Integrated Vocabulary of Mobilian Jargon

An Integrated Vocabulary of Mobilian Jargon,
a Native American Pidgin of the Mississippi Valley
EMANUELJ. DRECHSEL
Universityof Hawai'i at Manoa
Abstract. This vocabulary offers a substantial lexical inventory of Mobilian

Jargon, a Muskogean-basedpidgin of the lower Mississippi River valley, and
includes some 1,250 entries plus comparativedata of sources, drawn both from
memory fieldwork with the pidgin's last speakers and from philological re-
search. Allowing for idiosyncrasies of early spelling conventions, the historical
evidence demonstrates not only remarkable consistency with modern record-
ings of Mobilian Jargon and with comparative data for related source lan-
guages, but also the feasibility of systematic philological reconstructions or
reconstitutions by triangulation. The vocabulary shows considerable lexical
richness with a diversity of semantic domains, confirmingmultiple usages and
manifold social contexts for the pidgin, as indicated by historical and ethno-
graphic data. Its lexicon further reveals substantial etymologicalvariation, re-
flecting contributions from the speakers' diverse first languages, and lends
support to a multilectal interpretationof MobilianJargon, including the lingua
franca Creek of colonial Alabama and Georgia.
1. Introduction. This study presents a vocabulary of Mobilian Jargon, or

the "Chickasaw-Choctaw trade language," a native American pidgin of south-
eastern North America attested from at least 1700 until the 1950s. As recently
as the 1980s, a few elderly native Americans of Louisiana remembered words
and phrases from the pidgin with some of the sociohistorical circumstances of
its use. The survival of Mobilian Jargon in the memories of former speakers
has permitted a fairly extensive lexicography by relying on linguistic and
ethnographic fieldwork and by drawing on philological and ethnohistorical re-
constructions.
Mobilian Jargon was a Muskogean-based pidgin in use among linguis-
tically diverse native Americans of the lower Mississippi River valley and in
contact with immigrant colonists. Native American users of the pidgin con-
sisted of alloglossic Muskogean Indians and their non-Muskogean neighbors.
Among the Muskogeans were Choctaw, Chickasaw, Alabama, Coushatta,
Apalachee, and Creek Indians; non-Muskogeans included speakers of Gulf
isolates (Atakapa, Chitimacha, Natchez, and Tunica, related to Proto-Mus-
kogean), Caddoan and Siouan languages, Lipan Apache of southwestern North
America (Athabaskan), and probably other, still unidentified languages. What
by all indications was no more than an Eastern Muskogean-based variety of
Mobilian Jargon, known as the lingua franca Creek, extended to the multilin-
248
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1996 J. DRECHSEL
EMANUEL 249
gual Creek Indians and their non-Muskogean associates or neighbors in

colonial Alabama and Georgia, such as the Yuchi and several groups known
only by their names (Drechsel 1983). Historical records further suggest that
Louisiana Indians spoke the pidgin in contact with Algonquians of southern
Illinois. There even exists some startling evidence for the use of Mobilian Jar-
gon as far north as among Oto or Osage Indians (Siouans) on the Missouri
River some 500 miles upstream from its confluence with the Mississippi in the
late eighteenth century (see Sherwood 1983). Non-Indian users included Span-
ish, French, British, and German colonists, African slaves, and their American
descendants, who spoke diverse imported tongues or creolized French and
English. Yet, as far as we know, Mobilian Jargon was not in use among the
Cherokee (Iroquoians), Shawnee (Algonquians), or the various Algonquian and
Siouan groups on the Atlantic coast; nor did it survive among Southeastern
Indian groups of Oklahoma or extend into the Plains.
Southeastern Indians have had a long tradition of speaking two or even
more languages, usually those of their neighbors, and all the last speakers of
Mobilian Jargon likewise were true multilinguals. Still, the pidgin served as
an important medium in multilingual contexts and in contact situations with
distant alloglossic peoples, among them Caddoans, Siouans, and Algonquians.
By the early nineteenth century, however, Mobilian Jargon no longer operated
solely as a contact language; for the area's linguistically and culturally con-
servative Indians, it also assumed the meta-communicative functions of a
sociolinguistic buffer against unwanted intrusions from the outside by con-
firming their native identity (a safeguard against continuously threatening
enslavement) without opening their inner circles to prying strangers such as
traders, missionaries, immigrant settlers, government officials, or anthro-
pologists (Drechsel 1987b). Yet the pidgin, recognized by several names (see
the entries for MOBILIANJARGON below), had a recorded history of at least
250 years, with its first reliable attestations dated 1700. The author of The
Mobilian Trade Language, James M. Crawford (1978), maintains that it had
developed from contact with the French in eighteenth-century colonial Louis-
iana. I have since proposed a pre-European origin of Mobilian Jargon, on the
basis of three arguments: its well-established use in diverse indigenous con-
texts of interlingual contact; its geographic distribution closely overlapping
with that of linguistically diverse, but socioculturally quite uniform South-
eastern Indian groups formerly associated in multilingual paramount chief-
doms of the pre-Columbian Mississippian Complex; and, foremost, its indige-
nous grammar (Drechsel 1984, 1994a).
Among its features suggesting a pre-Columbian origin, Mobilian Jargon
exhibits a distinct grammar with characteristics of Muskogean languages and
possibly the Gulf stock at large, but an analytic rather than a synthetic
structure and a "macaronic" vocabulary. Speakers did not simply embrace a
reduced grammar of Chickasaw, Choctaw, or some other Muskogean language.
250 ANTHROPOLOGICALLINGUISTICS 38 NO. 2
The basic word order of Mobilian Jargon was X/OsV (with X representing ad-
verbial phrases, O direct and indirect objects, s pronominal subjects, and V
verbs), which derived from analogous constructions with pronominal prefixes
in Muskogean and other Gulf languages. Instead of the SOV order conven-
tional to Muskogean languages, multiple-argument pidgin sentences with
nouns as subjects probably followed X/OSV by analogy with pronominal con-
structions, as can be reasoned on several grounds. Speakers of Mobilian
Jargon also used function words, such as pronouns, and the negative in many
ways unusual to speakers of vernacular Muskogean languages. Except for
single words and short phrases, Mobilian Jargon, also known as an6pa e"la
'a/the different language', was unintelligible to speakers of Muskogean lan-
guages without considerable exposure to it, by which they eventually deduced
its particular grammar or perhaps learned it like any other second language
(Drechsel 1993).
Substantial differences notwithstanding, Mobilian Jargon shared many
fundamental grammatical patterns with Muskogean languages (as evident in
phonology, word formation such as compounding, and syntax). These serve as
one among several arguments for the suggestion that the "Chickasaw-Choc-
taw trade language" was interrelated with the Muskogee-based lingua franca
Creek and probably with a third, Apalachee-based contact medium, spoken by
members of the former Creek Confederacy and their neighbors in colonial Ala-
bama and Georgia, respectively. For both, historiographic research must first
uncover additional evidence; but by currently available indications, these Mus-
kogean-based contact media shared fundamentally similar grammars, and
their differences were primarily lexical in nature, reflecting the interference
from the speakers' first languages. Whereas Mobilian Jargon drew on West-
ern Muskogean languages as principal sources for its vocabulary, the lingua
franca Creek relied foremost on Eastern Muskogean languages (such as Mus-
kogee, Alabama, and Koasati) for its lexicon (see Drechsel 1983).1 The lingua
franca Apalachee, about which little is known, perhaps took an intermediate
linguistic position between Mobilian Jargon and the lingua franca Creek.2
However, at no point did any of these varieties, given their diverse multilin-
gual contexts, derive its vocabulary from a single source or the same lan-
guages. Mobilian Jargon fed not only on Choctaw or closely associated dialects
(Munro 1984), but reflected a few Chickasaw or related influences among its
Western Muskogean elements as well (Drechsel 1987a). In addition, the pidgin
included numerous words from Eastern Muskogean languages, most of them
Alabama or Koasati variants of Western Muskogean equivalents,3 and incor-
porated several "exotic" loans of Algonquian origin (Crawford 1978:63-75;
Drechsel 1985). Considering that Mobilian Jargon extended into the Missouri
River valley, future research may yet show loans from northern Siouan lan-
guages, especially among the etymologically unidentified entries in Ezra
Stiles's vocabulary of 1794 (cf. section 3; for entries of Algonquian origin as
1996 EMANUELJ. DRECHSEL 251
well as for terms revealing greater resemblances in Chickasaw than Choctaw

and Eastern Muskogean etymologies, see section 4). What limited evidence is
available for the lexical composition of the lingua franca Creek suggests a
mirror image of Mobilian Jargon with more or less reverse proportions of
Eastern and Western Muskogean elements. Aside from these linguistic sug-
gestions, there exists sociohistorical evidence supporting a unitary inter-
pretation of a greater Muskogean-based pidgin. Mobilian Jargon and the lin-
gua franca Creek were both in wide use in the border area of colonial Alabama
and the panhandle of Florida, apparently interchangeably. Also, many mem-
bers of the former Creek Confederacy, like some Choctaw Indians of Missis-
sippi, moved to Louisiana in the nineteenth century, and joined the very com-
munities in which Mobilian Jargon was to survive the longest, thus con-
tributing to the area's linguistic diversity and the pidgin's continued viability
well into the first half of the twentieth century.4
As is evident from historical attestations as well as from multiple entries
for the same gloss, Mobilian Jargon exhibited a considerable amount of lexical
variation in time and space, depending not only on the speakers' first lan-
guages, but probably on other sociolinguistic factors (such as their knowledge
of different second languages, serving as alternative sources for loans). With
access to only a small set of data, Mary Haas (1975:258, 261) described the
lexicon of Mobilian Jargon as a mixture of Choctaw and Alabama without fin-
ally providing an estimate of their proportions. At closer examination of some
150 words, Crawford (1978:76-77) recognized as much as 70 percent of the
vocabulary as Western Muskogean, almost 15 percent as what might be called
common Muskogean, about 10 percent as closer to Alabama and Koasati (East-
ern Muskogean) than Western Muskogean, and more than 5 percent as
derived from other sources, including an Algonquian etymon and a few direct
and indirect loans from European languages. Small word lists, however, pro-
vide no more than a skewed sense of the pidgin's lexical variation because of
inherent statistical distortions of the words' sources and their proportions. A
better, if still incomplete, picture emerges from a comparison of the etymologi-
cal compositions of two larger sources, each of which contains several hundred
entries: (1) an anonymous author's vocabulary entitled Essai sur quelques
usages et sur l'idi6me des Indiens de la basse Louisiane (Anonymous 1862) for
what probably was a Choctaw community in the area of Opelousas in south-
central Louisiana in the early 1860s; and (2) the lexicon gathered in recent
fieldwork among the Coushatta (Koasati), their Alabama and Choctaw affil-
iates, and their neighbors in the greater vicinity of Elton, about thirty miles
west and northwest of Opelousas. These two sets of data are compared in their
etymological compositions in table 1.
Table 1. Etymological Compositions of Opelousas and Elton Vocabularies

1862 OPELOUSAS MODERNELTON
VOCABULARY(FROMA VOCABULARY(FROMA
TOTALOF882 ENTRIES) TOTALOF497 ENTRIES)
Western Muskogean
(Choctaw or Chickasaw) 643 (almost 73%) 248 (49.9%)
Eastern Muskogean
(Alabama or Koasati plus
any other Eastern Mus-
kogean language) 18 (2%) 82 (16.5%)
Greater Muskogean (with

etymologies shared by at
least one Eastern Mus-
kogean and one Western
Muskogean language) 175 (19.8%) 119 (24%)
Varia (Algonquian,
uncertain and unidenti-
fied sources, and com-
pounds with mixed
etymologies) 40 (4.5%) 33 (6.6%)
European 6 (0.7%) 15 (3%)
Significantly, the two vocabularies exhibit differences of more than 20 percent

in Western Muskogean sources and approximately 14 percent in Eastern Mus-
kogean elements. With larger portions of Alabama and Koasati elements, the
modern vocabulary also differs substantially from earlier estimates of the pid-
gin's etymological composition.
The available data reflect solely a portion of the overall range of lexical
variation that must once have existed in Mobilian Jargon at different periods
and locations and that additional documentation would undoubtedly confirm.
The present vocabulary, then, can hardly make a claim to being representa-
tive, because of several limitations. For one, the anonymous author's vocabu-
lary and the modern lexicon together embody samples for only two among
many other communities of Mobilian Jargon speakers, separated by no more
than a short distance and about a century. Both sets of lexical data, with all
their differences, still reveal the dominant influence of Western Muskogean, in
that speakers of Choctaw served as their direct or indirect sources. There is no
large body of data available for Mobilian Jargon spoken by Muskogeans with-
out the presence of Choctaw, much less by non-Muskogean communities also
known to have used the pidgin (such as the Tunica-Biloxi near Marksville,
1996 J. DRECHSEL
EMANUEL 253
Louisiana). Caution is appropriate even with respect to Mobilian Jargon's

large number of Choctaw and general Western Muskogean elements per se.
Their prominence may be due less to an overall predominance of Choctaw
elements in the pidgin's lexicon than the fact that the major sources (including
those of Anonymous 1862) spoke Choctaw as their first language. Another
reason may be that until recently, the documentation available for Choctaw
was better than that for other languages of the area. The comparative data for
several native American languages that once served as possible lexical sources
for the pidgin have remained incomplete and at times uneven in quality; in
particular, there exists no modern published dictionary of Muskogee. Some
etymologies even suggest resemblances in languages that have not been at-
tested among the first languages of Mobilian Jargon speakers, such as Hitchiti
and Mikasuki (eastern Muskogean), and that did not serve as exclusive or
even principal sources for any Mobilian Jargon words according to the cur-
rently available evidence. In these instances, the lexical similarities are only
secondary, due to the fairly close historical relationship of these languages to
other Eastern Muskogean sources, such as Alabama, Koasati, and Muskogee.
However, such linguistically and geographically more distant resemblances
suggest that, at least from a lexicographic perspective, the pidgin's range could
have extended beyond the central South and Alabama across Georgia and well
into Florida-a hypothesis that requires confirmation with sociohistorical and
especially semantactic data.5
When one examines the pidgin's geographic range of distribution, its ex-
tended history, and the sociolinguistic differences of its speakers (without even
considering the lingua francas Creek and Apalachee as eastern varieties), it is
reasonable, if not imperative, to infer that the etymological composition of
Mobilian Jargon showed more variation among groups of greater linguistic
and social distance. Significantly, there are no obvious indications for the lexi-
cal variation to reflect any differences in semantic fields beyond a set of numb-
ers that a Coushatta Indian remembered with a few other words (see section
4). As the pidgin had spread beyond the central Mississippi River valley to
many other communities speaking diverse, unrelated languages, and as these
languages came into play as additional sources, it must have absorbed an ety-
mologically more diversified lexicon than is evident from currently available
evidence. These considerations offer indirect support to the hypothesis that
the lingua francas Creek and Apalachee are eastern varieties of Mobilian Jar-
gon, relying on fundamentally similar grammars for their models, but drawing
on vocabularies of different, if closely related, languages.
Ultimately, the sizable amount of lexical variation does not justify an in-
terpretation of Mobilian Jargon as a pre-pidgin jargon, such as Michael Silver-
stein (1972) has suggested for typologically comparable Chinook Jargon of
northwestern North America, which has a model of different underlying gram-
mars converging at the surface. Nor does its most widely used name, Mobilian
254 ANTHROPOLOGICAL
LINGUISTICS 38 NO. 2
Jargon, warrant implication of a makeshift, on-the-spot linguistic response in

rather restricted situations of interlingual communication, a definition now
widely espoused for jargon in the study of pidgin and creole languages. In-
stead, Mobilian Jargon was by all accounts a full-fledged pidgin with a fairly
stable grammar, reflecting the dominant influence of Muskogean languages,
and exhibited few, if any, functional limitations beyond those of multilingual
environments or contacts with distant alloglossic peoples (for further linguistic
or sociohistorical details, see Drechsel in press).
The following vocabulary consists of four parts: (1) an English-Mobilian
Jargon section of some 1,250 entries, including any early attestations and
resemblances in likely source languages; (2) a short list of unidentified or
partially reconstituted entries; (3) etymological indices, listing the entries by
their English glosses and their etymological sources; and (4) a Mobilian
Jargon-English index.
The use of this vocabulary requires some explanation. With an aim at pre-
senting as complete a lexicon of the pidgin as has been possible under the cir-
cumstances, the current study integrates historically attested forms with
recent recordings. Modern forms, excluding dialectal variations, add up to
about 500 entries, which I gathered in fieldwork with Coushatta and other
Indians of Louisiana from September 1976 through July 1977, and during
follow-up visits through 1989. My vocabulary incorporates some 150 words al-
ready recorded by Crawford (1978:81-97),6 and includes a few terms provided
by Hiram F. Gregory (p.c. 1982) from his ethnographic research with Indians
of central Louisiana, and by Geoffrey Kimball (p.c. 1989) from his linguistic
study of Coushatta or Koasati. Further references to these sources appear
below only if my recordings differed from theirs, or if I could not independently
confirm them in my own field research, as was the case in a few instances.7
Many modern recordings, however, include early attestations in parentheses,
which provide a comparative basis for reconstitutions, i.e., reconstructions
based on the triangulation of early attestations and modern or comparative
evidence following principles of philology (see Drechsel 1994b). Such recon-
stitutions are marked with a preceding dagger (t) to distinguish them from
modern recordings, and comprise some 750 words. These entries require care-
ful use; their accuracy varies, depending not only on the quality and con-
sistency of the original historical attestations, but also on the nature and ex-
tent of the comparative data in Mobilian Jargon and its source languages. For
documentation, all reconstitutions are accompanied by the early attestations
upon which they rest, thus permitting the user of this vocabulary to make an
independent assessment. Enclosed in parentheses and double quotes, these
historical recordings appear in their original form, with the exception that
initial capital letters in single words (but not in sentence-long quotes) have
been replaced by their lower-case counterparts to avoid suggestions of non-
existent sound distinctions.
1996 EMANUEL J. DRECHSEL 255
Reconstitutions derive from a variety of sources. Next to incidental attesta-

tions in a variety of historical documents, there are short word lists (Bourgeois
1788; Dormon n.d.; Gatschet 1885; Stiles 1794; Swanton 1911:32) that provide
only incidental attestations, permit few generalizations due to their small size,
and vary in quality from poor transcriptions (such as those by Nicolas Louis
Bourgeois and Ezra Stiles) to high-quality recordings (such as by Albert S.
Gatschet and John R. Swanton). A much richer document has been the Essai
(Anonymous 1862), a manuscript of some 140 pages, whose size permits infer-
ences by internal reconstruction, in spite of a characteristic French-based
transliteration, and which also has proved remarkably consistent with modern
recordings of Mobilian Jargon as well as with comparative data for its source
languages. The authors of these documents often did not recognize their lin-
guistic materials as Mobilian Jargon; but one can identify them as such on the
basis of morphosyntactic and sociolinguistic clues characteristic of the pidgin,
as evident in a limited morphology and a different word order for some con-
structions, in comparison to corresponding utterances in the morphologically
more complex source languages. Some specific examples that leave no doubt
about their identity as Mobilian Jargon are: "Nocete" 'mouth' (Bourgeois
1788:297) or--more likely-"Noete," reconstitutable as t(e)no ete 'my mouth' (see
Crawford 1978:113, n. 119) in contrast to Choctaw equivalent satih (Byington
1915:322), including the "inalienable" possessive prefix sa- used for kin and
most body parts; "Ex-Show" 'dead, wanting, missing, absent, & such negatives'
(Stiles 1794:91) or ekso as a negative suffix in contrast to fairly complex
negative constructions with the discontinuous morpheme ik... o in Choctaw
(see Haas 1975:260); "ishno ba'na" 'you want' (Gatschet 1885:24) or egno bana
versus vernacular Choctaw chi-binna, including the second-person singular
"passive" or patient prefix chi-; "Ino isk '" 'my mother' (Swanton 1911:32) or
teno eske as compared to Choctaw sashki 'my mother', again including the "in-
alienable" possessive prefix and varying with ashki in some dialects (Nicklas
1972:33, 46, 47); and "Cotteema "ishno lyii?" 'Where are you going?' (Dormon
n.d.) or tkatema esno aya? 'Where [do] you go?' in place of a construction with
a patient or actor pronominal prefix equivalent to isno in Western Muskogean
languages. The interpretation of Ezra Stiles's and John R. Swanton's record-
ings as Mobilian Jargon receives further support from extralinguistic informa-
tion. Stiles's samples constitute part of the vocabulary that an American sur-
veyor named Selden reportedly learned among Oto or Osage Indians (Siouans)
on the Missouri River in 1787, well outside the conventionally recognized
range of Muskogeans (Stiles 1794:91-92, 110; cf. Sherwood 1983:440-41). The
original source for Swanton's second sample was a community of Biloxi (Siou-
ans) and Pascagoula Indians, the latter of whom remain linguistically uniden-
tified, but who by historical accounts spoke a language different from Biloxi
and would thus have resorted to the pidgin for communicating with them (see
Swanton 1911:32).
Historical recordings, lacking either phonetic or phonemic transcription,

should always be read with the orthographies and the phonologies of the
authors' native languages in mind, i.e., French in most instances as well as
Spanish, English, or German in single attestations. It is useful to remember a
few guidelines of reconstitution, as they apply especially to the longer Essai,
the source of most early attestations. Although this document has revealed
greater regularity and reliability than other, shorter and more fragmentary
ones, it exhibits various peculiarities and some apparent inconsistencies of
transliteration, which for proper interpretation require an understanding of
French spelling conventions:
* p, b, f, s, m, and n represent approximately the sounds of corresponding
phonetic sysmbols.
* t stands for a voiceless alveolar stop in most cases. tch usually designates
a voiceless palatal affricate, whereas most instances of ch are equivalent to [i].
c if followed by e or i reads as [s]; in other environments, including that of a
word's ending, the same letter represents a velar stop like ck, k, and qu. h
variably renders aspiration, vowel lengthening, diphthongization, and perhaps
more, and is subject to case-by-case interpretation. Similarly, j and r
apparently represent different sounds in different instances, yet do not occur
frequently enough to suggest much of a pattern. However, ou in front of a
vowel represents the bilabial glide [w], whereas i and hi before a vowel regu-
larly represents the palatal glide [y]. ai, , ei, ie, and i represent front vowels
ranging in height from low to high. e without an accent stands for a schwa or
an unstressed low central vowel, or else is mute, especially in final position, oi
is a low central vowel, and au and ou, if not used as a glide, are mid and high
back vowels, respectively.
* Suggestions for geminated consonants have generally proven unreliable in
historical attestations when contrasted with modern or comparative data,
which often exhibit short counterparts. An example of a short consonant repre-
sented by two of the same letters is lI, which is equivalent to a non-geminate
[1] in most instances, but functions also as a palatal glide after ei or ai, as in
LAST,NEPHEW,and NIECE. Conversely, an alternating pattern of single con-
sonants or vowels in historical attestations and corresponding geminates in
modern or comparative data offers no more than nondistinctive analogous var-
iations in the pidgin, possibly resulting from alloglossic first-language inter-
ference. Invariable geminates appear in reconstituted entries only if the his-
torical documentation is in agreement with modern attestations of the pidgin
or comparative data of its source languages.
* Several early forms of what at first sight look like two syllables with
vowels of the same or similar quality and an intermittent h, dash, or both (il-
lustrated especially by aha and a-ha, but also by ihi, chi, oho, ohou, and
similar renderings) actually represent single syllables with long vowels, as
suggested by a comparison with modern evidence of Mobilian Jaron and Mus-
kogean languages. Like consonant gemination, vowel lengthening was gram-

matically insignificant in the pidgin, and I have reconstituted it only if there
exists comparative evidence for it by adding h.
* Word-initial aspiration is missing in many attestations other than a few
exceptions, some of which appear to be hypercorrections, as if the speaker of a
different language had made the author aware of this deficiency in other
words. There exists some modern evidence for the absence of word-initial
aspiration in rare instances given by speakers with French as their first lan-
guage and accompanied by variants with initial aspiration (see HUMAN(n.) and
MAN(1), NAME (1), and SHARP(1) below). Nonetheless, I have reconstituted this
feature if suggested by modern or comparative data-on the grounds that ini-
tial aspiration was fairly regular in varieties of Mobilian Jargon other than
those of French speakers.
* Some historical attestations with b and g suggest variable voicing of
bilabial and velar stops in intervocalic position, including any preceding
nasalized vowel. This characteristic corresponds to distinctive and non-distinc-
tive variations of their voiceless counterparts in modern data (see table 2
below). Lenition apparently applied to other consonants, especially fricatives,
as indicated by a few, less well documented instances (such as ARM(1), BEARD
(2), BREAST, DEER, SUGAR (1), and SWEET). Most occur in sources other than
Anonymous (1862), and the incidental nature of these attestations does not
justify their reconstitution as voiced.
* Recordings of nasalized vowels, distinctive in French and written as a
vowel letter plus a subsequent m or n, are fairly reliable, and there is inde-
pendent, modern evidence for nondistinctive nasalized variations in Mobilian
Jargon. For this reason, present reconstitutions have retained the vowel nasal-
ization of early attestations, even if modern comparative evidence in Mus-
kogean languages would not support the feature.
* The most problematic sound to reconstitute in Mobilian Jargon has been
the highly marked voiceless lateral fricative. Unfamiliar to most speakers of
French and other major European languages, [I] was not always easy for them
to recognize or distinguish, much less to record adequately. As determined by
modern comparative evidence in both the pidgin and its source languages,
Anonymous (1862) used numerous letter combinations in his attempt at
recording what must have been an oddity to him-a vowel plus 1, ch, cl, h, kilh,
1, lah, lt, ock-l, schl, shl, t, tch, tel, tl, and tt.
* Epenthetic vowels, copying a preceding vowel to break up a consonant
cluster and predictable in languages such as Choctaw, assumed a life of their
own in Mobilian Jargon, such that a speaker with a different first language
might not even recognize the base form without the inserted vowel as funda-
mentally the same. This fact justifies the inclusion of varieties with epenthe-
sized vowels, reconstituted regularly if indications exist for such in historical
attestations.
Because phonological variations and processes such as gemination, lenition,

and nasalization merely produced nondistinctive variations in Mobilian Jar-
gon, they do not serve as evidence for morphophonological changes of the kind
found in grammatically more complex languages with derivations or inflec-
tions. Even if a speaker of Mobilian Jargon intended a certain sound variation
to be meaningful, another with a different first language likely did not share
the same rule, and would have misinterpreted or missed the former's distinc-
tion. When Mobilian Jargon incorporated morphophonologically more complex
constructions (as it occasionally did with compounds, kin terms including pos-
sessive prefixes of a source language without implications of a possessive, and
other phrases), pidgin speakers adopted them as frozen expressions rather
than as part of a productive grammar.
The reconstitution of Mobilian Jargon from early documentation has ad-
hered to a few other, general guidelines:
* Those attestations that at first sight suggest compounds of synonyms have
been interpreted as sets of two or more separate entries if they are gram-
matically equivalent, as determined on the basis of modern or comparative
evidence. This principle relies on the assumption that at times the anonymous
author received more than one word in Mobilian Jargon for an equivalent in a
European language, just as I still collected synonyms, at times more than two
and from the same speaker.
* While frequently offering valuable contrastive clues for reconstitution, var-
iable recordings of the same word in different parts of a historical document
sometimes suggest alternate forms for Mobilian Jargon. If a choice is neces-
sary between two forms, attestations in the first part of the Essai, usually in
concordance with comparative evidence, have received precedence over the
variable forms in the index. A style of handwriting different from that of the
vocabulary's main body suggests a second author, possibly Albert S. Gatschet.
* If there is no truly equivalent form in either modern recordings of Mobilian
Jargon or in a source language, reconstitutions have drawn on the compara-
tive evidence closest in form and meaning.
* When compared to modern recordings of Mobilian Jargon, historical attes-
tations often suggest variable forms by virtue of mere analogy, an assumption
that is perfectly reasonable in light of the language's extensive lexical varia-
tion. Such derivations might apply to constituent parts of compounds or to
interchangeable grammatical functions of a word (such as those of a verb or
noun). Nonetheless, the present vocabulary has incorporated analogous forms
only if confirmed by independent historical or modern documentation, at the
occasional cost of incompleteness and internal inconsistency. This strategy
avoids the temptation of overgeneralizing a pattern that may be no more than
individual cases of interference from the speaker's first language rather than
an overall characteristic of the pidgin. Caution is appropriate especially with
regards to Mobilian Jargon's phonology with its considerable range of nondis-

tinctive variation.
If deemed necessary or useful for the justification of a reconstitution,
entries may include further explanations (such as indications for deletion,
insertion, and metathesis, all observed in modern evidence).
On separate lines, the English-Mobilian Jargon section features lexical
resemblances in possible source languages, best called source terms (William
Elmendorf p.c. 1979) to avoid confusion with what might inappropriately recall
the concept of cognates.9 The format of comparisons does not follow a single
order as preferred by comparative linguists in establishing sound and other
correspondences; rather it lists resemblances by their linguistic or geographic
proximity to the Mobilian Jargon source to identify its most likely origin, or at
least to provide the closest available comparative data (necessary for recon-
stitutions), as well as to reflect the "mixed" nature of its vocabulary and some
of its lexical variation. First on the list appear those source terms that are
closest to corresponding Mobilian Jargon entries in form and meaning, fol-
lowed by any linguistically or geographically more remote, but still reasonable,
resemblances. In most instances, Koasati or Choctaw comparisons precede
other Muskogean ones; in some entries, Alabama or Chickasaw resemblances
appear in front of Koasati or Choctaw because of significant differences; in still
others, there may be no single source for a Mobilian Jargon word, in which
case geographic proximity to its source serves as the best ordering principle.
However, these arrangements do not always imply a rigid or absolute hier-
archical order of comparative data, which is usually evident by substantial lin-
guistic differences among them. For correspondences and other supporting
evidence, the vocabulary relies primarily on Pamela Munro's Muskogean Cog-
nate Sets (forthcoming), the most up-to-date and comprehensive source of com-
parative lexical information on Muskogean languages. Supplementary data on
Mobilian Jargon sources are available in various publications dealing with
specific Muskogean languages, including modern dictionaries of Chickasaw
(Munro and Willmond 1994), Alabama (Sylestine, Hardy, and Montler 1993),
and Koasati (Kimball 1994), as well as earlier sources on Choctaw (Byington
1915) and Chickasaw (Humes and Humes 1973). The older compilations are
imprecise in many instances, and serve as sources of comparative information
only if Munro's lexical sets or the modern dictionaries offer incomplete or no
data for particular Mobilian Jargon etymologies. In addition to Muskogean
source terms, there are a few entries of Gulf isolate, Algonquian, and Euro-
pean origin, with appropriate comparative information, documented in all
instances except for obvious European loans. All comparative data appear in
their original transcriptions, retained here since they reflect no more than
minor, usually insignificant differences. Further explanations, including any
supplementary phonetic transcriptions, are offered only if there is good reason
for confusion, as is the case with attestations of Chickasaw by Jessie and
260 ANTHROPOLOGICAL
Vinnie May Humes (1973) with their partially phonetic, partially English-
based transcription.
Entries, comparative data, and any other accompanying information ap-
pear in the general format outlined here:
GLOSS(ES)(any essential grammatical information and numbering of any two or
more words by the same gloss) entry in Mobilian Jargon ("any early attes-
tation" [reference]) - any phonological variation(s) ("any early attestation"
[reference]) < Name of possible source language(s) actual source term(s)
'gloss(es)' only if different from that in MobilianJargon (bibliographicreference,
including any GLOSS necessary for the easy location of comparative information)
> Name of possible recipient language actual borrowing (written in regular
orthography for European languages) plus any additional relevant information
(bibliographicreference)
Some Mobilian Jargon words have two or, in a few instances, multiple English
glosses, listed as separate entries (with any cross-references deemed useful)
unless they are closely related synonyms. Conversely, there are entries with
more than one Mobilian Jargon equivalent for the same English gloss. If these
multiple forms derive from a single word in one and the same source language,
they are considered phonological variations in Mobilian Jargon, and make up
only one entry. If, on the other hand, variations reflect obvious lexical differ-
ences (such as distinct etymologies within the same language), or derive from
different source languages, they appear as separate lexical entries, listed
alphabetically and numbered consecutively.
For an illustrative example (except for information on borrowings from
Mobilian Jargon in another language), consider the entries for SMALL,LITLE:
SMALL (1), LITTLE tdeto elkso ("tchito-ekcho" [Anonymous 1862]) - detolko

("tchito-kcho"[Anonymous1862]) - tZetokso ("tcitokso" [Swanton 1911:32]) -
cetokgo < Choctaw cito 'big', Chickasaw hicito 'big' (plural) + Choctaw/
Chickasaw ik-g-o 'to be none', Alabama ikso 'to be none, empty', Koasati ikso
zero' (Munroforthcoming:BENONE)
SMALL (2), LITTLE teslketene ("iskiti ni" [Swanton 1911:32]) < Choctaw iskitini
(Munroforthcoming)
SMALL(3), LITTLE,DIMINUTIVE ose < Apalachee osi 'child' (Munro forthcoming:
SON)
SMALL(4), LITTLE,DIMINUTIVEode < Choctaw ogi 'son', diminutive in compounds,
Chickasaw osi' 'son', diminutive in compounds(Munroforthcoming:SON)
Some entries further contain comparative observations on pidgin terms or

related words in other languages.
In the absence of an established orthography for the pidgin, the vocabulary
makes use of a quasi-phonemic transcription with standard phonological re-
presentations, retaining all basic sound distinctions without abandoning major
variations.
Among the major sounds of Mobilian Jargon, speakers recognized the
1996 EMANUEL
J. DRECHSEL 261
following consonants:
* voiceless stops p, t, and k plus the asymmetrical voiced bilabial stop b; the
latter also occurred as a voiced allophone of p, just as [g] did for the velar stop
k;
* the voiceless palatal affricate c, which had apical-alveolar [~] and alveolar
[c] variants;
* voiceless fricatives f, 1, s, s, and h, of which s and s often appear as
variants of each other, with the intermediate alveolar and apical-alveolar
variants of [s] and [4] (see Crawford 1978:77-78);
* nasals m and n; and
* nonnasal continuants w, 1, and y plus a rare r-like sound, apparently
limited to a few words of non-Muskogean origin such as rehkan (?) 'hole' (<
Tunica rihkuniri 'hole in a tree' [Haas 1953:250]) and segaret 'cigarette' (<
French or English); w and y, on the basis of their distribution at the syllable
level, functioned mostly as semiconsonants in Mobilian Jargon rather than as
semivowels.
With r as an infrequent exception, this inventory of consonants confirms
Paul du Ru's observation that Mobilian Jargon lacked a voiced alveolar stop
and an r-like sound (see du Ru 1700:9-10, 1934:8-9). Nor is there any indica-
tion of a distinctive glottal stop, which occurs in Chickasaw (written with the
symbol 'in comparative data below).
For vowels, Mobilian Jargon speakers distinguished e, a, and o, which var-
ied considerably in their phonetic realizations:
* e could change in height from [I] to [e], as illustrated in corresponding
French spellings of ie and ai, and even extended to [i] and occasionally to [a].
The front vowel exhibited a greater range in its height than the corresponding
front vowel in Muskogean languages, due to interference from the speakers'
first languages. This vocabulary uses e as a median representation of the vary-
ing front vowel instead of i as customarily employed for Muskogean languages.
* Similarly, speakers of Mobilian Jargon pronounced a variably as [a], [a],
[A], or-on rare occasions-[o]. According to Geoffrey Kimball (p.c. 1989), one
speaker often pronounced a even as [o].i°
* o could take the shape of [I], or, at times, of [u] or [o].
In a few instances, I recorded [a] as a variant of all three basic vowels in un-
stressed position. Such schwa variations were comparatively rare and prob-
ably exceptions rather than the rule, for the simple reason that its wide use
would have obliterated already minimal vowel contrasts. In addition, speakers
whose first language was English diphthongized e, a, and o, a feature that re-
mained phonemically insignificant, but immediately revealed their identity.
Generally, the pronunciation of vowels depended not only on stress, which
varied considerably depending on the speakers' first languages, but also on
their length, which remained phonologically nondistinctive in Mobilian Jar-
gon. Moreover, vowels could occur variably with nasalization, represented with
a superimposed tilde, and nasalized vowels were quite widespread in Mobilian

Jargon, as is evident from both modern and historical recordings.'1
The inventory of Mobilian Jargon consonants is summarized in table 2
(with the mid-level wave standing for 'variable with' and the parentheses
around a sound or a tilde indicating a limited occurrence of that particular
sound or variation).
Table 2. Mobilian Jargon Consonants

BILABIAL LABIO- DENTAL/ PALATAL VELAR GLOTTAL
DENTAL ALVEOLAR (FAUCAL)
STOPS AND
AFFRICATES
VL. p t; (c-) k
VD. b (g)
FRICATIVES f 1;s (-) s h
NASALS m n
LIQUIDS 1;(r)
GLIDES w y
The basic vowels of Mobilian Jargon assumed the positions given in table 3.
Table 3. Mobilian Jargon Vowels

FRONT CENTRAL BACK
MID e - (a>) o
Low a
The symbols in tables 1 and 2, plus the diacritic tilde marking nasalization in
vowels, serve as a basic orthography for the current Mobilian Jargon vocabu-
lary, occasionally supplemented with more detailed phonetic transcriptions as
necessary.
In the English-Mobilian Jargon section, glosses appear in capital, and
grammatical or function terms (such as the acknowledgment, diminutive,
negative, and vocables) appear in italicized capital letters for distinction. For
convenience, the vocabulary also makes use of the following symbols or marks:
t dagger, identifying reconstituted items without independent modern recording.
- mid-line tilde (or wave), distinguishing phonologicallyvarying forms.
/ slash, separating a choice of entries, resemblances, or source languages.
(..) parentheses, used for early attestations or special references.
[..] brackets, functioning as parentheses within parentheses. (Brackets indicate a
phonetic transcription only in those instances of early attestations or comparative
1996 EMANUELJ.DRECHSEL 263
data that require clarificationof their pronunciation.)

