SELECTED PAGES FROM ADMIRALTY TIDE TABLES VOLUMES 1, 2 & 3 1992INDEX TO STANDARD PORTS Flushing (Vlissingen) Galway Gibraltar Greenock, Harwich Havre, Le Helgoland . Hoek van Holland Holyhead. Immingham . Kem’, Port of 2 Kol'skiy Zaliv (Yekaterininskiy) Leith Lerwick Page 7 Lisbon 182 _Liverpoo! 110 London Bridge 118 Londonderry. 154 Lowestoft 194 Margote 218 Milford Haven 10 Narvik 190 Oban 206 Plymouth 134 Pointe de Grave 166 Portland 2 Portsmouth 198 Prosperpolder (Antwerp) 22 Reykjavik 14 Rosyth 186 St. Helier 158 St. Malo 178 Sheerness 126 Shoreham 230 Southampton 86 Swansea 42 Tarbert Island 202 Tees, River Entrance 162 Tyne, River (N. Shields) 174 Ullapoot 98 Venetia (Venice) 50 Vlissingen (Flushing) 142 Walton-on-the-Naze 6 Wick. 62 Wilhelmshaven 78 Yekaterininskiy, Kol'skiy Zaliv Page 26 m eeBRRE of “4 138 210 214 18 10 106 130 Begs 2 178 4 170 Reproduced fom the Admiralty Tide Tables, for teaching and examination purposes, with [permission from the Contrllar of Hor Majesty's Stationary Offic, granted through the Chit Examinor of Master and Mates, Gov. of india Printed end Published by Vie at The Book Conte Led, 25¢ CROWN COPYRIGHT blictions, 2 Chalra, 650, 11h Rose, Chembur, Borbay-400 071, 1, Sion (E), Bombay-400 022.ADMIRALTY TIDE TABLES VOLUME 1 1992 EUROPEAN WATERS INCLUDING MEDITERRANEAN SEA Important Corrections notified after going to press will be found in Admiralty Notice to Mariners No. 1 of 1992 OCen Copyright yy PUBLISHED BY THE HYDROGRAPHER OF THE NAVY To be obtained from the gems forthe sale of bisa: Chae 1991eo asaD wage IT rej ub 1 uta “xt aed 995 2u07 aL Jo se 104 aren Zz 104 gions & . Na wou AREAS AND TIME ZONESPREFACE Admiralty Tide Tables are published annually in three volumes as follows: VOLUME 1: EUROPEAN WATERS (including the Mediterranean Sea) VOLUME 2: THE ATLANTIC AND INDIAN OCEANS (including tidal stream predictions) VOLUME 3: THE PACIFIC OCEAN AND ADJACENT SEAS (including tidal stream predictions) Vol. 1: General arrangement rs Part I of these tables gives daily predictions of the times and heights of high and low waters ata selected number of Standard Ports. The list of Standard Ports is given inside the front cover Thcluded with each set of predictions for Standard Ports (with the exception af Venezia) is a diagram to facilitate the calculation of heights at times other than high and low water. An explanation of the use of these diagrams is given in the Instructions for the use of the Tables (page xii). ‘The introduction to Part I deals with a number of subjects of general interest, in particular the effect of meteorological conditions on tidal heights; following the introduction are a number of special tables and diagrams for use with the tide tables. Part II gives data for prediction at a large number of Secondary Ports; this is in the form of time and height differences, referred to one of the Standard Ports in Part 1, Part III gives the harmonic constants for use with the Simplified Harmonic Method of Tidal Prediction (N.P.159). In those cases where harmonic constants are given two alternative methods of prediction are available. Source of tidal predictions Predictions or some Standard Portsin the British Isles end elsewhere are computed on behalf of the harbour authorities by the Proudman Oceanographic Laboratory, Bidston; others are prepared by the Hydrographer of the Navy. Predictions for the remaining Standard Ports afe received from the appropriate authorities in Denmark, France, Germany, Netherlands and Norway. Data in Part II for places outside the British Isles are, in general, extracted from the tide tables published by the appropriate national authority Allist ofthe authorities responsible for