERPOL member country maintains a National
 Executive Committee Central Bureau staffed by national law enforcement
 General Secretariat officers. The NCB is the designated contact point for
 National Central Bureaus the General Secretariat, regional offices and other
 Advisers member countries requiring assistance with overseas
 The Commission for the Control of INTERPOL’s Files investigations and the location and apprehension of
fugitives.
The General Assembly and the Executive Committee form the Advisers
organization’s Governance.  these are experts in a purely advisory capacity, who
may be appointed by the Executive Committee and
General Assembly confirmed by the General Assembly.
 INTERPOL’s supreme governing body, it meets Commission for the Control of INTERPOL’s Files (CCF)
annually and comprises delegates appointed by each  this is an independent body whose mandate is threefold:
member country. The assembly takes all important (1) to ensure that the processing of personal information
decisions related to policy, resources, working methods, by INTERPOL complies with the Organization's
finances, activities and programmes. regulations, (2) to advise INTERPOL on any project,
Executive Committee operation, set of rules or other matter involving the
 this 13-member committee is elected by the General processing of personal information and (3) to process
Assembly, and comprises the president, three vice- requests concerning the information contained in
presidents and nine delegates covering the four regions. INTERPOL's files.
General Secretariat
 located in Lyon, France, the General Secretariat
operates 24 hours a day, 365 days a year and is run by
Mission of Interpol:  Yellow Notice : used to help locate missing persons or
To be the world’s pre-eminent police organization in support of help identify persons who are not able to identify
all organizations, authorities and services whose mission is themselves (ex. amnesia)
preventing, detecting, and suppressing crime.  Black Notice : used to seek the true identity of deceased
 Providing both a global perspective and a regional persons
focus  Orange Notice : used to warn police, public entities and
 Exchanging information that is timely, accurate, other international organizations about potential threats
relevant and complete from disguised weapons, parcel bombs and other
 Facilitating international co- operation dangerous materials.
 Coordinating joint operational activities of our member  Purple Notice : Modus operandi
countries
 Making available know- how, expertise and good The Role of Interpol in Crime Control
practice  On Drug Control
One of Interpol’s most important functions is to help member
countries’police communicate critical crime- related
information to one another using Interpol’s system of
international notices.

Interpol International Notice

 is a document used to help the world’s law enforcement
community exchange information about missing
persons, unidentified bodies, persons who are wanted
for committing serious crimes, and criminal ‘ modus
operandi’.
Six Types of Notices:
 Red Notice : used to seek arrest and extradition of
subjects wanted and based upon an arrest warrant
 Blue Notice : used to seek information about people
regarding their identity or illegal activities related to a
criminal matter ( tracing and locating offenders)
 Green Notice : used to provide warnings and criminal
intelligence about persons who have committed
criminal offenses and are likely to repeat these crimes
 The Criminal Organizations and Drug Sub- Directorate Trafficking is a subject that divides those who come into
is located within the Specialized Crime Directorate of the contact with it. The main aim of Interpol is to promote the
Interpol General Secretariat. It is the central repository of widest possible mutual assistance between all criminal police
professional and technical expertise in drug control within authorities. It provides a structured platform for raising
the Interpol framework. Essentially, it acts as a clearing awareness, building competence and identifying best practices
house for the collection, collation, analysis and within law enforcement worldwide.
dissemination of drug- related information. It monitors also Smuggling of migrants- shall mean the procurement, in order
the drug situation on global scale, coordinates international to obtain, directly or indirectly, a financial or other material
investigations, and maintains liaison with United Nations, its benefit, of the illegal entry of a person into a State party of
specialized agencies and other international and regional which the person is not a national or a permanent resident.
organizations involved in the drug control activities. One of Trafficking in persons- shall mean the recruitment,
its important functions is to serve as a main source of transportation, transfer, harboring or receipt of person, by
professional and technical advice on narcotic matters to means of the threat or use of force or other forms of coercion
Interpol bodies such as the General Assembly, Executive for the purpose of exploitation.
Committee and National Central Bureaus.The mission of the
Criminal Organization and Drug Sub- Directorate is to  On Environmental Crime
enhance cooperation among member countries and to Environmental crime is a serious and growing international
stimulate the exchange of information between all national problem, wit criminals violating national and international laws
and international enforcement bodies concerned with put in place to protect the environment. These criminals are
countering the illicit production, traffic and use of narcotic polluting the air, water and land. They are pushing
drugs and psychotropic substances. commercially valuable wildlife species closer to extinction and
they are significantly impacting the biological integrity of the
 On Children and Human Trafficking planet. A more complicated problem in comparing crime rates
across nations is that of non standardized definition of crime.
However, we may find that what is criminal in one country is
acceptable behavior in another.