".." quotation marks, listing early attestations.
< left-facing arrow, indicating resemblances in the language(s) from which Mobilian
Jargon could have adopted the preceding word (source terms).
> right-facing arrow, indicating resemblances or loanwords in other languages, for
which Mobilian Jargon served as a possible medium or source of borrowing.
* asterisk, identifying possible early source terms reconstructedby the comparative
method of historical linguistics.
+ plus sign, separating two or more compoundingelements in the source language(s).
Moreover, a question mark in parentheses indicates that some doubt remains
about the accuracy of a recording or reconstitution, the appropriateness of a
source term, or the adequacy of supplementary information.
Relevant grammatical and other information (such as frequently used
names of source languages or repeated references) is abbreviated as follows:
A Anonymous (1862) m. masculine

adj. adjective M Munro (forthcoming)
adv. adverb MCH Mississippi Choctaw
AL Alabama MI Mikasuki
ALG Algonquian MU Muskogee
AP Apalachee MW Munro and Willmond (1994)
B Byington (1915) n. noun
CH Choctaw OS Oklahoma Seminole
CHI Chickasaw pl. plural
comp. comparative poss. possessive
excl. exclamation pron. pronoun
HI Hitchiti SE Seminole
K Kimball (1994) sg. singular
KO Koasati SHM Sylestine, Hardy, and Montler (1993)
LCH Louisiana Choctaw v. verb
The third section of the vocabulary lists a few words and phrases of dubi-
ous or unidentified origin, whose confirmation or reconstitution must await
further research, followed by etymological indices that identify Mobilian Jar-
gon words by their most likely sources other than Choctaw or general Western
Muskogean. The final portion serves as an index to the English-Mobilian
Jargon section. It includes both distinctive and nondistinctive variants, but ex-
cludes early attestations and resemblances in source languages for reasons of
economy.
The total number of both modern and reconstituted terms amounts to
about 1,250 entries, which its speakers undoubtedly supplemented by com-
pounding and borrowing as new and special needs arose. This vocabulary
constitutes a sizable body of words for a pidgin, one long thought to have been
extinct at that. In spite of the incomplete nature of Mobilian Jargon's lexical
inventory, the available historical documentation from the anonymous Essai is
sufficiently rich to demonstrate not only its consistency with modern record-
ings of the pidgin and with comparative data for related source languages, but
also the feasibility of systematic philological reconstructions for such a contact
medium. Additionally, the vocabulary shows considerable richness in its diver-
sity of semantic domains: personal welfare; family and kinship; home, neigh-
bors, and the larger community; the natural environment, subsistence, and
work; travel, transportation, and trade; entertainment and games; and, con-
flict and defense. Although arbitrary, these semantic dimensions confirm
Mobilian Jargon's use in everyday affairs and its highly utilitarian nature;
they also relate directly to the multilingual contact situations among linguis-
tically diverse southern Indians and with immigrant groups, namely, colonial
Europeans, Africans, and their American descendants. The focus of the lexical
diversity referring to the speakers' immediate environment, both natural and
human, and to their daily lives, further agrees with Mobilian Jargon's function
as a sociolinguistic buffer. Yet the predominance of terms for tangible phe-
nomena in Mobilian Jargon does not permit a conclusion that its speakers
were incapable of expressing abstract notions or ideas; terms pertaining to
morals, religion, and the supernatural world prove otherwise, as do historical
attestations of the same topics. All in all, the available vocabulary confirms
multiple usages and manifold social contexts for the pidgin, as indicated by
historical and ethnographic evidence. Its lexicon further substantiates con-
siderable etymological variation, reflecting contributions from the speakers' di-
verse first languages, and lends indirect evidence in support of a broader,
multilectal definition of Mobilian Jargon, including the lingua francas Creek
and Apalachee of colonial Alabama and Georgia.
2. English-Mobilian Jargon (with Early Attestations and Resem-

blances in Likely Source Languages).
A atlo6a < Ko atloci (K), AL

aatlocha (SHM)
ACKNOWLEDGMENT see YES(2) AFRICANAMERICAN
(n.) (2), BLACK(n.)
ACORN tnos(s)e ("nousse" [A]) < CH hat(t)ak losa ("attak loussa" [A])
nos(s)i (M), CHInasi' (MW) - hat(t)ak loa - hatloga <
ADD tandte ("ennante"[?;A]) < CH CH/CHI hattak 'person' + CH/CHI
andti 'again, and then' (M) losa 'black'(M)
AFRAID, FRIGHTENED,SCARED AFRICANAMERICAN (n.) (3), BLACK(n.)
nokdopa - < CH tak(a)losa - tak(a)losa < AL
nokdo:pa, nok,6pa
CHI E-nokso:pa'tobe taklosa, CHI <
taklosa' (M) CH/
afraid of (M) CHI hattak 'person' + CH/CHI losa
AFRICAN AMERICAN (n.) (1), BLACK (n.) 'black'
AFRICAN-AMERICAN WOMAN (1), BLACK [A]; "nogwa'" [Swanton 1911:32])

WOMAN taklosa tayye (Geoffrey < CH nukowa (B), CHI inokowa 'to
Kimball p.c. 1989 < AL taklosa, yell at, to bawl out' (MW)
CHI taklosa' (< CH/CHI hattak ANOTHERTIME see AGAIN
person' + CH/CHI losa 'black') + ANT tokane/t6ksane (?; "choukane"
AL/KO tayyi 'female, woman' (M) or "chonkan6" [?; A]) < CH sokani
AFRICAN-AMERICAN WOMAN (2), BLACK (M)
WOMAN(1) ta(y)ek losa ANYWHEREkatema < CH katima (B)
("tafik-loussa" [A]) < CH ti:k APE see MONKEY
'female, woman', CHI -ti:k APPLE ttak6 deto ("taconte-tchito"
'female', AL/KO tayyi 'female, [A]) < CH takkon 'peach' + CH cito
woman', HI/MI tayk-i 'female, 'big', CHI hicito 'big' (pl.; M)
woman' + CH/CHI losa 'black' (M) APPLETREE tete tak6 deto
AFTER mesa < CH misa 'that ("it6-taconte-tchito" [A]) < CH itti
beyond', CHI mida' 'that visible 'tree, wood', CHI itti' 'tree, wood' +
over there' (M: THAT FAR OFF) CH takkon 'peach' + CH cito 'big',
AFTERA WHILE tmona ("mina" CHI hicito 'big' (pl.; M)
[Gatschet 1885:25]) < CH ARM(1) (?; "ang6" [Bourgeois
himonna 'once', CHI himonna' taie < Chitimacha wadi
1788:297]
once', CH ammo:na 'first', CHI arm, hand' (?; Gursky 1969:92)
ammo'na 'first' (M: BE SECOND) ARM(2) telbak ("elback" [A]) < CHI
AFTERNOON (1) opeya < CH oppiya ilbak 'hand', CH ibbak 'hand' (M)
evening' (M), AL opiya 'to be late' ARRIVE tala ("alla" [A]) <CH/CHI
(SHM), AL opi:yasi 'evening', CHI ala (M)
obya 'to be evening, to be the eve', ARROW OFA BLOWGUNtoske nake
MI opya-'to be afternoon' (M) £omate ("houski-nack6-
AFTERNOON (2) tanka < Ko tanka, choumat6" [A]) < CH oski 'reed',
AL tanka 'dark' (M: DARK) CHI oski' 'reed' + CH naki 'arrow',
AGAIN, ANOTHERTIME an6te CHI naki' 'arrow' (M) + CH
("ennante" [A]) - ndte shumatti 'arrow of a blowgun' (B),
< CH anoti (M) CH gomatti 'thistle', CHI dommatik
AIM(v.) tandpesade 'burr' (M: STICKER)
("anon-pissa-atch6" [A]) < CH ASHES(1) ttok6obe ("tokchoub6" [A])
anumpisachi (B) < CH hittok 'ashes', CHI hottok
ALL,EVERY,EVERYTHING6ha < CH ashes' + HI co:b-i 'big', MI co:b-/
oha, AP onhiya 'every' (M) co:ba 'big', AL/AP coba 'big', KO
ALL OVER oya - 6ya < Ko ohya 'all', co:ba/coba 'big' (M)?
AL 6yha 'all', AP onhiya 'every' (M) ASHES (2) ttokIebota (?;
ALL RIGHT see YES (2) "tok-chibout6" [A]) < CH hittok
ALLIGATOR ti6koba ("tchuntchoupa" ashes', CHI hottok 'ashes' + CH
[A]) < CH hacocobah, CHI sobota 'smoke' (M)
haco'coba', AL haconcoba (M) ASK(1) tbana ("bana" [A]) < AL/
ALONE telap a6afa ("illap-atchafa" KO/CH/CHI banna 'to want', AP
[A]) < CH ila:p 'oneself, by inbana 'to want', HI abana- 'to
oneself, CHI ila:po' 'oneself, by want' (M)
oneself + CH acaffa 'one', CHI ASK (2) manole <Muskogean am-
caffa 'one' (M) first person sg. dative or alienable
AND(in compound numerical construc- possessive, Muskogean im- third
tions) (a)wa ("aouai" [A]) <CHI person dative or alienable
awa, CH/KO awah, AL -awah-, possessive (Booker 1980:35; Haas
AP wa (M) 1958:280; M: GIVE)+ CH/CHI
ANGRY, MAD (2) nokowa ("noukouha" ano:li 'to tell' (M)
AUNT(1) teske dome hicito 'big' (pl.) + CH/CHI ik-sg-o

("iski-tchomme" [A]) < KO iski 'to be none', AL ilkso 'to be none,
mother', CH igki 'mother', CHI empty', KO ikso 'zero' (M: BE
ilki' 'mother' (M) + CH chohmi NONE)
'like' (comp.; B), CHI chohmi 'to BABY(5) see CHILD(1)
act like, to be like; kind of' (MW) BACK(n.) tnale ("nalle" [A]) < CH
AUNT(2) eskose (?) < CHI iko'si innali (M)
'maternal aunt', CH iski 'mother' + BACK(adv.) (1) falama < CH/CHI
CH os'i 'son', diminutive in falama 'to go back' (M: GOUP)
compounds (?; M) BACK(adv.) (2) mona ("miuna"'after
AUTOMOBILE see CAR a while' [Gatschet 1885:25]) < CH
AWAY,OFF tpel(1)a ("pilla" [A]) < CHI himonna 'once', CHI himonna'
pil(1)a 'that way' (specific location, 'once', CH ammo:na 'first', CHI
often away from the speaker), CH ammo'na 'first' (M: BE SECOND)
pilah 'that way', KO pilaha BAD (1), UGLY topolo ("opoulou" [A])
'towards' (M) - tpolo ("poulou" [A]) < CHI
AXE(1) dafe -- affe (?) < AL/KO oppolo 'to be broken, ruined, no
ca:fi (M) good' (MW), CH okpulo 'bad,...;
AXE(2) (e)&kefa < CH iskifa (M) evil' (B)
AXE(3) toskefa/toks~fa (?; "osquifa" BAD(2) see NOTGOOD
[A]) < CHI oksifa (M) BAG(1), SACK tbahta ("bakta" [A])
< CH bahta (B), AL bahta
'trashbag'(SHM)
B BAG(2), SADDLEBAG,POCKET t8okda
("tchouktcha" [A]) < CH/CHI
BABY (1) atose <AL/KO a:t-osi (M) gokca 'sack', AL/Ko/MU/SE/OS
BABY(2), CHILD(3) papo(s) sokca 'sack' (M)
("papoose" [Dormon n.d.]) BALANCE (v.) tweke (?; "ahouike" [A])
papos < Eastern Algonquian < CH/CHI wi:ki 'heavy' (M)
languages of New England, BALL (1), ROUND THING tldbo ("lonbo"
especially Natick papoos, papo6s, [A]) < CH lobo 'round', CHI lombo
and poupous and presumably whole, round' (M)
some related form in Mohegan- BALL(2) ttowa ("touha" [A]) < CH
Pequot (Friederici 1960:479), towa, CHI to'wa' (M: PLAYBALL)
Narragansett paipus (Gatschet BALL STICK see STICKBALLSTICK
1973 [1879]), and related forms in BANDY-LEGGED t26fa (?; "chonfa" [A])
other Eastern Algonquian < CH/CHI pacofa 'dented' (M)
languages plus Delaware Jargon BARK (v.) twohwoya ("hohohia" [A])
(Prince 1912:522) < MCH of Oklahoma wohwoya 'to
BABY (3), CHILD (4) posko(&) howl', CH wohwoha (M), CHI
("pilskus" [Swanton 1911:32]) - wooh6ha 'to howl (of a dog)' (MW)
poskok ("pouchekouche" [A]; BARK(n.) t'aple/t'atpe (?; "tchaple"
"pishkush" [Gatschet 1885:25]) [A]) < CH catpi (M)
< CHI poskos~'dear baby', CH BARREL tete 5aka (?; "ite-tchaka"
poikol/poskos 'child', AL posko:si [A]) < CH itti 'tree, wood', CHI itti'
'child' (M) 'tree, wood' + CH caka 'gills' (M)
BABY (4) poskoi 6etolko ("pi'skus BASKET (1) tkefe ("tapack-kiche" [A]
tcitokso'" [Swanton 1911:32])-- if "kiche" is interpreted as a
poiko.6 etokfo (Crawford synonym to "tapack" rather than
1978:81) < CHIposko& 'dear baby', as a compounding element) < CH
CH poskos/poskos 'child', AL kidi (M)
posko:si 'child' + CH cito 'big', CHI BASKET(2) ttapak ("tapack-kiche"
[A]) < CH tapak (M), CHI talhpak 'bean', CHI bala' 'bean' +
'winnowing basket' (MW), AL CH/CHI/AL tohbi 'white', HI
talhpak 'winnowing basket' -tohbi 'blind' (M: FOG)
(SHM) if "tapack" is interpreted BEAN(2) ttobe (?; "balla-toube" [A] if
as a synonym to "kiche" rather "toubd"is interpreted as a
than as a compounding element synonym to "balla" rather than as
BAT (n.) tpale ("pallai" [A]) < CH a compounding element) < CH
palih 'flying squirrel', CHIpali' tobi (M)
'flying squirrel', AL pall 'flying BEAR(n.) neta ("nita" [A])
squirrel' (M) < AL/KO/AP/CH nita, CHI nita'
BATHE tyope ("hioupe" [A]) (M)
< CH/CHI yopi (M) BEARD (1) tnotakhed ("notakiche"
BATTLE see FIGHT(n.) [A]) < CH/CHI notakhii (M)
BAYOU(1), CREEK,RIVER(2) bayok BEARD (2) tpijde (?; "pange"
< CH bayuk (Read 1963 [1931]:82) [Bourgeois 1788:297]) < CH ippisi
contracting to CH bok 'brook, 'hair of the head', CHI ipp ~i' 'hair
creek, stream, river' (B), CHI bok of the head' (M: SWEEP)
'river' (Humes and Humes 1973). BEAT (v.), STRIKE (v.), FIGHT (v.) (3)
In contrast to its Western Mus- bole ("boule" [A]) < CH bo:-li 'to
kogean sources, Mobilian Jargon hit more than once', CHI bo'-li 'to
bayok apparently preserved an hit more than once' (M)
archaic pattern similar to that of BEAUTIFUL, GOOD-LOOKING tpesa
ta(y)ek 'female; woman, lady, wife, adokoma ("pissa-ha tchoucouma"
girl, Indian woman' in relation to [A]) < CH/CHI pisa 'to see' + CH
contracted tek. > Louisiana acokma 'good', CH/CHI cokma
French "le bayou" 'a sluggish 'good', AL co:kma 'good' (M)
stream that is smaller than a BEAUTY tciokoma ("tchoucouma" [A])
river and larger than a coulee' < CH/CHI cokma 'good', AL co:kma
[i.e., a small periodic stream or 'good' (M)
natural drain ditch]" (Read 1963 BECOME ANGRY tnokowa
[1931]:82) with variant spellings ("noukouha" [A]) < CH nukowa 'to
of "bayouc"and "bayouque,"plus be angry' (B), CHI inokowa 'to
"bayuco" in American Spanish yell at, bawl out' (MW)
(Armistead and Gregory 1986:22) BED (1) tanose ("a-noce" [A])
and "bayou" in English < CH/CHI nosi 'to sleep' (M)
BAYOU (2) tbok ("bouk houk" [A] BED(2) ttopa ("toupoua" [Bourgeois
interpreted in terms of vowel 1788:296]) < CHI/MU/OS topa,
lengthening rather than CH topah, SE topa 'table' (M)
reduplication) < CH bok 'brook, BEE tfoheike eska (?; "fouhi-shke
creek, stream, river' (B), CHI bok oueska" [A]) < CH foishke 'honey
'river' (Humes and Humes 1973) bee' (B), CHI fohi' ishki' 'queen
BE THIRSTY te~ka bana (?; "eshka bee' (MW) + CH aiiska 'fixed,
bana" [A:103]) < CH/CHI isko 'to regulated, put in order' (B)
drink', AL/KO isko 'to drink' + BEER bea < English "beer"
CH/CHI/AL/KO banna 'to want' BEFORE see IN FRONT OF
(M) BEHIND tbalaka ("balaka" [A])
BEAD t6ksop ("honc soupe" < MCH oba:laka 'buttocks', CHI
[Bourgeois 1788:297]) < CH/CHI aballaka' 'in back of' (M: IN BACK
oksop, ALokcopi (M) OF)
BEAK see NOSE(2) BELIEVE yem(m)e < AL/KO/CH/CHI
BEAN(1) tbala tohbe (?; yimmi (M)
"balla-toube" [A]) < CH bala BELLY(1) ttakoba ("tacauba" [A]) -
268 ANTHROPOLOGICAL
taboke (Hiram F. Gregory p.c. measure generally' (Rankin 1988:

1982) < CH takobba 'stomach', 643), Tunica tiskalahki 'bit,
CHI ittakoba' 'stomach' (M) escalin' (Haas 1953:268)
BELLY(2) see STOMACH (1) BITCH tofe ta(y)ek ("hauffe-taik"
BEND(1), FOLD(v.) tpotome [A]) < CH off 'dog', CHI off' 'dog' +
("potlome" [A]) < CH/CHI CH ti:k 'female, woman', CHI -ti:k
polommi (M: HOOKED), AL 'female', AL/KO tayyi 'female,
polommi 'to bend (something)' woman', HI/MI tayk-i 'female,
(SHM) woman' (M)
BEND(2) see PRESS BITE(v.)(1) tkesele ("kissil6" [A])
BEST tiokoma fena < CH kisi:li 'to bite, to gnash', CHI
("tchoucouma-fina" [A]) - tfena kisili 'to bite once' (M)
("fina" [A]) < CH/CHI cokma BITE (v.) (2) tkopole ("kopaul6" [A])
'good', AL co:kma 'good' + CH fihna < CH kopoli, AL kopli 'to graze' (M)
much', CHI/AP finha 'much', AL BITTER home <CH/CHI/AL homi,
-fihna 'much', KO -fihna-'too KO ho:mi (M)
much' (verb suffix; M: MUCH) BLACK(adj.) (1) loca (Geoffrey Kim-
BET(v.) tkate ("calahe" [A]) < CH ball p.c. 1989) < AL/Ko loca (M)
kali (B) BLACK(adj.) (2) losa ("loussa" [A])-
BETTER tdokoma fena losa < CH/CHI losa (M)
("tchoucouma-fina" [A]) - tfena BLACK(n.) see AFRICANAMERICAN
("fina" [A]) < CH/CHI cokma (n.)
'good', AL co:kma 'good' + CH fihna BLACKDRINK,BUSK(DRINK) oke losa
much', CHI/AP finha 'much', AL - oke losa < AL/Ko oki 'water',
-fihna 'much', KO -fihna-'too HI ok-i 'water' + CH/CHI losa
much' (verb suffix; M: MUCH) 'black' (M)
BIG (1), LARGE(2) eeto ("tchito" [Le BLACKHANDLE(?) ape losa (?;
Page du Pratz 1758, vol. 2:326]; recorded out of context without
"cheto," "chito" [Bourgeois 1788: any obvious meaning; variety of
297]; "tchito" [A])- ceto < CH hape losa 'pepper'?) < MCH/HI
cito 'big', CHI hicito 'big' (pl.; M) api 'handle', MI a:pi 'stalk, handle'
BIG (2) 6oba <AL/Ko/AP coba, + CH/CHI losa 'black' (M) > Pos-
Ko/MI co:ba (M) sible source of the ethnonym and
BILOXI(INDIAN) that(t)ak place name of Opelousas in
belokie
(?; "atabal'ktci" (Swanton 1911: Louisiana
31]) < CH/CHI hattak 'person' + BLACKWOMAN see AFRICAN-
CHI bilokgi' 'Biloxi', Ko biloksi AMERICAN WOMAN
'Biloxi' (M) BLACKBERRY (1) bakco (Geoffrey
BIRD(1) tfode ("fouchi" [A]) <CHI Kimball p.c. 1989) < AL/Ko bakco
fosi', AL/KO fo:si, HI/MI fo:s-i (M) (M)
BIRD(2) hose <CH hos'i (M) BLACKBERRY (2) tbessa ("bissa" [A])
BIRDFEATHER see FEATHER < CH bissa, CHI bissa' (M)
BIT (UNITOFVALUE) tskale ("skilli" BLACKSMITHttale bole
[Gatschet 1885:24]) < French ("tallai-boule" [A]) < CH/AL/KO
"escalin" 'shilling' < Dutch tali 'stone, rock', CHI tall' 'stone,
"schelling" (worth 12/2 cents) rock', HI/MI tal-i 'stone, rock' +
> AL/CH iskali 'bit, money', CH bo:-li 'to hit more than once',
AL/KO/CH skali 'bit, money' (M), CHI bo'-li 'to hit more than once
Atakapa skale' (Gatschet and (M)
Swanton 1932:108), Ofo skalo BLADDER tm6kato ("monkato" [A])
escalin, bit' (Dorsey and Swanton < CH imokato (B)
1912:329), Quapaw skadi 'money, BLANKET tsok(o)bo ("tchoucoubo"
[A]) < CH dokbo (M) *pindiwa 'bobcat, cat' (Costa

BLEED tes(s)e4 ekode 1992:26) > Louisiana French "le
("icich6-coutche" [A]) < CH issish pichou" 'bob-tailed wild cat' and
inkuchi(B) apparently "la pichouette" 'little
BLIND (1) thopopoyo (?; "ioupopohoe" bad girl' (Read 1963 [1931]:101-3)
[A]) < CH hopopoyo 'to look BODY (1) ape < CH api, CHI api', MU
around', CHI hapompoyo 'to spy api 'cornstalk', OS api 'stalk',
on' (M: SEARCHFOR) HI/MI a:p-i (M)
BLIND(2) tneiken hata (?; BODY(2) apehde <AL/KO a:pihci,
"nichekine-kata" [A]) < CH nilkin KO apihci 'stalk' (M)
eye', CHI iskin 'eye' + CH hatta BODY(3) thattak nepe ("attak-nipi"
'pale', CHI -hata 'white' (M) [A])- tnepe ("nipi" [A]) <
BLOOD te(s)sed ("iciche" [A]) CH/CHI hattak 'person' + CH nipi
< CH/CHI issis (M) 'meat', CHI nipi' 'meat' (M)
BLOW(v.) tap6fade ("haponfatch6" BODY HAIR see HAIR (1)
[A]) < CH/CHI apofaci (M) BOIL tlowak Ealle (?; "lowack-halle,"
BLOWONE'S NOSE ttlka ("clincha" "lowack-all6" [A]) < CH/CHI
[A]) < CH lika, CHI linka (M) lowak 'fire' (M) + CH walalli 'to
BLOWGUNtoske tantbbo boil' (B), CHI walhahli 'to boil'
("houski-tananbo" [A]) < CH os/ki (MW)?
'reed', CHI oski' 'reed, cane' + CH BONE tfone ("founi" [A]) < CH/OS
tantipo 'bow', CHI tanampo' 'bow' foni, CHI foni', Mu -foni, HI/MI
(M) -fo:n-i (M)
BLUE (ok)6ak(k)o- tokdak BOOK tholesso takoma ("houlisso-
("octchockon" [A])-- okdak (?; tacauma" [A]) < CH/CHI holisso
"outchac" [Bourgeois 1788:297]) 'book, paper', AL holisso 'book' +
< CH/AL/KO okcakko 'green', CH/CHI hattak 'person' + CH/CHI/
CH/AL okcakho 'green' (M) AL/KO homma 'red' (M)?
BOARD,PLANK,PICKET tete patassa BOOT t50oloi aha ("tchoulouche-
("ite-patassa" [A]) < CH itti 'tree, tchaha" [A]) < CH/CHI
solos
'shoe'
wood', CHI itti' 'tree, wood' + + CH/CHI/AL ca:ha 'tall' (M)
CH/CHI patassa 'flat' (M) BORED tpalata (?; "palahata" [A])
BOAT, CANOE, DUGOUT, PIROGUE < CH palata 'sad, lonely', CHI
tpene ("pinni" [A]) < CH pi:ni, im-palata 'to be mean to', KO
CHI pi:ni' (M) palatka 'cross', AL pa:latka
BOBCAT, LYNX, WILDCAT (3) tpedo 'hateful, cranky, cross' (M:
("pishu" [Gatschet 1969 (1884): UNHAPPY)
96]; "pishu" [Read 1963 [1931]: BOREDOMtpalata (?; "palahata" [A])
101-2]) < Menomini pise u" and < CH palata 'sad, lonely', CHI
pish4'i 'panther', Cree pisiw, im-palata 'to be mean to', KO
Ojibwa pijyU/piju 'lynx' or bisiw palatka 'cross', AL pa:latka 'hate-
'lynx', Eastern Ojibwa pesiw ful, cranky, cross' (M: UNHAPPY)
'lynx', Round Lake Ojibwa pidiw BOTTLE tkotoba ("kotouba" [A])
'lynx', the second part in Miami < CH kotoba, CHI kitoba (M)
wikwipinzhia 'spotted lynx', and BOTTOM thofobe ("houfaub6" [A])
Proto-Algonquian *pediwa 'lynx' < CH/CHI hofobi 'deep' (M)
(Crawford 1978:69-70), BOW(n.) tete tandibo ("it6-tananbo"
Fox/Shawnee pediwa 'lynx, [A]) < CH itti 'tree, wood', CHI itti'
bobcat', Lake St. John Montagnais 'tree, wood' + CH tanapo 'bow', CHI
pilow 'lynx, bobcat', Penobscot tanampo' 'bow' (M)
pbso 'lynx, bobcat' (Aubin BOWELS see INTESTINES
1975:131), and Miami-Illinois BOWFIN,MUDFISH tgopek
270 ANTHROPOLOGICAL
< CH shupik 'mudfish' (B) [A]) - tpdek ("pingic"

> Louisiana French "le choupique" [Bourgeois 1788:297]) < CH/CHI
(Read 1963 [1931]:88) ipi&ik(M)
BOWL (n.), CUP, VASE ttayibo ay.pa BREATH tfeyopa ("fi-houpa" [A])
ay5pa (?; "tayambo-hahimepa" < CH fiyopa 'to breathe' (M)
[A]) - ttay~ibo (?; "tayambo" [A]) BREATHE tfeyopa ("fi-houpa" [A])
Staydpa (?; "hahimepa" [A], < CH fiyopa (M)
possibly meaning 'table' as well) BREECHCLOTH (1) tbakleyama
< Choctaw itti 'wood', CHI itti' ("bokchehama" [A]) < CHI
wood' + AL a:yampo 'dish, basket' baks'iyama,CHpoksiyama (M)
(M) + CH aiimpa 'table' (B), CHI BREECHCLOTH (2) thokdogo (?;
aaimpa 'table' (MW) "hocchogo" [Bourgeois 1788:2971)
BOX tete takhoma ("ite tackhouma" < AL/Ko hokco 'to break wind', CH
[A]) < CH itti 'tree, wood', CHI itti' ho6kso'to break wind', CHI honkso
'tree, wood' + CH/CHI hattak 'to break wind' (M) +... ?
person' + CH/CHI/AL/KO homma BRICK tlokfe paska ("loquefe-pasca"
'red' (M)? [A]) < CH/HI lokfi 'dirt', CHI lokfi'
BOY poikoi nakne -- poiko 'dirt' + CH/CHI paska 'bread' (M)
nagane < CHpoiko/poskos BRIDGE tete patapo ("ite-pataupau"
'child', CHIposkoi 'dear baby', AL [A]) < CH itti pata:po 'floor,
posko:si 'child' + CH nakni 'male', bridge' (M)
CHI nakne' 'male', HI/MI nakn-i BRIDLE tsoba kapale
'male' (M) ("souba-capale" [A]) < CH issobah
BRAIN tlope ("loupe" [A]) < CH lopi, 'horse', CHI issoba 'horse' +
CHI lopi', AL/KO/HI/MI lopi CH/CHI kapali 'to put in the
'liver', MU/OS -lopi 'liver' (M: mouth' (M)
LIVER) BRING see CARRY
BRANCH tete nakse& (?; "ite-nar- BROKEN kobafa ("coupabaa"
sikche" [A]) < CH itti 'tree, wood', [Bourgeois 1788:297]; "cobaffa,"
CHI itti' 'tree, wood' + CH/CHI "koubaffa" [A]) < CH/CHI kobafa
naksis' 'branch' (M) 'to be broken' (M: BREAK)
BRANDY, SPIRITS, WHISKEY(6) toke BROOM teit pa~p6a ("chepanche-
lowak ("oke-lowack" [A])-- pona" [A]) < CH isht panshpoa
tike
lowalk ("que loac" 'to drink (B)
spirits/brandy' [Bourgeois 1788: BROTHER(1) tanakfe ("anakfe" [A])
296]?) < AL/KO oki 'water', HI - nakfe < Muskogean am- first
ok-i 'water' + CH/CHI lowak 'fire' person sg. dative or alienable
(M) possessive (Booker 1980:35) + CH
BREAD (1) tappalasko ("appal~sko" -nakfi, CHI -nakfi' (M)
[Urlsperger 1738:282]) < CH BROTHER (2) babedele <AL
pallaska (M), CHIpalaska in iba:pisi:li 'to be a friend to',
tanchi' palaska' 'corn bread' (MW) CH/CHI ittiba:pigi 'sibling, co-
BREAD(2) paska ("pasca" [Dumont nursling, brother/sister in Christ,
de Montigny 1747:367; A]) to be a sibling to' (M: SIBLING)
< CH/CHI paska (M) > Louisiana BUCKLE(n.) ttalzale ("tacale,"
French "pasqua" (spelling?; "takale" [A]) < CH/CHI taka:li
Claude Medford p.c. 1976) 'hang' (M), AL atakitali 'to hang,
BREAD(3) pampa < AL paspa (M) pick up, hold up, dangle (one
BREAK (v.) kobafa ("koubaffa" [A]) object)' (SHM), Ko atakd:lin 'to
< CH/CHI kobafa 'to be broken' hang something' (K)
(M) BUFFALO(1) yanasa [yanasa]
BREAST, TEAT tepedek ("hi-pichik" (Crawford 1978:82) < AL/KO/
MU/OS yanasa, HI yanasi. MI among its speakers. Moreover,

ya:nasi, ya:na:s-i (M)? Allan R. what may appear as unlikely
Taylor (1976:166) explored the short-term shifts at first sight
origin of the widely similar could prove feasible with the
Southeastern Indian words for hypothesis of Mobilian Jargon's
'buffalo' as loans from Athabaskan pre-Columbian origin, offering
languages: Lipan Apache iydndi greater time depth. > Natchez
(with -nd- deriving from Proto- yanasah, Cherokee yahns&i (Haas
Athabaskan *n), similar Athabas- 1953:279-80), Biloxi yanasa' -
kan terms with a common verb yunisa' -- ymnisa' - nsa (Dorsey
root meaning 'to eat, to graze', or and Swanton 1912:293; Haas
Navajo aydini Ia' 'buffalo, a 1958:82)?
buffalo, some buffalo' (with the BUFFALO(2) tyana (e) (?; "lianache"
enclitic particle Ia' serving as an with the gloss of 'cow' [?;
indefinite determiner). However, Bourgeois 1788:296], "hianach6"
he recognized the late arrival of [A]) < CH/CHI yanas' (M). For
Athabaskans in the Southern alternative etymologies with
Plains around A.D. 1200 as a Caddoan and even Athabaskan
possible problem in explaining the sources, see BUFFALO(1). > Tun-
widespread diffusion of the word ica ydnisi 'bovine', ydni~kid'i
for 'buffalo' in Southeastern 'original bovine' (Haas 1953:279-
Indian languages. Alternatively, 80)
Taylor proposed Caddoan BULL wak(a) nakne - wak(a)
etymologies: Caddo tanaha', nagane ("ouoka-nagan6" [A])
Wichita ta:rha, Kitsai tinaha, < Spanish "vaca" 'cow' + CH nakni
Pawnee taraha', and Arikara 'male', CHI nakne' 'male', HI/MI
tandiha', for which he stipulated nakn-i 'male' (M)
the phonological shifts *[y] > [t] BULLET(1), SHELL nake ("nacke" [A])
and *[s] or *[i] > [h] after their < CH naki 'arrow, bullet', CHI
eastern neighbors had borrowed naki' 'arrow, bullet' (M)
the Caddoan word(s) for 'buffalo'. BULLET (2) tnake 6eto (?; "quit
He apparently preferred the latter cheto" [Bourgeois 1788:297]) < CF
explanation on grounds of the naki 'arrow, bullet', CHI naki'
bison's primary habitat and the 'arrow, bullet' + CH cito 'big', CHI
Caddoans' long-term home in the hicito 'big' (pl.; M)
Plains (see Taylor 1976:166). In BULLETMOLD tnake bela ("nacke
either case, Mobilian Jargon could billa" [A]) < CH naki 'arrow,
have been the primary medium by bullet', CHI naki' 'arrow, bullet' +
which Southeastern Indian CH/CHI bila 'to melt, dissolve', AL
languages adopted a western loan bila 'to melt' (M)
for 'buffalo', if one accepts BULLFROG(1), FROG (2) halalowe (?)
phonological shifts such as those < CH halo6labi,CHIhali:lawi' (M)
proposed by Taylor as regular BULLFROG(2), FROG (3) hanono
processes of language contact. < AL/Ko hanono (M), Atakapa
There exists the possibility for anenuy, Natchez 'ananay (Munro
Caddoan and even Athabaskan 1994:161)
etymologies for Mobilian Jargon BURN(v.) tlowa ("louba" [A])
yanasa and yanal in light of the < CH/CHI lowa 'to burn' (M)
fact that the pidgin once included BUSK(DRINK) see BLACKDRINK
not only Caddo and other Cad- BUSTARD th~ikha ("hanqueha" [A])
doans (such as the Natchitoches < CH hikha 'large scary night
Indians), but also Lipan Apache bird', CHI hankha 'large scary
night bird', KO hakha 'raven' (M: diminutive in compounds, AP osi