the observations, analyses and predictions at Standard Ports is given in Table V (page xxvii). Special Predictions for Secondary Ports ‘The Hydrographic Office can supply daily predictions for Secondary Ports, either as times and heights of high and low waters or as hourly heights, upon request. Times used for predictions in Vol. 1 ALL TIMES OF PREDICTIONS IN PART I ARE GIVEN IN THE STANDARD TIME, KEPT AT THE PLACE. IN THE BRITISH ISLES THE TIME USED IS UNIVERSAL TIME (G.M.T.). The Zone Time used for this purpose is shown on every page of Part I and Part IT of the tables (see page ix) ‘When British Summer Time is being kept, one hour should be added tothe predicted times. It is believed that B.S.T. will be kept between 29th March and 24th Octaber, 1992 but these dates are provisional and subject to confirmation. Heights of predictions ALL PREDICTED HEIGHTS IN PART I ARE GIVEN IN METRES above Chart Datum. The height differences in Part II are also given in metres and, when applied to heights at Standard Ports, will give heights referred to Chart Datum at the Secondary Port Chart Datum is understood to be the datum of soundings on the latest edition of the largest scale Admiralty chart.INSTRUCTIONS FOR THE USE OF TABLES TO FIND THE TIMES AND HEIGHTS OF HIGH AND LOW WATER Standard Ports The times and heights of High and Low Water are tabulated for everyday ofthe year. The Zone ‘Time used for the predicted times is usually the Standard Time for the area and is given. at the top of each page. Care should be taken to ensure that this is the actual time zone in use fn that date, the predicted time being corrected if necessary. Special care is needed for those ports whose "Time is changed during the year. In the British Isles, Greenwich Mean Time is, showy throughout the year and a correction must be applied during the period of “Summer “ime” "The heights are shown in metres referred to the Chart Datum of the port concerned. ‘Secondary Ports “The times of High and Low Water are obtained by applying the Time Differences tabulated in Part [I to the daily prediction for the most suitable (not necessarily the closest) Standard Port ‘The Standard Port to be used is that which appears in bold type at the head of the subsection in Part II. Other Standard Ports may occur within a subsection in their correct geographical sequence but full data for these are not shown. The times obtained by applying these corrections are in the Zone Time shown next above the Secondary Port irrespective of the Zone Time used for the Standard Port predictions. Special care is needed when considering adjacent ports in different countries which may not be keeping the same time. ‘The time differences given are approximately the maximum and minimum differences which willbe found to occur under normal weather conditions. Although these differencesare normally Shon tothe nearest minute it must not be assumed thatthe reeuking predictions will be a this accuracy. Predictions which fall between the times given for the Standard Port at the head of each column ean be obtained by simple interpolation between the columns. Time differences must not be extrapolated but only interpolated between the given values for Times at Standard Port which gives values throughout a 24 hour period. Thus for secondary ports referred to SHOREHAM. AW. LW. 00 0000” 600 8: SHOREHAM (eee page 18) “ind Sad nd Sind rye 2001300 Hoo a5. Worthing se48 022 #0010 e000 eons 0010 the H.W. time difference for a tide which occurs at SHOREHAM at 1230 must be interpolated between the values tabulated for xo00 and 1700. High Waters which occur at SHOREHAM at both 2330 and at 0300 must have their time differences interpolated between