Former Secretaries General
Ronald K. Noble present Sec. Gen of Interpol
Ronald K. Noble
 Nominated by INTERPOL’s Executive Committee as
their candidate,delegates at the 79th Session of the General
Assembly – meeting in Doha, Qatar from 8-11 November 2010
– voted by an overwhelming majority to re-appoint Mr Noble,
first elected in Rhodes in 2000 and reelected for a second term With a view to supporting INTERPOL’S core
in Berlin in 2005. The election is on a one country, one-vote functions and activities, the Directorate will focus its
basis. activities on the main areas:
 The President of INTERPOL, Khoo Boon Hui,  Capacity building, with the aim of developing and
welcomed the General Assembly’s decision which recognized enhancing close co- operation with the NCBs in order to
that under Mr Noble INTERPOL had become ‘more enhance their operational capacities and responsiveness
operational and more effective than ever before’.  Police training, with the aim of strengthening NCB
 “Ronald K. Noble has been a tireless campaigner for staffs abilities in INTERPOL’s core functions and their
international law enforcement, seeing opportunities knowledge of Interpol’s tools and services, and to increase
where others see challenges,” said President Khoo, awareness of INTERPOL within national law enforcement
adding “Under his leadership, INTERPOL has been departments
brought into the 21st century and we look forward to Capacity Building
the great things which lie ahead.”  Assist member countries with the creation and
reconstruction of NCBs, revitalizing their
Former Presidents of INTERPOL operational capacities,
INTERPOL’s current President is Mr KHOO Boon Hui,  Maintain and develop NCB service standards
elected at the and to promote good practice in all areas of
77th INTERPOL General Assembly held in St Petersburg in police activities,
October 2008. Mr Khoo will serve as President until 2012.  Develop contact officers networks in order to
The President of the Organization is elected by the General enhance operational support between NCBs
Assembly for a period of four years. Article 18 of the  Produce the regional business plans in close co-
Constitution requires that the President operation with the relevant departments of the
 preside at meetings of the General Assembly and the General Secretariat and the member countries
Executive Committee and direct the discussions;  Organize the Annual Heads of NCBs meetings
 ensure that the activities of the Organization are in and Regional Conferences
conformity with the decisions of the General Assembly
and the Executive Committee; Police Training
 maintain, as far as possible, direct and constant contact  carry out tailored 1-24/7 user training courses
with the Secretary General of the Organization. worldwide according to national needs
 organize NCB staff training courses for national
officers working at INTERPOL National
Central Bureaus on a regional and language
basis
  Organize INTERPOL awareness seminars at  Network Analyst- a technical officer responsible for
the request of member countries providing technical support no only within the SRB but
 Inform crime programme managers of training also to NCBs in the region
requirements in their area  Crime analyst- provides analytical work on crimes in
 Exchange of good practice between NCBs the region, related to work for the General Secretariat
and for the regional police chiefs committees;
 Administrative support staff (secretary, driver, and
SIX REGIONAL BUREAUS security officer)
 Legal Status- the RB and their staff are subject to the
 Interpol has six Regional Bureaus, which are permanent same rules and provisions as the General Secretariat
departments of the General Secretariat and were  RB Activities- select a link above for specific
established to bring the General Secretariat closer to the details of each RB and its activities
regions.
 The duties of the RBs are the same as those of the INTERPOL’S CORE FUNCTIONS
General Secreariat, but each RB deals with regional  A secure global communications system known as I-
issues- based on its geographic proximity- since it is 24/7 to enable police to exchange information in real
best placed to provide the most appropriate response in time,
any particular situation:  It provides police around the world with a common
 The RB staff are generally recruited from within platform through which they can share crucial
the region and their number and role can vary, information about criminals and criminality.
depending on the specific needs, goals, and  Operational databases which are the active memory of
priorities of each region. Generally, they police services
comprise the following:  This ensures that police worldwide have access to the
 Head of Bureau information and services they need to prevent and
 Network analyst investigate crimes.
 Crime analyst  Operational support 24h/24
 Administrative support staff  INTERPOL support Law Enforcement officials
 Head of Bureau- responsible for applying the priorities  Training and development
of the organization and those of regional police chiefs
committees where they exist;
 Specialized officers- police officers specialized in the
different kinds of crime prevalent in each region;
 creating incentives and disincentives. England and the US
INTERPOL’S SIX PRIORITY AREAS followed this positive legal path.
Interpol’s General Secretariat in Lyon, France, provides a  Bureaucratic society has a system of laws (along with
fast and reliable communication system that links police armies of lawyers), police who tend to keep busy handling
around the world. Its priority activities concern political crime and terrorism, and a system of punishment
 Public safety and terrorism, characterized by over criminalization and overcrowding. The
 Criminal organizations, US and perhaps only eight other nations fir the bureaucratic
 Drug- related crimes pattern. Juvenile delinquency is a phenomenon that only occurs
 Financial and high- tech crime, in a bureaucratic society.
 Trafficking in human beings, anti- corruption and Types of Police Systems
 Fugitive investigation report It is the consensus of the experts that there are four
types of criminal justice systems in the world:
WARNING !!!  Common law systems are also known as Anglo-
The person should be considered innocent until proven American justice, and exist in most English- speaking countries
guilty. of the world, such as the US, England, Australia and New
Four kinds of societies in the world: Zealand. They are distinguished by a strong adversarial system
 Folk-communal society which also called primitive where lawyers interpret and judges are bound by precedent.
societies. It has little codification of law, no specialization Common law systems are distinctive in the significance they
among police, and a system of punishment that just let things attach to precedent (the importance of previously decided
go for awhile without attention until things become too much, cases). They primarily rely upon oral systems of evidence in
and ten harsh, barbaric punishment is resorted to. Classic which the public trial is a main focal point.
