AN INTERNSHIP REPORT

Submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the award of degree of

BACHELOR OF TECHNOLOGY
IN
ELECTRICAL AND ELECTRONICS ENGINEERING

Submitted by

POCHA.UDAY KUMAR REDDY(11803066)

Under the esteemed guidance of

SYED ALLAH BAKSHU

ANDHRA PRADESH STATE SKILL DEVELOPMENT

CORPORATION(APSSDC) - SEIMENS

DEPARTMENT OF ELECTRICAL AND ELECTRONICS ENGINEERING

SRI VENKATESWARA UNIVERSITY COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING

TIRUPATI-517502
 ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

We would like to thank our guide SYED ALLAH BAKSHU garu for providing us an opportunity to
internship within the organization.We would like to express our sense of thanks to our guide for his
valuable guidance,suggestions and continuous support throughout the course.

We also thank our head of the department SRI Prof.Ch.CHENGAIAH garu and our principal
SRI.Prof.S.NARAYANA REDDY garu for his wholehearted support,constant encouragement and
unfailing inspiration.Finally we would like to express our sincere thanks to faculty members of EEE
department.
INDEX :

1. Introduction to motors
1.1. Introduction
1.2. Types of Motors

2. Construction of an Induction motor

3. Working principle of an Induction Motor

4. Performance of an Induction Motor

5. Name plate details of an Induction Motor

6. Conclusion
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1. Introduction to motors
1.1. Introduction

Electric motors in industry are estimated to be responsible for approximately 29% of

overall global and 69% of industrial electricity consumption. And it means, that in a typical
industry almost all the works/processes are being done by motor.
Now, it is very important to understand the concept, construction and performance of
motor. Improving the performance of motor will eventually save the energy consumption
globally. The associated switch gear with the motor plays an important role in deciding the
performance and life of the motor. One of the most commonly used electrical motors is
induction motor
We also call this motor as asynchronous motor because it runs at speed less than its
synchronous speed.
Three-phase squirrel-cage induction motors are widely used as industrial drives
because they are rugged, reliable and economical. Single-phase induction motors are used
extensively for smaller loads, such as household appliances like fans. Although traditionally
used in fixed-speed service, induction motors are increasingly being used with variable-
frequency drives (VFDs) in variable-speed service. VFDs offer especially important energy
savings opportunities for existing and prospective induction motors in variable-torque
centrifugal fan, pump and compressor load applications. Squirrel cage induction motors are
very widely used in both fixed-speed and variable-frequency drive (VFD) applications.
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1.2. Types of Motors

The classification of motors is defined based on various factors. In the above diagram
motors are classified into various categories depending on the type of opration. These are
furthur divided into categories depending on type of motion and then depending on type of
supply. Motors are classified into two types
 Electric motor
 Pneumatic motor
Electric motors are again classified into
 Linear
 Rotary
Rotary Rotary motors are further classified into
 AC motors
 DC motors
 Special motors

We are mostly discussing on AC motors. Now, the classification is again divided

based on the type of supply. And depending on the operating principle, they are again
classified into induction, synchronous motors.
Classification of AC motors :
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Classification of DC Motors :

Special motors :
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2. Construction of Induction motor

An induction motor has two main parts :

 Stator
 Rotor

Stator: The stator frame consists of laminations of silicon steel, usually with a thickness of
about 0.5 millimeter. Lamination is necessary since a voltage is induced along the axial
length of the steel as well as in the stator conductors. The laminations are insulated from
each other usually by a varnish layer. This breaks up the conducting path in the steel and
limits the losses (known as eddy current losses) in the steel. The stator coils are normally
made of copper round conductors of many turns per coil are used for small motors, and
rectangular bars of fewer turns are employed for larger machines. The coils are electrically
insulated. It is common practice to bring only three leads out to a terminal block whether the
winding is connected in wye or in delta.

