Unit 1 Do we speak the same language?

Science and environment—Jayshree Gupta

We really need to appreciate the world around us more. We need to be constantly
aware of the impact that our decisions have on the environment. I ride my bike all
the time so that my parents never have to drive me anywhere.

History—Fatma Hande
My parents have always taught me about the importance of
the past to future generations. They are from Turkey, and they
understand that you have to work hard to get what you want
in life. I love to show them my report card when I get good
grades. I want them to be proud of me, and they usually are!

Geography—Sam Amos
I love to find out about the places around me. My dad
works in the military, and I’ve lived in several countries
around the world. I always explore the places where we
live and find out as much as I can about them.

Computer science—Luke Ho
Technology is about making life easier. I’m on my computer all
the time, and I love electronic gadgets and appliances. I don’t
think of technology as a school subject; I think of it as a way of
life. Who knows what the future holds in store for us all?

Art and design—Beth and Nicole Patterson

We’ve been interested in art all our lives. Our mom is an
architect, and Dad is a graphic designer. To be good at art,
it’s important to observe the world closely and to practice
every day, even if it’s just for 15 minutes. Every now and then
we take a day off, but not often.

Math—Lucia de Mattos
I’m Brazilian, so English isn’t my first language. What I love
about math is that it’s a kind of universal language. I often
meet cool people from all over the world at math competitions.

P.E.—Ben Stevens
My friends call me Action Man. I can never sit still, and I need to be doing
something all the time. I’m from Australia originally and I love all kinds of
sports. From time to time I even do extreme sports like bungee jumping
and paragliding!

Literature—Rodrigo Vargas
I’m bilingual in English and Spanish, so I get to read and write
in two languages. I love languages and how they work. I’m
rarely at a loss for how to express myself in either language.
Some people say I talk too much!

4
 Unit 1

1 Reading

a Read about the Richmond Middle School honor roll students. Who…
1. †‘‡•ǯ–™ƒ––‘—•‡ƒ…ƒ”ǫ  4. Šƒ•Ž‹˜‡†‹ƒŽ‘–‘ˆ’Žƒ…‡•ǫ
2. Ž‹‡•–‘‡‡’ƒ…–‹˜‡ǫ  5. —•‡•ƒ—‹˜‡”•ƒŽŽƒ‰—ƒ‰‡ǫ
3. ‡‡†•–‘‘„•‡”˜‡–Š‹‰•ǫ  6. ‹•‹–‡”‡•–‡†‹–Š‡’ƒ•–ǫ

b Work in small groups. Who is most like you?

Who is least like you? Why?

2 Vocabulary: schools

a Copy the word web and add more words.

rds.

3 Grammar review: frequency

a Read the texts again. Underline words and phrases that describe how often the students do things.

b Copy and complete the table with the expressions in the text.

0% 1–10% 10–40% 40–70% 70–90% 90–100%

•‡Ž†‘ •‘‡–‹‡• ‘”ƒŽŽ›

Šƒ”†Ž›‡˜‡” ‘……ƒ•‹‘ƒŽŽ›

c Use a frequency adverb to make the sentences true for you. Then compare in pairs.
1.  ‡Œ‘›–Š‡„‡‰‹‹‰‘ˆ–Š‡•‡‡•–‡”Ǥ 3.  •–—†›ˆ‘”–‡•–•Ǥ
2. ›’ƒ”‡–•ƒ”‡ ’”‘—†‘ˆ‡Ǥ 4.  ‰‡–‰‘‘†‰”ƒ†‡•Ǥ

4 Everyday English: starting and ending a conversation

a 1.1 Listen to four dialogues. Are they at the beginning or end of the conversation? Then listen again.
Which are polite and which are impolite?

b Complete the tips for opening and closing a conversation. Then turn to page 122.
’‘Ž‹–‡–™ƒ•‰‘‘†–ƒŽ‹‰–‘›‘—‰‘‘†Ǧ„›‡’‡”•‘ƒŽ‡†”‡Ž‡˜ƒ–