BIRD),AL haakha 'pelican' (SHM) 'child' (M)
BUSY pelesa < CH pilisa 'to work', CALF(2) twaka
posko,
CHI pilisa 'to mess with' (M: ("ouoka-pouchecouche" [A])
BOTHER) < Spanish "vaca" 'cow' + CH
BUTrER(1) tpedek neya ("pichik posko£/poskos 'child', CHIposko£
nihia" [A]) < CH/CHI iplik 'dear baby', AL posko:si 'child' (M)
'breasts' + CH niya 'to be fat', AL CALL(v.) tempaya ("hemmepahia"
niya 'fat, grease', KO/CHI niha, [A]) < Muskogean im- third
AL/KO ni:ha, MU/OS niha: (M) person dative or alienable
BUTTER(2) wak (em)pes neha < KO possessive (Haas 1958:280; M:
wa:kimpisnihi 'butter' (K), AL GIVE)+ CH piya 'to whoop, yell',
waakimpisnaya < Spanish "vaca" CHIpiia 'to whoop, call' (M)
cow' + Muskogean im- third CALM tyekopa/tyokepa (?; "yokepa"
person dative or alienable [Johnson and Leeds 1964:241)
possessive (Haas 1958:280; M: < CH yikopa/yokopa 'to grow
GIVE)+ CH/CHI pisi 'to nurse', quiet, to calm' (B)
AL/KO pisi 'to nurse', AL/KO pisi CAMP,ENCAMPMENTtalbena
'breast', MU/OS ipisi: 'breast' + ("albina" [A]) < AL/KO albina,
KO/CHI niha 'fat, grease', AL/Ko CHI albina 'to be a camp' (M:
ni:ha 'fat, grease', MU/OS niha: CAMP)
'fat, grease' (M) CANDLE see LIGHT (1) and TALLOW
BUTTOCK(S) (1) comme (Geoffrey CANDLE
Kimball p.c. 1989) < AL commi CANDLESTICK tpala ayd(he)keya
anus', KO iccommi 'anus' (M) ("palla-hayon-kehia" [A]) < CH
BUTTOCK(S) (2) teikei (?; pala aionhikia (B)
"kichekiche" [A]) < CH/CHI i~kis CANE see REED
(M) CANNIBALthattak apa
BUTTOCK(S) (3) thapolo ("opoulou" ("attaqu'appa" [Dumont de
[A])-- tpolo ("poulou" [A]) < CH Montigny 1747:378]) < CH/CHI
hapollo (M) hattak 'person' + CH/CHI apa 'to
BUTTIOCK(S)(4) see THIGH (2) eat' (M) > Atakapa (ethnonym)
BUTTON test atapade (?; CANNON ttandbo deto
"schtetapakche" [A]) < CH isht ("tananbo-tchito" [A]) < CH
atapachi (B) taniapo 'bow, gun', CHI tanampo'
BUY (v.) &5pa ("tchonpa" [A]) < CH 'bow, gun' + CH cito 'big', CHI
c~pa, CHI compa, AL/KO co:pa (M) hicito 'big' (pl.; M)
BUZZARDtieke ("cheke" [A]) CANOE see BOAT
< CH/CHI gi:ki (M), Chitimacha CAR, AUTOMOBILE canalle laspa
siksi (Munro 1994:169) < CH/CHI canalli 'to roll' +
CH/CHI laipa 'warm' (M)
CARBINE see RIFLE
CARDINALtbesak homa
CAKE paska/~ipole <CH/CHI ("bechak-houma" [A]) < MCH
paska 'bread' + CH c.ipoli 'sweet', bilkomma (M)
CHI/AL campoli 'sweet', KO CARP tnane lokfapa
campo:li 'sweet' (M); cf. AL ("nanni-loukfapa" [A]) < CH nani
paspachimpoli (SHM) 'fish', CHI nani' 'fish' (M) + CH
CALABASHsee GOURD lukfapa 'lick or saline place, a
CALF (1) wak ose < Spanish "vaca" place where cattle and beasts of
cow' + CH odi 'son', diminutive in the forest-deer and buffalo-eat
compounds, CHI osi' 'son', the dirt and lick for salt' (B)
< CH/HI lokfi 'dirt', CHI lokfi' aionasha 'seat, chair' (B) +
'dirt', MI lokf-i 'clay' + CH/CHI CH/CHI binili 'to sit', AL/Ko
apa 'to eat' (M). Read (1940:547) bini:li 'to visit' (M: SIT)
presumed the resemblance be- CHEAT see TRICK (v.)
tween the buffalo's back and the CHEESE tpedek paska
carp's as the source of this com- ("pichik-pasca" [A]) < CH/CHI
pound, which might apply in the ipsik 'breast' + CH/CHI paska
case of some varieties. Another, 'bread' (M)
more likely reason for the associa- CHERRY tlek6e ("lektch6" [A]) < CH
tion of tnane lokfapa with licking alikdi in itti alikci 'cherry tree',
is the particular behavior of carps CHIalikdi'in itti' alikci' 'cherry
of grubbing in the mud on the tree' (M)
bottom of shallow waters and CHERRYTREE tete lek6e
feeding on various vegetables. ("it6-lektche" [A]) < CH itti alikci,
CARRY,BRING tWale ("chall6" [A]) CHIitti' alikci' (M)
< CH ga:li 'to carry, haul', CHI sa:li CHEW thoprisa ("opansa" [A]) < CH
'to haul', sa'li 'to carry on the hopasa, CHIhow~isa(M)
back' (M: CARRYIN THE ARMS) CHICKEN (a)k~ika - kIk&
CASPURGOtnane hata ("nanni-atta" ("kankan" [A]) < CH akhka, CHI
[A]) < CH nani 'fish', CHI nani' akanka', ALaka:ka (M)
'fish' + CH hata 'pale', CHI -hata CHICKEN EGG(1) (a)k&ik(a) ose -
'white' (M) tklg ode ("kangouche" [A]) < CH
CAT (1) kate <English "cat" or akhka 'chicken', CHI akanka'
"kitty," Spanish "gato" (sg.), 'chicken', AL aka:ka 'chicken' + CH
"gatos" (pl.) (?; M) > AL/KO/MU osi 'son', diminutive in com-
kati (M) pounds, CHI osi' 'son', diminutive
CAT(2) kato ("kato" [A]) < Spanish in compounds, AP osi 'child' (M)
"gato" (sg.), "gatos" (pl.) (M) > CH CHICKEN EGG(2) (a)kiha posko --
kato(s), Biloxi katu (Haas (a)kdka poiko& - k~Iki poiko£
1968:78), Timucua gato [kaikj puskus] (Crawford
(Granberry 1987:103, 133) 1978:82) - kldk6poikos [kaZko
CATCHA COLD see COUGH(v.) pos~kos](Crawford 1978:82) < CH
CATERPILLAR, WORM,INSECT akhaka'chicken', CHI akanka'
tisoe
("chonch6" [A]) < CH sogi 'insect' chicken', AL aka:ka 'chicken' + CH
(M: WORM) poskos/poskos 'child',CHIposkos
CATFISH tndkedwana 'dear baby', AL posko:si 'child' (M)
("nank6chohana" [A]) < CH CHICKEN FEATHER hege
tki
nakishwana (B) ("kankan-hich6" [A]) < CH akhka
CAI'FLE see COW(1) 'chicken', CHI akanka' 'chicken',
CEMETERYthohpe ("haufpe," AL aka:ka 'chicken' + CH hili
"haulp6" [A]) < CH/CHI hohpi 'to 'body hair, fur', CHI hisi' 'body
bury' (M) hair, fur, leaf, feather' (M)
CHAIN ttale balale (?; "tallai CHICKEN HAWK(1), HAWK akak abe
tchalale" [A]) < AL/KO/CH tall < CHIakank-abi', CH khk-abi, AL
'stone, rock', CHI tali' 'stone, rock', aka:k-ibi (M) < CHakhka
HI/MI tal-i 'stone, rock' + CH/CHI 'chicken', CHI akanka' 'chicken',
canalli 'to roll' (M) with l - nasal AL aka:ka 'chicken' + CH/CHI abi
possibly reflecting a variation of 'to kill' (M)
Choctaw dialects (Mary Haas in CHICKEN HAWK(2), HAWK tbeyaka
Crawford 1978:124, note 14) ("bihanca" [A]) < CH biykaka, Ko
CHAIR,SEAT tayona~a benele biyakka,AL biy~ik(M), AL biyakha
("ahounacha-benile" [A]) < CH (SHM). Haas (1958:247) observed
a close resemblance between ("chanle" [A]) < CH cali, CHI cai'li

Proto-Muskogean *kwiya:nkak (M)
and Proto-Central-Algonquian CHOP(v.) (2) see CUT(2)
*ki/aya:Hkw-a 'gull' and CHOPWOOD tete dile ("it6-tchanl6"
*ki/aya:Hkw-aki (pl.; with H [A]) < CH itti 'tree, wood', CHI itti'
representing an unspecified initial 'tree, wood' + CH cdli 'to chop', CHI
member in a consonant cluster), c£i'li 'to chop' (M)
which she interpreted as a loan CHURCH tattalowa (?; "att6lohoua"
without, however, determining its [A]) < CH altalo:wa 'song',
direction. Cf. Miami-Illinois CH/CHI talo:wa 'to sing' (M)
kinwalaniihsiwa- kinwalaniih- CIGARETI'Esegaret (Crawford
sia- kiilwanaliihsia 'hawk' 1978:94 [WANT])< French/
(Costa 1992:23). In contrast, English "cigarette"
Geoffrey Kimball (p.c. 1989) has CIRCLE tbalaykestafoa (?;
reconstructed a corresponding "balaikistaffoua" [A]) <...
Proto-Muskogean form as CITY ttamaha deto ("tamaha-tchito"
*kwiyakkaka (without long vowel [A]) < CH tamaha 'town' + CH cito
or nasalization), and explains its 'big', CHI hicito 'big' (pl.; M)
similarity to the Proto-Central- CLEAN(v.) see WIPE(v.)
Algonquian word for 'gull' in CLEAN(adj.), NEAT tle5e ("litche" [A])
terms of onomatopoeia rather < short form of CH kasholichi 'to
than borrowing. Cf. also MU wipe, brush, scour, rub, dust,
kiya:kka 'chickenhawk' and mop, scrub, swab' (B), AL
Natchez ki:yal 'chickenhawk' kasohlici 'to rub back and forth to
(Munro 1994:163). scrape' (M: SCRAPE)?
CHIEF(1) tholat(a)ke/tholakte (?; CLIMB(v.), GOUP toy(y)a ("ouhia"
"youlakty" [de Villiers 1923:225) [A]) < CH oyya, CHI toyya (M)
< Mu holahtaki 'former Creek CLOCK tnan eit ekhana 6eto
town', AP holahta, CH hattak ("nanisht6cana-tchito" [A]) < CH
i-holahta 'one of the great nan isht ikhana 'monument, to-
Choctaw families' (M) ken' (B; cf. WATCH),CHI
CHIEF (2) tmeko ("mingo" [Bossu nannishtithana' 'measuring
1768, vol. 1:30], "mingo" [A]) < CH instrument' (MW) + CH cito 'big',
miko, CHIminko',AL/KOmi(:)kko, CHI hicito 'big' (pl.; M)
MU/SE/OS mi:kko (M) CLOSE(v.) takamme("acamm6,"
CHILD (1), BABY (5) talla ("hallah" "hacamm6" [A]) < CH akammi 'to
[A]) < MCH alla (M) close (a book)' (B)
CHILD(2) ode < CH osi 'son', CHI osi' CLOSED takamme (?; "acamm6-h6"
son', AP osi 'child' (M) [A]) < CH akammi 'to close (a
CHILD(3) see BABY(2) and (3) book)' (B)
CHIMNEY see SMOKE(n.) CLOTHES (1), DRESS t£ice ("antch6"
CHIN see JAW [Bourgeois 1788:297]) < CH £cii 'to
CHINABERRY TREE tete alpowa put on a cloak, cover oneself', CHI
("it6-alpoha" [A]) < CH itti 'tree, ansi 'to cover oneself, AL anci 'to
wood', CHI itti' 'tree, wood' + CH cover', KO anci 'to wrap around'
alpo:wa 'to have young (of an (M: DRESS,COVERONESELF)
animal)' (M: RAISEANIMALS) CLOTHES(2) see WOMAN'SCLOTHES
CHISEL see SCISSORS(2) CLOUD tho6te ("oushonte" [A]) < CH
CHOCTAW t'akta ("tchakta" [de holdti, CHIhosonti (M)
Villiers 1923:225) < CH/AL/KO CLUB see HATCHET
cahta, MU ca:hta, CHIcahta' (M) COAL ttobakse ("taubakc6" [A]) < CH
CHOP(v.) (1), CUT(v.) (3) ta"le tobaksi, CHItobaksi'(M)
COAT,HOOD tholefoka (?; "ollifouka" ("tallai-lagana" [A]) < AL/KO/CH

[A]) < KO holikfa 'shirt, clothing' tall 'stone, rock', CHI tall' 'stone,
(M), AL holikfa 'shirt, clothing' rock', HI/MI tal-i 'stone, rock' +
(SHM); cf. AL ilokfa 'dress, CH/CHI lakna 'yellow' (M)
clothing', CH ilifokka 'dress, COPULATION see INTERCOURSE
clothing' (M: DRESS,CLOTHING) CORD see STRING (1)
COFFEE kafe ("cafe" [A]) CORKtkotoba et atlkama
< Spanish/French "caf6" ("koutouba-schtal-cama" [A])
> AL/KO/CH kafi, MU ka:fi, MI < CH kotoba isht alhkama (B)
ha:f-i, CHI ka:fi' (M), Biloxi CORN(1) dasise < AL/KO cassi (M)
kafi/kuxi (Haas 1968:78), Tunica CORN(2) taide ("tantch6" [A]) < CH
ka fi, Natchez ka:Wih, Chiti- CHI tanci' (M)
titci,
CORN
macha kahpi (Haas 1947:146-48), (3) tdtwa [tai:4wa] (Crawford
Caddo kapf: (Chafe 1983:247) 1978:83) < CH tansh waya 'ripe
COLD(adj.) kapas(s)a ("capassa" [A]) corn' (B)
kapa3a kabasa (Crawford CORNMEAL tie bota [tan6i buta]
1978:83) tapas(s)a < CH/CHI (Crawford 1978:83) < CHI tanchi'
kapassa (M) bota' 'home-ground cornmeal,
COLD(n.) see COUGH(n.) parched corn flour' (MW) < CH
COLIC tokfopa hotopa (?; "okfoupa tici 'corn', CHI tanci' 'corn' (M) +
otoupa" [A]) < CH ikfupa hotupa CH bota 'flour made of parched
(B) corn by pounding it, powder' (B),
COMB (n.) tjelle ("chille" [A]) CHI bota 'to be ground up' (MW)
< CH/CHI silli 'to comb, curry' (M: CORNBREADthe paska < CH tici
TEAR) 'corn', CHI tanci' 'corn' + CH/CHI
COME mente ("minta," "mintau" paska 'bread' (M)
[Stiles 1794:91, 92; cf. Stiles 1980 COTTONponola ("panola" [A]) < CH
(1794):51 and Sherwood pono:la (M)
1983:441]; "minte" [Gatschet COUGH(v.), CATCHA COLD thotelko
1885:25]) mete ("mite" [A]) ("otelco" [A]) < CH hotilko, CHI
< CH m ti, CHI minti (M), > AL hototko (M)
minti (archaic; SHM)? COUGH(n.), COLD(n.) thotetlko
COMPLETEDsee FINISHED ("otelco" [A]) < CH hotilko 'to
CONCEIVEtta(y)ek alota cough', CHI hotolko 'to cough' (M)
("taik-allouta" [A]) < CH ti:k COUNT (v.) tholtena ("oultina" [A])
'female, woman', CHI -ti:k < AL holti:na 'to be counted', AP
'female', AL/KO tayyi 'female, holtina 'count' (n.), CH/CHI
woman', HI/MI tayk-i 'female, holtina 'to be counted' (M:
woman' + MCH alota 'full, filled' COUNTED)
(M), CHI aloota 'to be full, to fill' COURAGEOUStnokfopa elko
(MW) ("nokchaupo-ekcho" [A]) < CH
COOK(v.) (1) hopone < Ko hoponi, nokdo:pa 'afraid', CHI i-nokso:pa
AL/CH/CHI hopo:ni (M) 'to be afraid of + CH/CHI ik-1-o
COOK(v.) (2) tnona ("nouna" [A]) 'to be none', AL ikso 'to be none,
< CH/CHI nona 'cooked, done' (M) empty', KO ikso 'zero' (M: BE
COOKED, DONE,RIPE tnona ("nouna" NONE)
[A]) < CH/CHI nona (M) COUSIN see FEMALE COUSINand MALE
COPAL tete heka ("ite-heka" [A]) COUSIN
heka ("heka" [A]) < CH itti 'tree, COVER(n.) telkoma (?; "ellcomma"
wood', CHI itti' 'tree, wood' + CH [A]) < CH inkama in isht inkama
hika 'gum' (M) 'lid' (B) with I nasal possibly
COPPER ttale lagana reflecting a variation of Choctaw
276 ANTHROPOLOGICAL
dialects (Mary Haas in Crawford ("bachele" [A]; "biushle"[Gatschet

1978:124, note 14) 1885:24]) < CH/CHI basle 'to cut
cow (1), CAITTLEwak(a) < Spanish (with a knife), mow', KO basli 'to
"vaca" > AL/KO/MU/OS wa:ka, strike downwards, break glass to
CHIwa:ka',CHwa:k, MI wa:k-i make a wood-smoothing tool,
(M), HI wid:ka (Sturtevant 1962: make fire by friction' (M: CUT),AL
51), Biloxi wa:ka (Haas 1968:78), basli 'to strike stone to chip or to
Catawba wade, Yuchi wedi produce sparks, flake stone,
(Ballard 1983:332), Caddo wd:kas shatter a bottle to get slivers'
'cattle' (Chafe 1983:247) (SHM)
COW(2) wak(a) ta(y)ek CUT(v.) (3) see CHOP(v.) (1)
("ouoka-taik" [A]) < Spanish CYPRESS tete &Mkolo(k)(?;
"vaca" + CH ti:k 'female, woman', "it6-choncoulouque" [A]) -
CHI -ti:k 'female', AL/KO tayyi tikolo(k) (?; "choncoulouque"
'female, woman', HI/MI tayk-i [A]) < CH itti 'tree, wood', CHI itti'
'female, woman' (M) 'tree, wood' + CH kolo 'cypress'
cow (3) twas/tyana (?; "lianache" (M)
[Bourgeois 1788:296], possibly a CYPRESS GROVE tsjikolo(k) andka (?;
misspelling of French "la vache" "choncoulouque-anonka"[A])
[Crawford 1978:113, note 119]) < CH &dkolo'cypress' + CH anoka
< French "vache" 'cow' or CH/CHI 'inside', CHI anonka' 'inside' (M:
yana 'buffalo' (M) ABDOMEN)
COWARDtnokdopa lawa
("nokchaupo-laoua" [A]) < CH
nokdo:pa 'afraid', CHI z-nokio:pa D
'to be afraid of' + CH/CHI/AL lawa
many' (M) DAMP(adj.) see WET(adj.)
CRAWFISHtsakde ("chaillekch6" [A]) DANCE(v.) thet!a ("icla" [A]) <CH
< CHI gakci, CH dakcih, MI sakc-i hila (B), CHI hilha (MW)
(M) DART test hisa ("chete honsa" [A])
CRAZY tasebo < CH tasembo (B), AL < CH isht hunsa 'dart' (B) < CH/
tasihmo 'to be crazy, mad, or CHI instrumental prefix ist-, AL
rapid, run wild, get a wild hair, be instrumental prefix ist- (M: TAKE,
funny' (SHM) BRING) + CH hossa 'to shoot at',
CREEK see BAYOU(1) CHI hosa 'to shoot at' (M)
CRUSH(v.) tletowa ("litou-ha" [A]) DAUGHTER (1) ode ta(y)ek
< CH litowa/litoa 'to shatter' (B) ("hauch6-taik" [A]) < CH oi 'son',
CRY (v.), WEEP (v.) yaya ("hia-hia" CHI osi' 'son', AP osi 'child' + CH
[A]) < CH ya:ya, CHI ya:ha (M) ti:k 'female, woman', CHI -ti:k
CUP see BOWL 'female', AL/KO tayyi 'female,
CURRENT toke yanalle woman', HI/MI tayk-i 'female,
("oke-yannall6" [A]) < AL/KO oki woman' (M)
'water', HI ok-i 'water' + CH/CHI DAUGHTER (2) po~iko~ ta(y)ek -
yanalli 'flow' (M), AL yaniali 'to poikoi (Crawford 1978:83) < CH
flood (from a hard rain), flow in poikol/poskos 'child', CHIposkod
various directions' (SHM) 'dear baby', AL posko:si 'child' +
CUT(v.) (1) basa (Hiram F. Gregory CH ti:k 'female, woman', CHI -ti:k
p.c. 1982) < CH basha 'cut' (B), 'female', AL/Ko tayyi 'female,
CHI basha 'to be sawed, be woman', HI/MI tayk-i 'female,
operated on, have an operation' woman' (M)
(MW) DAY(1) neta < AL/Ko nihta, MU/SE
CUT(v.) (2), CHOP(v.) (2) basle nitta (M)
DAY(2) net(t)ak ("nitack" [A]) < MCH/CHI dolop 'ghost' (M)

< CH/CHI nittak (M) DEVIL (2) see SORCERER
DAY AFTERTOMORROW tnahele mega DIE elle ("ille" [A]) < AL/KO/CH/CHI
("nahile-micha" [A]) < CH illi (M)
onnahinli 'morning' (B) + CH/CHI DIFFERENT (1), STRANGE ela < short
mida 'that beyond', CHI mida' 'that form of CH ilamika 'different and
visible over there' (M: THAT FAR separate', CHI ila, CH flah
OFF) 'different one' (M)
DAY BEFOREYESTERDAY(1) net(t)ak DIFFERENT (2), STRANGE ela
ela me;a < CH/CHI nittak 'day' + < CHI ila, CH flah 'different one'
CH flah 'different one', CHI fla (M)
'different' + CH/CHI mida 'that DIME skale kono (?) < French
beyond', CHI mida' 'that visible "escalin" 'shilling' < Dutch
over there' (M: THATFAROFF) "schelling" (worth 121/2cents) +
DAYBEFOREYESTERDAY (2) tpalado KO iskonna 'small and skinny',
mesa ("palacho micha" [A]) < CH CHI iskann-o'si 'little, small' (M);
pila:&a:&'yesterday' + CH/CHI cf. KO skalikinko 'dime, ten
mida 'that beyond', CHI misa' 'that cents', literally, 'bad bit', worth
visible over there' (M: THAT FAR only ten cents rather than twelve
OFF) and a half like a true escalin
DEAD(1) adeba (Crawford 1978:83 (Geoffrey Kimball 1994).
with 'dead' as a possibly in- DIMINUTIVE see SMALL (3) and (4)
accurate gloss) < CH aciba DIP CANDLE see TALLOWCANDLE
'tedious, hard, late', CH ahciba DIRT,GROUND,EARTH lokfe ("loquef6"
'tedious, difficult, laborious', AL [A]) < CH/HI lokfi 'dirt', CHI lokfi'
aci:ba 'hard, difficult, slow, sad, 'dirt, clay', MI lokf-i 'clay' (M)
expensive', KO acihba 'hard, DIRTY(1) tleteha ("lit6-ha" [A])
difficult, sad, sorry', HI aciba 'for < CH/CHI litiha (M)
a long time' (M: TEDIOUS,SLOW, DIRTY (2) loca (Geoffrey Kimball p.c.
SAD, DIFFICULT) 1989) < KO I6:can 'to be dirty' (K),
DEAD(2) elle <AL/KO/CH/CHI illi AL/KO loca 'black' (M)
'to die' (M) DO, MAKE teska ("eska" [A]) <CH
DEAD (3) telle taha ("ill6 taha" [A]) aiiska 'fixed, regulated, put in
< CH/CHI/AL/KO illi 'to die' + order' (B)
CH/CHI taha 'finished, all gone' DOCTOR, MEDICINE PERSON alek6e
(M: FINISHED) ("allekxi" [Bossu 1768, vol. 2:30],
DEAF hakse ("hakce" [A]) < CH/CHI "alektchi" [A]) < AL/KO/CH
haksi 'drunk, crazy' (M) alikci, CHIalikci' (M)
DEATH elle ("ill6" [A]) DOG(1) efa < AL/KO/MU/SE/OS ifa,
< AL/KO/CH/CHI illi 'to die' (M) HI/MI i:f-i (M)
DEEP tfobe ("faub6" [A]; "f6be" DOG (2) tefa (?; "ifoua"/"ipsouka"
[Gatschet 1885:24]) < CH/CHI [Sturtevant 1994:141]) < MU/SE/
hofobi (M) OS/AL/KO ifa, HI/MI i:f-i (M)
DEER esse ("chiv-ze" [?; Stiles 1794: DOG(3) ofe ("ofe" [Bourgeois
91; cf. Stiles 1980 [1794]:51 and 1788:296]; "hauff6" [A]) < CH off,
Sherwood 1983:441]; "isse" CHI off' (M)
[Bourgeois 1788:296]; "hiss6" [A]) DOLLAR sonak (a)daf(f)a < ALG
< CH issi, CHI issi' (M) (see MONEY)+ CH acaffa 'one',
DESCEND tak(k)oa ("akcouah" [A]) CH/CHI/KO caffa 'one' (M)
< CH akkoa/akowa (B), CHI DOMESTIC, DOMESTICATED yoka
akkowa (M: DOWN) ("youka" [A]) < CH/CHI yoka
DEVIL (1) tolop ("shouloupe" [A]) 'captured' (M: HOLD,CATCH)
DOMESTICATEDANIMAL tyoka CH alepa (B)?

("youka" [A]) < CH/CHI yoka 'cap- DRUM(n.) (2) see GOURD
tured' (M: HOLD,CATCH) DRUNK hakie < CH/CHI haksi (M)
DONE see COOKED DRY tjela ("chilla" [A]) < CH/CHI
DONKEY,MULE(2) tsoba haksobed gila (M)
falaya ("souba-arsoubiche- DRYNESS tiela ("chilla" [A])
falaya" [A]) < CHI issoba 'horse', < CH/CHI sila 'dry' (M)
CH issobah 'horse' + CH haksobis DUCK tfo6os ("foutious" [A])
'ear', CHI haksibig 'ear' + CH < CH/CHI focos (M)
falaya 'long', CHI falaha 'long' (M: DUGOUT(n.) see BOAT
ONION) DULL alokpakdo - alokbakdo
DOOR tokes(s)a ("oukissa" [A]) < CH < AL/KO/CHI halokpa 'sharp' +
okhisa/okkis(s)a (M), CHI CH/CHI ik-s-o 'to be none', AL
okkisa'/okhisa' 'doorframe, ikso 'to be none, empty', KO ikso
doorframe, door' (MW), AL/Ko zero' (M: BENONE)
okhica (M) DUST (1) tlokfe &ebole
DOUBLE-BARRELEDGUN ttandbo ("loquef6-chibould" [A]) < CH/HI
pokta ("tananbo-poukta" [A]) lokfi 'dirt', CHI lokfi' 'dirt, clay', MI
< CH tanapo 'bow, gun', CHI lokf-i 'clay' + CH sobolli 'to
tanampo' 'bow, gun' + CH pokta smoke', CHI sobohli 'smoke, to
'double, to grow together', CHI smoke', AL sobo:li 'to smoke' (M)
pokta' 'twin, double', MU pokta DUST(2) see POWDER
'twin, double' (M: TWIN,DOUBLE),
AL pokta 'twin' (SHM)
DOWN,LOW taka ("haka" [A]) < CH E
akka, CHIakka' (M)
DRAW(v.) see PULL EAGLE tds(s)e ("honce" [A]) < CH
DREAM(v.) tnose ("noc6" [A]) ossi, CHI osi' (M)
< CH/CHI nosi 'to sleep' (M) EAR(1) hak6o < AL hakco, KOhakco
DRESS(n.) see CLOTHES (1) 'outer ear' (M)
DRESS(v.) tSehma ("ch6hima" [A]) EAR(2) haksobed ("arsoubiche" [A])
< CH si:ma 'to dress in fine - hak.obe5 ("acchou buhe"
clothes, ornament, array' (M: [Bourgeois 1788:297]?) < CH
PROUD),CHI Shiima' 'well-dressed haksobis 'ear',CHIhaksibisY
'ear'
lady (nickname)' (MW) (M)
DRINK(v.) (1) eiko ("icheko" [A]) EARLYMORNINGtnahele fena
< CH/CHI isko, AL/KO isko (M) ("nahile-fina" [A]) < CH onnahinli
DRINK (v.) (2) o3ko < CH/CHI isko 'morning, before and soon after
with vowel harmony or possibly sunrise' (B) + CH fihna 'much', AL
the contraction of CH oka 'water', -fihna 'much', KO -fihna- 'too
CHI oka' 'water', AL/KO oki much', AP/CHI finha 'much' (M)
'water', HI ok-i 'water', MI ok- EARRING thaksobe& takale
'water' + CH/CHI 'to drink' ("arsoubiche-takald"[A]) < CH
isko
(M)? haksobid 'ear', CHI haksibis 'ear' +
DROWN (v.) toke elle ("oke-ille" [A]) CH/CHI taka:li 'to hang' (M)
< AL/KO oki 'water', HI ok-i EARTH see DIRT
'water' + AL/KO/CH/CHI illi 'to EAST thase ("atchi-coutcha"
kora
die' (M) [A]) < CH hasi 'sun', CHI hasi'
DRUM(n.) (1) ttatena/tftane~a (?; sun', MU/SE/AL/Ko hasi 'sun' +
"tanelca" [Bourgeois 1788:297] CH/CHI kocca 'to go out' (M)
< short form of CHI sholoshtal- EAT apa ("apa" in "Apas-Ich,
hepa (MW) 'musical instrument', manges" [Le Page du Pratz 1758,
1996 EMANUEL
J. DRECHSEL 279
vol. 3:7] or '[you] eat' with an prefix is~t-, AL instrumental prefix

apparent epenthetic [s] between ist- (M: TAKE,BRING)+ KO
the verb and the subsequent -alpisa- 'enough', AL ilpi:sa in
pronoun es 'you', reflecting ist-dlpi:sa 'enough', CH alpi:sa
French morphophonological rules enough', CHI alpi'sa 'enough' (M)
and word order, especially that of ELM tete abe (?; "ite-abehe" [A])
reflexive verbs in the imperative; < CH itti 'tree, wood', CHI itti'
"appa" [Dumont de Montigny 'tree, wood' + CH api 'stalk, trunk,
1747:378]; "apa" [Bourgeois body', CHI api' 'stalk, trunk,
1788:296]; "apa" [A]) < CH/CHI body', Mu api 'cornstalk', OS api
apa (M) 'stalk', HI/MI a:p-i (?; M: BODY,
EEL tnane sete ("nanni-sainti" [A]) STALK)
< CH nani 'fish', CHI nani' 'fish' + ELSE see OTHER
CH slti 'snake', CHI sinti' 'snake' EMPTY(1) alotakfo < MCH alota
(M) 'full' (M), CHI aloota 'to be full, fill'
EGG see CHICKENEGG (MW) + CH/CHI ik-s~-o 'to be
EIGHT onto6ena ("ounnetoutchina" none', AL ikso 'to be none, empty',
[A]) < AL/KO/CH ontocci:na, CHI KO ikso 'zero' (M: BE NONE)
ontocci'na(M) EMPTY(2) ttosole ("toucho-oule,"
EIGHTEENpokol(e) awa ontodena "toucho-oulle" [A]) < CH tosholi
- awa onto2ena < CHpokko:li 'to pour out' (B)
'ten', CHIpokko'li 'ten', KO pokkoli ENCAMPMENT see CAMP
'ten', AL pdkko:li 'ten' + CHI awa END (n.) twedakde ("ouchakche" [A])
'and', CH/KO awah 'and', AL < CH wishakchi 'top, tip, point,
-awah- 'and' + AL/KO/CH extremity, apex, summit, end, tip
ontocci:na'eight', CHIontocci'na end, peak, pinnacle' (B)
'eight' (M) ENEMY tm6gola ekdo
EIGHTY (1) pokol(e) onto6ena < CH ("mangoula-ekcho" [A]) <AL
pokko:li 'ten', CHI pokko'li 'ten', am-okla 'my friend' (Haas 1975:
KO pokkoli 'ten', AL pdkko:li 'ten' 259; cf. FRIEND(2)) + CH/CHI
+ CH/AL/KO ontocci:na 'eight', ik-s~-o 'to be none', AL fkso 'to be
CHI ontocci'na 'eight' (M) none, empty', KO ikso 'zero' (M: BE
EIGHTY(2) pol onto~ena < KO pol- NONE)
'ten' + AL/KO/CH ontocci:na ENOUGH talpesa ("alpissa" [A]) < KO
'eight', CHI ontocci'na 'eight' (M) -alpi:sa-, AL dilpi:sain ist-ilpisa
ELBOW tidkane/tgokane (?; enough', CH atpi:sa, CHI alpi'sa
"tchonkane" or "tchoukane" [A]) (M)
< CH s6kani in ibbak sdkani EUNUCH tnakne hobak ("n6kne
'elbow' < CH ibbak 'hand' + CH h6bok" 'man without stones'
"okani'ant' (M) [Gatschet 1885:25]) < CH nakni
ELDER tak(a)ne ("hakane" [A]) < CH male', CHI nakni' 'male', HI/MI
akni 'the oldest among a family of nakn-i 'male' + CH/CHI hobak
children, male or female' (B) castrated, sterile' (M)
ELEVEN pokol(e) awa daf(f)a ("po- ESPECIALLY see VERY (1)
cauld-aouai-atchafa" [A])-- awa EVENING (1) thae la~pa etola
6af(f)a < CH pokko:li 'ten', CHI olase ("atchi-lachepa- etoulla-
pokko'li 'ten', KO pokkoli 'ten', AL aulasse" [A]) < CH hasi 'sun', CHI
pdkko:li 'ten' + CHI awa 'and', hasi' 'sun' + CH/CHI laspa 'warm'
CH/KO awah 'and', AL -awah- + CH/CHI ittola 'to fall' (M) + CH
'and' + CH/CHI/KO caffa 'one' (M) olasi '(to be) near by' (B)
ELL teit alpesa ("ichetal-alpissa" EVENING(2) toktele ("hock-lille" [A])
[A]) < CH/CHI instrumental < CH oklili 'darkness, eclipse,
melancholy, obscureness, opacity, Further note Powhatan neski:nsek

shadow' (B), CHI oklhili 'night' my eye' (Siebert 1975:338),
(MW) Munsee nask f:ncakw 'my eye
EVENING(3), NIGHT(3) opeya < CH (Goddard 1982:45), Miami-Illinois
oppiya 'evening' (M), AL opiya 'to tnihkiinsikwi 'my eye' (Costa
be late' (SHM), AL opi:yasi 1993), and Mahican n'sketschok
evening', CHI obya 'to be evening, my eye' (Masthay 1991:62). In ex-
be the eve', MI opya- 'to be plaining these similarities, Haas
afternoon' (M) considered either common origin
EVERY see ALL or borrowing. In the latter case,
EVERYTHINGsee ALL the medium could have been
EXCREMENTtyatlke holafa ("yalke- Mobilian Jargon, an argument
oullafa" [A]) < CH yalki 'feces', that would presume its use in pre-
CHI yalki' 'feces' + CH/CHI holafa Columbian times (see Drechsel
'to defecate' (M) 1984, 1994a).
EXCRETE (v.) tholafa ("oullafa" [A]) EYE(3) teke < AL/Ko ittili (M)
< CH/CHI holafa 'to defecate' (M) EYEBROWtne~ken p~ie pak(a)na
EXPENSIVE tholetopa ("oullitoupa" ("nichekine-panche pacana" [A])
[A]) < CH holitopa 'dear, valuable, < CH nigkin, CHI iskin + CH ipps~i
estimable, excellent' (B), CHI 'hair of the head', CHI ippdisi' 'hair
holitto'pa 'to be precious, holy' of the head' (M: SWEEP)+ CH
(MW) pakna 'top', CHIpakna' 'top' (M)
EXPLODE, SHOOT (2) tokafa
("toukafa" [A]) < CH/CHI tokafa
'to explode, pop' (M), AL tokafka F
'to explode, go off, crash, bang,
burst open once' (SHM) FACE tetesope (?; "itesoupepe" [A])
EXTINGUISH, PUT OUT tmodohle < CH itisopi 'cheek' (B)
("mouchoholle" [A]) < CH/CHI FALL (v.) tetola ("etoulla" [A])
mogo:li 'to go out (of lights)', MI < CH/CHI ittola (M)
moso:-li 'to close one's eyes' (M: FALSEHOODsee LIE(2)
CLOSE ONE'S EYES) FAMILY (e)tapeha (?) < CH itapiha
EYE (1) tesken ("esquen" [Bourgeois colleague, attendant' (B), CHI
1788:297]) < CHI ilkin (M; cf. EYE ittapiha 'to be kin, be related'
(2) for Haas's proposed source) (MW)
EYE (2) neken ("nichekine" [A]) FAR, LONGDISTANCE thopake
< CH niikin (M). Haas (1958:245) ("opacke" [A]) - pake
considered Choctaw niYlkinas < AL/KO/CH/CHI hopa:ki 'far
related to Proto-Central Algon- away', AL hopaki 'far away' (M)
quian *-ski:nekw- 'eye' and FART(v.) thokco/tho*ikso (?;
*neiki:nMekw-i 'my eye' and to "houksou" or "honkcou" [A])
Ojibwa niski:nsik or Delaware < AL/KO hokco 'to break wind', CH
na's~kinkw'my eye', but not to hokso 'to break wind', CHI honkso
other Central Algonquian such as 'to break wind' (M)
Fox, Cree, Menomini, or Shawnee FAST (1), QUICK palke ("palke" [A])
because of substantial differences, < AL/KO palki (M)
presumably because of an absent FAST(2), QUICK patke < CH/CHI
medial nasal. Cf. Fox negki:dekwi, palki (M)
Cree niski:sik, and Menomini FAT (n.) (1), GREASE (n.) tbela ("billa"
neske:hsek 'my eye' (Aubin 1975: [A]) < CH bila 'grease, gravy',
107), plus Shawnee (-)'.kiidekwi CH/CHI bila 'to melt, dissolve', AL
eye' (Voegelin 1937-40:314). bila 'to melt' (M: MELT)
FAT(n.) (2), GREASE(n.) tneya FIELD tosaba ("ossaba" [A]) < CH