those values tabulated for 2200 and 0500. If a numberof tides are required stretching overa period agraphical solution is a convenient method of obtaining this interpolation. ‘The heights of High and Low Water are obtained by applying the height differences tabulated in Part IT to the daily predictions for the same Standard Port as is used for the times. ‘These differences are tabulated for mean spring and mean neap levels at the Standard Port. Unless there is a statement to the contrary in Part II it may be assumed that the variation is linear and ferences for heights othe than springs and neaps may be obtained by interpolation oF extrapolation. It MUST be noted that the predictions for the Standard Ports include the Seasonal Variations forthe Standard Port which may be diferent from those fr the Sevondary Port ‘The first step is therefore to SUBTRACT algebraically the seasonal variation for the Standard Port from the predicted height obtained from Part I. The nextstep isto apply the height difference corresponding to this corrected height at the Standard Port, interpolating or extrapolating as necessary. The final step is to ADD algebraically the seasonai variation for the Secondary Port. Tn both eases great care must be taken to ensure that the signs of the seasonal variations are correctly applied. Where no seasonal variations are given they are less than o-r m and can be red Allowanes hasbeen nade in the preparation ofthe tables for any difference inthe level ‘of Chart Datum between the Standard and Secondary Port and the resulting heights are referred to Chart Datum at the Secondary Port concerned. See Example 1 For certain ports the time differences arc replaced by "p” indicating that no suitable Standard Port is available and predictions can only be made by using the Simplified Harmonic Method of Tidal Prediction (N.P.159). Height differences are included for these ports to enable tidal levels to be obtained but they should not be used for obtaining daily predictions. Programmable Calculators can be used with advantage for the arithmetic of N.P. 159. A recommended method with a Form and worked example for use when programming can be found on page xvi. “The accuracy of a prediction for a Secondary Port will depend on the amount of work involved. ‘The less work undertaken, the less accurate the prediction is likely to be. All the data necessary for a more accurate prediction are published in this volume where such data exists.TO FIND THE HEIGHT OF TIDE AT, TIMES BETWEEN HIGH AND LOW WATER Standard Ports Tntermediat mes and heights may bet be preted by the use ofthe Mean Spring and Neap curves which ae given before the daily predictions foreach port. See Examples Il and I. Secondary Ports For Secondary Ports on a stretch of coast where there is little change of shape between adjacent Standard Port curves and where the duration of rise or fall a the Secondary Forti ‘not markedly different from that of the appropriate Standard Port (ie. where H.W. and LW. time differences in Part IT are nearly the same) intermediate times and heights may be obtained by using the Mean Spring and Neap Curves forthe appropriate Standard Port. See Examples Between Swanage and Selsey the tide is of considerable complenity and justifies the inclusion of individual curves—shown on pages xxit to xxiv Insome other casesthe use of the Simplified Harmonic Method of Tidal Prediction (N.P.159) is recommended where the intermediate heights are important; these ports are indicated in Part I by “c”, This method may sometimes be improved by adjusting the curve to ft high and low waters derived from the time and height eifferences, pariculasly when a large range of tide is