Ȉ‡
Ȉ‡ Ǥ˜‘‹†„‡‹‰‡‰ƒ–‹˜‡Ǥ Ȉš’Žƒ‹™Š››‘—‡‡†–‘
Ȉš’Žƒ‹™Š››‘—‡‡†–‘ –Š‡
–Š‡ 
Ȉ‡‡’‹– Ǥ–•…Š‘‘Žǡ–ƒŽƒ„‘—–ƒ  …‘˜‡”•ƒ–‹‘Ǥ
 –‡ƒ…Š‡”ǡƒŽ‡••‘‘”‡˜‡–Š‡™‡ƒ–Š‡”Ǩ Ȉ†™‹–Šƒ’‘•‹–‹˜‡’Š”ƒ•‡Ž‹‡
Ȉ†™‹–Šƒ’‘•‹–‹˜‡’Š”ƒ•‡Ž‹‡
Ȉ•“—‡•–‹‘•Ǥ—–†‘ǯ–ƒ•    Ǥ
 “—‡•–‹‘•‹ˆ›‘—†‘ǯ–‘™•‘‡‘‡™‡ŽŽǤ Ȉ‘ǯ–ˆ‘”‰‡––‘•ƒ› Ǩ

5
 Lesson 1

I used to speak
Turkish.
Talk about past habits

1 Vocabulary: languages
2 Listening
a Complete the word groups.
a 1.2 Listen to Fatma and Nicole and answer
–”ƒ•Žƒ–‘”Žƒ‰—ƒ‰‡‹–‡”’”‡–‹†‹‘• the questions.
‹–‡”’”‡–ƒ–‹‘–‘‰—‡’”‘—…‹ƒ–‹‘
•Žƒ‰–”ƒ•Žƒ–‹‘ 1. Šƒ–Žƒ‰—ƒ‰‡•†‘‡• ƒ–ƒ•’‡ƒǫ
2. Š‹…Š‹•Š‡”•–”‘‰‡•–Žƒ‰—ƒ‰‡ǫ
1. ϐ‹”•– ǡƒ–‹˜‡Žƒ‰—ƒ‰‡ǡ
b 1.2 Listen again. Answer with Fatma (F),
 ‘–Š‡” ǡˆ‘”‡‹‰Žƒ‰—ƒ‰‡
Fatma’s parents (P) or Rodrigo (R). Who…
2. ƒ……‡–ǡ
1. •’‡ƒ•„‡––‡”‰Ž‹•Š–Šƒ—”‹•Šǫ
3. –”ƒ•Žƒ–‡ǡ ǡ
2. …ƒǯ–™”‹–‡—”‹•Šǫ
4. ǡ‹–‡”’”‡–‡”ǡ 3. —†‡”•–ƒ†• ƒ–ƒǯ•‰”ƒ†’ƒ”‡–•ǯ
5. ǡ…‘ŽŽ‘“—‹ƒŽ‹••ǡ  †‹ƒŽ‡…–ǫ

 ǡ†‹ƒŽ‡…– 4. •‘‡–‹‡••ƒ›•Dz†—†‡dzǫ

5. ‹•‰‘‹‰–‘‡–‡”–Š‡‡‹‰‹Ž‹‰—ƒŽ‡••ƒ›
b What do the words mean in your language?  …‘–‡•–ǫ 

6
 Unit 1

3 Grammar: I would translate in my head.

a Circle the correct options. In which sentence are both used to and would possible?

1. used to/would•’‡ƒ—”‹•Šƒ–Š‘‡Ǥ 2. ‡used to/wouldŽ‹˜‡™‹–Š›‰”ƒ†’ƒ”‡–•‹

—”‡›Ǥ

b Answer the questions with used to or would.

1. Š‹…Šˆ‘””‡ˆ‡”•–‘’ƒ•–ƒ…–‹‘•ƒ†•–ƒ–‡•ǫ
2. Š‹…Šˆ‘””‡ˆ‡”•–‘’ƒ•–Šƒ„‹–•„—–‘––‘’ƒ•–•–ƒ–‡•ǫ

LOOK!
Used toΪ˜‡”„”‡ˆ‡”•–‘’ƒ•–Šƒ„‹–‘”•–ƒ–‡Ǥ
Be used toΪȂ‹‰‡ƒ•„‡ƒ……—•–‘‡†–‘ǣ
I used to™ƒŽ–‘•…Š‘‘ŽǤ‘™‹–ǯ•–‘‘ˆƒ”Ǥ
I’m used to™ƒŽ‹‰–‘•…Š‘‘ŽǤ™ƒŽ‡˜‡”›†ƒ›Ǥ

4 Pronunciation: to / too / two

a 1.3 Listen to the conversations. Underline the stressed words.