examples include the early Roman gentiles, African and  Civil law systems are also known as Continental justice or
Middle Eastern tribes. Romano- Germanic justice, and practiced throughout most
 Urban- commercial society has civil law (some of the European Union as well as elsewhere, in places such
standards and laws are written down), specialized police forces as Sweden, Germany, France and Japan. They are
(some for religious offenses, others for enforcing the King’s distinguished by a strong inquisitorial system where less
law), and punishment is inconsistent, sometimes harsh, right is granted to the accused, and the written law is taken
sometimes lenient. Most of Continental Europe developed as gospel and subject to little interpretation.
along this path  Socialist systems are also known as Marxist- Leninist
 Urban- industrial society not only has codified laws justice, and exist in many places, such as Africa and Asia,
(statutes that prohibit) but laws that prescribe good behavior, where there had been a Communist revolution or the
police becomes specialized in how to handle property crimes, remnants of one. They are distinguished by procedures
and the system of punishment is run on market principles of designed to rehabilitate or retrain people into fulfilling
 their responsibilities to the state. It is the ultimate guide to civil and religious laws, as well as from other
expression of positive law, designed to move the state writings.
forward toward the perfectibility of state and mankind. It is  Indigenous Laws - are native laws of
also primarily characterized by administrative law, where persons who originate from or live in a particular area.
non- legal officials make most of the decisions. The common terms used to describe indigenous are
 Islamic systems are also known as Muslim or Arabic natives, aboriginals or chthonic- which describes people
justice, and derive all their procedures and practices from who live ecological lives and live on or in close
interpretation of the Koran. In general, this system is harmony with the earth.
characterized by the absence of positive law and are based  Public Laws- is the law that is developed by modern
on the concept of natural justice. Religion plays an states in their legislatures or through their regulatory processes.
important roe in Islamic system. It deals largely with the relations between governments and
Types of Court System citizens. It includes constitutional law, criminal law, tax law,
 Adversarial, where the accused is innocent until proven and environmental law.
guilty  Private Laws - it is the law that regulates behavior
 Inquisitorial, where the accused is guilty until proven between individuals within the state. It involves
innocent or mitigated, and have more secret procedures. contracts, torts, inheritances, wills, marriage and family
Ancient/ Historical Legal Traditions matters, and general private property matters. Another
 Egyptian System - it is the oldest known term for private law is civil law.
formal legal system which is believed to date back as  Civil Law - it is a code law.
far as 4000 B.C. Egyptian rulers developed an extensive  Criminal Law
system for handling legal procedures that included  Canon Law- the law of the Roman Catholic which dealt
codes to direct citizen behaviors and a judicial system with church and spiritual matters. This law includes
to handle disputes. provisions regulating family life and morals, as well as
 Mesopotamia System - is best known for the rules for church governance.
development of the Code of Hammurabi, king of  Commercial Law- is a body of legislation that deals
Babylon. This code sought to prevent the strong from with the exchange of goods between cities or nations.
opposing the weak. The code contained 282 laws  Common Law-is more ancient, more complex, and
covering such matters as property rights, renting, and more difficult to deal with than the French or German
medical treatment. The most famous passage in the Civil Codes.
code was the law stating “an eye for an eye, tooth for a  Socialist Law- has its own origins in socialism, which is
tooth”. a system characterized by the absence of classes and by
 Hebrew Law- it is called Talmudic Law, rooted in the common ownership of the means of production and
word of God as revealed to Moses. The Talmud is a
 livelihood. The political, economic, and social term and less predictably), and scholarly literature is given
used to describe socialism is communism. more.
 There is hardly a country, region, or even tribe that has Definition of Recorded Crimes Used in the Fifth UN Survey
not been brought under the influence of civil, common of Crime Trends and Operation of Criminal Justice System
and socialist law. A distinguishing characteristic of  Intentional homicide refers to death deliberately
each of these systems of law is that it is secular in inflicted on a person by another person, including
nature. infanticide.
 Secular Law- is a law that does not pertain to religion  Non- intentional homicide refers to death not
or any religious body. deliberately inflicted on a person by another person.
 Islamic Law- is based on the rules of conduct revealed This includes the crime of manslaughter, but excludes
by God with two primary sources: Shari’a (literally means: the traffic accidents that result in the death of persons.
way- which is the term used to describe the actual law that is  Assault refers to physical attack against the body of
practiced in Saudi Arabia) and the Sunnah (called the Hadith- another person, including battery but excluding
contains those decisions of the Prophet that deal with the issue indecent assault. (degree)
not directly addressed in the Qur’ an).  Rape refers to sexual intercourse without valid consent
Common law legal systems as opposed to civil  Theft refers to the removal of property without the
Law Legal Systems property owner’s consent.
 differentiates "common law" jurisdictions and legal  Robbery refers to the theft of property from a person,
systems from "civil law" or "code" jurisdictions.[9] overcoming resistance by force or threat of force.