Stator Core Stator Winding

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Rotor: The rotor is a rotating part of induction motor. The rotor is connected to the
mechanical load through the shaft. The rotors of the three phase induction motor are further
classified as
 Squirrel Cage rotor
 Slip Ring rotor

Squirrel Cage rotor Slip Ring rotor

Squirrel Cage Rotor: A squirrel cage rotor consists of a laminated cylindrical core. The
circular slots at the outer periphery are semi-closed. Each slot contains un-insulated bar
conductor of aluminum or copper. At the end of the rotor the conductors the short-circuited
by a heavy ring of copper or aluminum. The diagram of the cage rotor is shown.
The rotor slots are usually not parallel to the shaft but are skewed. The skewing of the
rotor conductors has the following advantages given below It reduces humming and provide
smooth and noise free operation. It results in a uniform torque curve for different positions of
the rotor.
 The locking tendency of the rotor is reduced. As the teeth of the rotor and the stator
attract each other and lock.
 It increases the rotor resistance due to the increased length of the rotor bar conductors.
Advantages of Squirrel Cage Rotor: The following advantages of the cage rotor are given
below.
 The cage rotor is cheaper, and the construction is robust.
 The absence of the brushes reduces the risk of sparking.
 Its Maintenance is less.
 The power factor is higher
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Slip Ring or Wound rotor : Some special induction motors are constructed with insulated
coils in the rotor like those in the stator winding. The rotor windings are usually of a three-
phase type with three connections made to insulated conducting rings (known as slip rings)
mounted on an internal part of the rotor shaft. Carbon brushes provide for external electric
connections.
A wound-rotor motor with three resistors connected to its slip rings can provide a
high starting torque without excessive starting current. By varying the resistance, a degree of
speed control can be provided for some types of mechanical load. The efficiency of such
drives is, however, low unless the speed is reasonably close to the synchronous value
because of the high losses in the rotor circuit resistances. As an alternative, an electronic
rectifier-inverter system can be connected to the rotor slip rings to extract power and feed it
back to the electric supply system. This arrangement, normally called a slip recovery system,
provides speed control with acceptable efficiency.
Advantages of Phase Wound Rotor:
 High starting torque and low starting current.
 For controlling the speed of the motor, an external resistance can be added in the circuit.

Other parts in an induction motor:

 Stator Winding
 Shaft
 Eye Bolt
 Terminal Box
 Cooling Fan
 Fan Cover
 Rotor end rings
 End Shield
 Rotor Bars
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3. Working principle of Induction Motor

Induction Motor works on 3 different Principles & laws

Faraday's law of induction:
1. Faraday’s First Law
a) Any change in the magnetic field of a coil of wire will cause an emf to be induced in the
coil.
b) This emf induced is called induced emf and if the conductor circuit is closed, the current
will also circulate through the circuit and this current is called induced current.
2. Faraday’s Second Law

a) It states that the magnitude of emf induced in the coil is equal to the rate of change of flux
that linkages with the coil.
b) The flux linkage of the coil is the product of number of turns in the coil and flux
associated with the coil.
Lenz’s Law: As per Faraday laws gives: magnitude of the emf induced in the circuit is
proportional to the rate of change of flux. Lenz's law states that when an emf is generated by
a change in magnetic flux according to Faraday's Law, the polarity of the induced emf is
such, that it produces an current that's magnetic field opposes the change which produces it.
Fleming's left-hand rule for motors :
a) When current flows in a wire, and an external magnetic field is applied across that flow.
b) The wire experiences a force perpendicular both to that field and to the direction of the
current flow.
c) A left hand can be held, as shown in the illustration, so as to represent three mutually
orthogonal axes on the thumb, first finger and middle finger.
d) Each finger is then assigned to a quantity (mechanical force, magnetic field and electric
current.
e) The right and left hand are used for generators and motors respectively.