1. ĆęĒĆǣ—•‡†–‘’Žƒ›˜‘ŽŽ‡›„ƒŽŽ‡˜‡”›†ƒ›Ǥ 2. ĚĐĊǣ‘›‘—™ƒ––‘‰‘–‘–Š‡ƒŽŽǫ

ĎĈĔđĊǣ†‹†ǡ–‘‘Ǩ  ĆęĒĆǣǯ–‘‘„—•›Ǥ
ĆęĒĆǣ‘™Œ—•–’Žƒ›–™‘–‹‡•ƒ™‡‡Ǥ  ĚĐĊǣŠƒ˜‡–‘„—›–™‘–Š‹‰•–Š‡”‡Ǥ
ĎĈĔđĊǣ†‘ǡ–‘‘Ǩ  ĆęĒĆǣ‘””›ǡŠƒ˜‡–‘Š‡Ž’›†ƒ†Ǥ

b What do you notice about the pronunciation of to, too and two?

c Work in pairs. Practice saying the conversations with the same pronunciation.

5 Speaking

Julio Jude & Sal

–—†‡–ǣ–—”–‘’ƒ‰‡ͳͳʹǤ
–—†‡–ǣ–—”–‘’ƒ‰‡ͳͳ͹Ǥ

7
 Lesson 2

I was too young to

read.
Write about learning a language

To: jgupta@orsm4.com, fathand@orsm4.com, … From: rodvarg@orsm4.com Subject: Essay!

Hi guys! Here’s my entry to the Being Bilingual essay competition. What do you think? Rodrigo.
Before coming to Richmond, I lived in Viña del Mar, Chile. Every day after kindergarten, my grandma would read
to me in Spanish. I wasn’t old enough to read, but as soon as I learned how, I began reading to her. My grandmother is
proud of her heritage, and she instilled in me that same pride for my language and culture. I was an active, inquisitive
kid who wanted to know everything about the world around me, and I did very well in kindergarten and grade school.
In my first year at a U.S. school, when I was eight, my teacher didn’t speak Spanish, and I was too shy to speak
English. There were too many new words to learn, and I lost motivation. Suddenly I felt dumb and I became a reserved,
timid child. My grades got worse.
One day I heard some teachers talking about me. They said that I was smart, but that I was too lazy to do well. I
realized that they didn’t understand my situation, and I became determined to do better. I took extra classes, especially
in English. I used to have too much homework to do every night, but I was stubborn and disciplined, and my parents
helped me. After two years I had improved enough to get on the honor roll.
Now, I am bilingual, and I hope my grades are good enough for me to get a college scholarship. My grandmother
thinks that I speak too much English, but I still read and write a lot in Spanish. When I grow up, I want to be a great
writer like Pablo Neruda or Eduardo Barrios.
Being bilingual helps you understand that not everyone sees the world in the same way. Being bilingual has
made me open and tolerant toward other people and cultures. I don’t want to judge but to recognize and accept the
differences that make the world so diverse and fascinating.

1 Vocabulary: character adjectives 2 Reading

a Write the words in three lists in your notebook: a Read the text. Circle true (T) or false (F).
positive qualities, negative qualities, both.
1. ‘†”‹‰‘™ƒ•ǯ–„‘”‹‹…Š‘†Ǥ Ȁ 
ƒ…–‹˜‡ƒ‰‰”‡••‹˜‡ƒ””‘‰ƒ–†‡–‡”‹‡† 2. ‘†”‹‰‘‹•’”‘—†‘ˆ„‡‹‰Š‹Ž‡ƒǤ Ȁ
‡–Š—•‹ƒ•–‹…‰‡‡”‘—•‹’—Ž•‹˜‡
3. ‡Šƒ•ƒŽ™ƒ›•„‡‡‘—–‰‘‹‰Ǥ Ȁ
Žƒœ›‘„‡†‹‡–’”‘—†”‡•–Ž‡••
•ƒ”…ƒ•–‹…•Š›•’‘‹Ž‡†•–—„„‘” 4. ‡Šƒ•„‡‡‘–Š‡Š‘‘””‘ŽŽ‡˜‡”››‡ƒ”Ǥ Ȁ
•—’‡”ϐ‹…‹ƒŽ–‹‹†—’Ž‡ƒ•ƒ– 5. ‡™ƒ–•–‘„‡ƒ™”‹–‡”Ǥ Ȁ

b Work in small groups. Answer the questions.