("nihia" [A]) < AL niya, CH niya osa:pa, CHI osa:pa' (M)
'to be fat', Ko/CHI niha, AL/KO FIFTEEN pokol(e) awa
tatape--
ni:ha, MU/OS niha: (M) awa tatape < CHpokko:li 'ten',
FATHER &ke ("anke" [de Villiers CHIpokko'li 'ten', KO pokkoli 'ten',
1923:225], "hinki" [A]; "inke" AL p6kko:li 'ten' + CHI awa 'and',
[Swanton 1911:32]) < CH iki, CHI CH/Ko awah 'and', AL -awah-
inki' (with the nasal analyzed as a and' + CH tafla:pi 'five', CHI
inalienable possessive; M) talla'pi 'five', AL tdill:pi 'five' (M)
FATHER'SBROTHER see PATERNAL FIFTY(1) pokole talape < CH
UNCLE pokko:li 'ten', CHI pokko'li 'ten',
FATITENtneyade ("nihia-atche" [A]) KO pokkoli 'ten', AL pdkko:li 'ten'
< CHI nihachi 'to grease, oil, get + CH talla:pi 'five', CHI talla'pi
something greasy' (MW), CH 'five', AL tdt~i:pi 'five' (M)
niachi (B), AL niyaachi (SHM) FIFTY (2) pol tadape < KO pol- 'ten'
FEAR(n.) tnok opa ("nokchaupo" + CH talla:pi 'five', CHI talla'pi
[A]) < CH noklso:pa 'afraid', CHI 'five', AL tillU:pi 'five' (M)
i-nokio:pa 'to be afraid of (M) FIG tbehe ("bihe" [A]) < AL/Ko bihi,
FEATHER tfoje ("fouche-hiche" CH bihi 'mulberry', CHI bihi'
hese
[A]) - thede ("hiche" [A]) < CHI 'mulberry' (M)
fogi' 'bird', AL/KO fo:si 'bird' + CH FIGTREE tete behe ("ite-bihe" [A])
hili 'feather', CHI hisi' 'feather', < CH itti 'tree', CHI itti' 'tree' +
Ko hissi 'feather', AL/SE hissi AL/KO bihi 'fig', CH bihi
'body hair, fur' (M: BODYHAIR, 'mulberry', CHI bihi' 'mulberry'
FUR) (M)
FEMALE ta(y)ek ("taik" [A]; "taik" FIGHT (v.) (1) (e)tebe ("tibi" [A])
[Gatschet 1885:25]) < CH ti:k, CHI < CH/CHI/AL ittibi 'to fight', AP
-ti:k, AL/KOtayyi, HI/MI tayk-i ihtibi 'to fight', HI itibi 'to fight'
(M). In contrast to its Muskogean (M)
sources, Mobilian Jargon ta(y)ek FIGHT(v.) (2) tehaple < CH iti 'each
apparently preserved an archaic other' (B) + CH ha:bli 'to kick' (<
pattern similar to that of bayok /ha:p-li/; M)
'bayou, creek, river' in relation to FIGHT(v.) (3) see BEAT(v.)
contracted bok. > AL tayki FIGHT (n.), BATTLE,WAR ttebe ("tibi"
woman, female' (?; archaic; SHM) [A]) < CH/CHI/AL ittibi 'to fight',
FEMALE COUSIN teke ta(y)ek AP ihtibi 'to fight', HI itibi 'to
("inke-talk" [A]) < CH iki 'father', fight' (M)
CHI inki' 'father' + CH ti:k 'female, FILL (v.) talota eska ("allouta-eska"
woman', CHI -ti:k 'female', AL/KO [A]) < MCH alota 'full' (M), CHI
tayyi 'female, woman', HI/MI aloota 'to be full, fill' (MW) + CH
tayk-i 'female, woman' (M) aiiska 'fixed, regulated, put in
FENCE tholeta ("olita" [A]) order' (B)
< CH/CHI/AL holitta, CH/AL/KO FIND (v.) tpesa ("pissa" [A])
holihta (M) < CH/CHI pisa 'to see' (M)
FEVER yanha ("yancha" [A]) -- FINGER telbak o~e ("elback-oche"
tyanaga (?; "yanaga" [A]) [A]) < CHI ilbak 'hand' + CH osi
< CH/CHI/AL yanha 'to have a son', CHI osi' 'son', AP osi 'child'
fever' (M) (M)
FEW lawaklio < CH/CHI/AL lawa FINGER RING (1) t(el)bak o~e
many' + CH/CHI ik-s~-o 'to be foka/t(el)badoke foka (?;
none', AL ikso 'to be none, empty', "bachoke-fouka" [A] < CHI ilbak
KO ikso 'zero' (M: BE NONE) 'hand' + CH osi 'son', CHI oSi' 'son',
AP osi 'child' + CH/CHI fohka 'to CH/CHI instrumental prefix ist-,

be in, wear', CH fokka 'to be in, AL instrumental prefix ist- (M:
wear' (M) TAKE, BRING) + CH/CHI abi 'to kill'
FINGERRING(2) telbak t6la ("elback (M) plus the 'passive' infix -1-
tonla" [A]) < CHI ilbak 'hand' + (Munro 1984:443, note 7, 446,
CH tola 'to lie' (M) note 10) + CH pono:la 'cotton' (M)
FINGERNAILtelbak 6o FIST telbak bonhta
("elback-tchouche" [A]) < CHI ("elback-bounonta" [A])
ilbakcos (M: NAIL) tbon6ta ("bounonta" [A]) < CHI
FINISH (V.) tessae (?; "hissa-ca" [A]) ilbak 'hand' (M) + CH bonunta
< CH issachi 'to abolish, cease, rolled up' (B)
abandon, discontinue, stop' (B), FIVE tatape ("tatlap6" [A])
CHI a:issaci 'to stop' (M) taslape- taolape < CH talla:pi
FINISHED,COMPLETEDtaha ("taha" 'five', CHI talta'pi 'five', AL till&:pi
[A]) < CH/CHI taha 'finished, all 'five' (M)
gone' (M) FIVEHUNDRED ttaleba talabe
FIRE (1) lowak ("lowack" [A]; ("tatliba-tatlab6" [A]) < CH/CHI
"la wak" [Gatschet 1885:24] with talipa 'hundred', AL talli:pa/
the erroneous gloss of 'large', tahlipa: 'hundred' + CH talla:pi
likely due to a confusion with 'five', AL tdillh:pi 'five', CHI talla'pi
lawa 'many, much, plenty, very') 'five' (M)
< CH/CHI lowak (M) FLAME tlowak lebe ("lowack-lib6"
FIRE (2) ttotka ("titka" [Sturtevant [A]) < CH/CHI lowak + CH libbi
1994:141]) < Mu/OS to:tka (M) 'to flame' (M: BURN)
FIREPLACE see SMOKE (n.) FLAT tIpa (?; "liampa" [Bourgeois
FISH(v.) tnane halale 1788:296]) < CHI limpa 'lying on
("nanni-allale" [A]) < CH nani one's stomach', CH li:pa 'turned
'fish', CHI nani' 'fish' + CH/CHI over' (?; M: TURNEDOVER)
halalli 'to pull, hold' (M: HOLDON, FLATFISH, SUNFISH,PERCH tnane
PULL) patassa ("nanni-patassa" [A])
FISH(n.) (1) tato sla8o la8o patassa < CH nani 'fish', CHI
< AL/Ko/MU/SE lalo (M) nani' 'fish' + CH/CHI patassa (M)
FISH(n.) (2) tnane ("nanni" [A]) > Louisiana French "le patassa"
< CH nani, CHI nani' (M) 'sunfish', erroneously translated
FISH SCALE tnane hakiop as 'perch' (Read 1963 [1931]:101;
("nanni-akchoup" [A]) < CH nani cf. A:30, 31-32)
'fish', CHI nani' 'fish' + CH/CHI FLEA tkaite ("kachet6" [A]) < CHI
hak op 'skin' (M) kagti, CHkaitih, MI kast-i (M)
FISHHOOK tnan(e) egt albe FLESH tnepe ("nipi" [A]) <CH nipi
("nanni-shtelbe" [A]) < CH nani 'meat', CHI nipi' 'meat' (M)
isht albi/nan isht albi 'fishhook' FLINT(1) ttale lowak
(B) < CH nani 'fish', CHI nani' ("tallai-lowack" [A]) < CH/AL/KO
'fish' + CH/CHI instrumental tali 'stone, rock', CHI tali' 'stone,
prefix ist-, AL instrumental prefix rock', HI/MI tal-i 'stone, rock' +
ist- (M: TAKE,BRING) + CH/CHI CH/CHI lowak (M)
abi 'to kill' (M) plus the 'passive' FLINT(2) ttas(a)nok lowak eska
infix -1- (Munro 1984:443, note 7, ("tas-nouk-lowack-eska" [A])
446, note 10) < CH tassannok 'flint' + CH/CHI
FISHING LINE tnan(e) eit albe lowak 'fire' (M) + CH aiiska 'fixed,
ponola ("nanni-shtelbe pounola" regulated, put in order' (B)
[A]) < CH nani 'fish', CHI nani' FLOAT (v.) tokpalale ("houk-palal6"
'fish' + CH/CHI hakdop 'skin' + [A]) < CH/CHI okpalali, AL
okpala:li (M) LEG)+ CH/CHI patassa 'flat' (M)

FLOUR(1) bota < CH bota 'pounded' FOOTAILMENT for trabal [futtrabal]
(B), CHI bota 'to be ground up' < English "foot"+ "trouble"
(MW) FOREHEADtemtsana
FLOUR (2) tbota hata ("pouta-atta" ("himonsahana" [A]) < CH
[A]) < CH bota 'pounded' (B), CHI imosana (B)
bota 'to be ground up' (MW) + CHI FOREST tete an6ka ("ite-anonka"
-hata 'white', CH hata 'pale' (M) [A]) < CH itti, CHI itti' 'tree, wood'
FLOWER tnam pakahle + CH anoka 'inside', CHI anonka'
("nanpakahale" [A]) < CH nam 'inside' (M: ABDOMEN)
pakanli (B), CHI nampak~ili' (MW) FORGETtemehakse ("imiakc6"[A])
< CH nina 'something', CHI nanna < CH im-ihaksi (M)
something', AP nan 'one who' (M: FORK teit beta (?; "hichebitla" [A])
SOMETHING, WHAT)+ AL/KO < short form of CH chufak isht bili
paka:li 'to bloom', CH/CHI pak~ili 'table fork' (B)
'to bloom' (M) FORTY (1) pokol(e) ogta - toita
FLY(v.) theka ("heka" [A]) < CH pokole ("oushta-poucaule" [A])
hika, CHI hika 'to step' (M: STAND) < CH pokko:li 'ten', CHIpokko'li
FLY (n.) (1) tYokahne 'ten', KO pokkoli 'ten', AL pdkko:li
("tchouka-han6" [A]) < CH/CHI 'ten' + CH/CHI osta 'four', AL/KO
coka:ni (M) osta:ka 'four' (M)
FLY(n.) (2) t'ije ("tchonci" [A]) < CH FORTY(2) pol oita < Ko pol- 'ten' +
o"5i'insect' (M: WORM) AL/KO osta:ka 'four', CH/CHI osta
FOAL tsoba poiko 'four' (M)
("souba-pouchecouche" [A]) < CHI FOUR osta ("oushta" [A]; "fi'sta"
issoba 'horse', CH issobah 'horse' + [Gatschet 1885:24])- hoita (?)
CH poIko /poskos 'child', CHI < CH/CHI osta 'four', AL/KO
poskos 'dear baby', AL posko:si osta:ka 'four' (M)
'child' (M) pokol(e) awa oita < CH
FOURTEEN
FOLD(v.) see BEND(1) pokko:li 'ten', CHIpokko'li 'ten',
FOOD apa < CH/CHI apa 'to eat' (M) KO pokkoli 'ten', AL pdkko:li 'ten'
FOOL(n.) (1), IDIOT taweha/thawe + CHI awa 'and', CH/Ko awah
(?; "ahouiha" [A]) < CH hawi and', AL -awah- 'and' + CH/CHI
prostitute', KO hawi 'promiscuous ogta 'four', AL/KO osta:ka 'four'
person' (M) with an apparent (M)
metathesis (?) FRIDAY (ne)tak hollo bale (?) < CH
FOOL(n.) (2), IDIOT nittak hollo 'Sunday', CHI nittak
thakse
("ouakch6" [A]) < CH/CHI haksi hollo' 'Sunday',AL/KOnihta hollo
'drunk, crazy' (M) 'Sunday'(M) + KOobd:li 'behind,
FOOT(1) tepateka (?; "ipatequa" at the back of (K), ALobitali 'to be
[Bourgeois 1788:297]) < AL/KO behind, have someone ahead of
iyyi 'leg, foot', MI iy-i 'foot', CH you' (SHM); cf. KO tahollosobd:li
iyyi 'foot', CHI iyyi' 'leg, foot' (M: 'Friday', literally, 'behind little
LEG)+ AL pata:ka 'flat' (M: Sunday' (K).
SPREAD)? FRIEND(1) tbabefele ("baubicheelah"
FOOT(2) ey(y)e < CH iyyi 'foot', CHI 'fellow'[Stiles 1794:91; cf.
iyyi' 'leg, foot', AL/KO iyyi 'leg, Sherwood 1983: 441];
foot', MI iy-i 'foot' (M: LEG) "boba-shee-la" [Bollaert
FOOT(3), SOLE teye patassa 1850:282];'"bobbishele" [Barber
("ihie-patassa" [A]) < CH iyyi 1966:15];"bobisheila"[Johnson
'foot', CHI iyyi' 'leg, foot', AL/KO and Leeds 1964:126];
iyyi 'leg, foot', MI iy-i 'foot' (M: "bii-bi-she-le," "barbesheely"
[Dormon n.d.]) tpapedele G

("pappeshille" [Dresel 1920-21
(1837-41):407]) tpapedelo GALL thome ("nihaume" [A])
("papeshillo" [Dresel 1920-21 tehome ("hihaume" [A]) < MCH
(1837-41):371] with an apparently i-homi 'musk (of a raccoon, etc.)',
Hispanicized pronunciation as CHI i-homi' (M), AL inhomi (SHM)
determined by spelling and GALLON toke est atpisa
historical evidence) < AL ("oke-ichetal-alpissa" [A]) < CH
iba:pisi:li 'to be a friend to', oka isht alhpisa 'gallon' (B) <
CH/CHI ittiba:pisi 'sibling, co- AL/Ko oki 'water', HI ok-i 'water'
nursling, to be a sibling to' (M: + CH/CHI instrumental prefix
SIBLING) > Lipan-Hispano-Eng- ist-, AL instrumental prefix ist-
lish "bobachelo"/"boba-chela" (M: TAKE, BRING) + CH alpisa
comrade, friend,' spoken by Lipan 'enough', CHI alpi'sa 'enough', Ko
Apache in contact with Texans -alpisa- 'enough', AL ilpisa in
(Bollaert 1850:277, 279) ist-dlpisa 'enough' (M)
FRIEND(2) mokla mogola GALLOP(v.) tsoba tabak(a)le
mdgola ("mongoula" 'my friend', ("souba-tabakhale" [A]) < CHI
apparently interpreted with the issoba 'horse', CH issobah 'horse' +
French possessive pronoun "mon" CH tabakli 'to gallop' (M)
[m5] 'my' [Le Page du Pratz 1758, GALLOP (n.) tsoba tabak(a)le
vol. 3:6-7]; "mangoufa," "man- ("souba-tabakhale" [A]) < CHI
goula" [A]) < AL am-okla 'my issoba 'horse', CH issobah 'horse' +
friend' (Haas 1975:259) < CH tabakli 'to gallop' (M)
Muskogean am- first person sg. GARFISH tnane kamas(s)a ("nanni
dative or alienable possessive cammassa" [A]) < CH nani 'fish',
(Booker 1980: 35) + AL/Ko -okla CHI nani' 'fish' + CH kamassa
'friend', CH oklah 'people', CHI 'strong', AP kamasa 'strong', CHI
okla 'town' (M: TOWN) kamassa 'old' (M), AL kamassa 'to
FRIGHTENEDsee AFRAID be forceful, strong, solid' (archaic;
FROG(1) tsokatte ("choukatt6" [A]) SHM)
< CH sokatti (M) GATHER (v.) see PICK UP
FROG (2) see BULLFROG GELDING thobak ("houback" [A])
FRUIT twahya ("ouhahia" [A]) < CH < CH/CHI hobak 'castrated, sterile
wa:ya 'to grow', CHI waha 'to bear, one' (M)
have ripe fruit' (M: GROW,BEAR) GENTLE see SLOW(1)
FULL alota ("alouta" [Dumont de GET (1), TAKE, RECEIVE ese
Montigny 1747:367], "allouta" [A]) < AL/Ko isi, HI isi-, MI i:si-, SE
< MCH alota 'full' (M), CHI aloota i:s-it, MU/OS is-ita (M)
'to be full, fill' (MW) GET(2), TAKE,RECEIVE eje ("iche" [A])
FURROW, ROW(n.) tehan eit bada (?; < CH/CHI isi (M)
"hiharneshbacha," "hiharnesh- GET DRUNK, INTOXICATE thakse
bacha" [A]) < AL/KO iha:ni 'land' ("hakce" [A]) < CH/CHI haksi
+ CH/CHI instrumental prefix 'drunk, crazy' (M)
ist-, AL instrumental prefix ist- GET THERE see REACH
(M: TAKE, BRING) + CH basha GHOST see SPIRIT
sawn, cut, carved,... plowed' (B), GIRL(1) tos~e ta(y)ek ("hauche-taik"
CHI basha 'to be sawed, be [A]) < CH osi 'son', CHI osi' 'son',
operated on, have an operation' AP osi 'child' + CH ti:k 'female,
(MW) woman', CHI -ti:k 'female', AL/KO
tayyi 'female, woman', HI/MI
tayk-i 'female, woman' (M)
GIRL(2) poekok ta(y)ek < CH poskos < CH cakiffa, AL in-caka:fa, CHI

/poskos 'child', CHIposkod 'dear incakaffa' (M)
baby', AL posko:si 'child' + CH ti:k GLAD see HAPPY
'female, woman', CHI -ti:k GLASS,WINDOW tapesa ("ha-pissa"
'female', AL/KO tayyi 'female, [A]) < CH apisa (B), CHI aapisa 'to
woman', HI/MI tayk-i 'female, see' (MW)
woman' (M) GLASSES,SPECTACLEStest pesa
GIRL(3) ta(y)ek hemeta < CH ti:k neiken ("ichit-pissa-nichekine"
'female, woman', CHI -ti:k [A]) < CH/CHI instrumental
'female', AL/Ko tayyi 'female, prefix idt-, AL instrumental prefix
woman', HI/MI tayk-i 'female, ist- (M: TAKE,BRING)+ CH/CHI
woman' + CH/CHI himitta 'young' pisa 'to see' + CH nilkin 'eye', CHI
(M) ilkin 'eye' (M)
GIRL(4) see LADY GNAT tyekofa ("hiocaufa" [A]) < CH
GIVE(1) ema ("ima" [A]) < CH/CHI yikoffa (B)
ima, AP im-aka (M: GIVETO) GO(1) aya ("ahia" [A]) < CHI/AP aya,
GIVE(2) emma < KO im-maya 'to be KO a:ya 'to go about', AL ayya, HI
more than', AL im-mayya 'to be aya 'to walk, travel', MI ayya- 'to
more than' (M) be around, move' (M: GO)
GIVE(3) peta ("pita" [A]) < CH/CHI GO(2) eya ("iyii" [Dormon n.d.]) < CH
ipita 'to feed' (M), CH pit 'motion iya (M)
from the speaker or object spoken GOAROUND tfol6ta ("foulonta" [A])
of toward, onward, forward, forth' < CH/CHI folota (M: TURN)
(B), CHIpit 'away from the GOAWAY,LEAVE kane(y)a
speaker or a point of reference' ("ta-anohia" [A] with the t as an
(MW)? apparent misspelling for [k]
GIVE(4) pota (Crawford 1978:85). rather than a regular variation)
Following Mary Haas, Crawford < CH kania (B), CHI kaniya (MW)
(1978:85, 124, note 6) has derived GO BACK, RETURN (v.) falama
the meaning of 'to give' in pota by < CH/CHI falama (M: GOUP)
virtue of its occurrence in a past- GOOUT ("coutcha" [A])
tkoEa
< CH/CHI
tense construction, [ino pota taha] kocca (M)
or eno pota taha, translated GOTOTOWN(?) tamaha na < CH
literally as something like 'I done tamaha 'town' + CH/CHI ona 'to
loaned' and by extension as 'I get there, reach' (?; M)
have given'. < CH impota 'to lend, GOUP see CLIMB(v.)
loan' (B), CHI imponta 'to lend, GOAT tesse kosoma ("hiss6-cossoma"
rent to' (MW) < Muskogean im- [A]) < CH issi 'deer', CHI issi'
third person dative or alienable 'deer' + CH/CHI kosoma 'to stink',
possessive (Haas 1958:280; M: AL koso:ma 'to stink' (M)
GIVE) + CH pota 'to borrow, take, GOD(1) tmdko 6eto ("mingo tchito"
transfer by way of borrowing or [A]) < CH miko 'chief, CHI minko'
lending' (B), CHI ponta 'to borrow, chief + CH cito 'big', CHI hicito
rent' (MW) 'big' (pl.; M)
GIVEBIRTH talla ata GOD'(2) see GREATSPIRIT
("hallah-hachah" [A]) < MCH alla GOLD tsonak lagana ("sonac
'child' + CH/CHI aia 'to dwell, be lagana" [A]) < ALG... (see
located' (M) MONEY)+ CH/CHI lakna 'yellow'
GIVEUP tmokofa ("mokoffa" [A]) (M)
< CH mokofa 'to slip out, come out, GONE, LOST kane(y)a ("can6-ihia"
withdraw' (B) [A]) < CH kania (B), CHI kaniya
GIZZARDtcakefa ("tchak-hefa" [A]) (MW)
GOOD(1) (a)6okma ("athiocma" GOURD, CALABASH,GOURDRATTLE,

[Dumont de Montigny 1753, vol. RATTLE, DRUM(2) tMedekowa
1:206], "achukema" [de Villiers ("chichicoias" [Dumont de
1923:225])- (a)lokmli- Montigny 1753, vol. 1:193, 2041)
(a) 66km6 (Crawford 1978:85; "ii teekoe ("shishikushi"
chok mon" [Dormon n.d.]) - [Gatschet 1969 (1884):96])
6okama ("shoke me" [Dresel < Ojibwa jishigwan 'rattle' and
1920-21 (1837-41):407]) jishigwe 'rattlesnake', Nipissing
tbokoma ("tchoucouma" [A])-- cicikwan 'gourd rattle' and cicikwe
tdokomi ("tchoukouman" [Tixier rattlesnake' with c equivalent to
1844:40])-- cokama dekama [2], Menomini ssisi kwan 'rattle,
("chikke-mau" [Stiles 1794:92; cf. of gourd or tin, [whose] contents
Sherwood 1983:441]; "chicamaw" usually consist of grains of corn,
[Flores 1972:72]; "tchikama~" or gravel' and sik si'kwan 'flat
[Gatschet 1886:11]; "chickama" drum or tambourine', Plains Cree
[Dormon n.d.]) < CH acokma, sisikwanisak 'Little Rattles' [name
CH/CHI cokma (M) > AL chookma of a dancers' society] and
'to be good' (?; archaic; SHM) and sisikwanak 'rattles', Cree sisikwan
6okama fehna 'very good' in Mardi small bag of tied up parchment,
Gras songs by African Americans in which are confined some small
dressed up as Indians (Geoffrey stones; instrument shaken with
Kimball p.c. 1989) and "chakimo cadence in the incantations',
fino" or "jagamo fino" in Blues Hudson Bay Cree disikwap and
refrains (Anonymous 1983) possibly s'iikwak 'an instrument
GOOD (2) kano (Geoffrey Kimball p.c. of gambling', and Shawnee
1989) < KO kino (K), AL kano 'to Beeeiikwaaniki 'rattle' (Crawford
be good' (SHM) 1978:64-67); cf. Shawnee s'iiikwa
GOOD DAY tayokpa6e ("ayoukpotche" 'speckled gourd, gourd, rattle' and
[A]) < CH aiokpachi 'to salute, Miami gilikwia 'rattle snake
greet' (B), AL ayokpachi 'to make (black)' (Voegelin 1937-40:315,
happy, make feel good, surprise 317), Miami-Illinois &iihsiikweewa
pleasantly, make smile or laugh' - siihs'iikwia 'massassauga,
(SHM), CHI ayoppachi 'to speak rattlesnake' (Costa 1992:27),
to, greet' (MW) Miami-Illinois t~iihiiikwani
GOOD-BYE tkane(y)a (?; "ta-anohia" tjiihliikoni 'gourd, cup' (Costa
[A] with the t as an apparent mis- 1993), St. Francis Abenaki
spelling for [k] rather than a sizihkwdi 'rattlesnake' (Day 1964),
regular variation) < CH kania Menomini si:qsekuahsEh 'bottle'
'departure, loss' (B), CHI kaniya (diminutive) and si:qsekwan
'to go away, be gone' (MW) 'bottle, quart, rattle' (Bloomfield
GOOD-LOOKING see BEAUTIFUL 1975:242), and Delaware (Lenape)
GOODS, MERCHANDISE talpoyak sheshekwan 'rattle made of gourd-
("alpouyack" [A]) < CH alhpoyak skin' (Friederici 1960:172).
(B), CHI alhpooyak 'bundle, GRAIN tnehe ("n6h6"[A]) < CH nihi
luggage' (MW) 'seed', CHI nihi' 'seed' (M)
GOOSE tMalaklak ("tchalaklak" [A]) GRANDFATHER (e)mafo
< CH/CHI ~alaklak, AL/Ko < Muskogean im- third person
salakla (M) > Natchez la:lak, dative or alienable possessive
Tunica Idilahki 'wild goose', Yuchi (Haas 1958:280; M: GIVE)+ CH
'alala, Karankawa la-ak (Haas -afo/-a:fo 'grandfather', CH ma:fo
1953:229; Haas 1956:65), Chero- 'grandfather', CHI -afo'si'
kee sasa (Ballard 1985:339) 'grandfather' (M)
GRANDMOTHER pokne - pogone GUARD(v.) see LOOKAFTER

< CH pokni (M) GUM theka ("hika" [A]) < CH hika
GRAPE tpike ("pank" [A]) < CH (M)
pikke, CHI panki' (M) GUN (1) tandpo -- tanapo--
GRASS thadok hastap tftandbo ("tananbo" [A]) -
("achouk-achetape" [A]) talambo ("talambo" [Bourgeois
< CH/CHI hasiok 'grass' + CH/CHI 1788:296] with I - nasal possibly
'dead leaves' (M) reflecting a variation of Choctaw
haEtap
GRAVY see SAUCE dialects [Mary Haas in Crawford
GREASE (n.) see FAT 1978:124, note 14]) < CH tandpo,
GREATLIGHT tlowa (?; "low-auh" CHI tanampo' (M: BOW,GUN);cf.
[Stiles 1794:91]) < CH/CHI lowa CH -tannap 'other side', CHI
'to burn' (M) tannap 'other side' (M)
GREATSPIRIT(1), GOD(2) tkostene GUN (2) see DOUBLE-BARRELED GUN
5eto ("coustine tchito" [Le Page GUNLOCK ttandbo lapale

du Pratz 1758, vol. 2:326]) < CH ("tananbo-illap-all6" [A]) < CH
kostini 'wise, tame, behaving', CHI tanapo 'bow, gun', CHI tanampo'
kostini 'to sober up, come to', AL 'bow, gun' + CH/CHI lapali 'to
kostini 'wise, smart, aware', KO stick', AL lapa:li 'to stick', KO
kostini 'to be careful, regain con- lappali 'to stick' (M)
sciousness', AP kostini 'wise' + CH GUNPOWDER(1) thetok ("itouk" [A])
cito 'big', CHI hicito 'big' (pl.; M) < CH hituk (B)
GREATSPIRIT(2), GOD(3) GUNPOWDER (2) see POWDER
tsotolaykate ("sotolycate"
[Urlsperger 1735:192]) < MU
tsoto(h)laykati: (sota-oh-leyk-ati: H
[sky-on above-sit (sg.)-quotative])
'he (it is said) sits above on the HAIL (v.) tokte etola ("okt6 etoulla"
sky' (Karen Booker in Sturtevant [A]) < CH okti 'snow', CHI okti'
1994:140, note 4) 'snow' (M)+ CH/CHI ittola 'to fall'
GREEN (ok)6ak(k)o ("ocktchiako" (M)
[A]) < AL/KO/CH okcakko, AL/CH HAIR (1), BODYHAIR
these
("hiche"
okcakho(M) [A]) < CH hili 'body hair, fur', CHI
GREENISH okdakalbe <CH hili' 'body hair, fur, leaf, feather',
okchakalbe(B) AL/SE hissi 'body hair, fair', KO
GROAN (v.) (1), MOAN (v.) tkefiha hissi 'hair of the head, feathers,
("kifan-ha" [A]) < CH/CHI kif~iha leaves' (M)
'to grunt', CHI kifla 'to grunt', CH HAIR(2) tpijie ("panche" [Bourgeois
kifaha 'to grunt, groan' (M) 1788:296], "panche" [A]) ~ pese
GROAN (v.) (2), MOAN (v.) tpalata (?; < CH ippi~gi 'hair of the head', CHI
"pala-hata" [A]) < CH palata 'sad, ippiidi' 'hair of the head' (M:
lonely', CHI im-palata 'to be mean SWEEP)
to', KO palatka 'cross', AL pa:latka HALF see MIDDLE
'hateful, cranky, cross' (M: HAM t5okha obe ("chouka-haub6"
UNHAPPY) [A]) < CH dokha 'hog', CHI dokha'
GROUND see DIRT 'hog', AL/KO/MU/SE sokha 'hog' +
GROUNDCOFFEE kafe ode (Hiram F. CH/AL obi 'thigh', CHI iyyobi'
Gregory p.c. 1982) < Spanish/ 'thigh' (M)
French "caf6"+ CH osti 'son', HAND (1) tcenke (?; "tzeuky"
diminutive in compounds, CHI osi' [Urlsperger 1738:282] with u as a
son', diminutive in compounds, likely misspelling for [n]) < MU
AP osi 'child' (M) cinki 'your hand' (Sturtevant
1994:143) located' (M)

HAND(2) telbak ("elback" [A]) HAVESEXUALINTERCOURSE (1), MATE
tembak ("imboc" [Bourgeois (v.) tcele ("tchil6" [A] with
1788:297] with -1 nasal possibly original French gloss of "plumer"
reflecting a variation of Choctaw [A:20], translated as "to lay a
dialects [Mary Haas in Crawford woman" in the English
1978:124, note 14]) < CHI ilbak, translation [Anonymous n.d.:151)
CH ibbak (M) < CH ci:li 'to bring forth young',
HAND(3) telbak patassa CHI ci:li/aci:li 'to lay eggs' (M:
("elback-patassa" [A]) < CHI ilbak GIVEBIRTH)
'hand' + CH/CHI patassa 'flat' (M) HAVESEXUALINTERCOURSE (2), MATE
HAND(4) elbe <AL/KO ilbi (M) (v.) thjsa ("honcha" [A])
HANDKERCHIEFti(e tapaske < CH/CHI hoga 'to have sexual
("antch6-tapask6" [A]) < CH intercourse' (M)
anchi 'shawl, scarf (B), CH fii 'to HAWK see CHICKEN HAWK
put on a cloak, cover oneself, CHI HE (e)lap ("illap" [A]) <CH ila:p
anci 'to cover oneself, AL anci 'to 'oneself, by oneself, CHI ila:po'
cover', KO anci 'to wrap around', oneself, by oneself (M)
MI anci- 'to wear' (M: DRESS, HEAD,NECK(2) noikobo noskobo
COVERONESELF)+ CH tapaski ("noscobo" [A])- tnoskobole (?;
'thin as cloth, fine' (B), AL/CHI "noscobol6" [A]) tloskobo
tapaski 'thin' (M) ("louche coubo" [Bourgeois 1788:
HANDLE(n.) (1) tape ("app6" [A]) 297] with I nasal possibly
< MCH/HI api, MI a:pi 'stalk, reflecting a variation of Choctaw
handle', Mu im-api (M) dialects [Mary Haas in Crawford
HANDLE(n.) (2) apehe < AL a:pihci, 1978:124, note 141) toskobo
Ko a:pihci 'body', KO apihci 'stalk' ("oscobo" [A]) < CH nogkobo (M)
(M) HEAR hak(o)lo ("hacoulou" [A])
HANDLE(n.) (3) see BLACKHANDLE thfjk(o)lo ("angoulou" [A])
HANG(v.) ttakale ("takal6" [A]) hakalo (Crawford1978:85)
< CH/CHI taka:li (M) < CH/CHIhaklo (M)
HAPPY,GLAD yokpa <CH/AL/KO/AP HEART, STOMACH(2) td6ka&
ayokpa (M) ("tchoncoche" [A]) < CH cakag,
HARD(1) tkamas(s)a ("cammassa" CHI conkag (M)
[A]) < CH kamassa 'strong', CHI HEAT la/pa ("lachepa" [A])
kamassa 'old', AP kamasa 'strong' < CH/CHI laspa 'warm' (M)
(M), AL kamrassa 'to be forceful, HEAVEN see SKY
strong, solid' (archaic; SHM) HEAVY tweke ("ouek6" [A]) <CH/CHI
HARD (2) tkapasa ("kapasa" wi:ki (M)
[Gatschet 1885:25]) < CH kapassa HEEL teye enkotoba
'cold, icy, frosty, fresh, frigid, gelid ("ihi6-hinecotouba" [A]) < CH iyin
(B), CHI kapas(s)a 'to be cold' kotoba 'heel' (B) < CH iyyi 'foot',
(MW) CHI iyyi' 'leg, foot', AL/KO iyyi
HAT t~apo ("chapeau" [A]) < French 'leg, foot', MI iy-i 'foot' (M: LEG)+
"chapeau" > CH shapo (B) CH kotoba 'bottle', CHI kitoba
HATCH(v.), INCUBATEtalata 'bottle' (M)
("allahata" [A]) < CH alata 'to set, HELLO see HEREYOUARE!
incubate, nestle, sit' (B) HELP tsobahes (?; "saubaheche" [A])
HATCHET, CLUB tskefoge ("skifouchi" < + CH iba:wi:ci 'to help' (M),
[A]) < CH iskifushi (B), CHI KO awici 'to help' (Munro 1994:
oksifoshi' (MW) 179)?
HAVE asa < CH/CHI ,iLa 'to dwell, be HEN t(a)kdkh ta(y)ek
("kankan-talk" [A]) < CH aklika HOMINY(1) tsakamete ("sagamite"

'chicken', CHI akanka' 'chicken', [Margry 1876-86, vol. 4:174],
AL aka:ka 'chicken' + CH ti:k "sagamit6" [Tixier 1844:391;
'female, woman', CHI -ti:k "sacamit6" [A]) < Nipissing
'female', AL/KO tayyi 'female, -agami 'beverage, potion, liquid
woman', HI/MI tayk-i 'female, for drinking' as in kijagamite 'the
woman' (M) liquid is hot', Round Lake Ojibwa
HER (e)lap ("illap" [A]) < CH ila:p kisa:kamite: 'it is hot (liquid)',
oneself, by oneself, CHI ila:po' Cree kisigamisuw and
oneself, by oneself (M) kis~igamitew 'it is hot (liquid)', and
HERE(1) telappa ("illappa" [A]) Plains Cree kis&ikamis 'heat it as
< CH ilappa (B) liquid' and kisikamisikan 'tea
HERE(2) see THIS(1) kettle' (Crawford 1978:71-72) >
HEREYOUARE!(greeting), HELLO, Louisiana French "la sacamit6"
HOWDY,WELCOME(e)s la ("ichla" (Read 1963 [1931]:105-6)
[Le Page du Pratz 1758, vol. 3:6]; HOMINY(2), SOUP tt~ifola ("tompullu"
"iche-la" [Dumont de Montigny [Flores 1972:57, 93] with the final
1753, vol. 1:205]); "schla" [A]) u representing a low central
< second person singular vowel) < CH tanfula 'Indian
pronominal prefix is- in CH and hominy, Indian drink' (B), CHI
is- in KO (Haas 1946:326-27) + t~ifola 'sofkey' (MW)
CH/CHI ala 'to arrive, be here', KO HONEY tfohe bela ("fou-hi-billa" [A])
ila 'to arrive, be here', AL ila 'to < CHI fohi' 'bee', CH fowi/foyi 'bee'
arrive', MI i:l-a- 'to arrive, be + CH bila 'grease, gravy', CH/CHI
here' (M) bila 'to melt, dissolve', AL bila 'to
HERS telap ("illap" [A]) < CH ila:p melt' (M: MELT)
oneself, by oneself, CHI ila:po' HOOD see COAT
oneself, by oneself (M) HOOF tsoba eye ("souba-ihi6" [A])
HIDE(v.) tlohme ("lohoume" [A]) < CH issobah 'horse', CHI issoba
< CH/CHI lohmi, AL/KO lomhi (M) 'horse' + CH iyyi 'foot', CHI iyyi'
HIDE(n.) see SKIN(n.) and TANNED 'leg, foot', AL/KO iyyi 'leg, foot', MI
HIDE iy-i 'foot' (M: LEG)
HIREDHAND see WORKER (1) HORN tlapes ("lapiche" [A])-
HIS (e)lap ("illap" [A]) < CH ila:p tnaped (?; "napiche" [Bourgeois
oneself, by oneself, CHI ila:po' 1788:297] with I - nasal possibly
oneself, by oneself (M) reflecting a variation of Choctaw
HOARSE tnokiela ("noukchila" [A]) dialects [Mary Haas in Crawford
< CH/CHI nokisila (M) 1978:124, note 14]) < CH/CHI
HOE tdahe ("tchah6" [A]) < CH chahe lapid (M)
(B) HORSE(1) doba < Ko co:ba, AL
HOG see PIG ci-coba (M)
HOLE(1) t6olok ("tchoulouque" [A]) HORSE(2) tedo tako ("echo t(h)locko"
< CH/CHI colok (M) [Woodward 1939 (1859):21]) -
HOLE(2) rehkan (?) < short form of td(a) loko/t &(a)loko ("chelocko"
Tunica rihkunfri 'hole in a tree' [Woodward 1939 (1859):21]) <
(Haas 1953:250) MU/SE/AL/KO ico 'deer' + MU/OS
HOLY see SACRED -lakko 'big', MCH liko 'strong' (M)
HOLYWATER toke holo ("ok6-oulou" HORSE(3) (es)soba ("seebau" [Stiles
[A]) < AL/Ko oki 'water', HI ok-i 1794:91]; cf. Stiles 1980 [17941:51
'water' + AL hollo 'evil, wicked, and Sherwood 1983:441]; "souba"
holy, sacred', KO hollo 'taboo', HI [A]) ,oba < CHI issoba, CH
hohlo- 'taboo' (M) issobah (M)
HOT (1) laspa ("lachepa" [A]; "liishpai" HUNGER(3) makano (?)