Working of Three Phase Induction Motor:

Production of Rotating Magnetic Field: The stator of the motor consists of
overlapping winding offset by an electrical angle of 120o . When we connect the primary
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winding, or the stator to a 3 phase AC source, it establishes rotating magnetic field which
rotates at the synchronous speed.
In both induction and synchronous motors, the AC power supplied to the motor's
stator creates a magnetic field that rotates in synchronism with the AC oscillations. Whereas
a synchronous motor's rotor turns at the same rate as the stator field, an induction motor's
rotor rotates at a somewhat slower speed than the stator field. The induction motor stator's
magnetic field is therefore changing or rotating relative to the rotor. This induces an
opposing current in the induction motor's rotor, in effect the motor's secondary winding,
when the latter is short-circuited or closed through an external impedance. The rotating
magnetic flux induces currents in the windings of the rotor, in a manner similar to currents
induced in a transformer's secondary winding(s).
The induced currents in the rotor windings in turn create magnetic fields in the rotor
that react against the stator field. Due to Lenz's Law, the direction of the magnetic field
created will be such as to oppose the change in current through the rotor windings. The cause
of induced current in the rotor windings is the rotating stator magnetic field, so to oppose the
change in rotor-winding currents the rotor will start to rotate in the direction of the rotating
stator magnetic field. The rotor accelerates until the magnitude of induced rotor current and
torque balances the applied mechanical load on the rotation of the rotor.
Since rotation at synchronous speed would result in no induced rotor current, an
induction motor always operates slightly slower than synchronous speed. The difference, or
"slip," between actual and synchronous speed varies from about 0.5% to 5.0% for standard
Design B torque curve induction motor.
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4. Performance and characteristics of an Induction Motor

Synchronous Speed: The rotational speed of the rotating magnetic field is called as
synchronous speed.

Where f = frequency of the supply.

P = number of poles.
Slip:
The difference between the synchronous speed (Ns) and actual speed (N) of the rotor
is called as slip.
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TORQUE V/S SPEED CHARECTARISTICS :

T-Nr characteristics with variable stator voltage:

T-Nr characteristics with V/f control:

If the motor is operated with a variable voltage- variable frequency source, we can
implement constant V/f control of the induction motor, where the operating flux φ is kept
constant.
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Torque – Slip characteristics has two parts:
Straight line called stable region of operation.
Rectangular hyperbola called unstable region of operation.

In low slip region, as load increases ⇒ Slip increases and torque also increases
linearly. Every motor has its own limit to produce a torque. The maximum torque, the motor
can produce as load increases is Tm which occurs at s = sm. So stable region of operation is
up to S = Sm.
Maximum torque which motor can produce is also called breakdown torque or pull out
torque.
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5.Name plate details of Induction Motor
What is name plate of an Induction motor?
A name plate is a display of all the important electrical and mechanical parameters of
an Induction motor. Not only an Induction motor but, name plate is available for any
electrical appliance or equipment.
Nameplate- defined parameters for the motor such as power factor, efficiency, torque,
and current are at rated voltage and frequency. Application at other than nameplate voltage
will likely produce different performance. It is common for manufacturers to nameplate a
wide variety of voltages on one motor nameplate.

Different Electrical Standards:

 NEMA: National Electrical Manufacturers Association
 BIS: Bureau of Indian Standards
 IEC: International Electrotechnical Commission
 ISI: Indian standard institute
 CCC: China Compulsory Certification
 CSA: Canadian Standards Association
 CE: European Conformity (Conformité Européene)
 UL: Underwriters Laboratories Inc
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Insulation Class of Induction Motor:

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Conclusion
An induction motor or asynchronous motor is an AC electric motor in which
the electric current in the rotor needed to produce torque is obtained by electromagnetic
induction from the magnetic field of the stator winding.An induction motor can therefore be
made without electrical connections to the rotor. An induction motor's rotor can be
either wound type or squirrel-cage type or slip-ring type.

Three-phase squirrel-cage induction motors are widely used as industrial drives

because they are self-starting, reliable and economical. Single-phase induction motors are
used extensively for smaller loads, such as household appliances like fans. Although
traditionally used in fixed-speed service, induction motors are increasingly being used
with variable-frequency drives (VFD) in variable-speed service. VFDs offer especially
important energy savings opportunities for existing and prospective induction motors in
variable-torque centrifugal fan, pump and compressor load applications. Squirrel-cage
induction motors are very widely used in both fixed-speed and variable-frequency drive
applications.

The single-phase induction motors are used in low power applications. These motors
are widely used in domestic and industrial applications. Some of the applications are
Pumps,Compressors,Small fans,Mixers,Toys,High speed vacuum cleaners,Electric
shavers,Drilling machines.