involves Full instructions for the Simplified Harmonie Method of Tidal Prediction are contained in thebooklet of forms N.P.r50 and the remainder of this section is therefore devoted to descriptions of and instructions for the use of the Mean Spring and Neap Curves in Admiralty Tide Tables. See also page xxvi for further instructions on the use of calculators and the Simplified Harmonic ‘Method of Tidal Prediction, The Harmonic Constants required for this method ‘will be found in Part II] of these Tables, the Tidal Angles and Factors in Table VII, and Forms A and B at the back of the book. CURVE INTERPOLATION Mean Spring and Neap Curves for Standard Ports show the factor of the range attained at «given time intervals relative to that of H.W.: thus by definition H.W.=r and L.W.=o. ‘The Spring curve is shown in soli line and the Neap curve, where it differs from the Spring, in pecked. Interpolation ean be made by eye using the plotted positions of the predicted heights with reference w the levels of M. H.W, ete. Noattempt should be made to extrapolate beyond the Spring or Neap curves: for ranges greater than Springs the Spring curve should be used, while for ranges less than Neaps the Neap curve should be used ‘Where there is an appreciable change in duration between Spring and Neap tides the results obtained may have a slight error. This error will normally be greatest near LW. but in the few ceases where the times are plotted relative to L.W. it will be greatest near H.W. MEAN LEVELS ‘The values of L.A.'T., M.L-W.S., M.L.W.N., M.L., M.HW.N:, M.H.W.S. and HLA.T. are shown for Standard Borts in Table V. The values of M.L.W.S., M.L.W.N., M.H.W.N and M.H.W.S. may be found for Secondary Ports by the direct application of the appropriate height difference tabulated in Part II. “The values of H.A.T. and L.A.T. may be found for a Secondary Port by extrapolating beyond the given differences for a tide that reaches the appropriate level at the Standard Port, OFFSHORE AREAS AND PLACES BETWEEN SECONDARY PORTS Tidal predictions for offshore arcas and stretches of coastline between Secondary Ports should be obtained by the use of Co-Tidal Charts. For details of Co-Tidal Charts available see page 436 and the Catalogue of Admiralty Charts. Full instructions for their use are contained ‘on the body of the charts DETAILED INSTRUCTIONS AND EXAMPLES, Form N.P.204 is intended to assist with Time and Height calculations. The examples have been carried out on these forms and the instructions refer to the boxes. Copies of the form are bound in the back of Admiralty Tide Tables and further copies in booklet form may be obtained from the agents for the sale of Admiralty Charts. This booklet also includes additional copies ‘of most of the Standard Port Spring and Neap Curves contained in Part I of these tables.I. To find the time and height of H.W. and L.W. at a Secondary Port 1. Complete heading of form N.P.204. II. ‘Transfer data from A.T.T. Part I to boxes (1), (2), (3) and (4) IIT, Interpolate data from ATT. Part II and insert in boxes (7), (8,) (9) and (10). Hyon Semanal (Changes for Standard and Secondary Ports from A.'T.T. Part II in boxes ) and (12). V. Apply results of Steps III and IV to obtain boxes (12), (13), (14) and (15). Example: Find the time (B.S. of Scilly) on rgth July. Note: ‘The data used in this example do not refer to the year of these tables. and height of the afternoon H.W. and L.W. at ST, MARY'S (Isles, Extract from A.T.T. Part I. aur 1438 1 PLYMOUTH (DEVONPORT) | 9727. 