TRANSPORT PROCESSES

DR. MOHD AZIZI C. Y.

Convection
 Convection

Air is flowing through a tube having an inside

diameter of 38.1 mm at a velocity of 6.71 m/s,
average temperature of 349.9 K, and pressure of
101.3 kPa. The inside wall temperature is held
constant at 204.4 C (477.6 K) by steam condensing
outside the tube wall. Calculate the heat transfer rate
in the system.
Tw = 477.6 K
6.71 m/s q
Di = 38.1 mm
Tbav = 349.9 K

WHAT IS THE CONSTRAIN/PROBLEM DESIGN?

 Convection

Tw = 80 oC

To = 30 oC
q

Rate of Heat Transfer :

q  Ah(Tw  To )

Surface Heat transfer

area coefficient
 (W/m2.K)
 Convection

Heat transfer coefficient will depended to following;

a. Geometry of the system

b. Hydrodynamic behavior
c. Physical and thermal properties
d. Average temperature of the system

Dimensionless Number

C p
1. Prandtl Number N Pr 
k
2. Reynold Number
VD VL
N RED  N RE 
 L

3. Nusselt Number
 N NU  hD
hL
N NU L 
D
k k
 
 Convection

2 type of convection:

o Forced Convection

(the motion of fluid due to pressure differences,

installation of pump, fan, etc)
o Free/Natural Convection

(the motion of fluid results from the density

changes in heat transfer, eg: example 4.5-1, pg
262)
 Convection: Boundary layer

Hydrodynamic boundary layer

Thermal boundary layer

The flow region over the
surface in which the velocity
and temperature variation in
the direction normal to the
surface is significant is the
hydrodynamic boundary layer
and thermal boundary layer.
Heat transfer occurs in the
boundary layer
 Convection: Flow in Pipe

Tbi Tbo
D
V Tw

Hydrodynamic Boundary layer

Entrance region, Fully developed region

L/D < 60 L/D > 60
 Convection: External flow

Thermal boundary condition:

N RE  3x10 5 N  0.7
Pr N RE  3x10 5 NPr  0.7
1 1
0.8
0.5
N NU  0.664N RE N Pr 3 N NU  0.0366N RE N Pr 3


 Physical and thermal
Note:  properties
 of fluid at Tf
where: Tf = (Twall + Tbulk)/2
 / cp
N Pr   (Prandth number)
k /  cp k

hD
N Nu  (Nusselt number)
k

D Dm
N Re   (Reynolds number)
 Ax
 Convection: Flow In pipe

Laminar Flow N RED  2100

1 0.14
 
D  b 
3
N NU D  1.86N RED N Pr   
  L  w 

 L/D>60
Turbulent flow N RED  6000
(fully developed region)

0.14
b 
 hL Tw  Tbm 
0.8 1 q
N NU D  0.027N RED N Pr  
3
 w  A
or
Convection: Flow In pipe
 Convection: Flow In pipe

Entrance Region L/D < 60

h D 0.7 2 < L/D <20

 1  
hL L 

h D  20 < L/D <60

 1 6 
 hL L 

Intermediate flow 2100  N RED  6000


Refer to figure 4.5-2, pg 263:
 2
 ha C p   3 b 0.14
Vs
DG
    
c P G  k  w  b
G  V

 Convection: Flow In pipe

Liquid Metals heat transfer coefficient, pg 266

0.4
NNU  0.625NPe 100  N Pe  10 4

N NU  5.0  0.025 N Pe
0.8
 hD / k NPe 100

 Arithmetic Mean
N pe  N RE .N Pr (Tw  Tbi )  (Tw  Tbo )
Ta 
2

Heat Transfer Rate: q  ha ATa


Physical properties at Tbav
For some special case, the simplified equation is used