Common law systems place great weight on court  Burglary refers to unlawful entry into someone else’s
decisions, which are considered "law" with the same property with an intention to commit a crime.
force of law as statutes—for nearly a millennium,  Fraud refers to the acquisition of the property of
common law courts have had the authority to make law another by deception.
where no legislative statute exists, and statutes mean  Embezzlement refers to the wrongful appropriation of
what courts interpret them to mean. By contrast, in civil property of another which is already in one’s possession
law jurisdictions (the legal tradition that prevails in, or  Drug related a crime refers to intentional acts that may
is combined with common law in, Europe and most involve cultivation, production, manufacture, purchase,
non-Islamic, non-common law countries), courts lack sale, importation and exportation of drugs and isotropic
authority to act where there is no statute, and judicial substances.
precedent is given less interpretive weight (which  Bribery and corruption refers to requesting and or
means that a judge deciding a given case has more
freedom to interpret the text of a statute independently,
Traditionally, police have been asked to perform a variety of Four Models of Civil Order Policing
functions:crime prevention, apprehension of lawbreakers, riot 1. Civil police model – the police and the military are
control, community service, and protection against internal totally separate and the latter’s role is only to protect
security threats. The term police is derived from the Greek the country from outside aggression.
word polis, which in ancient Greece was used to describe the 2. State police model – calls for the police of the state
group responsible for maintaining health, safety, and order in using military methods to secure public order
the community. 3. Quasi- military police model – the state has seized a
Police perform two major functions, or tasks, in modern great deal of control over the police and their personnel
societies: are somewhat interchangeable
 Deviance control refers to the police mission to 4. Martial law model – allows for no separation between
reinforce community values and laws and typically the military and the police—in fact, both are under the
involves several tasks. Police personnel must protect same control
citizens against lawbreakers. ENGLAND
 It is the historical backbone of the Common law legal
 Civil order control differs from deviance control in that tradition
there often is a strong political component to the  It is a unitary government which means that
activities being controlled– actions that disturb the civil governmental power is centralized rather than being
order that may be extremely threatening to a divided between states and a central government.
government. Parliament
Four elements that must be present to promote the  It is the supreme power in England. What makes
democratizing of the police Parliament so powerful is that parts of the executive,
 First, police must be willing and able to serve judicial, and legislative branches are contained within
individual citizens and private groups as well as those it; thus, it can override both executive decisions and
in political and economic power. common law legal decisions made by lower courts.
 Second, police must be accountable to the law rather Parliament consists of three parts: the monarch, the
than to the government. House of Lords, and the House of Commons.
 Third, the police must practice a level of
professionalism that includes respecting human rights.
 Finally, the police should be transparent in all their THREE PARTS OF PARLIAMENT
activities.  Monarch is a person who is the sole and
absolute ruler of a country, such as king, queen,
or emperor.
 House of Lords, consisting of approximately
500 life peers, 92 hereditary peers and 26
 clergy, has several important functions England. Criminal Justice in England is strongly influenced by
including acting as the highest court of appeals decisions made in Parliament.
and serving as a reviewer of legislation of the
House of Commons.
 House of Commons is the major component of
Parliament because its 659 elected members
discuss and vote on legislation proposed by the
executive or by House members.
 The real leader of the nation is the Prime
minister, who is the head of the political party
that possesses a majority of seats in the House
of Commons. The Prime minister acts as an
advisor to the monarch and to the chairs of the
Cabinet. Cabinet ministers, in turn, are
responsible for the administration of various
government departments. For example, the
Lord Chancellor administers the courts
including appointing all judges, and the Home
Secretary oversees the police and the
correctional system.
 In 1967, Parliament passed the Criminal Law Act,
which made all crimes in England and Wales either
“arrestable” or unarrestable” offenses. Arrestable
offenses, which include all indictable offenses, are
those that a person commit and that are punishable by
fixed incarceration term- for example, manslaughter,
murder, rape, burglary, and assault with intent to rob.
All other offenses are non- arrestable or summary; these
include drunk and disorderly conduct, loitering and
most traffic offenses.
 The Lord Chancellor, who is appointed by the Prime
Minister and is a member of the cabinet and the House of
Lords, appoints all judges and supervises the court system of
Law Enforcement in England  There are two police force in London: Metropolitan
The modern English police force dates back to 1829, when Police Force (the largest) and London City Police.
the prime minister, Sir Robert Peel, urged Parliament to Other kinds of police, like the British Transport Police,
establish the London Metropolitan Police. Because of the the Ministry of Defense Police, and the Port of London
general British repugnance toward the idea of a police Authority Police, have responsibility in specific locales
agency that might be used by the government to stifle or over specific activities.
dissent, Parliament had refused to set up a police agency.  In England, there are 43 Police Authority
The unrest, crime, and disorderliness that accompanied Boards, a uniquely English committee made up of local elected
urbanization and industrialization in 19th century London led officials and judicial officials appointed by the Home
to the establishment of the Metropolitan Police. From the Secretary. The Police Authority hears citizen complaints about
beginning the English police have tried to develop the image alleged police abuses and consults about police practices. It is
of being “civilians in uniform”, friendly, helpful, also involved in hiring the local chief constable and setting his
capable.One mechanism set up to deal with citizen police or her compensation. The chief constable is the main
complaints and improve community relations is the police administrator for each of the provincial forces. For the
complaints authority. The committee is composed of Metropolitan Police, the overseeing body is the Metropolitan
citizens appointed by the Home Secretary and hears Police Authority, established in 2001.