3-3 BG x0 Extract from A.T.T. Part II. No. nace Lat. Long. High Wace Eom Water MWS MEWN MEW SLO ae Zone UTIGMT) 1+ PUBHVONPORT sss 2 s ms ee page 3 re "ome @ » (see page 2) a ae ss 44 aes of Sey 1 4955619 coyo -o110 ote ena toa mer “es -oH No. Jan Febst Maer Apr May Junex Julyt Aug 1 Sep.r Oct. Nov. Dees + rb0b Negligible TIDAL PREDICTION FORM stanoaRo pomr...DeVanpert...meeion REQUIRED...aan. seconpany port. St Maxy/4....oare Jhdlaly:rime. zone..8T, [me fom sravoarp rort [aw | ow | aw | tw | RANGE] T qua |? 1532 |? 5.0 [* 1 | 39 | Semon change TonardPon [6 0.0 [8 00 rrreRENCeS [7 ggy|*—9036|" 404 | E04 Senso eange sey vor [0-0/1 0-0 seconpary rorr |i? 219g)" wg |" 44 |! 10 erin 0608 LW 1656 GMT = 1556 OST HW 2105 GMT = 2205 BSTSECONDARY PORT TIME AND HEIGHT DIFFERENCE INTERPOLATION In most cases interpolation can be carried out by eye. For complex examples or where greater accuracy is required ths use of pocket calculator may be preferred. These interpolations can also be shown graphically at any convenient scale, Plot the two high water time differences A (—o110 at 1800) and B (— 0030 at 0000) and join AB. Read off the ‘Time Difference for St Mary's corresponding to a HW time at Devonport of 2149 — 0044. Time differences Time of HW at Devonport ‘The height difference can be plotted in the same way. Plot A (MHWS of 5-5 and + 9.2) and B (MHWN of 4-4 and —o"1). Draw a line through A and B, Read off the height diference for St Mary's corresponding to a height at Devonport of 5-0= +01 m. Height differences 3 s Heights (metres) of HW at Devonport Similarly plot the low water time and height differences.IL, Tofind the height at a given time (Standard Port) 1. On Standard Curve diagram, plot heights of H.W. and L.W. occurring either side of required time and join by sloping line. II. Enter H.W. time and sufficient others to embrace required time. IIL, From required time, proceed vertically to curves, using heights plotted in I to assist interpolation between Springs and Neaps. Do NOT extrapolate. 1V. Proceed horizontally to sloping lin, thence vertically to Height scale. V. Read off height. Example: Find the height of tide at ULLAPOOL at 1900 on 6th January. Note: ‘The data used in this example do not refer to the year of these tables. Extract from A-T.T. Part I. JaWuARY vitaroo. 818) Hi tar falco ¢ at bs 28 328 ie 38 28 i Height 3-7.IIL. To find the time for a given height (Standard Port) I. On Standard Curve diagram, plot heights of H.W. and L.W. occurring either side of required event and join by sloping line. HI, Enter H.W. time and those for haf-tidal cycle covering required event LIL, From required height, proceed vertically to sloping line, thence horizontally to curves, ‘sing heights plotted in Ito asst interpolation between Springs and Neaps. Do NOT extrapolate IV, Proceed vertically to Time scale. V.. Read off time, Example: Find the time at which the afternoon tide at ULLAPOOL falls to 3-7 m on 6th January, Note: ‘The data used in this example do not refer to the year of these tables. Extract from A.T.T. Part I. saMuaRY ULLAPOOL 6 “ooavna iS al "pest [eet osi poate Time 1855IV and V. Intermediate TimeslHeights (Secondary Port) These are the same as the appropriate calculations for a Standard Port (Examples 1! and II) except that the Standard Curve diagram for the Standard Port must be entered with H.W. and L.W. heights and times for the Secondary Port obtained on Form N.P.204 (Example 1). ‘When interpolating between the Spring and Neap curves (se para IL of Examples and 111) the Range at the Standard Port must be used. Examples: the height of the tide at PADSTOW at 1100 on 28th February. Find the time at which the morning tide at PADSTOW falls to 4:9 m on 28th February. Notes: ‘The data used in these examples do not refer to the year of these tables. For Instructions on graphical interpolation of differences, ee page x. Extract from A.T-T. Part I. FEBRUARY MILFORD HAVEN Extract from A.T.T. Part II era 0700 ore 0700 496 MILFORD HAVEN — (wee page 08) and) anda) and oh wry Hoo tyoo S300 1900 sts. Padstow 5233 456 0055 0050 0040 ~o0g0 403 toy tor tor No Jant Feber Mans Apr Mays fumes Jolys Auger Sept Ose Nowa Dees sHes® tor 8s) oe on er “or oot tor ‘TIDAL PREDICTION FORM -stanpanp post. Milford. Haven rimemesioir nequinED..1100.3.4t-9 seconoany Fore... Pad atow....oxre. 28.Fekime zone.,.