3.52 0.8 Limitations

Air (1 atm) h N Re  2100
D 0.2
 0.8
water

h  1429 1  0.0146T o C  Limitations
T  4 to 105 o C
D 0.2
Organic liquids  0.8
h  423
D 0.2
  D  Limitations
hcoil  1  3.5   hstr. pipe
N Re  10 4
 Dcoil 
 Convection: Flow In pipe

EXAMPLE 4.5-1 (pg262) Heating of Air in Turbulent Flow

Air at 206.8 kPa and an average of 477.6 K is being heated as it flows through a
tube of 25.4mm inside diameter at velocity of 7.62 m/s. The heating medium of 488.7
K steam condensing on the outside of the tube. Since the heat-transfer coefficient of
condensing steam is several thousand W/m2.K and the resistance of the metal wall is very
small, it will be assumed that the surface wall temperature of the metal in contact with the
air is 488.7 K. Calculate the heat-transfer coefficient for an L/D > 60 and also the heat-
transfer flux q/A.

Cold stream/fluid
Hot stream/fluid
 ho  hsteam

Tave  477.6 K
air
25.4 mm v  7.62 m/s
Tbi P  206.8 kPa
Tbo
Steam, Tw  488.7 K

L
From Appendix A.3, at P  101.32 kPa, Tave  Tbm  477.6 K From Appendix A.3, at Tw  488.7 K

b  2.6 10 5 Pa.s  w  2.64 105 Pa.s

N Pr  0.686
k  0.03894 W/m
  0.74 kg/m 3
For  ,
m
PV  nRT  PV    RT
M 
m
PM    RT  PM  RT
V 
 
PM
 is depend on P & T 
RT
 P  T 
 2  1  2  2 
 P1  T1 
T1  T2
 206.8 
  206.8 kPa  0.74   1.509 kg/m
3

 101.35 
 D
N Re 
 hL Tw  Tbm 
 q
A
25.4 10 3 (7.62)(1.509)  63.2488.7  477.6

2.6 10 5
 701.1 W/m 2
 1.122 10 4 ( 6000)
0.14
hL D 1  
  0.027 N Re N Pr 3  b 
0.8
N Nu
k  w 
hL (25.4 10 3 )
0.14

  0.686  0.0260 
0.8 1
 0.027 1.122 10 4 3
0.03894  0.0264 
hL  63.2 W/m 2 .K
 4.6) Convection: External flow
(Objective: to determine the average heat transfer
coefficient, h
General equation for Convection Outside Body
1
m
N NU  CNRE N Pr 3

C & m are constant, depend on the various configuration

The fluid properties are evaluated at the film temperatu re, T f  Tw  Tb  / 2,


where Tw is the surface or wall temperatu re and Tb the average bulk fluid temperatu re

Case1:
Fluid Flow Parallel to the horizontal plate
surface:

T∞ V
Tw
L
PM Dr Hanapi Mat, Department of Chemical Engineering, FKKKSA, Universiti Teknologi Malaysia
 Convection: Example

Air flow iceberg

Ocean 200 m
surface H Direction of
drift

Sea Water L=100

flow
Iceberg view
from above
 FORCED CONVECTION

SEA WATER, T∞ = 10 oC , V=10 cm/s

Tw = 0 oC

L=100 m
Assumption: no heat transfer at the
Related equation: top surface and side of iceberg

1. Convection on horizontal plate surface

2. melting

N RE  3x10 5 N  0.7
Pr N RE  3x10 5 NPr  0.7
1 1
0.8
0.5
N NU  0.664N RE N Pr 3 N NU  0.0366N RE N Pr 3


 
 Forced CONVECTION

1. Physical properties of fluid (pure water) at Tf

Tf = 5 oC Table A2-3 to A 2-6

, , Cp, k

2. Calculate Reynold number, Prandtl Number

3. Estimate Nusselt number determine heat transfer coefficient

4. Calculate amount of heat transfer from water to the surface

Heat transfer rate .