complaints about police and investigates them in Organization and Training
collaboration with a police investigator from another force.  The training for English police, called
If the office admits guilt, the matter is then sent to the chief constables, entails a 14- week course during
constable for resolution. If not, it is brought to a tribunal which recruits learn theoretical and practical
composed of the Chief constable and two Complaints information on a variety of topics, followed by
Authority members. If the case is a criminal matter it is sent a ten week field experience under the
to the Public Prosecutor. supervision of an experienced constable. After
The national government and the Home office are very that 24- week period, the new constable
influential in promoting the unity of police practices remains on probation for the first two years of
throughout England. Over time and through secretaries of service while gaining additional classroom
Police Acts, Parliament has changed the police organization, training and supervision.
consolidating departments and providing subsidies in exchange  Today the police in England are known for their
for certain uniform policies regarding training and ability to use advanced technology, including
professionalism. Traditionally, the English police have been DNA testing and closed circuit television, to do
decentralized, with each city or town making rules and daily police work.
providing funds for its own police operations and controlling
the hiring, firing, and compensation of police personnel.
 Crime in France:
France France is also a crossroads for terrorist activity, from
 It boasts one of the four strongest Western European both internal and external sources. Politically motivated acts of
economies, mainly because of its fertile farmland and violence are a major concern for citizens, with many of the
highly developed industrial sector. In addition to being problems stemming from labor unions protesting government
the leading agricultural producer in Western Europe, cutbacks of services and benefits. Several violent riots have
France also is a major producer of steel, chemicals, taken place recently, and attacks on police officers and other
electronics and nuclear power energy. public officials are not uncommon. Drugs are also a major
 It is a unitary state that has always prized a highly social problem. Crime statistics in France are derived from the
centralized form of government, in which all major Directory of JUSTICE Statistics and are called the Annuaire
decisions are made through a national bureaucracy statistique de la justice. The basic principle of criminal laws in
situated in the capital city of Paris. France comes from the 1789 Declaration of the Rights of Man
 It maintains a strong republican government style, in and of the Citizen. The first penal code was devised in 1810,
which a president heads the government but the main but it has been revised many times, most recently in 1992. The
power remains in the hands of citizens, who vote for penal code distinguishes crimes based on their serious felonies,
representatives who are then responsible to the to less serious felonies and misdemeanors (called delit), to
electorate. violations (called contraventions). These categories are
 Its 22 administrative regions are further divided into 96 important because they determine what court the case will be
provinces that act as conduits to the central government. Each heard in and the kind of punishment that will be implemented.
province is administered by a prefect (head of the department
of France), selected by the government to enforce the laws of
the nation. The French Penal code is divided into five codes.
 BOOK 1 - explains the general provisions in the
penal law, including criminal liability and
responsibility, lengths of sentences, and kinds of
punishment
 BOOK II - describes crimes (felonies) and delits
(serious misdemeanors) against persons, including
crimes against individuals and against human rights
 BOOK III- deals with crimes and delits against property
 BOOK IV- is devoted to crimes and delits against the
nation, the government, and the public order
 BOOK V - addresses other crimes and delits not
associated with categories included in the other books.
CJS of France The largest police force divided into nine different
 The French bureaucracy has a reputation of departments.
being extremely powerful, rule bound, and  Division of Information controls the flow of
inaccessible. The two most influential information of political, economic, and social
administrative courts are the Constitutional significance.
Counsel Court and Council of State.  Division of the City Police (also called Public Security)
 Constitutional Counsel Court (Conseil Constitutionnel) is responsible for urban law enforcement.
reviews legislation proposed by the legislature, prime  The Central Branch of the Judicial Police coordinates
minister, or president and determines whether it searches for dangerous juvenile delinquents and
comports with the constitution. investigates serious offenses.
 Council of State (Conseil d’ Etat) is the supreme  The Division of Territorial Surveillance is responsible
administrative court. for state security.
 The Republican Security Companies (CRS) are the
France equivalent of the Gendarmerie Mobile in that they
The police organization of France has its roots in the respond to civil disorder.
Napoleonic system  Inspectorate investigates complaints against the police
of internal spying and policing that consolidated the power of  Division of Immigration oversees illegal movement of
the 19th people and materials.
century dictator.  Personnel and Training Division and the Equipment
Division are self- explanatory.
Organization and Training:
There are two French police organizations: Gendarmerie Nationale
 Operates within the Ministry of Defense.
 Police Nationale  Responsible for small towns and rural areas
Operates within the Ministry of Interior.  Oversees ten geographical regions with two main
Responsible for Paris and other urban areas administrative divisions: the departmental and the
PN requires police recruits to take written and mobile gendarmerie.
physical agility test. GN training is slightly different, they live in barracks
Wears uniform with silver button and have more emphasis on the military aspects of
The largest police force divided into nine different police work.
departments.
 Wears blue uniform with gold buttons: motorway
patrol, air safety mountain rescue, air and coastal GERMANY
patrol  Germany is a densely populated country.
 The country is divided into sixteen states, called
Compagnie Republicaine de la Securite Laender1 (singular land).
 It is referred to as riot police, responsible for crowd  20 false The civil law legal tradition is strongly
control. entrenched. It is one of the richest nations of the world,
Two main administrative divisions of with average carpita income of over $26, 000.
Gendarmerie: However, high taxes, high wages, and increasing
 Departmental Gendarmerie unemployment have limited the post- World War II
 Perform all basic police tasks for nearly half growth and caused some economic troubles in
of the French people. Germany.