[eMT. Tae foo stanoano ror [aw [uw | aw [tw | Ranoe ope |}? wae |? Go |* 13 [6 3 Sesne cage Said [60-0 [6 00 purennces [ogy 1" 453|04 Sexe nee Seonseypm [0.0 [11 0.0 seconpary romr [7 agag]5 — | Go| nyMILFORD HAVEN Springs oat 2 ap atrNew nF Moat | I Height 4.9m MILFORD HAVEN Serngh ose ay ter New a at aan. josolnsolasdi530 Si Ain ah in ees ‘Time 1100SIMPLIFIED HARMONIC METHOD OF TIDAL PREDICTION. A [Port [Example Port ‘Mean Level 17ffime=t ATT Na 1 |zo(eeallb or Tov] 235 me a oats [10 Fly BZ | 2|sexsonai core. Pari |o‘ sefpaete) 56 | #00 [13-85 ] ive Zon] 0800, afsum= Mu 2 tefpraest 240_| 120 | mt 20 area) 032) 72 | ove | 031 214 (At +g)-p.1/ 24-8 192 250 | 280 re a nilsno 0-28 «lax reo D9 [ore | wei_[ 225] 23|cose Eo.s77 Lope 0100 x2 ree} one | 013 | Wi 257_| fer2e 06) 0 _fe-c00e 1-008 olar-az oy (oor | 0 [028 2s [paar 0 fe-o93z |r -0004 o7|360.0 Jao 720 | 300 | 360 | z0[r18) 0-82 | 128 | 1.05 | (At = A2) +360.0~p 93_| 7d | 300 332 an]ei+PT/24=Ft 0-62 | 1-28 | 1-06 of pi24 28.87 | 29-06 | 15.00 | 13-83 ze)u. pare ‘O-m2 | 0-23 | O-te | ToPAt (14) 019 | O12 11 | 229 ola re 0-3h | 0-294 | 0-48 sf eae 008 [co] 25 | 2} sof=rnano Looysf; Loom valatg peer pore Poe Toa | a |ner0 cee Eos |i —feooey 13) Fa reba. 119 [0-62 _| +29_| Foy 132[ Raine: Reose (1-380 | —> |= 1-350 valet cab UD v7 10-82 [1268 [1-085 safer 1402 wc way) 285 rs[ra-Fi= f-0.02 | 0 [+001 [+0-02 alae 19s | wef pow [oes og.) wba 3a [19k anger eaten ie eee aa 1.8 >600" in M, and $3. 36 [2r +f dg: R2Fa=Dg 256 | 0-364 |0, cos 4, |-0-076 1 amresim ot Fae for Me ard wpe ie [eT Baoan WR Soak Me SS 2 [tf oad 108 _| 0.038 HMOs UK) 20) 3-+fe dy RFD 300 [0-105 |o, cord, [+0-052, Sirees9(0) Suminesd0-29=Heght [FI ‘This variation ofthe Simplified Harmonie Method of Tidal Prediction (N.P.159) has been designed primary for those who prefer to use a pocket calculator rather than obtain the SSkuGon by graphieal methods. When performed in this manner there will be no saving in time Tequired to predict a full 24 hours but there will be a slight gain in accuracy (see also note ‘J tloweverthis method is probably quicker when only a short period of prediction is required, Sha prediction a fractions of an hour are easier. ‘The box diagram has aso been found useful to aciat in programming a pocket calculator and to assist in this some additional notes have been added. DETAILED INSTRUCTION FOR MANUAL COMPLETION OF FORM ‘The example shows the number of decimal places required. ‘Section A, To be completed once for each day on which predictions are required. 1. Complete heading section (Port, No., Date and Time Zone). 2. From ATT Part III enter: Zo (ot from Tab VI) Line 1 Seasonal Change Line 2. Values of g i Line 11 3. From ATT, Tab VIT enter Values of A on required day (Ax). + Lines 4and 10. Values of A on succeeding day (A2) Line 5 Values of F on required day (Fr Line 14 Values of F on succeeding day (F2) Line 1 ‘4. Sum Lines 1 and 2to obtain days value of Mean Level in Line 3 For each column in turn: §. Obtain Line 6 by subtracting Az from Ar. 6. Enter 360.n in Line 7. (See note under section A and Note 5). 7. Add Lines 6 and 7 to obtain daily rate of change of A (p) in Line 8 8. Insert plagin Line 9 9. Add Lines ro and 11 to obtain (Arg) in Line 12. 