[Dormon n.d.]) < CH/CHI la~pa < Muskogean am- first person sg.
warm' (M) dative or alienable possessive,
HOT(2) lokba < AL lokba (M: BURN), Muskogean im- third person
Ko lokbdi'heat, warm weather' (K) dative or alienable possessive (?;
HOUSE(1) tcoko ("xfikko"/"zukkoo" Booker 1980:35; Haas 1958:280;
[Sturtevant 1994:141]) < MU/SE M: GIVE)+ KO akd:no 'hungry per-
coko, AP coko 'dwelling' (M) son', akd:non 'to be hungry' (K)
HOUSE(2) 6okka - 6ok(h)a HUNGRY makano (?) < Muskogean
("tchouka" [A]) < CH cokka, CHI am- first person sg. dative or
cokka' (M) > AL chokka (archaic; alienable possessive, Muskogean
SHM)? im- third person dative or
HOWMANY?,HOWMUCH? katome alienable possessive (?; Booker
("katome" [A]; "katume" [Gatchet 1980:35; Haas 1958:280; M: GIVE)
1885:24]) < CH katomi (B), CHI + KO akd:no 'hungry person',
kattohmi (MW) akdi:non 'to be hungry' (K)
HOWDY see HEREYOUARE! HUNT(v.) (1) hoyo ("eyo" 'kill' [Stiles
HOWL(v.) tuwohwoha ("hou-ho-ha" 1794:92]?; cf. Stiles 1980
[A]) < CH wohwoha 'to bark' (M), [17941:51) < CH/CHI hoyo 'to
CHI woohoha (MW), AL wowohka search for, look for' (M)
(SHM) HUNT(v.) (2) twata ("ouata" [A])
HUBBUB see UPROAR < CH/CHI/AL owwatta (M)
HUMAN(adj.) hat(t)ak ("attak" [A]) HURRY(UP) see RUN(1)
< CH/CHI hattak 'person' (M) HURT(v.) topa < short form of
HUMAN(n.), PERSON,PEOPLE(3) CH/CHI hottopa, CHI/MU/OS topa
hat(t)ak - atak (Crawford 'bed', CH topah 'bed' (M; Crawford
1978:88; "attaque" [Dumont de 1978:92).
Montigny 1747:378], "attak" [A]) HUSBAND tehat(t)ak (?; "he-attak"
< CH/CHI hattak 'person' (M) [A]) < CH inhatak 'her husband'
HUMPBACKtnale kobafa (B), CHI thattak '[her] husband'
("nalle-cobafa" [A]) < CH innali (MW) < Muskogean im- third
'back' + CH/CHI kobafa 'to be person dative or alienable
broken' (M: BREAK) possessive (Haas 1958:280; M:
HUNDRED(1) 6okpe - 5okpe 6af(f)a GIVE)+ CH/CHI hattak 'person'
< KO cokpi 'hundred', MU/SE/HI (M)
cokpi- 'hundred', MI cokp-i
'hundred' + KO/CH/CHI caffa
one' (M) I
HUNDRED(2) tatepa- ttaleba
("tatliba" [A])- tat!epa I (e)no ("yno" [du Ru 1700:46,
(a)Yaf(f)a - ttafeba adafa 1934:32]; "ino" [A]) < AL/CHI ino
("tatliba-atchafa" [A]) < CH/CHI (M)
talipa 'hundred', AL talli:pa/ ICE (1) kapas(s)a - kabasa
tahlipa: 'hundred' + CH acaffa (Crawford 1978:87) < CH/CHI
one', CH/CHI caffa 'one', KO caffa kapassa 'cold' (M)
one' (M) ICE(2) okte ("okte" [A]) < CH okti
HUNGER (1) (?; "ostchofo" snow', CHI okti' 'snow' (M)
tho(afo
[A]) < CH hohcafo 'hungry' (M: ICE(3) tokte kamas(s)a ("okte
HUNGRY),KO holcafd 'famine' (K) camassa" [A]) < CH okti 'snow',
HUNGER(2) thopowa ("opouha" [A]) CHI okti' 'snow' + CH kamassa
< CH hopowa, CHI hopoba (M: 'strong', AP kamasa 'strong', CHI
HUNGRY) kamassa 'old' (M), AL kamassa 'to
be forceful, strong, solid' (archaic; productive in Mobilian Jargon as

SHM) judged by its many historical
ICE(4) tokte kapassa ("okt6 instances) < CH/CHI instru-
capassa" [A]) < CH okti 'snow', mental prefix ist-, AL instru-
CHI okti' 'snow' + CH/CHI kapassa mental prefix ist- (M: TAKE,
'cold' (M) BRING)
IDIOT see FOOL INTERCOURSE, COPULATION th6ia
ILL see SICK ("honcha" [A]) < CH/CHI hosa 'to
IN FRONTOF, BEFORE ttekba ("tickba" have sexual intercourse' (M)
[A]) < CH tikba 'front', CHI tikba' INTERPRETER andpa todsole < CH
'front' (M) anumpa tosholi (B), CHI anompa
INCUBATE see HATCH(v.) toshooli' 'translator' (MW)
INDEED see YES(2) INTESTINES, BOWELS t(e)skona
INDIAN(1) (a)sovai-- ~ovai [ovaz] ("escouna," "skauna" [A]; "sktine"
(Crawford 1978:87)- adovas [Gatschet 1885:24 without any
(Crawford 1978:87) < French gloss]) < CH (i)skona (M)
"sauvage" 'native, savage' INTIMATEfe(h)na <CH fihna 'much',
INDIAN (2) hat(t)ak ape homma AL -fihna 'much', KO -fihna-'too
< CH hattak api-homma, CHI much', AP/CHI finha 'much' (M)
hattak api' homma' < CH/CHI INTOXICATEsee GETDRUNK
hattak 'person' + CH api 'body', IRON see METAL
CHI api' 'body' + CH/CHI/AL/KO IT (e)lap ("illap" [A]) < CH ila:p
homma 'red' (M) 'oneself, by oneself, CHI ila:po'
INDIAN(3) hat(t)ak homma ("attack 'oneself, by oneself (M)
houma," "attak houma" [A]) - ITCH(n.) ("ouacheko" [A])
hatak homm5 (Crawford 1978: twasko'to hurt from
< CH wasko
87) < CH/CHI hattak 'person' + scratching', CHI wasko 'chigger',
CH/CHI/AL/KO homma 'red' (M) AL wasko 'itchy', KO/OS wasko
INDIANWOMAN ta(y)ek homma 'chigger', MU wa:sko 'chigger' (M:
("taidk-houma" [A]) ~- ta(y)ek CHIGGER)
< CH ti:k 'female, woman', CHI ITS (e)lap ("illap" [A]) < CH ila:p
-ti:k 'female', AL/KO tayyi 'female, 'oneself, by oneself, CHI ila:po'
woman', HI/MI tayk-i 'female, 'oneself, by oneself (M)
woman' + CH/CHI/AL/KO homma
red' (M) > Louisiana French "la
taique" 'squaw', frequently with J
derogatory connotations (Read
1963 [1931]:107, 109) JACKET see SHIRT (1)
INSECT see CATERPILLAR JAIL(n.), PRISON tdoka kamas(s)a
INSIDE,WITHIN tanlka ("anonka" ("tchouka-cammassa" [A]) -
[A]) < CH anoka, CHI anonka' (M: dok(k)a kamais(s)a < CH cokka
ABDOMEN) 'house', CHI cokka' 'house' + CH
INSTRUMENTAL t(e)s(t) ("che," "chete," kamassa 'strong', CHI kamassa
"chide ," "esch ," "esh 'old', AP kamasa 'strong' (M), AL
"eurche ,""hiche ," kamassa 'to be forceful, strong,
"iche ," "ichet ," "ichit," solid' (archaic; SHM)
isht ," "scht "scht," JAW,CHIN tnotakfa ("nautakfa" [A])
"sht," "st ," "t..." [A]; not < CH/CHI/AL/KO notakfa (M)
listed as a separate entry by the JUMP (v.) ttolople ("touloupl6" [A])
author or even recognized as such < CH tolob-li (< tolop-li; M)
if determined by its many differ-
ent spellings, but possibly once
K frequently with derogatory

connotations (Read 1963
KEEP(v.) see LOOKAFTER [1931]:107, 109)
KEY t0oka est adana LAKE tok(h)ata ("okata" [A])
("tchouka-stechana" [A]) < CH < CH/CHI okhata 'ocean' (M)
cokka 'house', CHI cokka' 'house' LANGUAGE,TALK (n.) (2), SPEECH (2)
(M) + CH isht ashana 'screw, lock' andpa ("anonpa" [A]) < CH anopa
(B), CHI ishtasha'na' 'lock' (MW) word, language', CHI anompa
KIDNEY see LOIN word, language' (M)
KILL(v.) abe ("ab6" [A]) < CH/CHI LARD t'ok(h)a neya ("chouka-nihia"
abi (M) [A]) < CH gokha 'hog', CHI dokha'
KIN see RELATIVE 'hog', AL/KO/MU/SE sokha 'hog' +
KISS(v.) temposa ("inneponsa" [A]) CH niya 'to be fat', AL niya 'fat,
< CH impunsa (B) grease', KO/CHI niha 'fat, grease',
KNIFE(1) tbaile ("bachele" [A]) MU/OS niha: 'fat, grease' (M)
< CH/CHI basle 'to cut (with a LARGE(1) tlawa (?; "la'wak"
knife), mow', KO basli 'to strike [Gatschet 1885:24], probably
downwards, break glass to make a confused with the word for 'fire')
wood-smoothing tool, make fire by < CH/CHI/AL lawa 'many' (M)
friction' (M), AL basli 'to strike LARGE(2) see BIG(1)
stone to chip or to produce sparks, LAST(adj.) test ayope (?;
flake stone, shatter a bottle to get "steill6-houp6" [A]) < CH isht
slivers' (SHM) aiopi 'the last' (B), CHI ishtayyo'pi
KNIFE(2) ba po ("bachepo" [A]) < CH 'the last' (M)
bashpo (B), CHI bashpo (MW) LAUGH (v.) yokpa ("hioukpa" [A])-
KNIFE(3) tk4ak ("conchac" yokba (Crawford 1978:87) < CH
[Bourgeois 1788:296]) < CH yokpa 'to smile, laugh', AL ayokpa
kunshak'reed'(B) 'to smile, laugh' (M)
KNOW tana ("tana" [A]; "t~ne" in LAYDOWN see LIEDOWN(1) and (2)
"thne aksho" 'don't know' LAZY entakobe (Crawford 1978:87)
[Gatschet 1885:24]) < CH/CHI Stakobe ("tacaub6" [A];
ithana 'to get to know', CH/CHI "takobe'" [Swanton 1911:32]) <
ithlina 'to know' (M) CH intakobi (B), CHI intakho'bi 'to
KOASATI kodate [kohatf] (Crawford be lazy' (MW), AL takkobi 'to be
1978:87) < AL Kosaati (SHM), CH lazy' (SHM)
kodatta,KO/MU kowassa:ti (M) LEAD (n.) tnake ("nack6" [A]) < CH
naki 'arrow', CHI naki' 'arrow' (M)
LEAD SHOT see SHOT
L LEAF tete haftap ("it6 achetape" [A])
SthaMtap ("achetape" [A]) < CH
LADY, GIRL (4) ta(y)ek < CH ti:k itti 'tree, wood', CHI itti' 'tree,
'female, woman', CHI -ti:k wood' + CH/CHI hastap 'dead
'female', AL/Ko tayyi 'female, leaves' (M)
woman', HI/MI tayk-i 'female, LEAN, POOR tona ("tchouna" [A])
woman' (M). In contrast to its < CH/CHI conna 'skinny' (M:
Western Muskogean sources, LITTLE,SMALL)
Mobilian Jargon ta(y)ek LEATHERsee SKIN(n.)
apparently preserved an archaic LEAVE see GOAWAY
pattern similar to that of bayok LEECH thalds ("allonce" [A]) < CH
'bayou, creek, river' in relation to hal6s (M)
contracted bok. > Louisiana LEFT talfabe ("alfabei" [A]) < AL
French "la taique" 'squaw', alfabi, CHI alfabi' (M)
LEG (1) hanale - thanale ("houlabe" [Bossu 1768, vol. 2:38],

("annanle" [A]) < CH hanali 'limb "oulabe," "oulabbe" [A]) < CH
of the body' (B) holabi 'to tell a lie' (M), CHI olabi
LEG(2) tabe < Ko tabz 'his, her, or 'to want, desire' (?; M: WANT)
their legs' (K), AL ittabi (SHM) LIE(n.) (1) t~ite ekdo ("antle-ekcho"
LEGGING(S) (1) teyabeha ("hiabeha" [A]) < AP Ai 'law', CH/CHI Alli
[A]) < CH iyabiha (B) < CH iyyi 'true' + CH/CHI ik-s-o 'to be
'foot', CHI iyyi' 'leg, foot', AL/KO none', AL fkso 'to be none, empty',
iyyi 'leg, foot', MI iy-i 'foot' (M: KO ikso 'zero' (M: BE NONE)
LEG)+ CH abeha 'to be in, enter in' LIE(n.) (2), FALSEHOODtholabe
(B) ("oulabbe" [A]) < CH holabi 'to tell
LEGGING(S)(2) tmetas (?; "mitasses" a lie' (M), CHI olabi 'to want,
[Read 1940:548]) < mitas(s) in desire' (?; M: WANT)
Eastern, Central, and Northwest- LIEDOWN(1), LAYDOWN blaka
ern Algonquian languages, < AL bala:ka 'to lie', KO balla:ka
muttdisashand metdisashin 'to lie', AL/KO balka 'to lie' (M)
Natick, mitass and metas in LIEDOWN(2), LAYDOWN tetola
Ojibwa and Cree, and mitiq'san ("etoulla" [A]) - et(t)ola < CH
in Menomini (Friederici ittola 'to lie, fall', CHI ittola 'to fall'
1960:417); cf. St. Francis Abenaki (M)
nemecddis'my legging, my stocking' LIEDOWN(3) taske < CH tashki (B),
(Day 1964), Miami-Illinois CHI tashki 'to lie' (MW)
tnitaahsi 'my legging' (Costa LIGHT(n.) (1), CANDLE tpala ("palla"
1993), and Shawnee mateta [A]) < CH palah 'light' (n.), CH
'leggings, pants' (Voegelin pala 'to come on (of a light)',
1937-40:354). > Louisiana AL/KO apala 'light' (n.; M)
French "les mitasses" (Read LIGHT(n.) (2) see GREATLIGHT
1940:548; 1963 [1931]:97-98) LIGHTNINGtmalatha ("mallateha"
LEGGING(S) (3) see STOCKING(S) (1) [A]) < CH malatha (M)
LEND (v.) (1), LOAN (v.) tempota LIKE(v.) mayokoba (?)
("anpouta" [A]) - pota < CH < Muskogean am- first person sg.
impota 'to lend, loan' (B), CHI dative or alienable possessive,
imponta 'to lend, rent to' (MW) Muskogean im- third person
< Muskogean im- third person dative or alienable possessive (?;
dative or alienable possessive Booker 1980:35; Haas 1958:280;
(Haas 1958:280; M: GIVE) + CH M: GIVE) + CH/AL/KO/AP ayokpa
pota 'to borrow, take, transfer by 'happy' (M)
way of borrowing or lending' (B), LIKE(comp.) 6ome < CH chomi (B),
CHIponta 'to borrow, rent' (MW) CHI chohmi 'kind of (MW)
LEND (v.) (2), LOAN (v.) peta ("pita" LIKE THIS, LIKE THAT yako 5ome
[A]) < CH/CHI ipita 'to feed' (M), ("yacco-tchomme" [A])
CH pit 'motion from the speaker < Ko/AP/MU/OS/HI ya 'this', AL
or object spoken of toward, ya- 'this here', CH/CHI ya- 'that',
onward, forward, forth' (B), CHI MCH yak- proximate, AL yaha
pit 'away from the speaker or a 'this' + KO akko 'that out of sight',
point of reference' (MW)? AL akko 'there, that place' (M);
LETGO tessa ("essa" [A]) < CHissa short form of CH yako(h)mi 'these,
'to quit', CHI issa 'to finish' (M: these here; to be thus, be so' (B),
STOP) short form of CHI yakohmi/
LICK (v.) tholak.e ("haulakche" [A]) yako'mi 'to be this way, be like
< CH holaksi (M) this' (MW) + CH chomi 'like'
LIE(v.), TELLA LIE (ho)labe (comp.; B), CHI chohmi 'kind of'
(MW) TREE tete kate ("ite-kat6" [A])

LIMESTONEttalepota (?; < CH itti 'tree, wood', CHI itti'
"tallai-pouta" [A]) < CH/AL/KO 'tree, wood' + CHI kati 'honey
tali 'stone, rock', CHI tali' 'stone, locust', CH katih 'honey locust' (M)
rock', HI/MI tal-i 'stone, rock' + LOIN,KIDNEY tnalapes(s)sa (?;
CH apota 'to be beside, lay beside' "nalla-pissa" [A]) < CH innali
(M: SIDE, BESIDE), CH/CHI/ 'back' + CH/CHI/AL api:sa
AL/KO patha 'wide' (M)?; cf. CH 'measure', CH/CHI apissa
talpa 'soapstone', MU talopi 'soap- 'straight' (M: MEASURE)?
stone' (M)? LONG,TALL falaya ("falaya" [A])
LIPS, MOUTH (3) ttehalbe ("te-helbe" < CH falaya 'long', CHI falaha
[A]) < CHI iti-halbi' 'lips', CH 'long' (M: ONION)
itialbi 'lips' (M) LONGDISTANCE see FAR
LIQUID see THIN (1) LONGTIME thopake ("opack6" [A])
LIQUOR toka (?; "iaco" [Bourgeois < AL hopaki 'far away', AL/KO/
1788:297] with metathesized let- CH/CHI hopa:ki 'far away' (M)
ters?) < CH oka 'water, liquor' (B), LOOK(v.) (1) pesa < CH/CHI pisa 'to
CHI oka' 'water, other liquid, see' (M)
liquor' (MW) LOOK(v.) (2) yaka (?) < CH yakkih
LISTEN(1), UNDERSTANDhak(o)lo 'look here!' (M: THAT)
("hacoulou" [A])- thlik(o)lo LOOKAFTER,GUARD(v.), KEEP(v.)
("angoulou" [A]) < CH/CHI haklo tpotone ("poutaun6" [A]) < CH
'to hear' (M) potoni (B), CHIpotooni 'to house
LISTEN(2) thap6nak(o)lo sit, take care of (a house)' (MW)
("harpoun-hacolou" [A]) < CHI LOOKFOR thoyo/tfoyo (?; "foyou" [A])
haponuklo [haponaklo] (Humes < CH/CHI hoyo 'to search for' (M)
and Humes 1973), CH haponaklo LOSE tkane(y)a ("can6-ihia" [A])
(B) < CH kania 'to be lost, lost, loss'
LITTLE see SMALL (B), CHI kaniya 'to be lost' (MW)
LITTLEBIT(1) kanome ("kanome" LOST see GONE
'little' [Gatschet 1885:25]; LOT lawa ("loua" [A]) < CH/CHI/AL
"kenome" [Gatschet 1886:11]) lawa 'many' (M)
< CH kanohmi 'some' (B), CHI LOUSE tessap ("his-sap"[A])
kdnnohmi 'to be a few, several, a < CH/CHI issap (M)
small group' (MW) LOW see DOWN
LITTLEBIT(2) see NOTMUCH LOWER(V.) takcionole (?;
LIVE benele < CH/CHI binili 'to sit', "akchounol6" [A]) < MCH
AL/Ko bini:li 'to visit' (M: SIT) yakcono:li 'to bend, stoop', CH
LIVER tsalakha ("salak-ha" [A]) akkocconoli 'to bend, stoop' (M)
< CH salakha (B), CHI salakha' LYNX see BOBCAT
(MW)
LIZARD tdellwa (?; "tchalan-houla"
[A]) < CH chilanwa (B) M
LOAD
(v.) talpeta/tapelta (?;
"apelta" [A]) < CH alhpitta MAD(1) thasaya (?; "hahiha" [A])
'loaded, load' (B) < CH halaya, AL hasa:ya, HI/MI
LOAN(v.) see LEND(v.) -hasa:ya 'to be sad, upset, de-
LOCK(n.) test aiana ("schtachana" pressed, have hurt feelings', CHI
[A]) < CH isht ashana 'screw, lock' hasaha (M: ANGRY,SULK)
(B), CHI ishtasha'na' 'to lock' MAD(2) see ANGRY
(MW) MAKE(v.) see DO
LOCUSTTREE,WATERLOCUST,THORN MAKEA HOLE t0olok eska
("tchoulouque-eska" [A]) tchiakale" [A]) < CHI issoba

< CH/CHI colok 'hole' (M) + CH 'horse', CH issobah 'horse' + CH
aiiska 'fixed, regulated, put in tikba 'front', CHI tikba' 'front' +
order' (B) CH/CHI kapali 'to put in the
MALE(1) nakne - nagane mouth' (M) + CH shikalla 'bead(s),
("nagane" [A]) < CH nakni, CHI necklace' (B)
nakni', HI/MI nakn-i (M) MATCH(n.) (1) lokba < AL lokba 'hot'
MALE(2) nane < AL/Ko na:ni (M) (Crawford 1978:89), KO lokbdi
MALECOUSIN t*ke ("ink6" [A]) < CH 'heat, warm weather' (K)
iki 'father', CHI inki' 'father' (M) MATCH(n.) (2) lokba~e < AL lokba
MAN(1) hat(t)ak nagane - 'hot' (M: BURN),KO lokbd 'heat,
hat(t)ak- atak (Crawford 1978: warm weather' (K) + CH os~i'son',
88; "attak" [A])- ttaka CHI osi' 'son', AP osi 'child' (M)
nakne/ttaka nagane ("tik li MATCH(n.) (3) lowak taifa- lowak
nickanee" [Dormon n.d.]) < ilifa ("lowak-shlanfa"[A])
CH/CHI hattak 'person' + CH < CH/CHI lowak 'fire' + CH lanfa
nakni 'male', CHI nakni' 'male', 'line, long mark, crease, streak'
HI/MI nakn-i 'male' (M) (B; Mary Haas in Crawford 1978:
MAN(2) nakne ("nakne" [Gatschet 124, note 11), CHI hafa 'to have a
1885:25]) - nagane < CH nakni line' (M: STRIPED)
'male', CHI nakni' 'male', HI/MI MATE(v.) see HAVESEXUAL
nakn-i 'male' (M) > AL nakni INTERCOURSE
'hero' (archaic; SHM)? MATERNAL UNCLE,MOTHER'S BROTHER
MANY, PLENTY lawa ("laoua" [A]) teske anakfe ("iski-anakfe" [A])
< CH/CHI/AL lawa (M) < Ko iski 'mother', CH igki
MARE tsoba ta(y)ek ("souba-taik" mother', CHI iski' 'mother' + CH
[A]) < CHI issoba 'horse', CH i-nakfi 'brother', CHI i-nakfi'
issobah 'horse' + CH ti:k 'female, 'brother'(M)
woman', CHI -ti:k 'female', AL/KO ME (e)no ("ino" [A]) < AL/CHI ino 'I'
tayyi 'female, woman', HI/MI (M)
tayk-i 'female, woman' (M) MEASURE(v.) talpesa ("alpissa" [A])
MARRIAGE(1) ayome < CH aiyummi < Ko -alpi:sa- 'enough', AL ilpisa
'to mix, mingle' (B) in ist-dlpisa 'enough', CH atpi:sa
MARRIAGE (2) tetawaya ("ita-ouahia" 'enough', CHI alpi'sa 'enough' (M)
[A]) < CH ittawaya 'to marry a MEAT(1) nepe ("nipi" [A]; "ne pe"
woman' (M: BE WITH) [Gatschet 1885:24]) < CH nipi,
MARRIAGE (3) hayone (Crawford CHInipi' (M)
1978:89) < CH aiyummi 'to mix, MEAT(2) tsokha ("suck-hah"
mingle' (B), AL ayommi 'to mix up' [Urlsperger 1738:282]) < MU/SE/
(SHM), CH hiahni 'to caress, love', AL/KO sokha 'pig, hog', CH dokha
possibly CH aiina 'to become the 'pig, hog', CHI sokha' 'pig, hog' (M)
wife of a man in company with MEDICINE tekhed ("ike-hiche,"
another woman' (B; cf. Crawford "ike-iche" [A]) < CH ikhfi, CHI
1978:89) itt~ (M)
MARRIEDayome <CH aiyummi 'to MEDICINE PERSON see DOCTOR
mix, mingle' (B), AL ayommi 'to MELON (?; "tchaukapa,"
tcoka(pa)
mix up' (SHM) "tchauka" [A]) < AL/KO coksi
MARROWtlope ("loup6" [A]) < CH pumpkin, watermelon', MI coks-i
lopi, CHI lopi', AL/Ko/HI/MI lopi pumpkin', HI cosk-i 'pumpkin' +
'liver', MU/OS -lopi 'liver' (M) CH/CHI apa 'eat' (M)?
MARTINGALE tsoba tekba kapale MERCHANDISEsee GOODS
&ekale (?; "soba-tickba-kapale- MERCHANTsee TRADER
METAL,IRON tale ("tallai" [A]) MU/OS ipisi: 'breast' (M)

< AL/KO/CH tali 'stone, rock', CHI MILK(n.) (3) wak pedek -- peelk
tali" 'stone, rock', HI/MI tal-i ("pichik" [A]) < Spanish "vaca"
'stone, rock' (M) cow' + CH/CHI ipi~ik 'breast' (M)
MIDDAY see NOON MILK(n.) (4) wakatese [wakatiii] (?;
MIDDLE,HALF teglana ("eglana" [A]) Haas 1953:292), which Haas's
< CH/CHI iklanna (M) Tunica consultant, Sesostrie
MIDNIGHT tnenak eglana Youchigant, possibly misheard as
("ninack-eglana" [A]) < CH/CHI a variety of wak pete < Spanish
ninak 'night' + CH/CHI iklanna "vaca" 'cow' + CH/CHI pisi 'to
'middle, half (M) nurse', AL/KO pisi 'to nurse;
MIDWAY POINTIN THEBALLFIELD breast', MU/OS ipisi: 'breast' (M).
tbabela (?; "babila" [A]:13-14). If Youchigant, however, rendered
This word is not part of the this word the same as pronounced
anonymous author's vocabulary by others, wakatele could not only
per se, but appears in the descrip- have been the source for the
tion of a racketball game between second part of Tunica 5ndetili
Choctaw and Alabama. The in- 'milk' (Haas 1953:292), but may
tertribal nature of this game, one also have been related to Natchez
of many other contexts for Mobi- washtinshu 'milk' (Van Tuyl
lian Jargon's use, leaves little 1980:92) and Yuchi toni (Crawford
doubt that tbabela was part of its 1979:346, 347, note 14).
lexicon as well. < CH/CHI comita- MINE (poss. pron.) teno elap
tive prefix ibaa- 'to be with' ("ino-illap" [A]) < CHI/AL ino 'I' +
(Munro p.c. 1992) + CH abila 'to CH ila:p 'oneself, by oneself, CHI
be staked on a pole', CHI albila 'to ila:po' 'oneself, by oneself (M)
be staked on a pole' (M)? MINERALWATER toke alekde ("oke
MIDWIFE talla diele/talla dele (?; alektchi" [A]) < AL/KO oki 'water',
"alla-tchile," "halla-tchile" [A]) HI ok-i 'water' + AL/KO/CH alikci
< MCH alla 'child' + CH ci:li 'to 'doctor', CHI alikci' 'doctor' (M)
bring forth young, lay eggs', CHI MINUET(DANCE) tfaket hela
ci:li 'to lay eggs' (M), CH shilli 'to ("fauke-icla" [A]) < CH/CHI (?)
comb, rub, tease' (B), CHI shilli 'to fakit 'turkey' (M) + CH hila 'dance,
comb, brush', shihli 'to remove, to dance' (B), CHI hilha 'to dance'
pull out (threads), remove (MW)
completely' (MW) MIRROR tapesa ("ha-pissa" [A]) < CH
MILK (v.) (1) tpeek lece apisa (B), CHI aapisa 'to see
("pechik-litche" [A]) < CH/CHI (MW)
ip ~ik 'breast' (M) + short form of MISFIRE (v.) ttokafa ekdo
CH bishlichi/bishlichi 'to milk' ("toukafa-ekcho" [A]) < CH/CHI
(B), CHI bishlichi 'to strain, tokafa 'to explode, pop' + CH/CHI
squeeze out (a liquid), pump (one's ik-£-o 'to be none', AL ikso 'to be
breasts)' (MW) none, empty', KO ikso 'zero' (M: BE
MILK(v.) (2) see NURSE(v.) NONE)
MILK(n.) (1) wak pes (Geoffrey Kim- MISS(v.) ttakoffe ("tchakauffe" [A])
ball p.c. 1989) < Spanish "vaca" < CH ilakoffi 'to miss', CHI ilakoffi
cow' + AL/KO pisi 'to nurse; 'to make a mistake, avoid', AL
breast', Mu/OS ipisi: 'breast' (M) lakoffici 'to aim for and miss' (M:
MILK (n.) (2) wak pete -- pete SAVED).
("piche" [A]) < Spanish "vaca" MOAN(v.) see GROAN(v.)
cow' + CH/CHI pisi 'to nurse', MOBILIANJARGON(1) andpa ela
AL/KO pisi 'to nurse; breast', < CH an6pa 'word, language', CHI
anompa 'word, language' + CHI ila CH/CHI holo 'to put on shoes' +
'different', CH ilah 'different one' some CH/CHI nominalizer s), a
(M) borrowing from Cherokee
MOBILIAN JARGON(2) 6ahta u:la:su:lo 'his shoe', or French
("Cha hta" [Gatschet 1886:11]) - "soulier" 'shoe' (M: PUTONSHOES)
data < AL/KO/CH cahta MONDAYnet(t)ak hollo taha - tak
'Choctaw', CHI cahta' 'Choctaw', hollo taha < CH nittak hollo
MU ca:hta 'Choctaw' (M) 'Sunday', CHI nittak hollo'
MOBILIAN JARGON(3) yam(m)a - 'Sunday' + CH/CHI taha 'finished,
yamai - yam6 (Crawford 1978: all gone' (M)
96) - yoma [yoma] (Geoffrey MONEY sonak ("sonac" [A]) - s~onak
Kimball p.c. 1989) < CH/CHI - lone [Io:nE] (Crawford 1978:89)
yamma- 'that' (M); cf. Tonkawa < Nipissing conia 'money' with c
yamas 'lips' and Tunica ydna 'to for [4], Ojibwa joniia /io:niya:/
speak, to talk' (Crawford money' and joniiag /io:niya:k/
1975:275-76). > Ko yamdi 'silver pieces', Round Lake Ojibwa
'Mobilian trade jargon' (K), AL so:niya:hka: 'money is plentiful;
yami 'Mobilian (jargon)' (SHM), it's "treaty time"', Eastern Ojibwa
and Louisiana French "Yama" so:neya: 'money', Menomini
'Indian', at times with pejorative su:niyan /su:niya:n/ 'silver,
connotations (Gregory 1982:19). money, coin, dollar' or shu nien,
This term for 'Mobilian Jargon' ssu hien, and similar renderings
also is one of the many words with money', Cree sooneyow
the phonological sequence or /so:niya:w/ and sooneyan 'money,
syllable of ya pertaining to the silver', sooneyas /so:niya:s/
semantic category of 'mouth' in 'shilling, small silver coin', and
Southeastern and other American sooneyowu kisew/so:niya:wahke:s
Indian languages, interpreted in iw/ 'silver fox' or soniyaw 'silver',
terms of sound symbolism soniybwiw 'it is of silver', soniyans
(Crawford 1975). small piece of silver',
MOBILIAN JARGON(4) yoka andpa soniyawikamik 'bank', and
< CH/CHI yoka 'captured' (M: soniydwakkesiw 'silver fox', Plains
HOLD,CATCH)+ CH an6pa 'word, Cree soniyaw or soniyawa
language', CHI anompa 'word, money', and Miami ioli /io:li/ or
language' (M) /so:lia/'money' and wapikilolia
MOCCASSIN (1), SHOE(4) tmagasen/ 'silver ring', Fox /o:niya:hi/
tmogasen (?; "manggasin" or money', and Penobscot /sblsis/
"mauggasin" [Stiles 1794:91; cf. medal, medallion, silver amulet'
Sherwood 1983:441]) < Menomini with phonemic renderings
mahkE:sen,Ojibwa makkisin, provided by Frank T. Siebert (in
Penobscot maksan, Cree maskisin Crawford 1978:74), who has also
(Aubin 1975:85), Mahican midksen explained these words as loans
'shoe' (Masthay 1991:125), from Spanish sol 'silver coin',
Munsee mdihksan 'shoe' (Goddard jornal 'earnings, wages', and jola
1982:28), Powhatan mahkesen money' with j pronounced as [s]
(Siebert 1975:381), St. Francis in sixteenth-century Spanish (for
Abenaki mahkessen (Day 1964), details, see Crawford 1978:
and Miami-Illinois tmahkisini 72-74); cf. Kickapoo sooniaah-
(Costa 1993) money' (Voorhis 1988:118) and
MOCCASSIN (2) tjolos ("tchoulouche" Miami-Illinois tiooli (Costa 1993).
[A]) < CH/CHI dolos 'shoe' (< > CH asonak 'a vessel made with
CH/CHI (i)&(t)- instrumental + brass or tin', CHI asonnak/
aso:nak 'tin', AL sonok 'money' MOTHER(3) mama <English

and ocona/ocana 'tin', KO ocona "mam(m)a"
machine, metal', AP ocona niko MOTHER
(4) mami <French
watka 'lightning' (with niko watka "maman"
meaning 'ray of sun'), SE kocuni MOTHER'S BROTHERsee MATERNAL
'iron', MI koconi 'metal', and HI UNCLE
kocon-i 'iron' (M: METAL), MOTLEY PIECE see VARIETY OFCOLORS
Catawba sanu 'money' (Speck MOURNINGttabade ("tabahache" [A])
1934:38, 39), Cherokee s:inikt'a < CH tabashi 'mourning' (B) < CH
'beads' (Mooney 1932:164) tabali 'to mourn', CHI tabasYi
MONKEY, APE dawe hat(t)ak 'widowed' (M: WIDOWED)
< CHIdawi' hattak, CHhattak MOUSE(1) toksila ("ouksanla" [A])
gawi, CHIhattak sgawi'(M) < CH < CH oksanla (B)
&awi 'racoon', CHI gawi' 'racoon' + MOUSE(2) tpete ("painti" [A]) < CH
CH/CHI hattak 'person' (with the pinti (B), CHIpinti' (MW)
Mobilian Jargon compound MOUTH(1) cokhalbe <AL/Ko
displaying the same order as icokhalbi, MI -cokhalb-i 'lips', SE
Chickasaw rather than Choctaw) cokhalpi 'lips', MU cokatpi 'lips'
MONTH hase < CH hasi 'sun', CHI (M)
hasi' 'sun', AL/KO hasi 'sun, MOUTH(2) t(e)te ("-6te" in or
mouth' "noat6"
month', MU/SE hasi 'sun', HI/MI "noete" '(my) [Bourgeois
ha:s-i 'sun' (M) 1788:297; cf. Crawford 1978:113,
MOON thaMe nenak ("atchi-ninack" note 119]) < CHI iti, CH/CHI it(i)-
[A]) < CH hasI 'sun', CHI hasi' (M)
sun', AL/KO hasi 'sun, month', MOUTH(3) see LPS
MU/SE hasi 'sun', HI/MI ha:s-i MOVE(v.) weha (?; interspersed by
sun' + CH/CHI ninak 'night' (M) Tunica Indians in their chant
MORE tsake ("nicha-ale" [A]) < CH accompanying the Raccoon Dance;
inshali (B) cf. Haas 1950:165, note 2)
MORNING nahele ~ nahele ("nahile" < CH/CHI wiha (intr.; M)
[A]) < CH onnahinli (B) MUCH,PLENTY lawa ("laoua" [A];
MOSQUITOsap6ta(k) ("sapantak" "liwa" [Gatschet 1885:24], "lawa"
[A]) < CHsapo6tak/isapotak,CHI 'plenty' [Dormon n.d.])
sapontaki' (M) < CH/CHI/AL lawa 'many' (M)
MOSQUITO NET tsapo6tak doka MUD tlok6ok ("louk-chouk" [A])
("sapantak-tchouka" [A]) < CH < CH/CHI lokcok (M: DIRT, CLAY)
sapdtak/isapotak, CHIsapontaki' MUDFISH see BOWFIN
+ CH cokka 'house', CHI cokka' MULATTOtnepe homa ("nipi-houma"
'house' (M) [A]) < CH nipi 'meat', CHI nipi'
MOSS tdom5 ("chaumon" [A]) < short 'meat' + CH/CHI/AL/KO homma
form of CH itti domo 'Spanish red' (M) > KO nipihdmma
moss', AL somo 'moss' (M) 'Redbone', i.e., a person of native
MOTHER (1) eske ("iski" [A]; "iske'" American, European, and African
[Swanton 1911:32]) < KO iski (M) ancestry (K), AL nipihdmma
MOTHER (2) eike ~ meske < Mus- 'American Indian' (archaic; SHM)
kogean am- first person sg. dative MULE(1) haksobesfalaya -
or alienable possessive, haksobe& (Geoffrey Kimball p.c.
Muskogean im- third person 1989) < CH haksobis 'ear', CHI
dative or alienable possessive (?; haksibis 'ear' + CH falaya 'long',
Booker 1980:35; Haas 1958:280; CHI falaha 'long' (M: ONION)
M: GIVE)+ CH iSki 'mother', CHI MULE(2) see DONKEY
iski' 'mother' (M) MUSCADINEsok(k)o ("socco" [A])
< CH sokko, AL/KO cokko (M) tive in compounds, AP osi 'child'