between sea water and = Q  m hsf
bottom surface of ice
black
dH
 .As . .hsf Latent heat of fusion
dt = 6013.4 kJ/kg-mol
 Convection: External flow

Case 2:
Tw
Cylinder (contains of fluid) is being cooled/heated by a fluid flowing
perpendicular to its axis

T ∞, V

C and m as given in Table 4.6-1, pg 272

1
m
N NU  CNRE N Pr 3

Physical and thermal properties of the fluid are evaluated at Tf


Convection: External flow
 Convection: External flow

Case 3: Single sphere is being heated/cooled by a fluid,

(Flow past single sphere)
T∞

1  N RED  70000 0.6  NPr  400

1
0.5
 N NU  2.0  0.60N RE N Pr 3

Note: Physical and thermal properties of the fluid are evaluated at Tf


 Convection: External flow

Case 4: Flow past banks of tubes (multi-tube) or

cylinders
Sp Sp

Sn
Sn
V
V
Tbi
Tbi

In-line
staggered

m
1 Vmax D VSn
N NU  CNRE N Pr 3 N RE,max 

Vmax 
Sn  D

C and m as given in Table 4.6-2

Convection: External flow
 Convection: External flow

NNU N10  c1NNU

C1 - correction factor


 Convection: Example

Engine oil at a rate of 0.02 kg/s flows through a 3

mm diameter tube 30 m long. The oil has inlet
temperature of 60 oC, while the tube wall temperature
is maintained at 100 oC by steam condensing on its
outer surface.

a. estimate the average heat transfer coefficient for

internal flow of the oil.
b. Determine the outlet temperature of the oil
 Convection: Example

A 50 mm diameter, thin wall metal pipe covered by

25 mm thick layer of insulation (ki = 0.085 W/m.K)
and carrying a superheated steam at atmospheric
pressure is suspended from the ceiling of a large
room. The steam temperature entering the pipe is 120
o
C, and the air temperature is 20 oC. The overall heart
transfer coefficient on the outer surface of the
covered pipe is 10 W/m2.K. if the velocity of the
steam is 10 m/s, at what point along the pipe will the
steam begin condensing and what distance will be
required for the steam to reach a mean temperature of
100 oC?
Convection: Example
Convection: Example
 Convection: Example

The flat iceberg shown in the figure drifts over the ocean, as it is
driven by the wind that blow over the top. The iceberg may be
o
modeled as a block of frozen fresh water at 0 C. The temperature of
o
surrounding sea water is 10 C, and the relative velocity between it
and iceberg is 10 cm/s. the length of iceberg in the direction of drift
is L = 100 m.
The relative motion between the sea water and the flat bottom of the
o
iceberg produce a boundary layer of length L. The 10 C
temperature difference across this boundary layer drives a certain
heat flux into the bottom surface of the iceberg. This heating effect
causes the steady erosion (thinning) of the flat piece of ice. If H(t) is
the instantaneous high of the ice slab, calculate the ice melting rate
dH/dt average over the swept length of the iceberg.
 Convection: Example

Pressurized water is often available at elevated temperatures

and may be used for space heating or industrial process
applications. In such cases it is customary to use a tube bundle in
which the water is passed through the tubes, while air is passed
in cross flow over the tubes. Consider a staggered arrangement
for which the tube outside diameter is 16.4 mm and longitudinal
and transverse pitches are Sp = 34.4 mm and Sn = 31.3 mm.
There are seven rows of tubes in the airflow direction and eight
tubes per row. Under typical operating conditions the cylinder
surface temperature is at 70 C, while the average bulk
temperature of the air and velocity are 18 C and 6 m/s,
respectively. Determine the rate of heat transfer for the tube
bundle.
 EXAMPLE

A preheater involves the use of condensing

steam at 100℃ on the inside of a bank of
tubes to heat air that enters at 1 atm and
25 ℃. The air moves at 5 m/s in cross flow
over the tubes. Each tube is 1 m long and has
an outside diameter of 10 mm. The bank
consists of 196 tubes in a square, aligned
array for which ST  SL 15 mm. What is the
total rate of heat transfer to the air? What
is the pressure drop associated with the
airflow?