10, Subtract Line 14 from Line 13 to obtain daly rate of change of F (P) in Line 15, 14, Insert Pag in Line 16.SIMPLIFIED HARMONIC METHOD OF TIDAL PREDICTION—N.P. 159 (cont.) Section B. To be completed for each time for which a prediction is required. x2. Enter Time (T) in Line 17. If your calculator has not got conversion between Hrs/Ming wal bess Hark egnoliy tox wank’ focal ap ere pe — x3. From ATT Part IIT ent Values of H ic cc ioe Une 35 col. : ine 35 Col 2 F4 | tno data are given, enter zero Line 38 Col Fo Line 38 Col 2 14, From Section A enter: eq (Line) ee Kine 18 Rep ile. cil ak ko aaa Pag (bine 16)"* Line 24 Br {Line t4 or diret from ATT ‘Tab Vit) |” Line 2 ML (Line) ' 2S nee 15, Multiply p/2g by T in Line x9. 16. Subiract (see note 4) Line 19 from Line 20 to obtain @ in Line 2x. 17. Enter Sin 6 in Mz and S2 columns only of Line 22. 18, Enter Cos @ in all columns of Line 23. 19, Multiply Pag by Tin Line a5 and add to Line 26 to obtain interpolated value of F (=F0) in Line 27. 20, Multiply H (Line 28) by Ft (Line 27). Enter result in Line 29. ax. Multiply Line 29 by Line 22 to obtain H.Ft.sin @ in Ma and Sz columns only. 22, Multiply Line 29 by Line 23 to obtain H.Ft.cos 0. Insert results for Ma, Sa and Ox in appropriate columns of Liné 31. Insert result for Kx in Line 30 (Col 4). N.B. From here on the columns no longer refer to H.C.s and are referred to by their numbers. 23. Sum columns 1 and 2 of Line 3o and enter in Line 32, Col x (=R.sin 1). 24. Sum columns 1 and 2 of Line 31 and enter in Line 32, Col 2 (=R.cos r), and Col 4. 25. From R.sin rand R.cos r obtain values of r (Line 33, Col x) and R (Line 33 Col 2). 26. Obtain ar in Line 34, Col 1 and 3¢ in Line 37, Col 1. 27. Obtain R? in Line 34 Col 2 and R® in Line 37 Col 2. 28. Add Lines 34 and 35 (Col 1) to obtain dq in Line 36. 29. Add Lines 37-and 38 (Col 1) to obtain d6 in Line 39. 30. Multiply Lines 34 and 5 (Col 2) to obtain Dg in Line 36. 31. Multiply Lines 37 and 38 (Col 2) to obtain D6 in Line 39. 32. Obtain Dq.cos dg and insert in Line 36, Col 4. 33- Obtain D6.cos d6 and insert in Line 39, Col 4. 34. Finally sum Col 4, Lines 30, 31, 32, 33, 36 and 39; enter the result in Line 40. Notes. 1. Itisstrongly recommended that calculations should bracket the required time and the results be plotted on any suitable squared paper. A single prediction is seldom of value as it gives no indication of the rate of rise or fall (in complicated ports it will not even be possible to ascertain. whether it is rising or falling). 2. Although the box diagrams allow for entry of every step the capabilities of the calculator and the skill of the operator may énable many boxes to be left blank or placed in Memory. POLAR/RECTANGULAR conversion is particulary valuable and with this facility one can ‘go from Line 17 to 3r without any intermediate writing down and with no ambiguity of quadrant. In many cases interpolation between Fx and F2 can be carried out with sufficient accuracy By eye thus enabling Lanes 3, 14.15, 16, 24 and a5 to be omited. 4._ In order to simplify the calculation (or if being programmed to save steps and/or stores) the icuowing approximations may be made. ‘These are given in the order of their effec on the accuracy that with the least effect being given first (2) Omit fines 4 to 9, Insert the folowing rates in Line 18: age deat a: 1 ere deghhr. Kn. 2 5:0 deghhr. Or 13°9 deghhr.SIMPLIFIED HARMONIC METHOD OF TIDAL PREDICTION—N.P.159 (cont.) (b) As (a) but using the following rates: MY ga dee Ki st ahs gure ie 466 dei. (©) Omit interpolation of P. Hence omit Lines 13, 14, 15, 16, 24, 25 and 26 and insert FI=F (direct from ATT Tab VIL) in Line 27. Approximations (b) and (c), together with further small approximations are in effect made in the Braphial solution (N.P.iso) so even after thee application this method wil be eighty ‘more accurate than the graphical solution. 