> Louisiana French "le soco" (M)
(Read 1963 [1931]:106) NEGATIVE (1) -(e)kso ("ex-show"
MY(1) (e)no ("no-" in "noet6" or 'dead, wanting, missing, absent,
"no6te" '(my) mouth' [Bourgeois and such negatives' [Stiles 1794:
1788:297; cf. Crawford 1978:113, 91; cf. Sherwood 1983:441];
note 119]; "i'no" [Swanton 1911: "ekcho," "kcho" [A]; "iksho" in
32]; "eno" [Dormon n.d.]) "tene 6ksho" 'don't know'
< AL/CHI ino 'I' (M) [Gatschet 1885:24]; "iksho" in
MY(2) teno elap ("ino-illap" [A]) "yokepa iksho" 'restless' [Johnson
< CHI/AL ino 'I' + CH ila:p and Leeds 1964:24] or 'not calm')
oneself, by oneself, CHI ila:po' < CH/CHI ik-s-o 'to be none', AL
oneself, by oneself (M) ikso 'to be none, empty', Ko ikso
MYSELF teno elap ("ino-illap" [A]) 'zero', KO ikso 'not to exist' (M: BE
< CHI/AL ino 'I' + CH ila:p NONE)
oneself, by oneself, CHI ila:po' NEGATIVE (2) -kso ("-kso" in
oneself, by oneself (M) "tcftokso' 'little'" [Swanton 1911:
32] or 'not big') < AL ikso 'to be
none, empty', KO ikso 'zero',
N CH/CHI ik- -o 'to be none' (M: BE
NONE)
NAIL tiofak ("tchouffack" [A]) < CH NEPHEW tebaye ("jebaill6" [A]) < CH
cofak, CHI cofak 'fork', KO cofa, AL ibaiyi (B), CHI ibayyi (MW)
cofa 'needle' (M: SPIKE) NERVE tdea wa (?; "tchiachoi" [A])
NAKED tholefoka (?; < Miami-Illinois t-jiijhi 'sinew,
,a5fe
"ollifouka-chanfe" [A]) < KO nerve' (Costa 1993); cf. Kickapoo
holikfa 'shirt, clothing', AL ilokfa oceehci 'sinew', Menomini
'dress, clothing', CH ilifokka neci:'tan 'my sinew' and derived
'dress, clothing' + CHI ~ifi 'to root oci: t- 'sinew', and Munsee
shave', CH sffi 'to scrape, to w&eht'tendon, sinew' (Goddard
shave' (M: SCRATCH,DIG,SKIN) 1982:20)
NAME(1) (h)olkefo ("oltchifo" [A]) NEST tat!peek/tapekdek (?;
< Ko holcifo, AL holcifa (M; cf. "apeltchick" [A]) < CH alpicik,
Munro 1984:443, 446, note 10) CHI ilpicik (M)
NAME(2) hokdefo < CHI hocifo, KO NEW(1) themona ("imouneha" [A])
holcifo, CH hohcifo (M; cf. Munro < CH himonna, CHIhimonna' (M)
1984:443, 446, note 10) NEW(2) tsepe ekdo ("sipi-ekcho" [A])
NAVEL tet(t)ibes (?; "ittanbiche" [A]) - sepelko ("sipi-kcho" [A]) < CH
< CH hatibi&,CHIiti-halbis/ sipi 'old' + CH/CHI ik-s-o 'to be
ittialbi&(M) none', AL ikso 'to be none, empty',
NEAR tolase ("aulasse" [A]) < CH KO ikso 'zero' (M: BE NONE)
olasi 'near by, near at hand' (B) NICKEL pekayo < Louisiana French
NEAT see CLEAN(adj.) "picaillon," "picayon" 'Spanish half
NECK(1) t(e)kdla ("conla" [A]) < CH real piece, half dime, farthing,
ikolla (M) halfpenny, picayune' > CH/AL/
NECK(2) see HEAD KO pikayo 'nickel' (M), Tunica
NECK(3) see THROAT pihkayu/p ikayun(i) 'nickel' (Haas
NEEDLE tcofak ose 1953:245), Quapaw ppikkdy6
("tchouffack-hauche" [A]) < CH 'nickel' (Rankin 1988:643), Biloxi
cofak 'nail, spike, fork', CHI cofak piikiy~n' 'nickel' (Dorsey and
'fork' + CH osi 'son', diminutive in Swanton 1912:250)
compounds, CHI ogi' 'son', diminu- NIECE tebaye ta(y)ek ("jebaille-tailrk"
[A]) < CH ibaiyi 'nephew' (B), CHI of heaven, highest point' (B)
ibayyi 'nephew, niece' (MW) + CH NORTH tfalame ("falamd" [A])
ti:k 'female, woman', CHI -ti:k < AL/KO/CH/CHI falammi (M)
'female', AL/KO tayyi 'female, NOSE(1) besane-- beiane <AL/KO
woman', HI/MI tayk-i 'female, ibisa:ni (M)
woman' (M) NOSE(2), BEAK tbedak(a)ne
NIGHT(1) tnenalk ("ninack" [A]) ("bdchak-and" [A]) < CH ibidakni
< CH/CHI ninak (M) nose' (M)
NIGHT(2) tanka < KO tanka NOSE(3) bolokfa (?; apparently also
'darkness, afternoon', AL tanka a curse word, given without any
'dark' (M) further explanation or
NIGHT(3) see EVENING(3) etymological source) <
NINE 6ak(k)ale ("tchacale" [A]) NOSE(4) tmekel (?; "miquil"
< AL/KO/CH cakka:li, CHI cakka'li [Bourgeois 1788:297]) < CH
(M) minkilish 'English' (adj., n.; B)
NINETEEN pokol(e) awa dak(k)ale NOT (e)lko ("qshaw" [Dresel 1920-21
- awa 6ak(k)ale < CHpokko:li (1837-41):407]; "ekcho," "kcho"
'ten', CHI pokko'li 'ten', AL pdkko:li [A]; "a ksho" in "tene a ksho"
'ten', KO pokkoli 'ten' + CHI awa 'don't know' [Gatschet 1885:24])
and', CH/KO awah 'and', AL < CH/CHI ik-£-o 'to be none', AL
-awah- 'and' + CH/AL/KO ikso 'to be none, empty', KO ikso
cakka:li 'nine', CHI cakka'li 'nine' 'zero', KO ikso 'not to exist' (M: BE
(M) NONE)
NINETY(1) pokole 6ak(k)ale <CH NOTGOOD(1), BAD(2) (a) 5okmakdo
pokko:li 'ten', CHIpokko'li 'ten', 5okmikio ~c6okmokdo
KO pokkoli 'ten', AL pdkko:li 'ten' tdokomakdo ("tchoucouma-
+ CH/AL/Ko cakka:li 'nine', CHI kcho" [A])- ekao
t5okoma
cakka'li 'nine' (M) ("tchoucouma-ekcho" [A])
NINETY(2) pol 5ak(k)ale <Ko pol- 6ek(a)makdo < CH (a)cokma
'ten' + AL/KO/CH cakka:li 'nine', 'good', CH/CHI cokma 'good', AL
CHI cakka'li 'nine' (M) co:kma 'good' + CH/CHI ik-4-o 'to
NO (e)k.o ("qshaw" [Dresel 1920-21 be none', AL tikso'to be none,
(1837-41):407]; "ekcho," "kcho" empty', KO ikso 'zero' (M: BE
[A]) < CH/CHI ik-g-o 'to be none', NONE)
AL ikso 'to be none, empty', KO NOT GOOD(2), BAD(3) tekdo ("exsho"
ikso 'zero', KO iks5 'not to exist' [Stiles 1794:110]) < CH/CHI
(M: BE NONE) ik-&-o 'to be none', AL ikso 'to be
NOMORE taha < CH/CHI taha none, empty', KO ikso 'zero', KO
'finished, all gone' (M) ikso 'not to exist' (M: BE NONE)
NOISE thaksoba ("oksouba" [A]) NOTMUCH,LITZTLE BIT(2), SCARCE,
< CH haksobali 'to be too loud for', RARE tlawa ek/o ("laoua-ekcho"
CH haksobalici 'loud, noisy', [A])- lawakdo ("laoua-kcho"
CH/CHI haksobaci 'to make too [A]) < CH/CHI/AL lawa 'many' +
much noise for', AL haksoba:ci/ CH/CHI ik-4-o 'to be none', AL
aksoba:ci 'to make noise' (M: ikso 'to be none, empty', KO ikso
LOUD,NOISY) zero' (M: BENONE)
NOON,MIDDAY tabokoa NOTHING taieko ("enchickcho" [A])
thase
("atchi-tabouka" [A]) < CH hasYi < CH/CHI ~ia 'to dwell, be located'
sun', CHI hadi' 'sun', AL/Ko/ + CH/CHI ik-g-o 'to be none', AL
MU/SE hasi 'sun', HI/MI ha:s-i ikso 'to be none, empty', KO ikso
sun' (M) + CH tabokoa 'meridian, zero' (M: BENONE)
noon, midday, middle of the arch NOW(adv.) (he)maka < CH himaka,
AL himdi:ka, CHI himmaka' (M) ONE'S telap ("illap" [A]) < CH ila:p
NOW(excl.) see WELL(excl.) 'oneself, by oneself', CHI ila:po'
NURSE(v.) (1), MILK(v.) (2), SUCK(v.) 'oneself, by oneself (M)
tpede ("piche" [A]) < CH/CHI pisi ONION tMadona ("chatchounnenah"
'to nurse', AL/KO pisi 'to nurse', [A]) < CH shachuna (B)
Mu/OS ipisi 'breast' (M) OPEN(V.)(1) tewaple < KOtiwapli,
NURSE(v.) (2), MILK(v.) (3), SUCK(v.) AL/KO tiyapli (M)
pedek ("pichik" [A]) < CH/CHI OPEN(v.) (2) twakamme
ipi.ik 'breast' (M) ("ouakhamme" [A]) < CH
NUT(1) tos(s)ak ("ossack" [A]) < CH wakammi (B)
ossak 'hickory', CHI osak 'hickory' OPOSSUM tdokhata ("choukata" [A])
(M) < CHsokhata, CHIsokhata',
NUT(2) see PECANNUT AL/KO sokhatka, MU/SE
sokha-hatka (M)
ORANGE(adj.) lakna - lagana
O < CH/CHI lakna 'yellow' (M)
ORANGE(n.) ttak6 lagana
OAK(1) tete nosape/tete nosafe (?; ("taconte-lagana" [A]) < CH
"ite-nouss-hafe" [A])- tnosape takkon 'peach' + CH/CHI lakna
("nouss-hape" [A]) < CH itti 'tree, 'yellow' (M)
wood', CHI itti' 'tree, wood' (M)+ ORPHAN taltak(a)la ("alte-tacala"
CH nusapi 'oak', CHI nassapi' 'red [A]) < CH altakla, CHI altakla'
oak' (MW) (M)
OAK(2) ok < English "oak" OTHER(1), ELSE ela < short form of
OAK(3) see WHITEOAK CHilamika 'different and
OAR see STAKE separate', CHI fla 'different', CH
OCEAN oke sepe < AL/Ko oki 'water', flah 'different one' (M)
HI ok-i 'water' + CH sipi 'old' (M) OTHER(2), ELSE ela < CHI fla
OFF see AWAY 'different', CH ilah 'different one'
OH tma ("ma-" in "mataha" 'oh... (M)
perfect [one]' [de Villiers OTHERSIDE tmeda tanap ("micha
1923:225]) < CH ma exclamation, tanappe" [A]) < CH mida 'that
'oh' (B), CHI ma 'listen! hush!', AL beyond', CHI mida' 'that visible
md: 'look out! hey! wait!, KO mah over there' (M: THATFAROFF)+
'listen! (M: LOOKOUT,LISTEN) CH -tannap 'other side', CHI
OLD sepe ("sipi" [A]) < CH sipi (M) tannap 'other side' (M)
ONE(1) adaf(bfa ("atchafa" [A]) < CH OIER todan ("oushanne" [A]) < CH
acaffa (M) oian, KO/MU/SE osana, HI/MI
ONE(2) tadofa/tadafo (?; "atchota" osa:n-i (M)
[du Ru 1700:46, 1934:32] with the OUT OF BREATH tfeyopa taha (?;
second t as a likely misspelling for "tihiaupataka" [A] with the initial
[fl and an apparent vowel t and the k as likely misspellings
metathesis) < CHI caffo', CH for [f] and [h] respectively) < CH
acaffa (M) fiyopa 'to breathe' + CH/CHI taha
ONE(3) 6af(f)a ("tchafa" [A]) 'finished, all gone' (M)
< CH/CHI/KO caffa, AL cdiffa:ka OWL thopa ("haupa" [A]) < CHI
(M) ho:pa, CH hopah, AL/Ko/Mu/
ONE-EYED tnesken 6afa (?; SE/OS opa (M)
"nichekine-kata" [A] with t as a ox twaka hobak ("ouoka-houback"
likely misspelling for [f]) < CH [A]) < Spanish "vaca" + CH/CHI
nilkin 'eye', CHI igkin 'eye' + hobak 'castrated; sterile one' (n.;
CH/CHI/KO caffa 'one' (M) M)
P fala: 'long' (M: ONION)

PECANNUT(2) tpakan (?; "pacane"
PADLOCKtlokse ("lokc" [A]) < CH [Read 1963 [1931]:99) < Cree
luksi (B), CHI loksi' 'hanging or pakan 'nut', Ojibwa pakan 'nut,
combination lock' (MW) walnut', and Ojibwa pagan 'hazel
PALME1TO ttala ("tala" [A]) < CH nut' (Read 1931:99), Menomini
talah, AL/KO/MU/SE ta:la (M) paka:n 'large nut', Abnaki pagaiin
PARASOL thof5teka (?; 'nut' and pag6n 'walnut'; cf. also
"houche-hineteka" [A] with an Fox paga:ni 'large nut', Shawnee
apparently inadvertent acute paka:ni/paka:na 'nut', Miami
accent on the first two letters e pakani 'nut' (Aubin 1975:126),
instead of a mute e) < CH Miami-Illinois tpakaani 'nut,
hoso6ttika 'shade', CHI hosgottika'to pecan' (Costa 1993), and St.
be shady' (M) Francis Abenaki bag5n 'nut,
PARENTS see RELATIVE butternut, walnut' (Day 1964).
PARTRIDGE tkofe ("kauffe" [A]) < CHI > Louisiana French "la pacane"
kofi 'quail, bobwhite', CH kofih pecan' and "le pacanier" 'pecan
quail, bobwhite' (M) tree' (Read 1963 [1931]:99)
PAST taha < CH/CHI taha 'finished, PECANTREE tete os(s)ak fala
all gone' (M) ("ite-ossack-fala" [A]) < CH itti
PAST (TENSE) taha ("taha" [A]) -- 'tree, wood', CHI itti' 'tree, wood' +
tahi < CH/CHI taha 'finished, all CH ossak 'hickory', CHI osak
gone' (M) 'hickory' + CHI fala: 'long' (M:
PASTYEAR tla pa taha ONION)
("lachepa-taha" [A]) < CH/CHI PEDDLER talpoyak sale
laspa 'warm' + CH/CHI taha ("alpouyack-challe"[A]) < CH
'finished, all gone' (M) alhpoyak 'goods, merchandise' (B),
PATERNALUNCLE, FATHER'SBROTHER CHIalhpooyak 'bundle, luggage'
t~ke anakfe ("hinki-anakfe" [A]) (MW) + CH sa:li 'to carry, haul',
< CH Eki'father', CHI inki' 'father' CHI s'a:li 'to haul', CHI sa'li 'to
+ CH -nakfi 'brother', CHI -nakfi' carry on the back' (M: CARRYIN
'brother' (M) THE ARMS)
PAY (v.) albe < CH albi 'cost, price, PENIS hakcen ("arktchine" [A]) -
valued' (B) < CH/CHI abi 'to kill' hakien < CH/CHI hakcin (M)
plus the 'passive' infix -1- (Munro PENNY (1) bostena 6afa (?) <Eng-
1984:443, note 7, 446, note 10) lish "Boston" (?) + CH/CHI/KO
PEA palana < Ko palana (M) caffa 'one'(M)
PEACH ttakd ("taconte" [A]) <CH PENNY(2) hodtena 6afa < CH/CHI
takkon, CHItakfolo(M) holtina 'to be counted', AP holtina
PEACHTREE tete takd ("ite-taconte" 'count' (n.), AL holtina 'to be
[A] with an inadvertent acute counted', KOholtolihna 'to be
accent on the final e instead of a counted, penny' + CH/CHI/KO
mute e) < CH itti 'tree, wood', CHI caffa 'one' (M)
itti' 'tree, wood' + CH takkon PEOPLE (1) okla - ogola < CH oklah
peach' (M) 'people', CHI okla 'town' (M:
PEANUT haypalana < Ko TOWN),AL/KO -okla 'friend' (M:
haypalana (M) FRIEND)
PEARL tdekala ("chikala" [A]) < CH PEOPLE(2) ola < AL/KO o:la 'town'
shikalla 'bead' (B) (M)
PECANNUT(1) tos(s)ak fala PEOPLE (3)see HUMAN (n.)
("ossak-fala" [A]) < CH ossak PEPPER(?) hape losa (?;
'hickory', CHI osak 'hickory' + CHI "hape-loussa"[A];actual version
of the entry for BLACKHANDLE?) ("ite-ongouffe" [A] with an

< CHI/AL/KO hapi 'salt', CH hapih apparent inadvertent acute accent
'salt' + CH/CHI losa 'black' (M). on the final e instead of a mute e)
hape losa with the gloss of < CH itti 'tree, wood', CHI itti'
pepper' referred to a salt 'tree, wood' + CH okof
substitute consisting of the ashes 'persimmon', CHI onkof
of certain herbs (see Swanton 'persimmon' (M)
1946:268, 303), whence 'black salt' PERSON see HUMAN(n.)
(Hiram F. Gregory p.c. 1982). PETTICOATsee WOMAN'S CLOTHES
Louisiana Indians suggested this PICK(v.) (1) halal(l)e < CH/CHI
phrase also as the source for the halalli 'to pull, hold on', MI
ethnonym and place name of hala:-li- 'to pull, hold on' (M)
Opelousas (see A:144). PICK(v.) (2) tloffe ("louff6" [A])
PERCH see FLATFISH < CH/CHI lof-fi 'to peel' (M:
PERFECT ttaha ("-taha" in "mataha" SHUCK, SKIN)
'oh perfect [one]' [de Villiers PICKUP (v.), GATHER tayowa
1923:225) < CH taha 'done, gone, ("hayohoua" [A]) < CH/CHI ayowa
finished, completed, 'to pick, gather' (M)
completely, entirely, wholly, PICKET see BOARD
perfectly,' (B), CH/CHI taha PIERCE(v.) tt6ple ("chonppele,"
'finished, all gone' (M) "clonppel6" [A]) < CH lumpli (B),
PERSIMMON (1) t'gof ("ongouffe" [A] CH lobli (M)
with an apparent inadvertent PIG(1), HOG sok(h)a
acute accent on the final e instead < AL/KO/MU/SE sokha (M)
of a mute e) < CH okof, CHI onkof PIG(2), HOG sok(h)a ("chouka" [A])
(M) < CH Jokha, CHI gokha' (M)
PERSIMMON (2) tpeakemena PIGEON tpade ("patch6" [A])
("piaquiminia" [Margry 1876-86, < CH/AL/KO/MU/OS paci, CHI
vol. 3:444]; "piakimina" [Gatschet paci', HI/MI pac-i (M)
1969 (1884):96]) < Miami PIN t(ofak noskobole (?;
piakimina/piakimini, Ojibwa "tchouffack-noscobol6" [A]) < CH
pashkiminassigan 'sweetmeats, cofak 'nail, spike, fork', CHI cofak
preserves', Nipissing 'fork' (M: SPIKE)+ CH noikobo
packiminasigan 'preserves' and 'head' (M); cf. yushkoboli 'pin' (B).
packimin 'broken seeds, crushed PINCH(v.) tSenef(f)e ("tchinefe" [A])
fruit', the Cree root pisk 'to open, < CH ciniffi, AL/CHI cinoffi (M)
make an opening, burst, shatter' PINE tete te(y)ak ("ite-tyiak" [A])--
and perhaps pisiminin 'dried te(y)ak ("tyiak" [A]) < CH itti
seed' (Crawford 1978:67-69); cf. 'tree, wood', CHI itti' 'tree, wood' +
Miami-Illinois tpyaakimini (sg.) CH/CHI tiyak 'pine' (M)
and tpyaakimina (pl.; Costa PINEWOOD tte(y)ak anoka
1993), Proto-Algonquian ("tyiak-anonka" [A]) < CH/CHI
*pya:kimini 'cranberry' (Goddard tiyak 'pine' + CH anoka 'inside',
1982:24), Menomini piakemen CHI anonka' 'inside' (M: ABDOMEN)
cranberry' (Bloomfield 1975:216), PIPE (1) tasSka ("a-chonka" [A])
and Powhatan passi:min < CHashunka in hakchuma
persimmon' (Siebert 1975:367). ashu"ka 'pipe' (?; B) < CH doka
> Louisiana French "la smoke', CHI do'ka 'kiss', AL sonka
plaquemine" 'persimmon' and "le suck', KO soka 'suck' (M)
plaqueminier" 'persimmon tree' PIPE(2) thakdoma £ote (?;
(Read 1940:548, 1963 [1931]:103) "quemachote" [Bourgeois 1788:
PERSIMMON TREE tete 6gof 296]) < CH hakchuma shuti (B),
CHIcomak doti' (M: CONTAINER) to:li 'to play ball', AL t6:li 'to play
< CH/AP hakcoma 'tobacco', AL ball', CHI to'li 'to play ball' (M)
hakcomma 'tobacco' + CH soti PLAYCARDS(v.) tholeso tole
'earthen pot', CHI soti' 'crock' (M: ("olliso-toll6" [A]) < CH/CHI/AL
CONTAINER) holisso 'speckled, written; book' +
PIROGUE see BOAT CH/KO to:li 'to play ball', AL t6:li
PISTACHIO twahya ("ouhahia" [A]) 'to play ball', CHI to'li 'to play ball'
< CH wa:ya 'peanut' (M) (M)
PISTOL(1) talambo (Crawford 1978: PLAYING CARD test baska holeso
90; "talambo" 'gun' [Bourgeois ("chide-pasca olliso" [A])- teat
1788:296]) < CH tanipo 'bow, baska ("chide-pasca" [A])-
gun', CHI tanampo' 'bow, gun' (M) tholes(s)o ("houllisso," "olliso"
with l - nasal possibly reflecting [A]) < CH isht baska 'card used in
a variation of Choctaw dialects games, pack of cards' (B) +
(Mary Haas in Crawford 1978: CH/CHI/AL holisso 'speckled,
124, note 14) written; book' (M)
PISTOL (2) tanap ose < CH -tannap PLENTY see MANYand MUCH
'other side', CHI tannap 'other PLOW(v.) tlok(e)fe basle
side' + CH osi 'son', diminutive in ("loquife-bachel6" [A]) < CH/HI
compounds, CHI osi' 'son', lokfi 'dirt', CHI lokfi' 'dirt', MI
diminutive in compounds, AP osi lokf-i 'clay' + CH/CHI basle 'to cut
'child' (M) (with a knife), mow', Ko basli 'to
PISTOL(3) ttandbo deto strike downwards, break glass to
eklo
("tananbo-tchito ekcho" [A]) < CH make a wood-smoothing tool,
tanlipo 'bow, gun', CHItanampo' make fire by friction' (M), AL basli
'bow, gun' + CH cito 'big', CHI 'to strike stone to chip or produce
hicito 'big' (pl.)+ CH/CHI ik-£-o sparks, flake stone, shatter a
'to be none', AL ikso 'to be none, bottle to get slivers' (SHM)
empty', KO ikso 'zero' (M: BE PLOW(n.) tehan eit bada (?;
NONE) "hiharnesh bacha" [A]) < AL/Ko
PISTOL (4) ttandbo poikoi ("tananbo iha:ni 'land' + CH/CHI
pouchecouche" [A]) < CH tanapo instrumental prefix ist-, AL
'bow, gun', CHI tanampo' 'bow, instrumental prefix ist- (M: TAKE,
gun' + CH poikoi/poskos 'child', BRING) + CH basha 'sawn, cut,
CHIposkoi 'dear baby' (M) carved,.., plowed; gash, incision,
PISTOL (5) tanrip(o) ose < CH taruipo mark, cut with a saw or knife' (B),
'bow, gun', CHI tanampo' 'bow, CHI basha 'to be sawed, be oper-
gun' + CH osi 'son', diminutive in ated on, have an operation' (MW)
compounds, CHI osi' 'son', PLUCK ttehle ("tehil6" [A]) < CH/CHI
diminutive in compounds, AP osi tih-li (M)
'child' (M) PLUM ttak5 ode ("taconte-ouch6" [A])
PITCHFORK tfalakto ("falakto" [A]) < CH takkon 'peach' + CH osi 'son',
< CH/CHI/AL/KO falakto 'forked' diminutive in compounds, CHI osi'
(M) 'son', diminutive in compounds,
PLACE katema < CH katima 'where, AP osi 'child' (M)
anywhere' (B) POCKET see BAG(2)
PLANK see BOARD POISON(v.) thek~ k eit abe (?;
PLANT (v.) thokbe ("oktche" [A]) "hiquinquichetab6" [A]) < CH
< CH/CHI hokci (M) hikikina 'to stand about, walk
PLATE tiphata ("anpatta" [A]) <CH about, attend to some little busi-
amphata (B) ness' (B), CHI hikkik~lya'to stand
PLAY(v.) ttole ("toll6" [A]) <CH/KO and walk around' (MW) + CH/CHI
instrumental prefix idt-, AL the handle, take by the hand, take

instrumental prefix ist- (M: TAKE, (the hand) of (MW)
BRING) + CH/CHI abi 'to kill' (M)? PRICK (V.) see STING (v.)
POOR see LEAN PRIEST tfoka losa (?; "okeloussa" [A]
PORK sok(h)a nepe < AL/Ko/Mu/ without an apparently missing
SE sokha 'pig' + CH nipi 'meat', initial f, perhaps in analogy to the
CHI nipi' 'meat' (M) frequently missed initial [h])
POT t ote ("chouti" [A]) < CHsoti < CH/CHI fohka 'to be in, wear',
earthen pot', CHI soti' 'crock' (M: CH fokka 'to be in, wear' + CH/CHI
CONTAINER) losa 'black' (M)
POTATO, SWEETPOTATO ahe ("hahe" PRISON see JAIL
[A]) < CH ahi, CHI ahi', HI/MI PROPER see RIGHT(adj.)
a:h-i, AL/KO/MU/SE/OS aha (M) PROSTITUTE, WHORE tta(y)ek hawe
POUND (v.) tketo& ("kitouche" [A]) ("tai'k-aouai," "taik-aoui" [A])
< CH kittos 'pestle' (M) < CH ti:k 'female, woman', CHI
POUND(n.) tweke ("oueke" [A]) -ti:k 'female', AL/KO tayyi 'female,
< CH/CHI wi:ki 'heavy' (M) woman', HI/MI tayk-i 'female,
POWDER,DUST (2), GUNPOWDER(2) woman' + CH hawi 'prostitute', KO
tokle (?; "ocloue" [?; Bourgeois hawi 'promiscuous person' (M), AL
1788:296]) < Ko okli 'dirt', AL okli hawi 'to be sexually promiscuous'
'clay' (M) (SHM), CHI hawi' 'prostitute'
PRAIRIE toktak ("auklak" [A] with (MW)
the 1as a likely misspelling for [t]) PULL(v.), DRAW(v.) thalale ("allale"
< CH oktak (B), CHI oktaak (MW) [A]) < CH/CHI halalli 'to pull,
PRATTLERtan6pa lawa hold on' (M), KO ha:lihlin 'to
("anonpa-laoua" [A]) < CH an6pa move something' (K), AL
word, language', CHI anompa halahlichi 'to hitch up (a team) (to
word, language' + CH/CHI/AL a wagon or sled)' (SHM)
lawa 'many' (M) PULL OUT (v.), UPROOT tlobafe
PREGNANT(1) tode kaya ("loupafe" [A]) < CH lobaffi 'to
("ouch6-eahia" [A] with the e as a pluck or turn up by the roots,
likely misspelling for c repre- eradicate' (B)
senting [k]) < CH os'i 'son', CHI osi' PUMPKIN t(e)seto ("cito" [A]) < CH
son', AP osi 'child' + CH kayya isito (B)
'full, satisfied, pregnant', CHI PURSUE(v.) tbolokta leyole (?;
kayya 'full, satisfied', AL/Ko "balakte-tiole" [A]) < CH bolokta
kayya 'full, satisfied' (M) 'round' (M), CHI bolokta 'to be
PREGNANT(2) tta(y)ek alota round, spherical' (MW), AL
("taik-allouta" [A]) < CH ti:k bolokta 'circular' (M) + CH/CHI
'female, woman', CHI -ti:k liyohli 'to chase' (M), AL lohli 'to
'female', AL/KO tayyi 'female, go after' (SHM), KO lohli 'to chase'
woman', HI/MI tayk-i 'female, (K)
woman' + MCH alota 'full, filled' PUSH(v.) ttop(o)le ("toupl6" [A])
(M), CHI aloota 'to be full, fill' < CH topoli, CHI topo'li, CH/CHI
(MW) tobli (M)
PRESS (v.), BEND (2) tkantaleie PUT (v.) t tdla bohle (?;
("katan-letche" [A]) < CH "tonla-bauhoul6" [A]) < CH tila
akantalechi 'to press (together)' 'to lie' + CH bo:-li 'to hit more
(B) than once', CHI bo'-li 'to hit more
PREVENT thalanle (?; "alannel6" [A]) than once' (?; M)
< CH halanli 'hold, restraint, stay, PUTOUT(v.) see EXTINGUISH
holder' (B), CHI hala'li 'to take by
Q < CH oba, CHI omba (M)

RAIN(n.) (4) welba/hoylba (?;
QUAIL ts'lolo ("shonloulou" [A]) [hwilba] Crawford 1978:91; Karen
< CH s6lolo 'meadow lark' (M) M. Booker (p.c. 1996) has sug-
QUARTER teglana ("eglana" [A]) gested the second phonemic
< CH/CHI iklanna 'middle, half transcription on grounds of an
(M) analogous phonetic variation in
QUARTER (COIN) skale tokolo ("skfilli Muskogee.) < CH oba, CHI omba
tukelo" '2 bits' [Gatschet 1885:24]) (M) with I - nasal possibly
< French "l'escalin" < Dutch reflecting a variation of Choctaw
"schelling" (worth 121/2cents) + dialects (Mary Haas in Crawford
AL/KO/CH/CHI toklo 'two' (M) 1978:124, note 14, note 15) or
QUICK see FAST with I interpretable as a 'passive'
QUIET tpel(l)a ("pilla" [A]) <CHI infix (Munro 1984:443, note 7,
pil(1)a 'that way' (specific location, 446, note 10)
often away from the speaker), CH RAINBOWtnakbatepole
pilah 'that way', KOpilaha ("nackvatepoule" [A]) < CH
'towards' (M) nakbati:poli,CHInakpiti:poli'(M)
QUIT (v.) mokofa ("macoffa" [A]) RAMA GUN talhpetta (?; "ha-petta"
< CH mokofa 'to slip out, come out, [A]) < CH alhpitta 'loaded,
to withdraw, be quit of (B) charged; load, charge' (B), AL
alpitta 'to be filled' (SHM)
RAMRODttanibo 6fole (?; "tananbo
R unfoule" [A]) < CH tanapo 'bow,
gun', CHI tanampo' 'bow, gun' (M)
RABBIT cokfe - cokfe ("choukfe" [A]) + CH full 'switch, rod' (B)
< AL/KO/CH/CHI cokfi, HI/MI RARE see NOTMUCH
cokf-i (M) RAT tp.te 5eto ("painti-tchito" [A])
RACCOON (1) sawa < AL/KO sawa < CH pinti 'mouse' (B), CHIpinti'
(M) mouse' (MW)+ CH cito 'big', CHI
RACCOON(2) sawe ("chahoui" [A]) hicito 'big' (pl.; M)
< CH gawi, CHI gawi', HI/MI RATILE see GOURD
sa:w-i, AP tosawi (M) > Louisiana RATLESNAKE ts8te holo
French "le chaoui" (Read 1963 ("sainti-oulou" [A]) < CH siti
[1931]:87-88) hollo/sithollo 'rattlesnake' (M:
RACKET (1) see STICKBALL STICK SACRED,TABOO,LOVE;cf. Haas
RACKET (2) see UPROAR 1941)
RAIN(v.) (1) oyba < AL/KO oyba RAWHIDEsee SKIN(n.)
'rain' (M) REACH (v.), GETTHERE (o)na (?)
RAIN(v.) (2) toba ("houmba" [A]) < CH/CHI ona (M)
< CH oba 'rain', CHI omba 'rain' REALLY see VERY(1)
(M) RECEIVE see GET
RAIN(n.) (1) moyba (?) <Muskogean RED hom(m)a ("ouma" [Bourgeois
im- third person dative or 1788:297]; "houma" [A])- hommai
alienable possessive (Haas 1958: < AL/KO/CH/CHI homma (M)
280; M: GIVE)+ AL/KO oyba (M), REDSUMAC tbakok6a/tbadokta (?;
CHI omba 'rain' (with metathesis "bachoukta" [A]) < CH badokca
in the initial syllable?), CH oba sumac' (M) > Louisiana French
'rain' (M)? "le bachoucta" (Read 1963
RAIN(n.) (2) oyba - hoyba [1931]:81)
< AL/Ko oyba (M) REED,CANE oske ("houski" [A];
RAIN (n.) (3) 6ba ("houmba" [A]) "hriski" 'cane' [Gatschet 1885:241)
1996 EMANUEL
J. DRECHSEL 307
< CH oski, CHI oski' (M) alpi'sa 'enough' (M)