b Work in pairs. Did you sort the adjectives in the
same way? 1. Šƒ–†‘›‘—†‘™Š‡›‘—‰‡–ƒ„ƒ†‰”ƒ†‡ǫ
2. ‘™†‘›‘—•–ƒ›‘–‹˜ƒ–‡†‹•…Š‘‘Žǫ
c Write more adjectives in the lists. Which
3. ”‡›‘—”Žƒ‰—ƒ‰‡Ž‡ƒ”‹‰‡š’‡”‹‡…‡••‹‹Žƒ”
describe you?
 –‘‘†”‹‰‘ǯ•ǫ

8
 Unit 1

3 Grammar: I was too lazy to do well.

LOOK!
a Underline another way of saying these Too, too manyƒ†too muchƒ”‡‘ˆ–‡—•‡†
sentences in the text. –‘…”‹–‹…‹œ‡‘”…‘’Žƒ‹ǣ
1. ™ƒ•–‘‘›‘—‰–‘”‡ƒ†Ǥ ǯtoo–‹”‡†–‘‰‘–‘–Š‡’ƒ”–›Ǥ™‘—Ž†ǯ–
2. …‘—Ž†ǯ–Ž‡ƒ”ƒŽŽ–Š‡‡™Žƒ‰—ƒ‰‡Ǥ ‡Œ‘›‹–Ǥ
3. ™ƒ•ǯ–™‘”‹‰Šƒ”†‡‘—‰Š–‘†‘™‡ŽŽǤ Š‡”‡™‡”‡too many’‡‘’Ž‡ƒ––Š‡’ƒ”–›ǡƒ†
†”ƒtoo much•‘†ƒǤ
4. †‹†ǯ–Šƒ˜‡–‹‡–‘†‘ƒŽŽ–Š‡Š‘‡™‘”Ǥ

b Unscramble the sentences and match them with the photos.

4 Speaking and writing

a Work in groups. Discuss the questions.

1. Šƒ–Žƒ‰—ƒ‰‡•†‘›‘—•’‡ƒǫ
2. Šƒ–ƒ”‡–Š‡ƒ†˜ƒ–ƒ‰‡•‘ˆ•’‡ƒ‹‰‘”‡
 –Šƒ‘‡Žƒ‰—ƒ‰‡ǫ
3. Šƒ–ƒ”‡–Š‡ƒ†˜ƒ–ƒ‰‡•‘ˆ•’‡ƒ‹‰‰Ž‹•Š
 ‹–‘†ƒ›ǯ•™‘”Ž†ǫ

b Write an essay about learning English with this

1. ‰‘‘†Ȁ‹•ǯ–Ȁ‡‘—‰ŠȀ–Š‡Ȁ–‘ȀŠ‡Ȁ‘Ȁ title: “Why English is important to me.” Follow
 ‰‡–Ȁ–‡ƒ the outline and write five paragraphs.

 ƒ”ƒ‰”ƒ’Šͳǣ–”‘†—…‡–Š‡–‘’‹…ƒ†„”‹‡ϐŽ›
2. ‡‘—‰ŠȀ”—Ȁ–‘Ȁ†‹†ǯ–Ȁ™‹Ȁ•Š‡Ȁˆƒ•– •–ƒ–‡™Š››‘—ƒ”‡Ž‡ƒ”‹‰‰Ž‹•Šȋ‰‹˜‡–Š”‡‡
”‡ƒ•‘•ȌǤ

ƒ”ƒ‰”ƒ’Š•ʹȂͶǣš’Žƒ‹‡ƒ…Š”‡ƒ•‘ˆ”‘
3. –‹”‡†ȀŠ‡ǯ•Ȁ–‘Ȁ–‘‘Ȁ•–—†›
’ƒ”ƒ‰”ƒ’Šͳ‹‘”‡†‡’–ŠǤ

ƒ”ƒ‰”ƒ’Šͷǣ‘…Ž—•‹‘Ȅ”‡•–ƒ–‡–Š‡ƒ‹
4. Š‡ƒ˜›Ȁ–Š‡›Ȁƒ”‡Ȁ–‘ȀŽ‹ˆ–Ȁ–‘‘ ”‡ƒ•‘™Š›‰Ž‹•Š‹•‹’‘”–ƒ––‘›‘—Ǥ

c Work in pairs. Check each other’s essay and
c Write another sentence about each picture suggest improvements and corrections. Then
with too or enough. write a final draft.