5. Interpolation Between Tabulated Values of A and F. “The hourly rates of change of A for each constituent can be calculated from consecutive tabulated values, care being taken to apply sufficient multiples of 360" to the tabulated values to ensure that these rates approximate to the astgonomical values for each constituent—i.e, 30 deglhe for Ma and S2 and 15 deg/hr for Kx and Or. This can be done as follows: Daily Rate (p)=(At-+360.n)~A2 where n=o or the smallest integer which makes p>600 in the case of Mz and Sz and p>300 in the case of Kr and Or. ‘Then for each of the four constituents: ‘At=Ar—(TXp)/24 (Note that in order to simplify the arithmetic in the graphical version of N.P.159 the final step in the calculation of values of A for each constituent isto subtract the astronomical value from 360". The second term in the above expression is therefore SUBTRACTED.) “The interpolation for F for any given time is simpler: Ft=Fr+(TXP)/2g where P=F2—F 1 6. Vectorial Addition of SD components The SD tide (R, r) at any time consists of the sum of the Mz and S2 tides. Thus: Rosin -=H.Ft.sin(Att g) for Ma+H.Ft.sin(At+g) for Sa Rcos r=H.-Ft.cos(At+g) for Ma+H.Ft.cos(At+g) for Sz and from this R and r may be obtained. If using a programmed caleulator POLAR/RECTANGULAR conversion must be used to avoid ambiguity of sign or quadrant, but if the calculation is being done manually ordinary trig (and inverse trig) functions may ‘be used provided great care is taken to resolve this ambiguity. ‘Shallow Water Corrections "Phe quarterdiurnal tide has phase 4 ‘and amplitude D4 and the height correction’ due to the uarterdiurnal effect» + hg ‘The sixthdiurnal tide has phase d6 ‘and amplitude. + D6: and hence height 5 hg and h6 must be summed algebraically to the combined SD dnd D tide to give a corrected height for the required time, : ADDITIONAL NOTES MORE APPLICABLE TO PROGRAMMABLE CALCULATORS 7. Although the boxes show a possible route through the problem this may not be the best route for every calculator. 8. If storage is limited parameters can often be combined and placed each side of the decimal piace alter application of suitable multipliers e.g. g and H can be stored together: thus a g Pegra and Hof 3-45 might be stored as 312"245. Strangely in some cases this not only reduces the number of stores required but also the program steps. ¢9. Given sufficient facilities on the calculator the following are recommended: (a) Automatic stepping of TIME at both fixed and variable intervals. (b) Ability to change Start Time of a series of predictions (©) Prediction of successive days without re-entry of Harmonic Constants for each day (a) Prediction for second port on same day without re-entry of astronomical data (A and F) (e) Recording of Harmonic Constants for any port. Steps should be allocated for amendment of carded data to allow for any changes. [Although possible to program for the derivation of a time of HW or of, LW this has been found to be of little value. In a large number of ports where this method is of greatest use the curve may be so Hat at these points that the actual time derived is meaningless: at ports Where a double HW or LW or intermediate “stand” occurs there may well be ambiguity 28 to the point on the curve obtained. In most cases itis preferable to plot a short portion of the ‘curve from the results of successive calculations. 10. It is sometimes more convenient to work in centimetres rather than metres provided there are no Shallow Water Corrections.