REFLECT see THINK RIGHTTHERE see THIS(1)
RELATIVE(1), KIN,PARENTS tmala RING see FINGERRING
("mala"[A]) < CH/CHIim-ala 'to RIPE see COOKED
give birth', AL/KOim-ala RISE(v.) tta(h)ne ("tahane" [A])
'brother-in-law'(M) < CH tani (B), CHI taani 'to get up,
RELATIVE
(2), KIN,PARENTS tmalak get out of bed, rise from the dead'
("malak"[A]) < MCHima:lak (MW)
'brother-in-law',CH/CHIimilak RIVER (1)
a(a
("atcha" [A]) < CH
'brother-in-law'(M) hacca, MCHhahca (M)
RESTLESS tyekopa ekdo/tyokepa RIVER(2) see BAYOU(1)
ekdo (?; "yokepa iksho" [Johnson ROAD(1), WAY,TRAIL hena ("hinna"
and Leeds 1964:24]) < CH [A]) < CH hina, CHI hina' (M)
yikopa/yokopa 'calm, pause; to ROAD(2), WAY hene < AL/KO hini,
grow quiet, calm' (B) + CH/CHI HI/MI hin-i (M)
ik-i-o 'to be none', AL ikso 'to be ROBIN tbeikoko ("biche-koko" [A])
none, empty', KO ikso 'zero' (M: BE < CH bi'koko (M)
NONE) ROCK see STONE(1)
RETURN(v.) see GOBACK ROLL
(v.) tcanha ("tchananha"[A])
RICE onos(e) ono,(e) hono,5 < CH/CHI canaha 'to spin, roll' (M:
< CHIha:los'i'/ha:l=si',MI alo:s-i, WAGON)
Ko/MU/OS alo:so, MU alo:s(w)a ROOM apotoka
t(oka
(M), HI alo:s- (Sturtevant 1962: ("tchouka-apoutouka" [A]) < CH
51)? < Spanish "arroz" > AL cokka 'house', CHI cokka' 'house' +
o:nosi, LCH honosi, CH onos (M) CH apotoka 'to close', CHI apotaka'
with Mobilian Jargon as medium 'to be beside', KO apoto:ka
of diffusion? against, be in motion alongside',
RIDE(v.) tsoba benele AL ap6tto:ka 'next to, beside' (M:
("souba-benil6" [A]) < CHI issoba SIDE)
'horse', CH issobah 'horse' + ROOSTERtklaki nagane
CH/CHI binili 'to sit', AL/KO ("kankan-nagane"[A]) < CH
bini:li 'to visit' (M: SIT) akdka 'chicken', CHI akanka'
RIFLE,CARBINE ttanabo patale 'chicken', AL aka:ka 'chicken' + CH
("tananbo-patal6" [A]) < CH nakni 'male', CHI nakne' 'male',
tandpo 'bow, gun', CHI tanampo' HI/MI nakn-i 'male' (M)
'bow, gun' + CHI patali 'to spread', ROOT(n.) tete (h)akie,
CH/AL pata:li 'to spread', KO ("ite-akcheche" [A]) < CH itti
pattali 'to spead out' (M) 'tree, wood', CHI itti' 'tree, wood' +
RIGHT(adj.), PROPER talpesa CH aksis 'root', CH/CHI haksis
("alpissa" [A]) < KO -alpi:sa- 'root' (M)
enough', AL ilpisa in ist-dlpisa ROPE(1) (a)6eteka < KO acitikd (K),
enough', CH alpi:sa 'enough', CHI AL achitttika 'to be tied up' (SHM)
alpi'sa 'enough' (M) ROPE(2) takde < CH/CHI takci 'to
RIGHT(excl.) see YES(2) tie' (M)
RIGHTHERE see THIS (1) (3) talekdo < AL talikco (M:
ROPE
RIGHTSIDE t3akba alpesa TIED)
("chaqueba-alpissa" [A]) < CH ROUND THING see BALL (1)
Jakba 'arm', CHI dakba' 'arm', AL ROW(v.) tpene malele
sakba 'arm', MU/SE sakpa 'arm', ("pinni-malil6" [A] < CH pi:ni
KO isakba 'arm' + KO -alpi:sa- 'boat', CHIpi:ni' 'boat' + CHI malili
enough', AL dilpisain ist-dlpisa 'to run' (M)
enough', CH alpi:sa 'enough', CHI ROW(n.) see FURROW
308 ANTHROPOLOGICAL
RUN(1),HURRY(UP) balele < CH SCARCE see NOTMUCH

balili 'to run' (M) SCARED see AFRAID
RUN(2) malele ("malile" [A]; SCISSORS(1) teit kadaya
"maleli'" [Swanton 1911:32]) ("eschkatchaya" [A]) < CH isht
< CHI malili (M) kachaya (B), CH/CHI
RUST(v.) tlagana ("lagana" [A]) instrumental prefix iut-, AL
< CH/CHI lakna 'yellow' (M) instrumental prefix ist- (M: TAKE,
BRING)+ kachaha 'to be cut out,
cut up' (MW)
S SCISSORS(2), CHISEL tkana le (?;
"canachele" [Bourgeois 1788: 296])
SACK see BAG(1) < CH kala&-li 'to cut with
SACRED,HOLY tholo ("oulou" [A:73]) scissors', AL kalasli 'to cut with
< AL hollo 'evil, wicked, holy, scissors', KO kalas-li 'to scratch',
sacred', KO hollo 'taboo', HI MI kalas-li 'to cut with scissors;
hohlo-'taboo', CH ihollo 'love, lawnmower' (M: CUT)with l--
covet, to be stingy with' (M) nasal possibly reflecting a vari-
SADDLE(v.) tpatale ("patale" [A]) ation of Choctaw dialects (Mary
< CHI patali 'to spread', AL/CH Haas in Crawford 1978:124, note
pata:li 'to spread', KOpattali 'to 14)
spread out' (M), AL patiali 'to SCRATCH (v.) (1) tkalafe ("kallafe6"
spread out on the ground, lay [A]) < CHkalaffi, ALkalaffi, KO
over, lay out, set out' (SHM), HI kalaffi 'to mark', CHI kalaffi 'to
apatali 'to cover' (M) rake' (M)
SADDLE(n.) tsoba patalpo (?; SCRATCH (v.) (2) tkalle ("cal-le" [A])
"souba-patalpo" [A])-- tpatalpo < CH/CHIkalli 'to scratch
(?; "patalpo" [A]) < CH issobah (oneself)', Ko kalli 'to mark,
o-patalpo, CHIissobompatalpo' scratch', ALkalli 'to scratch
(M) deeply' (M)
SADDLEBAG see BAG(2) SEA toke 6eto ("oke-tchito" [A])
SADDLEBLANKET tsoba andka < AL/KO oki 'water', HI ok-i
patatpo (?; "souba-anonka- 'water' + CH cito 'big', CHI hicito
patalpo" [A]) < CHI issoba 'horse', 'big' (pl.; M)
CH issobah 'horse' + CH anoka SEAT see CHAIR
inside', CHI anonka' 'inside' (M: SEE pesa ("pissa" [A]) -- bes(s)a
ABDOMEN) + CH patalpo in issobah < CH/CHI pisa (M)
o-patalpo 'saddle', CHIpatalpo' in SELL(v.) tcuie ("kantche" [A]) < CH
issobompatalpo' 'saddle' (M) kizii, CHI kanci (M: THROWAWAY)
SALT hape ("hapd" [A]) <AL/KO/CHI SERVANT see SLAVE
hapi, CH hapih (M) SEVEN ontok(o)lo ("ounnetouclou"
SATURDAY net(t)ak hollo nakfe~ [A]) < AL/KO/CHI on-toklo, CH
tak hollo nakfed < CHnittak o-toklo (M)
hollo 'Sunday', CHI nittak hollo' SEVENTEENpokol(e) awa
'Sunday' + CH/CHI nakfii 'same- ontok(o)lo - awa ontok(o)lo
sex younger sibling' (M: SISTER) < CHpokko:li 'ten', CHIpokko'li
SAUCE,GRAVY tnepe oke ("nipi-oke" 'ten', KOpokkoli 'ten', ALpdkko:li
[A]) < CH nipi 'meat', CHI nipi' 'ten' + CHI awa 'and', CH/KO
meat' + AL/KO oki 'water', HI awah 'and',AL -awah- 'and'+
ok-i 'water' (M) AL/KO/CHIon-toklo 'seven', CH
SAY(v.) andpa < CH andpa 'word, 5-toklo 'seven' (M)
language', CHI anompa 'word, SEVENTY(1) pokol(e) ontok(o)lo
language' (M) < CHpokko:li 'ten', CHIpokko'li
'ten', AL p6kko:li 'ten', Ko pokkoli cokfi-alpowa, CHIcokf-alpo:ba',

'ten' + AL/KO/CHI on-toklo AL cokfi-alpo:ba < AL/KO/
seven', CH o-toklo 'seven' (M) CH/CHI cokfi, HI/MI cokf-i + CH
SEVENTY(2) pol ontok(o)lo < KO alpo:wa 'to have young (of an
pol- 'ten' + AL/KO/CHI on-toklo animal)', AL alpo:ba 'raised,
'seven', CH o-toklo 'seven' (M) cultivated' (M: RAISE ANIMALS)
SEW(v.) ta6le ("atchonle" [A]) < CH SHELL see BULLET(1)
acoli, CHIaco'li, KOaco:li (M) SHIP,VESSEL tpene 5eto
SEXUALINTERCOURSEsee HAVE ("pinni-tchito" [A]) < CH pi:ni
SEXUALINTERCOURSE 'boat', CHIpi:ni' 'boat' + CH cito
SHAKE(v.) twenalede ("ouina-letch6" 'big', CHI hicito 'big' (pl.; M)
[A]) < CH winnalichi (B), AL SHIRT(1), JACKET ,iAe ahta (?;
windalichi (SHM) "anche acta" [Bourgeois 1788:
SHAME(n.) thofahya ("hauffa-hia," 297]) < CH &ci'to put on a cloak,
"hauffa-ihia" [A]) < CH/CHI cover oneself; quilt', CHI anci 'to
hofahya/hofa:ya 'ashamed, cover oneself, AL anci 'to cover',
bashful', KO ofahya 'ashamed', AL KO anci 'to wrap around', MI
o:faya 'ashamed' (M) anci- 'to wear' (M: DRESS,COVER
SHARP
(1) (h)alokpa - (a) lokba ONESELF)+ AP ahta 'to dwell, be
< AL/KO/CHI halokpa (M) located', AL atta 'to dwell', CH/CHI
SHARP(2) thalopa ("alloupa" [A]) atta 'to dwell, be located', KO a:ta
< CH/CHI haloppa (M), AL 'to dwell, be located' (M)
haloppa 'to be sharp pointed' SHIRT (2) elokfa < AL ilokfa (M:
(SHM) DRESS,CLOTHING)
SHARPEN thalopa do~ede ("alloupa SHOE (1) bolof < CH/CHI solos 'shoe'
choukou-litch6" [A]) < CH/CHI (< CH/CHI (i)s(t)- instrumental +
haloplja 'sharp' (M), AL haloppa CH/CHI holo 'to put on shoes' +
'to be sharp pointed' (SHM) + CH some CH/CHI nominalizer 6), a
sholichi 'to grind' (B) borrowing from Cherokee
SHAVE(v.) tnotakhet i&fe u:la:su:lo 'his shoe', or French
("notakiche-chanfe" [A]) "soulier" 'shoe'; M: PUTONSHOES)
< CH/CHI notakhi~ 'beard' + CH SHOE(2) tjolo# kamas(s)a (?;
iffi 'to scrape, shave', CHI ifi 'to "tchoulouche cammassa" [A])
shave' (M: SCRATCH) < CH/CHI solos 'shoe' + CH
SHE (e)lap < CH ila:p 'oneself, by kamassa 'strong', CHI kamassa
oneself, CHI ila:po' 'oneself, by 'old', AP kamasa 'strong' (M), AL
oneself (M) kamassa 'to be forceful, strong,
SHE-BEAR tneta ta(y)ek ("nita-taik" solid' (archaic; SHM)
[A]) < AL/KO/AP/CH nita 'bear', SHOE(3) tstellepayka ("sillipaika"/
CHI nita' 'bear' + CH ti:k 'female, "sillipaika" [Sturtevant 1994:
woman', CHI -ti:k 'female', AL/KO 141]) < MU istillipayka < isti
tayyi 'female, woman', HI/MI person' + ill 'foot, leg' + payk 'one
tayk-i 'female, woman' (M) put inside' + a 'nominalizer
SHE-CAT tkato ta(y)ek ("kato-taik" (Karen Booker in Sturtevant
[A]) < Spanish "gato" + CH ti:k 1994:140, note 4)
'female, woman', CHI -ti:k SHOE(4) see MOCCASSIN (1)
'female', AL/Ko tayyi 'female, SHOOT(1) hos(s)a < CH hossa 'to
woman', HI/MI tayk-i 'female, shoot at', CHI hosa 'to shoot at'
woman' (M) (M)
SHEEP t okfe atpowa ("tchoukfe SHOOT(2) see EXPLODE
achepouha" [A])-- t5okfe SHORT(1) falayakdo < CH falaya
("tchoukfe" [A]) < CH 'long', CHI falaha 'long' (M: ONION)
310 ANTHROPOLOGICAL
+ CH/CHI ik-4-o 'to be none', AL talwa, HI talwa- 'to dance' (M)

ikso 'to be none, empty', KO ikso SINGLE ayomek/o < CH aiyummi 'to
zero' (M: BENONE) mix, mingle' (B), AL ayommi 'to
SHORT(2) yoskolole < CH yushkololi mix up' (SHM) + CH/CHI ik-s-o
(B) 'to be none', AL ikso 'to be none,
SHOT (1), LEAD SHOT tnalee 6.e empty', KO ikso 'zero' (M: BE
("nacke-onche" [A]) < CH naki NONE)
arrow', CHI naki' 'arrow' + CH osi SISTER tanakfe ta(y)ek
son', CHI osi' 'son', AP osi 'child' ("anakfe-taik" [A]) < Muskogean
(M) am- first person sg. dative or
SHOT(2), LEADSHOT tnalke posko alienable possessive (Booker 1980:
("naqu6 pouscouche" [Bourgeois 35) + CH -nakfi 'brother', CHI
1788:297]) < CH naki 'arrow', CHI -nakfi' 'brother' + CH ti:k 'female,
naki' 'arrow' + CHIposkos 'dear woman', CHI -ti:k 'female', AL/KO
baby', CH poskos/ poikod 'child', tayyi 'female, woman', HI/MI
AL posko:si 'child' (M) tayk-i 'female, woman' (M)
SHOULDER tolkpata ("oukpata" [A]) SIT(DOWN) benele ("-penele" in
< CHokpatha in tahci okpatha "chpenele" 'assis-toi' [Le Page du
'shoulder' (M) Pratz 1758, vol. 3:6]; "benile" [A])
SHOUT(v.) ttasaha ("tassaha" [A]) < CH/CHI binili 'to sit', AL/KO
< CH tasaha (B) bini:li 'to visit' (M)
SHOVEL(n.) tlokfe et lkola six han(n)ale ("anale" [A]) < CH/KO
("loquefe-ichecoula" [A]) < CH hanna:li, ALhinna:li, CHI
lukfe isht kula 'spade' (B)< CH/HI hinna'li (M)
lokfi 'dirt', CHI lokfi' 'dirt', MI SIXTEEN poleol(e) awa han(n)ale -
lokf-i 'clay' + CH/CHI awa han(n)ale < CHpokko:li
instrumental prefix igt-, AL in- 'ten', CHIpokko'li 'ten', KO pokkoli
strumental prefix ist- (M: TAKE, 'ten', AL pdkko:li 'ten' + CHI awa
BRING) + CH kula 'dug, grooved; and', CH/KO awah 'and', AL
digging, groove' (B), CHI kola 'to -awah- 'and' + CH/KO hanna:li
be dug' (MW) 'six', AL hdnna:li 'six', CHI
SICK, ILL topa ("toupa" [A]; "to pa" hinna'li 'six' (M)
[Swanton 1911:32]) < short form SIXTY(1) pokolehan(n)ale < CH
of CH/CHI hottopa 'hurt' (M), pokko:li 'ten', CHIpokko'li 'ten',
CHI/MU/OS topa 'bed', CH topah KO pokkoli 'ten', AL p6kko:li 'ten'
'bed' (M; Crawford 1978:92) + CH/KO hanna:li 'six', AL
SIDE see RIGHTSIDEand THISSIDE hinna:li 'six', CHI hinna'li 'six'
SILVER(1), SILVERMONEY(2) tplata (M)
("plata" [Dresel 1920-21 (1837- SIXTY(2) polhan(n)ale < KO pol-
41):407]) < Spanish "plata" 'silver' 'ten' + KO/CH hanna:li 'six', AL
SILVER(2) tale hat(t)a < AL/KO/CH hinna:li 'six', CHI hinna'li 'six'
tall 'stone, rock', CHI tall' 'stone, (M)
rock', HI/MI tal-i 'stone, rock' + SKIN(v.) tl6fe ("tonfe" [A]) < CH
CHI -hata 'white', CH hata 'pale' lonffi(B), CHIIofi (MW)
(M) SKIN(n.), RAWHIDE,HIDE,LEATHER
SILVERMONEY(1) tsonak hat(t)a thak op ("akchoup" [A])
("sonac-atta" [A]) < ALG... (see < CH/CHI haksop (M)
MONEY)+ CHI -hata 'white', CH SKINERUPTION, TETTER thede ("itche"
hata 'pale' (M) [A]) < AL/KO/CH hici, CHI hici'
SILVERMONEY(2) see SILVER(1) (M: BOIL)
SING ttal(o)wa ("talloua" [A]) SKY, HEAVEN taba ("abah" [A]) < CH
< CH/CHI talo:wa, AL/KO/MI aba (B), KO abdi (K), AL abahli
1996 EMANUEL
J. DRECHSEL 311
(SHM) smoke' (M)

SLAVE,SERVANT yoka ("youka" [A]) SMOKE(TOBACCO) (v.) t'6koa
< CH/CHI yoka 'captured' (M: ("chonka" [A]) < CH soka, CHI
HOLD, CATCH) 6o'ka
'to kiss', AL sonka 'to suck',
SLEEP(v.) (1) node <AL/KO noci, MI sonk-, Ko soka 'to suck' (M)
MU/SE noc-ita (M) SNAKE (1) dento ~ adento (?)
SLEEP(v.) (2) nose ("noce" [A])- < AL/KOcinto, MU a:cinta
nosde < CH/CHInose (M) 'diamond rattlesnake' (M)
SLOW(1), GENTLE tpalke ekdo SNAKE(2) sate ("sainti" [A]) < CH
("palke-ekcho" [A]) < AL/KO siti, CHI sinti' (M)
palki 'fast', CH/CHI palki 'fast' + SNEEZE(v.) thabeiko ("habicheco"
CH/CHI ik-s-o 'to be none', AL [A]) < CH/CHI habisko (M)
ikso 'to be none, empty', KO ikso SNOT tebetkan ("ibelkane" [A])
zero' (M: BENONE) < CH/CHI ibilkan 'nasal mucus',
SLOW(2) patkekdo < CH/CHI palki AL/Ko ibilkani 'nasal mucus' (M)
'fast' + CH/CHI ik-i-o 'to be none', SNOW(n.) (1) thata etola
AL ikso 'to be none, empty', KO ("atta-etoulla" [A]) < CHI -hata
ikso 'zero' (M: BE NONE) white', CH hata 'pale' + CH/CHI
SMALL(1), LITTLE tdeto ekdo ittola 'to fall' (M)
("tchito-ekcho" [A])- 6etokdo SNOW(n.) (2) tokte poke
("tchito-kcho" [A])- tdetokso ("okte-pouche" [A]) < CHI okti'
("tcitokso'" [Swanton 1911:32]) poli' 'snowflakes' (M: FINE GRAINS)
cetok.o < CH cito 'big', CHI hicito < CH okti 'snow', CHI okti' 'snow'
'big' (pl.) + CH/CHI ik-i-o 'to be (M) + CH pushi 'floured, pul-
none', AL ikso 'to be none, empty', verized, beaten or pulverized fine,
Ko ikso 'zero' (M: BE NONE) ground fine' (B), CHI posi'
SMALL(2), LITTLE tesketene 'powdery' (M: FINE GRAINS)
("iskiti'ni" [Swanton 1911:32]) SO dome < CH chomi 'such, like, and
< CH iskitini (M) so on' (B), CHI chohmi 'kind of'
SMALL(3), LITTLE,DIMINUTIVE ose (MW)
< AP osi 'child', CH osi 'son', SOAP test adefa ("tatchiffa" [A])
diminutive in compounds, CHI osi' < CH isht ahchifa 'soap' (B), CHI
son', diminutive in compounds ishtachifa' < CH/CHI instrumental
(M: SON) prefix ist-, AL instrumental prefix
SMALL(4), LITTLE,DIMINUTIVE ist- (M: TAKE, BRING)+ CH/CHI
one
< CH osi 'son', diminutive in com- acifa 'to wash' (M)
pounds, CHI osi' 'son', diminutive SOFT tkapas(s)a ekto
in compounds, AP osi 'child' (M: ("capassa-ekcho" [A:111]) < CH
SON) kapassa 'cold, icy, frosty, fresh,
SMART see WISE frigid, gelid.. .' (B), CHI kapas(s)a
SMELL (v.) tassowa ("hachechoua," 'to be cold' (MW) + CH/CHI ik-s-o
"hachechouha" [A]) < MCH 'to be none', AL ikso 'to be none,
ailowa (M) empty', KO ikso 'zero' (M: BE
SMOKE (n.) (1), FIREPLACE, CHIMNEY NONE)
tafobohle ("achobohoule" [A]) SOLE see FOOT (3)
< CHI sobohli 'smoke; to smoke', SON(1) tose ("hauche" [A]) < CH ogi
CH sobolli 'to smoke', AL sobo:Ii 'to 'son', CHI osti''son', AP osi 'child'
smoke' (M) (M)
SMOKE (n.) (2), FIREPLACE, CHIMNEY SON(2) poskoi nakne ~ poikoS
(a) ~obol(1)e ("chouboule" [A]) nagane ~ poikoi (Crawford
< CH sobolli, CHI sobolli 'to have a 1978:83) < CH poskos/poskos
cloud of dust rise', AL sobo:li 'to 'child', CHI poskos 'dear baby', AL
posko:si 'child' + CH nakni 'male', wise' (M)

CHI nakni' 'male', HI/MI nakn-i SPIRITS see BRANDY
'male' (M) SPIT (v.) ttofa ("touffa" [A])
SONG ttal(o)wa ("talloua" [A]) < CH/CHItofa (M)
< CH/CHI talo:wa 'to sing', SPLEEN ttakai(&)e ("takache-ch6,"
AL/KO/MI talwa 'to sing', HI "takache-che" [A]) < CH takagsi,
talwa- 'to dance' (M) CHI intakadi' (M)
SORCERER, WITCH,DEVIL(2) te~t SPLIT(v.) tto~ale ("tchoutlale" [A])
aholo ("tchita-oulou" [A]) < CH < CH chulalli 'to split off a piece'
igt-ahollo 'witch',CHIigt-ahollo' (B)
'witch' (M) < CH/CHI instrumental SPOON teit epa ("schtimpa" [A])
prefix ist-, AL instrumental prefix < CH/CHI instrumental prefix
ist- (M: TAKE,BRING)+ AL hollo ist-, AL instrumental prefix ist-
'evil, wicked, holy, sacred', KO (M: TAKE,BRING)+ CH ipa 'to eat',
hollo 'taboo', HI hohlo- 'taboo' (M) CHI impa 'to eat', HI/MI impa- 'to
SOUP see HOMINY(2) eat' (M)
SOUR home ("haume" [A]) SPRING See WATERSPRING
< CH/CHI/AL homi 'bitter', KO SPUR(n.) tsoba dofak ndle
ho:mi 'bitter' (M) ("souba-tchouffack-nantle" [A])
SOUTH toka mahle ("houka-mahal6" < CHI issoba 'horse', CH issobah
[A]) < CH oka mahli, CHI/AL 'horse' + CH cofak 'nail, spike,
oka:mahli, KOoko:mahli(M) fork', CHI cofak 'fork' + CH/CHI
SPANIARD tspane ("spani6" [A]) natli 'to shoot, sting' (M)
< Spanish "espaiiol" 'Spanish' SQUINT-EYEDtokhaeydle
> KO spani, AL/MU ispa:ni, (M), ("houka-hian-le" [A]) < CH
HI ispa:n- (Sturtevant 1962:51), okhaiyanli 'cross-eyed' (B)
Tunica 'ispani (Haas 1953:290), SQUIRRELfane ("fanni" [A]; "fbni"
CH spa:ni, CHI oipa:ni' (M)? [Gatschet 1885:25] with 6 as a
SPARK(n.) tpotole ("poutlaul6" [A]) likely misspelling for some low
< CHpololi (B) central vowel) < CH fani, CHI
SPEAK(1), TALK(v.) an6pa ("anonpa" fani' (M)
[A]) < CH andpa 'word, language', STAKE, STICK (2), OAR (?) tono (?;
CHI anompa 'word, language' (M) "ounouche" [A]), possibly confused
SPEAK(2), TALK(v.) andpole < CH with 'rice' (see Anonymous
andpoli 'to talk', CHI anompoli 'to n.d.:60) < CHI ha:lo'i'/ha:losi'
talk' (M) 'rice', MI alo:s-i 'rice', KO/MU/OS
SPECTACLESsee GLASSES alo:so 'rice', MU alo:s(w)a 'rice'
SPEECH see LANGUAGE and TALK(n.) (M), HI alo:s- 'rice' (Sturtevant
(1) 1962:51)? < Spanish "arroz" > AL
SPIDER'S WEB t'oklipole onosi 'rice', CH onos 'rice', LCH
("tchouklanpoul6" [A]) < CH honoli 'rice', AL o:nosi 'rice' (M)
coklipoli 'cobweb' (M: SPIDER) with Mobilian Jargon as medium
< CHI coklan 'spider', CH/CHI of diffusion?
colkan 'spider' + CH anopoli 'to STALLION soba nakne - soba
talk', CHI anompoli 'to talk' (M) nagane ("souba nagane" [A])
SPIRIT,GHOST tkostene ("coustin6" < CHI issoba 'horse', CH issobah
[Le Page du Pratz 1758, vol. 2: 'horse' + CH nakni 'male', CHI
326) < CH kostini 'wise, tame, be- nakni' 'male', HI/MI nakn-i 'male'
having', CHI kostini 'to sober up, (M)
come to', AL kostini 'wise, smart, STAND (v.) hadale < Ko hacca:li, AL
aware', KO kostini 'to be careful, haca:li 'to assume a standing
regain consciousness', AP kostini position', HI/MI haca:li (M)
STAND UP (v.) hekeya ("ikihia" [A]) STOCKING(S) (2) ttakto(?; "thacto"

< CH hikiya 'to stand', CHI [Bourgeois 1788:297]) <...
hikki'ya 'to stand' (M) STOMACH (1), BELLY(2) tekfe (?;
STAR(1) tfo6ek ("foutchick" [A]) "icpir" [Bourgeois 1788:297])
< CHI focik, CH ficik (M) < AL/Ko ikfi (M)
STAR(2) (?; "shunti" [A]) STOMACH (2) see HEART
t#6te
< short form of CH hogoti 'cloud, STOMACHACHE stomak trabal
cloudy', CHI hodonti 'cloud, cloudy' < English "stomach" + "trouble"
(M) STONE(1), ROCK tale < AL/KO/CH
STAY(v.) benele <CH/CHI binili 'to tall, CHI tali', HI/MI tal-i (M)
sit', AL/Ko bini:li 'to visit' STONE(2) ttale paska ("tallai-pasca"
STEAL(v.) tholkopa (?; "olcoupa" [A]) [A]) < AL/KO/CH tall 'stone,
< CH hokopa, CHI honkopa (M) rock', CHI tali' 'stone, rock', HI/MI
with I - nasal possibly reflecting tal-i 'stone, rock' + CH/CHI paska
a variation of Choctaw dialects 'bread' (M)
(Mary Haas in Crawford STONE (3) ttas(a)nok ("tas-nouk"
1978:124, note 14) [A]) < CH tassannok 'flint' (M)
STEAMBOAT tpene lowak STOP(v.) (1) fayle < AL fayli (SHM),
("pinni-lowack" [A]) < CH pi:ni KO fayli, agentive or adjectival
'boat', CHIpi:ni' 'boat' + CH/CHI noun of fdylin 'to finish, quit, stop
lowak 'fire' (M) using, release, free' (K)
STICK(n.) (1) tete ("it" [A]) < CH itti STOP(v.) (2) thekeya ("ikihia" [A])
'tree, wood', CHI itti' 'tree, wood' < CH hikiya 'to stand', CHI
(M) hikki'ya 'to stand' (M)
STICK(n.) (2) see STAKE STORE tadopa 6oka ("atchonpa
STICKBALLtole kapoa - tole tchouka" [A]) < CH c6pa 'to buy',
< CH/KO to:li 'to play ball', AL t6:li CHI compa 'to buy' + CH cokka
'to play ball', CHI to'li 'to play ball' 'house', CHI cokka' 'house' (M)
+ CH kapocca 'stickball stick', CHI STORM tko6a polo ("coutcha-poulou"
kapocca' 'stickball stick' (M) [A]) < CH kucha 'weather' (B),
STICKBALLSTICK, BALL STICK, RACKET CHI kochcha' 'outside, the outside'
(1) kapo~a ("capoutcha" [A]) (MW) + CHI oppolo 'to be broken,
< CHkapocca, CHIkapocca',KO ruined, no good' (MW)
kapoci, ALkapaci (M) STRANGE see DIFFERENT
STING(v.?) beles6i/weles6 (?) <... STRANGLE (v.) tnoktet~efe
STING (v.), PRICK (v.)tnlte (?; ("noktaitelife" [A]) < CH noktiliffi
"nantle" [A]) < CH/CHI nalli 'to 'to choke', CHI noklitoffi 'to choke'
shoot, sting' (M) (M), AL noktilifka (SHM), Ko
STINK (v.) t'oha ("chouha" [A]) < CHI noktili:fkan (K)
soha, CH/CHI sowa (M) STRAW ttide here ("tantche-hiche"
STIRRUP tsoba talahable (?; [A]) < CH tdci 'corn', CHI tanci'
"souba-talle-happle" [A]) < CHI corn' + CH hisi 'body hair, fur,
issoba 'horse', CH issobah 'horse' leaf, feather', CHI hisi" 'body hair,
(M) + CH talahabli 'stirrup' (B) fur, leaf, feather' (M)
STOCKING(S)(1), LEGGING(S) (3) STRIKE(v.) see BEAT(v.)
thafateka (?; "hapsatika"/ STRING(1), CORD tpolona ("poulona"
"afatika" [Sturtevant 1994:141]) [A]) < CHI polona 'thread' (M:
< MU hafati-hka 'leggings' < MU COTTON)
haft 'thigh' + ati:hk 'more than STRING(2), THREAD tponola
one put inside' + a 'nominalizer' ("poumoula" or "pounoula" [A])
(Karen Booker in Sturtevant < CH pono:la 'cotton' (M)
1994:140, note 4) STRONG(1) kafehel(1)e (?) < Ko
kafihlin 'to be strong' (K), AL 'warm'(M)

kafihli 'to work hard, try hard, SUNDAYnet(t)ak hollo
expend effort' (SHM) ("nitack-oulou" [A]) < CH nittak
STRONG (2) tkamas(s)a ("commassa" hollo, CHInittak hollo' (M)
[A]) - kom5sa < CH kamassa, < CH/CHI nittak 'day' + AL hollo
CHI kamassa 'old', AP kamasa (M), evil, wicked, holy, sacred', Ko
AL kamassa 'to be forceful, strong, hollo 'taboo', HI hohlo 'taboo' (M)
solid' (archaic; SHM) SUNFISH see FLATFISH
STRONG(3) palama (Crawford 1978: SWALLOW (v.) tnan(n)able
92) < CH palammi (), CHI ("nannaple" [A]) < CH nanabli,
palammi 'to be serious, bad, CHI nannabli (M)
difficult (of an action or SWEAT(v.) tlaa ("latcha" [A]) < CH
experience)' (MW)? laca 'wet' (M)
SUCK(v.) see NURSE(v.) SWEEP(v.) t(eit) pipole (?;
SUFFOCATE take (?; "clint-clinque" "chepanche-poule" [A]) < CH/ CHI
[A]) < CH l~ka 'to blow one's nose', instrumental prefix ist-, AL
CHI linka 'to blow one's nose' (M)? instrumental prefix ist- (M: TAKE,
SUGAR(1) 5ipole - t&bole BRING)+ CH palpoli 'to sweep' (M)
("tchanbouole" [A]; ("jambole"' SWEET ipole - t'abole
'ham' [Gatschet 1885:24], for ("tchanboule" [A]); ("jambole'"
which the error in gloss perhaps 'ham' [Gatschet 1885:24], for
was due to the former preparation which the error in gloss perhaps
or serving of ham with sugar) was due to the former preparation
< KO campo:li 'sweet', AL/CHI or serving of ham with sugar)
campoli 'sweet', CH capoli 'sweet' < KO campo:li 'sweet', AL/CHI
(M) campoli 'sweet', CH capoli 'sweet'
SUGAR(2) thape 6bole (M)
("hape-tchanboule" [A]) < CH SWEETPOTATO see POTATO
hapih 'salt', CHI/AL/KO hapi 'salt' SWEETHEARTttawaya ("ta-ouahia"
+ CH cipoli 'sweet', CHI/AL [A]) < CH itauaya 'partner,
campoli 'sweet', KO campo:li spouse' (B)
sweet' (M) SWELL (v.) tsatale ("tchtale,"
SUGAR CANE toske 6dbole "tchatale" [A]) < CH/CHI satali
("houske-tchanboule" [A]) < CH (M)
oski 'reed', CHI oski' 'reed' + CH SWIM (v.) tokdonole ("kchonoule" [A])
c.ipoli 'sweet', CHI/AL campoli < CHokshonulli (B)
sweet', KO campo:li 'sweet' (M)
SUMAC see REDSUMAC
SUMMER(1), YEAR laspa ("lachepa" T
[A]) < CH/CHI laipa 'warm' (M)
SUMMER(2) ttoffa ("tauffa" [A]) < CH TABLE tete ("ete" [Bourgeois 1788:
toffa (B) 296]) < CH itti 'tree, wood', CHI
SUN (1) thase ("hasse"/"asse" itti' 'tree, wood' (M)
[Sturtevant 1994:141]) TAIL thadbe (?; "aksinbiche" [A])
< MU/SE/AL/Ko hasi, OS hasi:, < CHhas~ibi&, CHI hasimbis (M)
HI/MI ha:s-i, CHhagi, CHIhasi' TAKE(v.) see GET
(M) TALK (v.) see SPEAK
SUN(2) hae-- t~hae ladpa TALK(n.) (1), SPEECH(1) andpole
("atchi-lachepa" [A]) < CH hali < CH anopoli 'to talk', CHI
sun', CHI hali' 'sun', anompoli 'to talk' (M)
AL/Ko/MU/SE hasi 'sun', HI/MI TALK(n.) (2) see LANGUAGE
ha:s-i 'sun' + CH/CHI laspa TALL see LONG
TALLOW twaka bela ("ouoka billa" THAT (3) see THIS (1)
[A]) < Spanish "vaca" + CH bila THEIR (e)lap < CH ila:p 'oneself, by
grease, gravy', CH/CHI bila 'to oneself, CHI ila:po' 'oneself, by
melt, dissolve', AL bila 'to melt' oneself (M)
(M: MELT) THEIRS telap ("illap" [A]) < CH ila:p
TALLOW CANDLE,DIPCANDLE tneya oneself, by oneself, CHI ila:po'
wak (?; "novoc" [Bourgeois 1788: oneself, by oneself (M)
296]) < AL niya 'fat, grease', CH THERE see THAT(1) and THIS(1)
niya 'to be fat' (M) + Spanish THEY (e)lap < CH ila:p 'oneself, by
"vaca" oneself, CHI ila:po' 'oneself, by
TANNEDHIDE ttatlko ("talco" [A]) oneself (M)
< CH/CHI talko (M) THICK tsotko (?; "solko" [A] with I as
TEAL tfo6os deto eko an apparent misspelling for [t])
("foutious-tchito-ekcho" [A]) < CH/CHI sotko (M)
< CH/CHI focos 'duck' + CH cito THIGH(1) tey(y)e (?; "yse" [Bourgeois
'big', CHI hicito 'big' (pl.) + CH/CHI 1788:297]) < CH iyyi 'foot', CHI
ik-4-o 'to be none', AL ilkso 'to be iyyi' 'leg, foot', AL/KO iyyi 'leg,
none, empty', KO ikso 'zero' (M: BE foot', MI iy-i 'foot' (M: LEG)
NONE) THIGH (2), BUTITOCK(S)(4) tobe
TEAR(n.) tneiken oke ("haube" [A]) < CH/AL obi (M)
("nichekine-oke" [A]) < CH niskin THIN(1), LIQUID tsotko ekeo (?;
'eye', CHI iskin 'eye' + AL/KO oki "solko-ekcho" [A] with 1 as an
'water', HI ok-i 'water' (M) apparent misspelling for [t]) -
TEAR APART (v.) tlelle (?; "kilhallai" tsotkokdo (?; "solko-kcho" [A]
[A]) < CH/AL lilli 'to tear', with I as an apparent misspelling
CH/CHI/KO lillici 'to tear' (M) for [t]) < CH/CHI sotko 'thick' +
TEAT see BREAST CH/CHI ik-s~-o 'to be none', AL
TELLA LIE see LIE(v.) fkso 'to be none, empty', Ko ikso
TEN pokole ("pocole" [Dumont de zero' (M: BENONE)
Montigny 1753, vol. 1:203]; THIN (2) ttapaske ("tapaske" [A])
"pocaule" [A]) < KO pokkoli, AL < AL/CHI tapaski (M)
pokko:li, CHpokko:li, CHIpokko'li THING tnana ("nana" [A]) < CH nana
(M) (B), CHI nana (Humes and Humes
TESTICLESttalop ("taloupe" [A]) 1973), CHI nanna 'something', CH
< CH/CHI -talop 'testicles' (M) nina 'something' (M: SOMETHING,
TETER see SKIN ERUPTION WHAT)
THANK YOU tyakoke ("yacco-auke" THINK, REFLECT tanokfele
[A]) < CH yakoke 'expressing ("anokfile" [A]) < CH/CHI
thanks or pleasure, when spoken anokfil-li, AP anokfilli 'to think'
quickly' (B), CHI yakkookay 'thank (M)
you' (MW) THIRSTY see BE THIRSTY
THAT (1), THERE ma <AL/KO/MU/ THIRTEEN pokol(e) awa todena -
OS/MI ma (M), Chitimacha ma- awa todena < CH pokko:li 'ten',
'there, yonder; in a place distant CHIpokko'li 'ten', KO pokkoli 'ten',
but familiar to the speaker', AL p6kko:li 'ten' + CHI awa 'and',
Atakapa ma 'a considerable CH/KO awah 'and', AL -awah-
distance away' (Gursky 1969:94), 'and' + CH tocci:na 'three', AL/KO
Natchez maa-k 'there' (Munro toccf:na 'three', CHI tocci'na 'three'
1994:209) (M)
THAT(2) yam(m)a (in answer to THIRTY(1) pokole todena - ttoiena
'Which one?') < CH/CHI yamma- pokole ("tautchina-pocaule" [A])
(M) < CH pokko:li 'ten', CHI pokko'li
'ten', KO pokkoli 'ten', AL pdkko:li talipa 'hundred',AL talli:pa/