9
 Lesson 3

Feral children
Talk about general, known and new
things
Build word families

Wild Child
A feral child is a young person who has not had That same year, 1970, reports came out of Los
contact with other humans from a very young Angeles about the discovery of another feral child,
age (feral means wild). Some feral children Genie, who had spent the Àrst 13 years of her
are imprisoned by their parents and only given life locked inside a bedroom in the home of her
enough food and water to survive; others have blind mother and mentally-ill father. At Àrst Genie
been abandoned, and are brought up by wild showed a lot of progress in her language learning
animals, such as the Àctional character Tarzan. and could recognize and say individual words
Psychologists and sociologists are fascinated by (although she had a strange high voice), but she
feral children, and especially by their ability to never learned to construct a sentence. Eventually
learn language and show emotion. there was no money left to continue teaching and
Victor of Aveyron spent his entire childhood alone researching Genie, and she was moved to an adult
in the woods before being found in 1800 when he home, where she still lives.
was 12 years old. Jean Marc Gaspard Itard was Natasha Mikhailova was only Àve when she was
a medical student who tried to teach Victor to discovered in Russia in 2009, and her story was
speak and to show human emotions. At Àrst published in newspapers and blogs around the
Itard was successful, and Victor could world. She had been kept in a room with cats and
understand language and read simple dogs in the home she shared with her father and
words. But Victor’s learning soon her grandparents. Natasha was treated as a family
slowed, and Itard abandoned the pet, and as a result she couldn’t speak and she
experiment, although he later walked on all fours. She even barked like a dog
published a book about the and lapped up food and drink with her tongue.
experience. The only word that The police removed Natasha from the home and
Victor ever learned to spell was placed her in an orphanage. It is hoped that she
lait (milk). Victor died in Paris can recover from her appalling experience and
in 1828. In 1970 director Francois learn to live a normal life in the future.
Truffaut made a movie about Victor
called L’Enfant Sauvage (The Wild Child).

1 Reading

a Skim the text quickly. Are you a feral child?

b Read the text again and take notes on the three children in the text.

ƒ‡™Š‡”‡ˆ‘—†ƒ‰‡™Š‡ˆ‘—†•’‡‡…Š’”‘‰”‡••

c Guess what these words mean.

1. ‹’”‹•‘‡†ȋ’ƒ”ƒǤͳȌ 3. „ƒ”‡†ȋ’ƒ”ƒǤͶȌ

2. Ž‘…‡†ȋ’ƒ”ƒǤ͵Ȍ  4. Žƒ’’‡†ȋ’ƒ”ƒǤͶȌ

10
 Unit 1

2 Vocabulary: media and publishing

a Copy the table. Then write the words in the table.

’—„Ž‹•Š‡”‡†‹–”‡’‘”–‡”’”‹– verb person noun

†‹”‡…–‘”„Ž‘‰™”‹–‡”‡•‡ƒ”…Š

b Complete the table with the other parts of speech.

3 Grammar: He published a book

about the experience.

a Match the examples with the explanations.

1. ‡”ƒŽ…Š‹Ž†”‡—•—ƒŽŽ›…ƒ‘–•’‡ƒǤ The‹†‹…ƒ–‡••‘‡–Š‹‰•’‡…‹ϐ‹…‘”‘™Ǥ

2.
‡‹‡‹•ƒ‡šƒ’Ž‡‘ˆƒˆ‡”ƒŽ…Š‹Ž†Ǥ Š‡œ‡”‘ƒ”–‹…Ž‡ȋ‘ƒ”–‹…Ž‡Ȍ‹†‹…ƒ–‡••‘‡–Š‹‰‹‰‡‡”ƒŽǤ
3. –ƒ”†•‘‘ƒ„ƒ†‘‡†–Š‡‡š’‡”‹‡–Ǥ A/An‹†‹…ƒ–‡••‘‡–Š‹‰‘•’‡…‹ϐ‹…‘”‡™Ǥ

b Read the table. Match the rules with the examples.