 Convection: Example

Assume that a person can be

approximated as a cylinder of 0.3-m
diameter and 1.8-m height with a surface
temperature of 24℃. Calculate the body
heat loss while this person is subjected to
a 15-m/s wind whose temperature is -5 ℃.
 NATURAL CONVECTION

• Natural convection – currents are the result of buoyancy

forces generated by differences in density and differences
in density are in caused by temperature gradients in fluid
mass
 NATURAL CONVECTION

Grashof Number:
Volumetric coefficient of
expansion
L3  2 gT
NGr  b  
2  For liquid
(T  Tb )
1
 for gases
T
 
General equation

N NU  a(N
Gr .N Pr ) m

a and m are constant from table 4.7-1, pg 278

All the physical properties are evaluated at film temperature, Tf


NATURAL CONVECTION
 NATURAL CONVECTION

Horizontal cylinders

Upper surface
Hot Plate of heated or
(Ts > T ) lower surface
of cooled plates

Cold Plate Upper surface of

(Ts < T ) Cooled or lower
surface of heated
plates
NATURAL CONVECTION
 NATURAL CONVECTION

Natural convection in enclosed system

 3  2 gT
Q NGr, 
T1 T2 2
h
N NU , 
k


h NGr, .NPr  2x10 3
Verticle plate , 
N NU
k
1.0


N .N 
1
4

N NU ,  0.20 Gr, Pr 6x10 3  NGr, .NPr  2x10 5

L   
1
9

Gases 
1

NGr, .N Pr 
3

N NU ,  0.073 2x10 5  NGr, .NPr  2x10 7

 
L 
1

9
 NATURAL CONVECTION

Liquid h
N NU ,  1.0 NGr, .NPr 1x10 3
k

N .N 
1
4

N NU ,  0.28 Gr, Pr 1x10 3  NGr, .NPr 1x10 7

 
1
L 4
 
Horizontal plate The lower plate hotter than the upper plate

NNU,  0.21NGr, .NPr  7x10 3  NGr, .NPr  3x10 5
1
 4

Gases

NNU,  0.061NGr,
.NPr  3
1

 NGr, .NPr  3x10 5

Liquid  NNU,  0.069NGr, .NPr  NPr

3
1
0.074
1.5x10 5  NGr, .NPr 1x10 9

 NATURAL CONVECTION

Water at an average temperature of 17 oC and a mass rate of 0.012

kg/s is to be used for maintaining a small plate (on which a special
sensor is to be mounted) at a fixed temperature. The plate is
situated within a hot air environment at a temperature of 235 C.
The tube is horizontal and 1 m long. Fabricated from a plastic with
a thermal conductivity of 0.05 W/m.K, the tube has a inner
diameter Di = 1.4 mm, and outer diameter Do=3.2 mm.

a. Assuming that the average outer surface temperature of the tube

is 120 C, estimate the heat transfer coefficient between the tube
and the ambient air.
b. Assuming that the flow and thermal conditions within the tube are
fully developed, estimate the heat transfer coefficient between
the tube and the water.
c. Determine the overall heat transfer coefficient based on the outer
tube area.
 NATURAL CONVECTION

Water
Tbavg = 17 oC
Di=1.4 mm Do=3.2 mm
V=0.012 kg/s
kt=0.05 W/m.K
Tw=120 oC

T∞=235 oC

1. Calculate ho Natural convection - horizontal tube

2. Calculate hi Forced convection inside pipe

3. Calculate Uo
 Boiling and Condensation (pg 283)

Boiling experiment by Nukiyama (horizontal tube immersed in a vessel

Containing water boiling at 100C (373.2 K)
Tw

ΔT = Tw – Tb
= Tw – 100 C

Heat flux, q/A = h (ΔT)