 Gendarmerie Mobile  Germany is a federal republic in which power is
 Assigned to civil disorder and other large- scale distributed between the federal government and state
problems that involve the possibility of violence (Laender) governments.
Recruitment and training for the PN and GN are handled  The government contains executive, legislative and
separately by each organization. The PN requires police judicial branches, much like the United Sates. However,
recruits to take written and physical agility tests. If selected, the the presidency is largely a ceremonial post, and true
recruit attends an eight- month training period at one of the 8 executive power lies in the hands of the chancellor, who
regional National Police School, followed by a four- month in is the leader of the party that gained the largest number
the field- training period. The recruit then is assigned to a of votes in the most recent elections, and his chosen
town, city, or Republican Security Company. Longer periods cabinet.
of training and additional schooling are required for those
interested in being police inspectors or administrators. GERMANY
When it comes to civil order control, the GN  Germany has a bicameral (two- house) legislative
and the PN each have specialized forces that branch that contains a lower house and principal
perform this task. chamber, known as the 11Bundestag, and an upper
 In PN, the Republican Security Companies assume house or federal council, called the 12Bundesrat. The
responsibility Federal Constitutional Court, the
 In GN, the Gendarmerie Mobile are assigned to civil Bundesverfassunsgericht, stands at the apex of a
disorder and other large- scale problems that involve hierarchy of state and lower federal courts. Half of its
the possibility of violenece. judges are elected by the Bundestag, and half by the
Bundesrat.
 Criminal Law: German criminal law was a combination
of Common Law principles and local indigenous law. In the Germany
late seventeenth century, criminal law became codified in most The first organized police force in Germany dates back to the
territories, and in the late nineteenth century, under Bismarck, a early 19th century when some of the German kingdoms adopted
unified criminal code was enacted. This code, called the a force similar to the one developed by Napoleon in France.
Reichsstrafgesetzbuch, has generally remained in effect despite
the many changes that have happened in Germany over the past Organization and Training:
125 years. The German constitution allows each Laender10 (state:
GERMANY singular land) to have its own police law and force.
 17-19 German law is a combination of statutes
13(Gesetz), ordinances and administrative rules Kinds of Police in each Laender5-7
(Rechtsverordnung), and customs (Gewohnheitsrecht).  Schutzpolizei (Schupo)9 are the equivalent of
 Two kinds of statues comprise the largest portion of municipal police; they are the first to arrive at the scene
German Law. The first, called 14Bundesgesetz, are of most crimes and handle all general aspects of law
federal statutes enacted by the Bundestag. The second, enforcement and simple investigations.
are state (Laender) laws called 15Landesgesetz16, that  Kriminalpolizei (Kripo) are plainclothes police who
are enacted by the state legislators. Ordinances are handle serious crime investigations and situations that
issued by the federal government, federal ministers, or require developing a a case against a suspect.
state governments. Customs are not formally  Bereitschaftspolizei (Bepo) are actually officers- in-
considered a formal source of law, but for centuries training living in barracks, but they serve as civil order
they provided direction in legal matters because they police when the situation arises.
were habitually practiced and informally acknowledged
as having the rule of law. Federal Boarder Police ( Bundesgrenzschutz, or BGS) are
 CJS: Because Germany is a federalist country, it under the 8 Ministry of the Interior, not the Ministry of
generally allows individual Laender to handle their own Defense. Their major functions include border control, sea
affairs related to policing, corrections, and lower court patrol and airport and railroad security; they may also assist in
administration. major civil disturbances beyond the scope of the Laender
police.

Federal Criminal Investigation Office (Bundeskriminalamt, or

BKA)
 This agency collects and compiles crime statistics, acts
as a clearing house for criminal records, and provides
 support to the Laender relative to criminal  Their training during the Bepo years puts heavy
investigations, forensics, and research. emphasis on crowd control techniques and nonlethal
 The current BKA handles a large number of international weaponry use on encounters with citizens.
organized crime cases.Sicherheitswacht is an auxiliary RANKS AND INSIGNA
forces developed by some Laenders. CHINA
Almost all German police recruits are trained to do civil order  China, the third largest country in the world after
control work at the earliest stage of their careers. Their training Russia and Canada, is only slightly larger than the
during the Bepo years puts heavy emphasis on crowd control United States with a geographic area of about 3.7
techniques and nonlethal weaponry use in encounters with million square miles.
citizens. According to German police authorities, using the  China is a unitary, multinational Socialist country with
recruits in military- like duty is a way to provide discipline and 23 provinces (including Taiwan), five autonomous
order and to socialize the young officers into the police regions (including Tibet), 4 municipalities directly
profession at a time when they are impressionable and under the authority of the central government (Beijing,
malleable. Chongquing, Shanghai, and Tianjin).
FEDERAL CHANCELLOR  The primary organs of governmental power in China
1. ANGELA MERKEL are the presidency, the State Council, and the National
 An individual who aspires to a career of policing People’s Congress (NPC).
usually joins the German police at the young age of  The NPC, theoretically the most powerful, meets
sixteen or seventeen, straight out of vocational annually to review and approve the budget and major new
secondary school. policy directions, laws, and personnel changes.