Deϐinite (the) Indeϐinite (a, an) Zero article

1. ”‹˜‡”•ǡ‘…‡ƒ•ǡ†‡•‡”–•ǡ‡–…Ǥ 4. ’”‘ˆ‡••‹‘•ǡ‘……—’ƒ–‹‘• 6. ‡ƒŽ•ǡwork/home/bed

2. ‡–‡”–ƒ‹‡–ƒ†–”ƒ•’‘”–ƒ–‹‘ 5. “—ƒ–‹–›‡š’”‡••‹‘• 7. –‹‡‡š’”‡••‹‘•
3. –Š‡•—’‡”Žƒ–‹˜‡ 8. ‹•–‹–—–‹‘•ȋ’”‹•‘ǡ•…Š‘‘ŽȌ

a. Š‡‹Ž‡‹•–Š‡Ž‘‰‡•–”‹˜‡”Ǥ ǡ  d. ‡–‘‘–Š‡•—„™ƒ›–‘–Š‡ƒŽŽ‘—†ƒ›Ǥ ǡ ǡ

b. ›†ƒ†‹•ƒƒ—–‘‡…Šƒ‹…Ǥ  e. ™ƒ––‘•–—†›Žƒ™‹…‘ŽŽ‡‰‡Ǥ
c. Šƒ˜‡„”‡ƒˆƒ•–‹„‡†ƒ–Š‘‡Ǥ ǡ ǡ  f. Š‡
–”ƒ‹–”ƒ˜‡Ž•ƒ–ͷͲͲ‹Ž‘‡–‡”•ƒŠ‘—”Ǥ ǡ

4 Writing

a Write a short paragraph about another feral child with the information.

Name šƒƒƒŽƒ›ƒ

Place and date found ”ƒ‹‡ǡͳͻͻͳ

Age when found ‡‹‰Š–
Condition …‘—Ž†‘–•’‡ƒǡŽ‹˜‡†™‹–Š†‘‰•ƒ†
„‡Šƒ˜‡†Ž‹‡ƒ†‘‰ǡ™‘—Ž†„ƒ”ƒ†„‹–‡
Today Ž‹˜‡•ƒ–ƒ…Ž‹‹…ˆ‘”’‡‘’Ž‡™‹–Š‡–ƒŽ
†‹•ƒ„‹Ž‹–‹‡•ǡ…ƒ•’‡ƒǡ…ƒ‘–ˆ‘”•–”‘‰
Š—ƒ”‡Žƒ–‹‘•Š‹’•ǡ‹•Šƒ’’‹‡•–™Š‡™‹–Š
†‘‰•

b Work in pairs. Find differences between your texts and write one final text.

11
 Your
It’s allfavorite
about communication!
stars… and you!

Activities 1 Awesome article: Apes ape humans!

1 Awesome article

a Read the text and answer the

questions. Which animal…
1. learned to say some words?
2. used a computer to learn
language?
3. understands the most English?
4. used symbols on a board to
communicate?
5. was brought up with a human Can apes ever learn to talk? Read about these experiments to
child? teach primates human language and make up your mind…
6. is said to be the first to learn a Gua was a chimpanzee raised as a human child by scientists
human language? W.N. Kellogg and L.A. Kellogg with their son, Donald, in the
1930s. They wanted to see if a chimpanzee could learn to speak.
b Answer the questions. Gua did not learn to speak, but Donald, of course, did. When
1. Why can’t chimpanzees and other Donald started copying Gua’s sounds, the Kelloggs quickly
primates speak like humans? ended the experiment.
2. How did later experiments solve Vicki was also a chimpanzee raised as a human, this time by
this problem? Keith and Catherine Hayes in the 1950s. The Hayes would repeat
words to Vicki, who also received speech therapy. Eventually she
c Find words and expressions in the was able to say four words: mama, papa, up and cup.
text that have these meanings.
Washoe, also a chimpanzee, grew up with university professors
1. to bring up a child (para. 1) Allen and Beatrix Gardner. She was born in Africa and was
2. body part that produces sound estimated to be 42 years old when she passed away in 2007. The
(para. 3) Gardners realized from previous experiments that a chimpanzee’s
vocal cords do not develop enough to be able to produce
3. unable to hear (para. 3)
human speech. So, instead, they taught Washoe American Sign
4. to stick (para. 4) Language, the language used by deaf people in North America
5. to put in order (para. 6) and the fourth most common language in the United States.
Washoe herself learned to use about 250 signs to communicate
d Work in pairs. Which of the apes do
with humans.
you think is the most intelligent? If
Sarah was a research chimp
chimpanzee that was studied in a
you could talk to an
a ape, what would
psychology laboratory in Pennsylvania
P by David and Ann
you ask?
Premack in the 1960s. Sarah
Sar learned to use symbols that
represent words—known as a lexigrams—to communicate. She
would attach the symbols to a board to make sentences. By the
time the Premacks had Änished
n working with Sarah, she knew
130 signs and was smart enough
e to make sentences of eight
symbols.
Koko is a lowland gorilla who—according
w to Dr. Penny Patterson,
researcher—is able to understand more than
Koko’s teacher and researc
1,000 signs of American S Sign Language and approximately 2,000
English words. She was boborn in 1971 and continues to live at a
California.
gorilla foundation in Califo
Lana, born in 1970, is the Ärst chimpanzee to use lexigrams
LLana,
on
o a computer. Researchers
Researche claim that Lana is able to sequence
words in a grammatical way
wa and even create her own sentences.