V I H= heat transfer coefficient be
+/- determined by experimentally

Heat released from V I Tw

tangstant wire
V1 I1 T1
q  I.V V2 I2 T2
Boiling
 Boiling

Pendidihan perolakan bebas Penentuan h menggunakan

persamaan perolakan bebas

Nucleate boiling

A 16
1
q W/m 2

Horizontal surface h 1043(T) 3

16  q A W/m2  240
h  5.56(T) 3


A  3
1 q
h  537(T)
2
Vertical surface 7 W/m

 h  7.95(T) 3  q A W/m2  63
3


 Boiling

Film boiling - for horizontal cylinder

k     gh  0.4c T 4

1
3

h  0.62 
v V l V fg pv


 DvT 



 CONDENSATION

Condensation on the vertical surface

dx
y


 CONDENSATION ( obj: how to determine
the heat transfer coefficient in condensation phase)

Force balance through eliment dx:

Gravitational force - buoyancy force = viscous-shear force

dv 
(  y)(dx)(  l   v )g  l  ( dx)
dy 
Integrate ,
(  y)(  l   v )g  dy  l 
y v
dv
0 0


g(  l   v ) y2
v (y  )
l 2

l and v - liquid and vapor
V - velocity density
 l
 - thickness of liquid film at x - liquid viscousity
 CONDENSATION

Mass flowrate at point x; g(  l   v ) y2

  l vdy   0  l
 
m (y  )dy
Cross section area of liquid film
0 l 2
Ac 1.dy g l (  l   v )x 3
Volume  V.(1.dy) mx 
3l

Heat transfer across liquid film, surface area (dx.1)

 dT Tsat  Tw
qx  kl (dx.1)  kl dx
dy y 0
x
The increase in mass from condensation ;

 g (    ) 3  g (    ) 2 d
dm  d l l v
 l l v x


 3l 
 l
 CONDENSATION

Heat balance for dx distance,

Heat of condensation = heat flow through element dx

Tsat  Tw
h fg dm  kl dx

gl ( l  v ) 2 d Tsat  Tw
h fg  kl dx
l 
 gl (l  v )
  d  kl Tsat  Tw   0 dx
x 3 x
h fg
l 0


1
4 x T  T  4
Film thickness at x: x   l sat w 
 gh fg l (l  v )
 CONDENSATION

Imbangan tenaga juga dalam bentuk berikut

Heat transfer Conduction through

= liquid film
through
convection

Tsat  Tw
hx (dx.1)Tsat  Tw   kl (dx.1)

kl
hx 
x
1
  (    )gh k 3  4
Local heat
hx   l l v fg l

 4l x Tsat  Tw 
transfer
coefficient  


 CONDENSATION

1 4

L
h hx dx  hx L
L 0 3
1
Heat transfer  (    )gh k 3  4
coefficient at hL   l l v fg l

x=L   4l LTsat  Tw  
 

1
  (    )gh k 3  4
Average heat h  0.943 l l v fg l

transfer  4l x Tsat  Tw 
 

coefficient
 CONDENSATION

1
 l (  l   v )gh fg L  4
3

N NU  1.13 
 4l k l Tsat  Tw  

For NRE 1800


Vertical tube Vertical plate, width of W
 4m 4m
N RE  N RE 
Dl Wl



 CONDENSATION

untuk NRE 1800

1
g L  3
2 3
N NU  0.0077 l
 (N ) 0.4

 l 
RE


Condensation outside N horizontal tube

hD l l  v gh fg D 3 

N NU   0.725 
k  Nl kl T 
 CONDENSATION

The outer surface of a vertical tube, which is 1 m long and has

an outer diameter of 80 mm, is exposed to saturated steam at
atmospheric pressure and is maintained at 50 C by flow the
cooling water through the tube. What is the rate of heat
transfer to the coolant, and what is the rate at which steam
is condense at the surface?