 The first 2 ½ to 3 years are spent living in barracks and CJS OF CHINA
undergoing basic training.  China’s centrally monitored criminal justice system has
 A large part of this training focuses on riot control; the four components: police, procuratorate, court and
rest involves conventional school subjects, the law, and corrections. Each operates under the guidance of its
the law enforcement. respective national agency while maintaining offices on
 After one year in the training schools, the young numerous levels, including provinces, regions,
officers maybe used for civil order control work either prefectures, countries, and municipalities.
in their own states or, if the need arises, in other states  The Ministry of Public Security is responsible for the
of the Federal Republic. police,
 After the years of basic training and civil order control  The correctional system is under the direct supervision
work, the Bepo officers spend about 6 months in of the Ministry of Justice.
general law enforcement training prior to beginning  The courts are hierarchally organized; the highest court
street patrol work. is the Supreme People’s Court of China, which deals
 with matters of national importance, while most 
criminal cases are dealt with at the country level under  THSR
the auspices of the Basic People’s Court.  or safeguarding, traffic administration, crime investigation,
 The procuratorate, directed by the Supreme People’s documents inspection, security examination etc. at local
Procurate, is responsible for supervising criminal justice civil airports around Taiwan. Its headquarter is at Taiwan
throughout the country including investigating and prosecuting Taoyuan International Airport
crimes and overseeing the courts, police, and correctional
facilities. China
Criminal Investigation Bureau  Law enforcement in the People's Republic of China
Is responsible for the investigation of high profile consists of an extensive public security system and a variety of
crimes, forensics, and computer – related crimes. Under this enforcement procedures are used to maintain order in the
command, are the following field and staff sections: country. Along with the courts and procuratorate, the country's
judicial and public security agencies included the Ministry of
OTHER NPA UNITS: Public Security and the Ministry of State Security, with their
 National Highway Police Bureau ( 國 道 公 路 警 察 局 ): descending hierarchy of departments, bureaus, sub bureaus,
Jurisdiction over national highways. and stations.
 Ministry of Public Security
 It is the principal police authority. The ministry has
 Harbor Police Offices (港務警察局): Part of border police functional departments for areas such as internal security,
in Taiwan. There are 4 separate offices with jurisdictions intelligence, counter-terrorism, police operations, prisons,
over the ports of Keelung, Taichung, Kaohsiung, and and political, economic, and communications security.
Hualien. Public security
 Railway Police Bureau ( 鐵 路 警 察 局 ): Jurisdiction over Its’ considerations has a strong influence at all levels of
stations and facilities of Taiwan Railway Administration administration, the police appear to wield progressively
since 1949 and greater influence at the lower levels of government.
 POLICE IN CHINA
 Taiwan High Speed Rail since 26 December 2006.  The police in China are generally poorly paid and ill
 The 1st section: facilities of TRA, north of Taichung in trained. They are regarded with suspicion by ordinary
western Taiwan Chinese, particularly in rural areas. Police have
 The 2nd section: facilities of TRA, south of Taichung in traditionally been more involved in maintaining
western Taiwan government control than solving crimes. Family
 The 3rd section: facilities of TRA in eastern Taiwan members of crime victims often become infuriated with
 The THSR section: facilities of
 police for their incompetence and unwillingness to also twelve other specialized functions including
make an effort to solve crimes that affect them. supervision of probationers and parolees, crim. Inv.,
 Chinese police have a reputation for being corrupt. fire control, border patrol
 State Security Police – responsible for preventing
Kinds of Police in China espionage, sabotage and conspiracy
 Peoples Arm Police  Prison Police – supervise convicted offenders in prison
 It is a paramilitary police force under the authority of  Judicial Procuratorates- escort suspects in cases
the Ministry of Public Security. investigated by the procuratorates (similar to
 PAP units assigned to internal security were responsible prosecutors)
for guarding party and state organizations and foreign  Judicial Police in the people’s courts maintain security
embassies and consulates, as well as for responding to and order in the various courts and also may carry out
emergencies and maintaining law and order. death sentences.
 It acts as riot police and guards government
compounds and foreign embassies. It usually Nine Police Squad in China
handles border defense but is called in  1st brigade: Homicide or unregistered weapons.
sometimes to back up local police.  2nd brigade: robbery or sex – related crimes.
 Public Security Service  3rd brigade: Controlled substances or organized
 have worked together with Hong Kong to track crime. 25
down kidnap victims and break up a multi-  4th brigade: Burglary, kidnapping or blackmail.
million dollar loan sharking racket.  5th brigade: Bombs or Explosives.
 Quasi- Para Police  6th and 8th brigades: Rapid reaction units in
 known as "cheng guan"—operate in many central and Southern Taiwan.
places  7th brigades: Financial Crimes.
 they are often hired by officials to help them carry out  9th brigades: Cybercrimes.
some unpopular actions such as collecting taxes and RANKS AND INSIGNA
fines and ousting peasants from seized land Rank InsigniaPolice Rank 4 警佐四階
One Star on One Horizontal BarPolice Rank 3 警佐三
Organization and Training 階 Two Stars on One Horizontal BarPolice
China’s police are under the centrally monitored guidance Rank 2 警佐二階 Three Stars on One
of the Ministry of Public Security. Horizontal BarPolice Rank 1 警佐一階
Chinese police consist of five main components: Four Stars on One Horizontal BarPolice Officer Rank 4
 Public Security Police - called gongan (literally: public 警正四階 (Inspector)(Sub-Lieutenant) One Star on Two
peace), provide not only basic uniformed patrol, but Horizontal BarsPolice Officer Rank 3 警 正 三 階 (Senior
inspector)(Captain) Two Stars on Two Horizontal
BarsPolice Officer Rank 2 警 正 二 階 (Superintendent) Like France and Britain,
Three Stars on Two Horizontal BarsPolice Officer  Japan is a unitary state; that is, it does not have a
Rank 1 警正一階 (Senior Superintendent) Four Stars on Two federal system of government with division of powers
Horizontal BarsPolice Supervisor Rank 4 警 監 四 階 between states and the federal government.