12
 Unit 1

2 Awesome advice
Activities
2 Awesome advice

a Read the e-mail from Ben. Underline

To: fathand@orsm4.com, betpat@orsm4.com,
the three questions that Ben asks.
nicpat@orsm4.com, samam@orsm4.com
b Work in pairs. Discuss your answers
From: benster@orsm4.com to Ben’s questions.
c Now write an e-mail to Ben. Answer
Subject: Birthday, aarrggh! the three questions.
d Work in pairs. Read each other’s
Hi all! e-mail. Do you like your partner’s
It’s going to be my 16th birthday soon and I don’t know if I’m ideas? What are the best ideas in
looking forward to it or not! Until recently my mom used to drive the class?
me everywhere, and I was kind of used to that. Then she told old me
that I had to start riding the bus, and I have never gotten used
ed to
it. Now I am looking forward to getting my driver’s license. How
have your lives changed as you’ve gotten older?
Another thing that’s different is that I used to get just a little
homework every day. I would do it while I watched TV— it was
easy! Now I have at least two hours of homework every night, ht, and
if I do it while I watch TV, I always get things wrong. I don’t seem
to have enough time. What can I do to organize my time better? tter?
There don’t seem to be any advantages to turning 16. Whatt are
the good things about getting older?
Ben

PARLEZ-VOUS FALA PORTUGUÊS?

FRANÇAIS? SPRECHEN PARLATE ITALIANO?
SIE DEUTSCH?

PERHAPS WE WHY?
SHOULD LEARN IT DIDN’T
ANOTHER HELP HIM.
LANGUAGE.

Unit 1 13
 Learning English in the 21st Century

How to learn a language

a Work in pairs. Take the quiz.

How can you improve your language learning?

1. ”‡›‘—•Š›‘”‘—–‰‘‹‰ǫ
2. ‘™ƒ›Žƒ‰—ƒ‰‡•…ƒ›‘—•ƒ›Š‡ŽŽ‘‹ǫ
3. ‘›‘—™ƒ–…Š‘˜‹‡•ƒ†Ž‹•–‡–‘—•‹…‹‰Ž‹•Šǫ‘›‘——•‡
‰Ž‹•Š‘–Š‡–‡”‡–ǫ”‹–‡‡˜‡”›–Š‹‰›‘—Šƒ˜‡†‘‡‹–Š‡Žƒ•–
™‡‡–‘’”ƒ…–‹…‡‰Ž‹•Š‘—–•‹†‡…Žƒ••Ǥ
4. Šƒ–…ƒ›‘—†‘™‹–Šƒ‘‹‘ȋƒ’ƒ”–ˆ”‘…‘‘‹–‘”‡ƒ–‹–ȌǫŠ‹‘ˆ
 ƒ•ƒ›–Š‹‰•ƒ•›‘—…ƒ‹‘‡‹—–‡Ǥ
5. ‘‘ƒ––Š‡•‡‡šƒ’Ž‡•‘ˆ•’‡”ƒ–‘ǡƒ‹˜‡–‡†Žƒ‰—ƒ‰‡ǡƒ†ƒ•™‡”–Š‡“—‡•–‹‘•Ǥ
 a. ‘™†‘›‘—‹†‹…ƒ–‡’”‡•‡–ǡ’ƒ•–ƒ†ˆ—–—”‡ǫ
 b. ‘™†‘›‘—‹†‹…ƒ–‡•‹‰—Žƒ”ƒ†’Ž—”ƒŽǫ