(Superintendent General)One S tar on Three Horizontal Bars  Shoguns were military leaders who exercised absolute
Police Supervisor Rank 3 警監三階 Two Stars on rule in Japan. Crime: By any standard, crime rates in
Three Horizontal Bars Japan are remarkable low compared to crime rates in
Police Supervisor Rank 2 警監二階 Three Stars on other industrial countries.
Three Horizontal Bars  Organized crime, or Boryokudan in Japanese, is the
Police Supervisor Rank 1 警監一階 Four Stars on number- one crime problem in Japan.
Three Horizontal Bars
Police Supervisor Rank Supreme (Police General) 警監特階 Japan
Japan Organization and Training
 Japan is slightly smaller in area than California but has Japan had established the vast network of tiny local police
a population of almost 127 million. posts that make the Japanese police a distinctive force ,it is
The country is divided into 47 administrative divisions, called:
called prefectures. Excellent government- industry  Koban
cooperation, a strong work ethic, mastery of high  The urban police.
technology, and a small defense budget have enabled Japan  Most function is to serve as “community safety center”
in the years following World War II to become the second for the local community.
most powerful economy in the world.  Duties of Koban according to Hirota: administrative
 Its industries are among the worlds largest and most service, initial response to incidents and accidents and
technologically advanced. prevention of crimes and accidents
 The Japanese language itself, one of the most difficult  Chuzaisho
in the world to speak and write fluently, constitutes a  The rural equivalent of Koban.
barrier to communication with outsiders.  These chuzaisho officers are known as chusai- san.
 Legislative government in Japan is based on a A Unique Police Culture
bicameral legislature called the Diet, which includes  The Japanese are particularly
House of Representatives and House of Councilors. proud of their police.
 The Japanese people are fond
 of their police and do not resent
the close contact. Saudi Arabia
 Police stations provide opportunities for exchanging Saudi Arabia’s highly centralized police force
information and socializing at the neighborhood level. was formally developed by royal decree in 1950 by King Abd
 The success of the Japanese police in establishing al Assiz. The Minister of the Interior, who is appointed by the
excellent community relations as well as the low rate of king, is responsible for the administration of all police matters.
crime in Japan, have caused many countries to consider
adopting the Japanese style of policing.  Department of Public Safety is the main police force. It
handle most of the daily law enforcement functions in
SAUDI ARABIA the country.
 Saudi Arabia is mostly uninhabited desert.  Mubahith or the secret police under the Department of
 The economy of this country is based on oil and has the Public Safety.
largest reserves of petroleum in the world and ranks as  Mutawa is known as the religious police or the moral
the world’s largest exporter of oil. force which ensures that Saudi citizens live up to the
 Saudi Arabian country is characterized as the rules of behavior derived from the Qur’an.
nonconstitutional monarchy.
 The King is the chief of state and head of the
government, and he rule with the help of a 25 member
Council of Ministers, chosen by him.
 Saudi Arabia is not a democracy, and there is no system
of election and representation, so there is no legislative
branch.
 The Consultative Council, or Shura, is an all- male
advisory body with no legislative functions.
 Any legal decisions must be made under the auspices of
Islamic Law, and all are subject to the approval of
government- appointed religious leaders.
  It is the use of different forms of information (called
Each of the provinces is run by a governor, but the intelligence) to learn more about crime and criminals so
police are directly to prevent or intercept crimes in progress
administered by a general manager who control the activities of ORGANIZATION
the police The police is commanded by the director-general (directeur
within that area. The managers are responsible to the provincial général de la police nationale) who is currently Frédéric
Governor who are directly answerable to the director of public Pechenard. The director-general is directly in charge of the
safety. DGPN (Direction Générale de la Police nationale, in
English "General Directorate of the National Police")
Saudi Arabia
One of the more surprising rules that the mutawa
enforces is that women are not allowed to buy music from
music stored; in fact, music in general is suspect in the highly
puritanical Saudi society.

The mutawa is organizationally separate from the regular

police, with which it cooperates closely. Its actual leader
comes from the Ujama, the council of religious authorities
who are deeply involved in most aspects of Saudi life,
especially the administration of criminal justice.
Policing Styles
Three Styles of Policing:
 Community Policing
 It is also called as community- oriented or problem-
oriented policing which an umbrella term is describing
programs that represent collaborative efforts between
the police and the public to identify crime problems and
then find solutions. It is a catchall term for a variety of
programs designed to bring police closer to the public.
 Zero Tolerance Policing
 It is the strict enforcement of laws against minor
offenses as a means of preventing more serious crimes.
 Proactive Policing