birdo kaptas insecton—a bird catches an insect amiko faras kafon—a friend makes a coffee
birdoj kaptas insectojn—birds catch insects amikoj faris kafon—friends made a coffee
birdo kaptis insecton—a bird caught an insect amiko faros kafojn—a friend will make coffees
birdoj kaptis insectojn—birds caught insects viroj legas librojn—men read books
birdo kaptos insecton—a bird will catch an insect viroj legis librojn—men read books (past)
viro legos libron—a man will read a book

6. ”‹–‡–Š‡•‡–‡…‡•‹•’‡”ƒ–‘Ǥ
 a. ‹”†•™‹ŽŽ…ƒ–…Š‹•‡…–•Ǥ
 b. ”‹‡†•ƒ‡ƒ…‘ˆˆ‡‡Ǥ
 c. ”‹‡†•™‹ŽŽƒ‡…‘ˆˆ‡‡•Ǥ
 d. ƒ”‡ƒ†•ƒ„‘‘Ǥ
 e. ƒ”‡ƒ†ƒ„‘‘Ǥ
 f. ‡™‹ŽŽ”‡ƒ†„‘‘•Ǥ

7. –—†›–Š‡•’‡”ƒ–‘™‘”†•ˆ‘”‘‡‹—–‡ǤŠ‡…Ž‘•‡–Š‡„‘‘ƒ†–‡•–›‘—”•‡ŽˆǤ‘™ƒ›…ƒ

 ›‘—”‡‡„‡”ǫ

instruisto—teacher sukero—sugar knabo—boy havi— to have

kuko—cake teo—tea patro—father trinki— to drink
lakto—milk filo—son akvo—water vendi— to sell
pano—bread frato—brother forgesi—to forget vidi— to see

b Turn to page 122. Check your score and interpret your results.

c Discuss your conclusions with the class. How can you improve as a language learner?

14
 Portfolio Unit 1

Vocabulary notebook
a Match the ways of recording vocabulary with the notebook extracts.
1. „›–‘’‹… 3. ƒ–‘›• 5. ‹™‘”†ˆƒ‹Ž‹‡•
2. •›‘›• 4. ‘ƒ•…ƒŽ‡ 6. ƒ•ƒ’”‘…‡••

edit (v) start schoo

l, lea
editor (n, person) school, go to ve
college,
Schools edition (n, thing) get a job, b
dergarten, e promoted
pre-school/kin change jobs, ,
ade, retire
elementary/gr
gh, high,
middle/junior hi g,
college/univer
sity
h y — o utgoin rted
s ve
extro

terrible, bad, OK, shy, timid, reserved,

good, excellent introverted

b Look at the board. What techniques for learning vocabulary can you see? Which ways do you use?

bilingual (adj): being able to speak two languages

impulsive (adj): My brother Kenny is impulsive,
because he does things without thinking first. board
+
generous proud
-
mean
marker
university/junIv„rsIti/ eraser
grade school=primaria

c Work in groups of three or four. Make a vocabulary notebook for this unit.
1. ‡…‹†‡™Š‹…Š˜‘…ƒ„—Žƒ”›•‡–•›‘—™ƒ––‘‹…Ž—†‡Ǥ
2. ‡…‹†‡Š‘™–‘‘”‰ƒ‹œ‡ƒ†”‡…‘”†–Š‡˜‘…ƒ„—Žƒ”›Ǥ
3. ƒ…Š•–—†‡–…”‡ƒ–‡•ƒ’ƒ‰‡—•‹‰ƒƒ’’Ž‹‡‘”†—…‡–‘”‡ƒ”‰Ž‹•Š‘…ƒ„—Žƒ”›Ǥ

d Include your vocabulary notebook in your digital portfolio.

e Read other groups’ notebooks. Did everyone choose the same ways of recording the vocabulary?

15