'ten' + CH tocci:na 'three', AL/KO tahlipa: 'hundred' + CH sipi 'old' +
tocci:na 'three', CHI tocci'na 'three' CH/ CHI/Ko caffa 'one' (M)
(M) THREAD see STRING(2)
THIRTY(2) pol to6ena < KO pol- THREEtodena ("toutchina"[A]) -
'ten' + AL/KO tocci:na 'three', CH tto6eno (?; "toutchino" [du Ru
tocci:na 'three', CHI tocci'na 'three' 1700:46, 1934:32]) < AL/KO
(M) tocck:na,CHtocci:na,CHItocci'na
THIS(1), RIGHTHERE,THAT,RIGHT (M)
THERE yako ("ya'ko" [Gatschet THROAT,NECK (3) tn6ka ("nonqua"
1885:24]) < Ko/AP/MU/OS/ HI [Bourgeois 1788:297]) < CHI
ya 'this', AL ya- 'this here', inonka' 'voice, throat' (M: NECK,
CH/CHI ya- 'that', MCH yak- THROAT)
proximate, AL yaha 'this' + KO THROUGHtlopola ("shlopoula" [A])
akko 'that out of sight', AL akko < CH lopulla in lopulla hinla
'there, that place' (M); short form passable' (B), AL lopo:li 'to pass
of CH yako(h)mi 'these, these here; through', CH/CHI lopolli 'to pass
to be thus, be so' (B), short form of through', AL/KO lopotli 'to pass
CHI yakohmi/yako'mi 'to be this through' (M)
way, be like this' (MW) THUMB telbak eike
THIS(2) yam(m)a (in answer to ("elback-escheke"[A]) < CHI
'Which one?') < CH/CHI yamma- ilbak-(i)szi' (M) < CHI ilbak
'that' (M) 'hand' + CHI i~lki''mother', CH igki
THISSIDE tyak(k)o tanap 'mother' (M)
("yacco-tanappe" [A]) < Ko/AP/ THUNDER(v.) theloha ("ellouha" [A])
MU/OS/HI ya 'this', AL ya- 'this < CH/CHI hiloha (M)
here', CH/CHI ya- 'that', MCH THUNDER(n.) theloha ("ellouha" [A])
yak- proximate, AL yaha 'this' + < CH/CHI hiloha 'to thunder' (M)
KO akko 'that out of sight', AL THURSDAYnet(t)ak hollo klana (?)
akko 'there, that place' (M: THAT); - tak hollo klana (?) < CH
short form of CH yako(h)mi 'these, nittak hollo 'Sunday', CHI nittak
these here; to be thus, be so' (B), hollo' 'Sunday' + CH/CHI iklanna
short form of CHI yakohmi/ 'middle, half (M)
yako'mi 'to be this way, be like TIE (v.) (1) asehka < AL asihka 'to
this' (MW) + CH -tannap 'other be tied up' (SHM), KOasihka 'tier,
side, enemy, war', CHI tannap arrester', asihkan 'to tie some-
'other side, enemy, war' (M: thing up' (K)
OTHERSIDE) TIE (v.) (2) takde < CH/CHI takci (M)
THORN thalopa ("aloupa" [A]) TIE DOWN (v.) ttakce (?; "faktche,"
< CH/CHI haloppa 'sharp' (M), AL "taktche" [A] with f as an
haloppa 'to be sharp pointed' apparent misspelling for [t])
(SHM) < CH/CHI takci 'to tie' (M)
THORNTREE see LOCUST TREE TINDER ttadokpa ("tachouppa" [A])
THOUSAND (1) 6okpe 6oba caf(f)a < CH tashukpa (B03)
< KO cokpi 'hundred', MU/SE/HI TIRED (ho)yaple <AL hoyapli 'to be
cokpi- 'hundred', MI cokp-i tired' (SHM), CH hoyabli 'weary'
'hundred'+ AL/KO/APcoba 'big', (B)
KO/MIco:ba 'big'+ CH/CHI/KO TOAD t'elokwa ("chiloucoha" [A])
caffa 'one' (M) < CHdilokwa(M)
THOUSAND (2) talepa sepe TOBACCO(1) hakcoma ("aschouma"
ttaleba sepe ("tatliba-sipi"[A]) [Bourgeois 1788:296]);
talepa sepe ,af(f)a < CH/CHI "aktchouma"[A]) < CH/AP
hakcoma, AL hakcomma(M) islas~, CHI hasdlas~(M)

(2) hakdomak
TOBACCO < CHI TONIGHT tyak(k)o nenak ("yacco
comak, CH/APhakcoma,AL ninack" [A]) < Ko/AP/MU/OS/HI
hakcomma(M) ya 'this', AL ya- 'this here',
TOBACCO(3) hakdomma <AL CH/CHI ya- 'that', MCH yak-
hakcomma, CH/AP hakcoma (M) proximate, AL yaha 'this' + KO
TODAY (1) hemaka net(t)a < AL akko 'that out of sight', AL akko
hirmitakanthta (SHM), CHI 'there, that place' (M); short form
himmaka'nittak < AL himi:ka of CH yako(h)mi 'these, these here;
now', CH himakh 'now', CHI to be thus, be so' (B), short form of
himmaka' 'now, later (than some CHI yakohmi/yako'mi 'to be this
point of reference)' + AL/KO nihta way, be like this' (MW) + CH/CHI
'day', MU/SE nitta 'day' (M: NOW) ninak 'night' (M)
TODAY(2) yako net(t)ak TOOTH tnote ("noutt6" [A]) <CH/
("yacco-nitak" [A]) < Ko/AP/ CHI/OS noti, MU -noti, HI/MI
Mu/OS/HI ya 'this', AL ya- 'this -no:t-i, AL/KOinnoti, ALnati (M)
here', CH/CHI ya- 'that', MCH TORTOISEsee TURTLE
yak- proximate, AL yaha 'this' + TORTOISE SHELL tlokse paska
KO akko 'that out of sight', AL ("louquece-pasca" [A]) < CH loksi
akko 'there, that place' (M); short 'turtle', CHI loksi' 'turtle' +
form of CH yako(h)mi 'these, these CH/CHI paska 'bread' (M)
here; to be thus, be so' (B), short TOUCH(v.) thalele ("allihil6" [A])
form of CHI yakohmi/ 3ako'mi 'to < CH haleli (B), CHI halili (MW),
be this way, be like this' (MW) + AL halayli (SHM)
CH/CHI nittak 'day' (M) TOWN ttamaha sepe ("tamaha-sipi"
TOE teye eske ("ihie-eschek6" [A]) [A]) - tamaha ("tamaha" [A])
< CH iyyi 'foot', CHI iyyi' 'leg, foot', < CH tamaha 'town' + CH sipi 'old'
AL/KO iyyi 'leg, foot', MI iy-i 'foot' (M)
(M: LEG)+ CH iiki 'mother', CHI TRADER,MERCHANT ("tchonpa"
tcipa
igki' 'mother' (M) [A])-- tadSpa ("atchonpa" [A])
TOMCAT nagane < CH copa 'to buy', CHI compa 'to
thato
("kato-nagane" [A]) < Spanish buy', AL/KO co:pa (M)
"gato" 'cat' + CH nakni 'male', CHI TRAIL see ROAD (1)
nakni' 'male', HI/MI nakn-i 'male' TRAVEL(v.) see WALK(2)
(M) TREE (1), WOOD et(t)e ("ite" [A]) < CH
TOMORROW(1) nahtle ~ nahele itti, CHI itti' (M)
("nahil6" [A]) < CH onnahinli TREE (2), WOOD et(t)o <AL/Ko itto,
morning; before and soon after Mu/SE ito (M)
sunrise' (B) TREE STUMP tete kolofa
TOMORROW (2) net(t)ak an6te ("ite-koulouffa" [A]) < CH
< CH/CHI nittak 'day' + CH anoti itti-kolofa 'stump', CHI
again, and then' (M: AGAIN) itti'-kolofa' 'stump', AL ittokolo:fa
TOMORROW (3) net(t)ak ela (M)
< CH/CHI nittak 'day' + CHI ila TRICK (v.), CHEAT tholabe ("oullabe"
'different', CH ilah 'different one' [A]) < CH holabi 'to tell a lie', CHI
(M) olabi 'to want, desire' (?; M: WANT)
TONGUE ts6lai ("sonlache" [A])-- TRUTH tite ("antle" [A]) < APai
tsona8 (?; "sounac" [Bourgeois 'law', CH/CHI iElli 'true' (M)
1788:297] with nasal possibly TUESDAYnet(t)ak hollo tokolo
1-- mesa tak hollo tokolo mesa
reflecting a variation of Choctaw
dialects (Mary Haas in Crawford < CH nittak hollo 'Sunday', CH
1978:124, note 14) < CH/CHI nittak hollo' 'Sunday' + CH/CHI/
AL/KO toklo 'two' + CH mii(,)a pol-toklo 'twenty' (M: TEN)

'that beyond', CHI mida' 'that TWIN thayop ("hayoup" [A]) < CH
visible over there', CH migra 'the haiyup (B)
day after tomorrow' (M: THATFAR TWIST (v.), WRING (v.) tsana ("chana"
OFF) [A]) < CH shana 'to twist, kink;
TURKEY(1) ak~ik(a) 5eto < CH twisted,... wringed,... writhed;
ak[ka 'chicken', CHI akanka' kink (n.), twist (n.; B), CHI
'chicken', AL aka:ka 'chicken' + CH Jana/&anaya 'crooked' (M: TWIST)
cito 'big', CHI hicito 'big' (pl.; M) TWO tok(o)lo ("toucoulou" [A];
TURKEY(2) akika 6oba < CH ak ka "tiikelo" [Gatschet 1885:24])
'chicken', CHI akanka' 'chicken', < AL/KO/CH/CHI toklo 'two' (M)
AL aka:ka 'chicken' + AL/AP coba TWOHUNDRED(1) cokpe tok (o)lo
'big', KO/MI co:ba 'big' (M) < KO cokpi 'hundred', MU/SE/HI
TURKEY(3) faket ("fuchet" [Stiles cokpi- 'hundred', MI cokp-i
1794:91; cf. Sherwood 1983: 441]; 'hundred' + AL/KO/CH/CHI toklo
"fauke" [A]; "fakit" [Gatschet 'two' (M)
1885:24]) < CH/CHI (?) fakit (M). TWOHUNDRED(2) tatepa tok(o)lo -
Because of the word's vulgar con- ttok(o)lo takeba
notations in English, recent ("toucoulou-tatliba" [A] with a
speakers of Mobilian Jargon as reversed word order) < CH/CHI
well as Choctaw, following an talipa 'hundred', AL talli:pa/
interlingual taboo, have avoided tahlipa: 'hundred' + CH/CHI/
faket [fikit], which encouraged AL/KO toklo 'two' (M)
the use of the first alternatives
and even the English loan of
"turkey" [ta:kI] (Crawford U
1978:93, 124-25, note 20; Haas
1951:338). UGLY see BAD(1)
TURN(v.) tfelema (?; "filima" [A]) UNAVAILABLEaieklo - akiedo
< CH filimmi 'to turn over', CH < CH/CHI 'to dwell, be located'
Asa
filammi 'branch or limb of a tree + CH/CHI ik-£-o 'to be none', AL
or a river' (M), AL filammi 'to fork ikso 'empty', KO ikso 'zero' (M: BE
off, take a fork off a main route' NONE)
(SHM), CHI filammi' 'to be a UNCLE(1) am6se ("amonchi" [A])
branch (of a tree or a river)', CHI < CH imosi, CHIimosi', AL mdosi,
filita 'to turn (over)' (M) 'mother's brother', Ko mo:si
TURTLE,TORTOISElokse ("louquece" 'uncle's brother' (M)
[A]) - lokie < CH loksi, CHI UNCLE (2) see MATERNALUNCLE and
loksi' (M) PATERNAL UNCLE
TWELVEpokol(e) awa tokolo UNDERSTANDsee LISTEN(1)
("pocaule-aouai-toucoulou" [A])-- UP aba ("abah" [A]) < AL/KO/CH
awa tokolo < CHpokko:li 'ten', aba, CHI aba' (M)
CHI pokko'li 'ten', KO pokkoli 'ten', UPROAR, RACKET (2), HUBBUB,WAR-
AL pdkko:li 'ten' + CHI awa 'and', WHOOPtsakak(o)wa (?;
CH/KO awah 'and', AL -awah- "sacacoua" [Read 1963
and' + CH/CHI/AL/KO toklo 'two' (1931):103-5]) - tsakak(o)ya (?;
(M) "sacacuya" [Gatschet 1969
TWENTY(1) pokoletok(o)lo < CH (1884):96])- tsasak(o)wa (?;
pokko:li 'ten', CHI pokko'li 'ten', "sasacoua" [Read 1963
KO pokkoli 'ten', AL pdkko:li 'ten' (1931):103-5]) < Nipissing
+ CH/CHI/AL/KO toklo 'two' (M) sasakwe 'to utter shrill cries (but
TWENTY (2) pol tok(o)lo < KO cries of joy)' and Ojibwa sassikwe
'shout with joy', or Nipissing VERY(2) lawa ("la houa" [Dumont de

sakwatam 'to utter cries' and Montigny 1747:367]; "lawa" 'bad'
Plains Cree saikuwii- or sak6wii- [Gatschet 1885:24]; "lawa" 'plenty'
'whoop' (Crawford 1978: 69); [Dormon n.d.]) < CH/CHI/AL
Crawford (1978:69, 120, note 54) lawa 'many' (M)
also considered a similarity to VESSEL see SHIP
Creek sasv'kwv [sa:sakwa] VEST tdokete (?; "tchaukett6" [A])
goose', possibly a borrowing from < Spanish "chaqueta"
Shawnee. > Louisiana French "le VILLAGE tamaha < CH tamaha
sacacoua" and "le sasacoua" (Read 'town'(M)
1963 [1931]:103-5) VINEGAR toke home ("oke-haum6"
UPROOT (v.) see PULL OUT [A]) < AL/KO oki 'water', HI ok-i
URINATE thou6wa ("houchehonha" 'water' + KO ho:mi 'bitter', AL
[A]) < CH hod6wa, CHI hodowa, homi 'bitter', CH/CHI homi 'bitter'
AL hosowa, AL/KO hoswa (M) (M)
US poino < CHI poino' 'we', AL posno VOCABLE(1) hene (?; used in chants
we' (M) and dances) < AL/KO hini 'road',
HI/MI hin-i 'road' (M)?
VOCABLE(2) hoyi (used in chants
V and dances) < CH hoyabli 'weary
(?; B), CH/CHI hoyo 'to search for,
VAGINA ekcole (Geoffrey Kimball p.c. to look for' (?; M)
1989) < Ko ikcoli (M) VOCABLE(3) noweya (used in chants
VARIETYOFCOLORS, MOTLEY PIECE and dances) < CH nowa 'to walk',
tmastabe 6ekeeke CHI no6wa'to walk' (?; M)
("mastabe-tchiktchike"; VOMIT(V.) thoweta ("ouhita" [A])
"mastab6-tchitchik6" [A]) < CH/CHI howita (M)
< Canadian French/ALG (?)
matache 'spotted' (?; Read 1963
[1931]:95-96) + CH cikciki W
spotted' (M). According to
Geoffrey Kimball (p.c. 1989), one WAGON,VEHICLE tete ianal(1)e
of Coushatta Chief Red Shoes's ("it6-tchanal6" [A])-- tete 6alane
Choctaw or Mobilian Jargon ("it6-tchalane" [A]) - te 6analle
names was dulushmastabe with < CH itti 'tree, wood', CHI itti'
-mastabe presumably meaning 'tree, wood' + CH/CHI canalli 'to
'red'. roll' (M)
VASE see BOWL WALK(V.) (1) takanowa ("akanouha"
VEHICLE see WAGON [A]) < CH akkanowa (B)
VEIN ("ak-iciche" [A]) WALK(v.) (2), TRAVEL nowa ("noha"
t(h)akge,
< CH akigi 'root, sinew', CH/CHI erroneously glossed as 'nothing'
hakis~ 'root, sinew' (M) [A:22] with the word's actual
VERY(1), ESPECIALLY, REALLY meaning evident from the
fe(h)na ("feenah" [Stiles 1794:92; example's context) < CH nowa,
cf. Sherwood 1983:441]; "feenee" CHI n6wa (M)
[Flores 1972:72]; "fina" [Dresel WALNUT TREE tete os(s)ak
1920-21 (1837-41):407]; "fina" ("it6-ossack" [A]) < CH itti 'tree,
[A]; "fi'na" 'very much' [Gatschet wood', CHI itti' 'tree, wood' + CH
1885:241)- tfentu ("finan" [Tixier ossak 'hickory', CHI osak 'hickory'
1844:40]) < CH fihna 'much', AL (M)
-fihna 'much', Ko -fihna-'too WANT(v.), WISH(v.) ban(n)a ("bana"
much', AP/CHI finha 'much' (M) [A]; "-bana" in "sabana" and
"siabana" [A:17, 84], including the 'water', HI ok-i 'water' + CH/CHI

first person singular prefix for tobli 'to push' (M); cf. CH tobunlli
"patient" verbs sa- of Western 'to boil up, as water, in a spring'
Muskogean and apparently a (B)
palatalized variety?); "ba'na" WATERMELON(1) t(okie ("tchoukche"
[Gatschet 1885:24]) [A]) < AL/Ko coksi, MI coks-i, HI
< AL/KO/CH/CHI banna (M) cosk-i (M)
WAR see FIGHT(n.) WATERMELON(2) okdak(k)o (?)
WAR-WHOOPsee UPROAR < CH/AL/KO okcakko 'green, blue',
WASH(v.) tadefa ("atchifa" [A]) AL/CH okcakho 'green, blue' (M)
< CH/CHI acifa (M) WATERMELON (3) soke sokle
WASP t~aek ("tcha-chik" [A]) < CH dokii 'watermelon' (M)
< MCH calik 'hornet' (M) > Louisiana French "le
WATCH(n.) tnan eit ekhana chouquechi" 'cushaw' (Read 1963
("nanishtecana" [A]) < CH nan [1931]:89)
isht ikhana 'monument, token' WATERMELON(4) talak6e <Ko
(B), CHInannishtithana' talakci 'watermelon', MI
measuring instrument' (MW) costalakci 'watermelon' (M: PUMP-
< CH nina 'something', CHI nanna KIN)
something', AP nan 'one who' (M: WAX tfohe neya ("fou-hi-nihia" [A])
SOMETHING, WHAT)+ CH/CHI < CHI fohi' 'bee', CH foyi/fowe 'bee'
instrumental prefix igt-, AL + CH niya 'to be fat', AL niya 'fat,
instrumental prefix ist- (M: TAKE, grease', KO/CHI niha, AL/Ko
BRING)+ CH ikhana 'to know' (M) ni:ha, MU/OS niha: (M)
WATER(1) oka ("aqua" [Gatschet WAY see ROAD
1885:24] with the spelling WAYOFF, WAYOUT mesa < CH misa
inspired by Latin) < CH oka, CHI 'that beyond', CHI misa' 'that
oka' (M) visible over there' (M: THATFAR
WATER(2) oke ("oke" [A]; "ake" OFF)
[Gatschet 1885:24]) < AL/KO oki WE poino < CHI posno, AL posno (M)
'water', HI ok-i 'water' (M). WEATHERtkoa ("coutcha" [A]) < CH
Eastern Muskogean-based oke kocha/kucha 'out, outside; to come
rather than Western Muskogean- out; weather' (B), CHI kochcha'
derived oka has occurred in many outside, the outside' (MW)
compounds with Western Mus- WEEK (net)tak hollo <CH nittak
kogean elements (see compounds hollo 'Sunday', CHI nittak hollo'
with oke in section 5), and also 'Sunday' < CH/CHI nittak 'day' +
occurs in many place names of AL hollo 'evil, wicked, holy,
southeastern North America sacred', KO hollo 'taboo', HI
(Karen M. Booker p.c. 1996). hohlo- 'taboo' (M)
Compounds consisting of oke and WEEP(v.) see CRY(v.)
Western Muskogean elements WELCOME (excl.) see HEREYOUARE!
may yet prove to be a rare form of WELL(adj., adv.) (a)6okma
distinctive lexical evidence for 6okama t5okoma
Mobilian Jargon in contrast to ("tchoucouma" [A]) cokama
Muskogean vernaculars, in which dekama ("tchikama" [Gatschet
case comparable place names 1886:11) < CH (a)cokma 'good',
could give an indication of the CH/CHI cokma 'good', AL co:kma
pidgin's geographic distribution. 'good' (M)
WATERLOCUST see LOCUST TREE WELL(n.) toke 6olok kale ("oke
WATERSPRING toke tob(o)le tchoulouque-cale" [A])-- tkale
("oke-touboule" [A]) < AL/KO oki ("cale" [A]) < AL/KO oki 'water',
HI ok-i 'water' + CH/CHI colok feuma" [A]) < CH isht fama (B),
'hole' + CHI kali 'spring, well', CH CHI ishfama' 'switch (for whip-
kalih 'spring, well', AL/KO okkali ping)' (MW) < CH/CHI instru-
spring, well' (M) mental prefix ist-, AL instrumen-
WELL (excl.), NOW(excl.) tta ("ta" [A]) tal prefix ist- (M: TAKE,BRING)+
< AL tdi(SHM), KO ta 'thank you', CH fama 'whipped, flogged,
KO ti 'thanks a lot' (sarcastic; K), chastised, scourged, lashed,
CH ta adverb of time, doubt, and punished, chastened; whipping'
surprise (B), CHI taa 'okay, all (B), CHI fama 'to be whipped'
right, oh, come on!' (exclamation (MW)
showing resignation, irritation, or WHIP(n.) (2) ttokata/tilokata
even excitement)' (MW) ("schloukoatta" [A]) < MCH lokata
WEST thase opeya ("atchi-oupihia" (M: CRACK A WHIP)
[A]) < CH hasi 'sun', CHI hasYi' WHISKEY (1) oka home < CH
sun', MU/SE/AL/KO hasi 'sun', oka-homi, CHIoka' homi' (M)
HI/MI ha:s-i 'sun' + CH oppiya < CH oka 'water, liquor' (B), CHI
evening' (M), AL opiya 'to be late' oka' 'water, other liquid, liquor'
(SHM), CH/CHI obya 'to be (MW) + CH/CHI/AL homi 'bitter',
evening, be the eve', MI opya- 'to KO ho:mi 'bitter' (M)
be afternoon' (M) WHISKEY (2) toka lowak ("aqua
WET(v.)
tlasa
eska ("latcha-eska" liwak" [Gatschet 1885:24]) < CH
[A]) < CH laca 'wet' (M) + CH oka 'water, liquor' (B), CHI oka'
aiiska 'fixed, regulated, put in 'water, other liquid, liquor' (MW)
order' (B) + CH/CHI lowak 'fire' (M)
WET(adj.), DAMP tla(a ("latcha" [A]) WHISKEY (3) oke home < Ko okhd:mi
< CH laca (M) (K), AL okiimi (SHM) < AL/KO oki
WHAT(1), WHICH nanta ("nanne-ta" 'water', HI ok-i 'water' + KO ho:mi
[A]) < CH nata, CHI nanta (M: 'bitter', AL homi 'bitter', CH/CHI
SOMETHING)> AL n6nti 'what homi 'bitter' (M)
(did you say)?' (archaic; SHM)? WHISKEY(4) oke homma (Crawford
WHAT(2) nase (Geoffrey Kimball p.c. 1978:91) < AL/KO oki 'water', HI
1989) < AL/KO na:si (M: ok-i 'water' + AL/KO/CH/CHI
SOMETHING) homma 'red' (M)
WHEEL(1) 5analle < CH/CHI canalli WHISKEY (5) oke losa (?) < AL/Ko
'to roll' (M) oki 'water', HI ok-i 'water' + CH/
WHEEL(2) t'anha ("tchananha" CHI losa 'black' (M)
[A]) < CH/CHI canaha 'to spin, WHISKEY (6) see BRANDY
roll' (M: WAGON) WHISTLE (v.) ("konta" [A])
tksta
WHERE katema ("cotteema" [Dormon < CH kota, CHI konta (M)
n.d.])- katemo (Crawford WHITE (adj.) (1) hat(t)a ("atta" [A])
1978:88) < CH katima (B) < CHI -hata 'white', CH hata 'pale'
WHICH see WHAT(1) (M)
WHIP (v.) (1) bole < CH bo:-li 'to hit WHITE(adj.) (2) toh(o)be < CH/CHI/
more than once', CHI bo'-li 'to hit AL tohbi, HI -tohbi 'blind' (M:
more than once' (M) FOG)
WHIP(v.) (2) tfama (?; "feuma" [A]) WHITE OAK tete 6elpa(ha)pe (?;
< CH fama 'whipped, flogged, "ite-tchelpa-hape" [A])-
chastised, scourged, lashed, tdelpa(ha)pe (?; "tchelpa-hape"
punished, chastened; whipping' [A]) < CH itti 'tree, wood', CHI itti'
(B), CHI fama 'to be whipped' 'tree, wood' (M) + CH chilhpat(h)a
(MW) 'Spanish oak' (B)
WHIP(n.) (1) teit fama (?; "eurche WHITEPERSON(1), WHITEPEOPLE
hat(t)ak hat(t)a < CH/CHI nokdo:pa 'afraid', CHI i-nokso:pa

hattak 'person' + CHI -hata 'to be afraid of (M)
'white', CH hata 'pale' (M) WILDCAT (1) tkowe ("couue" 'cat'
WHITE PERSON (2), WHITE PEOPLE [Bourgeois 1788:296]; "cauhu6"
nahol(1)o ("na-oulou" [A]) -- [A]) < CH/AL/KO/AP kowi
tnfholo ("nanhoulou" [du Ru mountain lion, panther', CHI
1700:46, 1934:32]) < CH na hollo kowi' 'mountain lion, panther' (M)
'white man, a supernatural being, WILDCAT (2) t'akbatena
one that creates fear and ("chakboutina" [A]) < CH
reverence' (B), CHI naahollo shakbatina (B), CHIshakbatinna'
'white person, Anglo, white man' 'bobcat' (MW)
(MW) < AP nan 'one who', CH WILDCAT(3) see BOBCAT
nina 'something', CHI nanna WIND tmahle ("mahale" [A])
something' (M: SOMETHING, < CH/CHI/AL mahli (M)
WHAT)+ AL hollo 'evil, wicked, WINDOW see GLASS
holy, sacred', KO hollo 'taboo', HI WINE (1) oke homma < AL/KO oki
hohlo- 'taboo' (M: SACRED,TABOO, 'water', HI ok-i 'water' +
LOVE) AL/KO/CH/CHI homma 'red' (M)
WHO hat(t)ak (a)nanta - nanta WINE (2) toke pike ("o que barque"
< CH/CHI hattak 'person' + CH glossed as 'to drink wine'
nita 'what', CHI nanta 'what' (M: [Bourgeois 1788:296]?;
SOMETHING) "oke-panke" [A]) < AL/KO oki
WHORE see PROSTITUTE 'water', HI ok-i 'water' + CH p~ikki
WIFE(1) ta(y)ek ("tahik" [Tixier grape', CHIpanki' 'grape' (M)
1844:40]; "taik," "talk" [A]; "tike" WINTER kapas(s)a ("capassa" [A])
[Dormon n.d.]) < CH ti:k 'female, < CH/CHI kapassa 'cold' (M)
woman', CHI -ti:k 'female', AL/KO WIPE(v.), CLEAN(v.) tkadolede
tayyi 'female, woman', HI/MI ("cachau-liche," "cachou-liche"
tayk-i 'female, woman' (M). In [A]) < CH kasholichi (B), AL
contrast to its Western kasohlici 'to rub back and forth to
Muskogean sources, Mobilian scrape' (M)
Jargon ta(y)ek apparently WISE, SMART tkostene ("coustine"
preserved an archaic pattern [A]) < CH/AP/AL kostini, KO
similar to that of bayok 'bayou, kostini 'to be careful, regain
creek, river' in relation to consciousness', CHI kostini 'to
contracted bok. > Louisiana sober up, come to' (M)
French "la taique" 'squaw', WISH(v.) see WANT(v.)
frequently with derogatory WITCH see SORCERER
connotations (Read 1963 [1931]: WITHIN see INSIDE
107, 109) WOLF tnadoba ("nachouba" [A])
WIFE(2) tta(y)ek elap (?; "taik-illap" < CH/CHI nasoba (M)
[A] with the possessive pronoun WOMAN (1) hat(t)ak ta(y)ek
and noun in reversed order) < CH < CH/CHI hattak 'person' + CH ti:k
ti:k 'female, woman', CHI -ti:k 'female, woman', CHI -ti:k
'female', AL/KO tayyi 'female, 'female', AL/Ko tayyi 'female,
woman', HI/MI tayk-i 'female, woman', HI/MI tayk-i 'female,
woman' + CH ila:p 'oneself, by woman' (M)
oneself, CHI ila:po' 'oneself, by WOMAN (2) taye - taya < AL/KO
oneself (M) tayyi 'female, woman' (M)
WILD tnoksohpa ("knokschouhoupa" WOMAN (3) ta(y)ek ("taik," "talk" [A])
[A]) - tnoks6pa ("noksompa'" < CH ti:k, CHI -ti:k 'female',
[Swanton 1911:32]) < CH AL/KO tayyi, HI/MI tayk-i (M). In
contrast to its Western Mus- WRITE tholesso eska ("houlisso eska"

kogean sources, Mobilian Jargon [A]) < CH/CHI/AL holisso
ta(y)ek apparently preserved an 'speckled, written; book' (M) + CH
archaic pattern similar to that of aiiska 'fixed, regulated, put in
bayok 'bayou, creek, river' in order' (B)
relation to contracted bok. > AL
tayki 'woman, female' (?; archaic;
SHM) and Louisiana French "la Y
taique" 'squaw', frequently with
derogatory connotations (Read YARD tan5ka holehta (?;
1963 [1931]:107) "anonka-oulikte" [A]) < CH anoka
WOMAN'S CLOTHES, PEITICOAT 'inside', CHI anonka' 'inside' (M:
talkona ("alcouna" [A]) < CH ABDOMEN) + AL/KO/CH holihta
alhkuna 'gown, dress for a lady' 'fence', CH/CHI/AL holitta 'fence'
(B), CHI alhkona' 'skirt' (MW) (M)
> Louisiana French "I'alconand" YAWN(v.) thahwa ("ahoua" [A])
(m.) and "l'acolan" (m.) 'petticoat' < CH hahwa (M)
with apparent metathesis (Read YEAR see SUMMER(1)
1963 [1931]:80) YELLOW lakna - lagana ("lagana"
WOMB tose (?; "ace" [A]) < AP osi [A]) < CH/CHI lakna, AL/KO
'child', CH oSi 'son', CHI osi' 'son' la:na (M)
(M)? YES(1) e (Geoffrey Kimball p.c. 1989)
WOOD see TREE < KO e, AL e: (M)
WOODCOCKtes(s)e nea pedelede YES(2), RIGHT(excl.), ALLRIGHT,
("issehena-piche-letche" [A]) INDEED,ACKNOWLEDGMENT
< CH is(s)i nia pichelichi yam(m)a ("yamah" [A]) - yamLi
'whistling plover' (bird; B) Syam5 (Crawford 1978:96)
WOOL tiokfe here ("tchoukfe-hiche" < CH/CHI yamma- 'that' (M) > AL
[A]) < CH chukfi hishi (B), CHI yami 'yes, okay' (archaic; SHM)
chokfi hishi', Ko cokfihissi (K), AL and Louisiana French "Yama"
chokfihissi (SHM), < CH/CHI/AL/ 'Indian', at times with pejorative
KO cokfi 'rabbit', HI/MI cokf-i connotations (Gregory 1982:19)
'rabbit' + CH hili 'body hair, fur', YES(3) tyo ("yoh" [A]) < CHI hoo 'yes'
CHI hiSi' 'body hair, fur, leaf, (archaic; MW), MCH ihoh 'okay'
feather', AL/SE hissi 'body hair, (M: YES)
fair', Ko hissi 'hair of the head, YES (4) yome [yo:ml] (Crawford 1978:
feathers, leaves' (M) 96) < CH omi:h 'all right, you are
WORK(v.) (1) pelesa ("pelissa" [A])-- welcome', CHI ho'mi 'all right, you
pleba < CH pilisa, CHIpilisa 'to are welcome' (M)
mess with' (M: BOTHER) YESTERDAY (1) net(t)ak ela
WORK(v.) (2) toksale - t6ksale < CH/CHI nittak 'day' + CHI fla
< CH/CHI toksali (M) 'different', CH ilah 'different one'
WORKER(1), HIRED HAND tt6ksale (M)
("tonkcele" [A]) < CH/CHI toksali YESTERDAY (2) palado ("palacho" [A])
'to work' (M) < CH pila:da:4 (?; M)
WORKER (2) tyoka ("youka" [A]) YESTERDAY(3)pelada(6) <CH
< CH/CHI yoka 'captured' (M: pila:da:4 (M)
HOLD,CATCH) YOU(sg., pl.) (1) t(e)s ("ich-" in
WORM see CATERPILLAR "ichla" 'te voila' and "ch-" in
WRESTLE (v.) padotle < AL paacootli "chpenele" 'assis-toi' [Le Page du
'to jump on, attack (one)' (SHM) Pratz 1758, vol. 3:6]) < second
WRING(v.) see TWIST(v.) person singular pronominal prefix
is- in Choctaw and is- in Koasati CH/CHIik-s-o 'to be none', AL

(Haas 1946:326-27), possibly also ikso 'to be none, empty', KOikso
a short form of CHisno- 'you' 'zero' (M: BE NONE)
(sg.), CHIisno' 'you'(sg.), AL/KO YOUR(sg., pl.) (1) (e),Jno ("ish-no"
isno 'you'(sg.; M) [Dormonn.d.]) < CH isno-'you'
YOU(sg., pl.) (2) (e)s no ("jeheno" [du (sg.), CHIigno''you'(sg.), AL/KO
Ru 1700:46, 1934:32];"eshno"[A]; isno 'you'(sg.; M)
"ishno"with the erroneous gloss of YOUR(sg., pl.) (2) tesno elap
'I' [Gatschet 1885:24];"ishno" ("eshno-illap" [A]) < CH ij~no-
[Dormonn.d.]) < CHis)no-'you' 'you' (sg.), CHI isno' 'you' (sg.),
(sg.), CHIis)no''you'(sg.), AL/KO AL/KO isno 'you' (sg.)+ CH ila:p
isno 'you'(sg.; M) oneself, by oneself, CHIila:po'
YOUNG (1) taneta (?; "amita"[A]) oneself, by oneself (M)
< KOanihta, ALanihta in YOURS(sg., pl.) teCno elap
im-anihta 'to be young' (M) ("eshno-illap"[A]) < CH iino-
YOUNG (2) hemeta < CH/CHIhimitta 'you'(sg.), CHIisno' 'you'(sg.),
(M) AL/KO isno 'you' (sg.)+ CH ila:p
YOUNG (3) tsepe ekdo ("sipi-ekcho" oneself, by oneself, CHI ila:po'
[A]) - sepeks~o < CH sipi 'old' + oneself, by oneself (M)
3. Unreconstituted or partially reconstituted entries. The following list

consists of early words and phrases that, as judged by other fragments--syntac-
tic or sociolinguistic-are identifiable as Mobilian Jargon, but that are not fully
reconstitutable at this time due to poor documentation or insufficient compara-
tive data. All entries were recorded by Ezra Stiles (1794:91-92, 110), except for
the vocables, attested by Jean Benjamin Francois Dumont de Montigny (1753,
vol. 1:204-5). Entries that remain non-reconstructed or incompletely reconsti-
tuted do not appear in the subsequent indices.
BEAR ("keshau") name of an Osage chief in the

BOY ("langah") form of "Yaukilauh")
CHILD, BABY . . ("kam-po'ucha") GREAT SPIRIT (?), GOD, (THE) GREATEST
COME HERE BOY tmente... (?; "minta ..t. fena (?; "yaukillauh,"
languah") < CH mtti 'to come', "yaukillah finah") + CH
CHI minti 'to come' (M) fihna 'much', AL -fihna 'much',
EAT . . . ("messau messa" [?]) < CHI KO -fihna- 'too much', AP/CHI
missila 'to have a big stomach, to finha 'much' (M)
be round (of a sugar bowl, for GREATEST EVILPOWER,DEVIL t...
instance)' (MW)? ekgo (?; "yaukil(1)auh exsho")
FIRE ...("keevah") + CH/CHI ik-s-o 'to be none',
FIREWILLSMOKE ("keevauh koo") AL ilkso 'to be none, empty', KO
GOANDDOAS I HAVEDONE- GETAS ikso 'zero' (M: BE NONE)
MANYSCALPSAS... MYFATHER(?) HOUSE ("kiv-'va-leh")
tlawa mente... (?; "lowah I CAMEA GOODWAYHUNTINGTHIS
min'tau vee anza")' < CH/CHI/AL MORNING(?) tmente (?;
lawa 'many' + CH mti 'to come', "mintau-zaauh-vaulah") < CH
CHI minti 'to come' (M) miti 'to come', CHI minti 'to come'
GREAT KING, GREAT MAN, WARRIOR . . . (M)
("yawkilah"; apparently also the INDIANCORN ("ki'ck-a")
LIGHT ("zee-auh") form of CH omi:h 'All right, you

MOON ("leeh") are welcome.' (interjection), CHI
SALTSPRING ("bre-h i" [?]) ho'mi 'All right, you are welcome.'
SUN t(ha)se . . . (?; "zee-auh-feasch" (interjection) (?; M)
great light') < A1/KO/Mu/SE VOCABLE(2) ("honathea")
hasi, OS hasi:, HI/MI ha:s-i WAKE(?) ("le'ewah")
(M) WORD/WORLD
(?) ("kallako")
VOCABLE(1) tom (?; "hornm")< short
4. Etymological indices. The following indices list Mobilian Jargon words

by their English glosses and their most likely etymological sources. Given
Mobilian Jargon's nature as a Western Muskogean pidgin in the varieties pre-
sented here, categorization does not extend to entries of Choctaw or general
Western Muskogean origin for reasons of economy; these entries make up the
majority of the vocabulary, and are easily identifiable by their Choctaw and
Chickasaw resemblances. An exception is Chickasaw, which lists words with a
distinctive Chickasaw influence, a former point of contention (Munro 1984;
Drechsel 1987a). Western Muskogean terms with close resemblances in one or
more Eastern Muskogean languages, and thus potentially intelligible to their
speakers, also appear under Western Muskogean and Eastern Muskogean. In
addition, I have included an analogous category of Alabama-Koasati and Other
Eastern Muskogean Languages, listing Mobilian Jargon terms with close
resemblances among Eastern Muskogean languages beyond Alabama-Koasati.
Another grouping that needs some explanation is Mixed Etymologies, which
identifies all compounds with components of different sources; compounds
whose parts originated from the same language or languages are, however,
classified according the language(s) that they have in common.
This classification reflects current analysis, subject to revision with any
future findings of historical attestations of Mobilian Jargon, and with the
publication of new comparative data on Southeastern Indian languages. In
particular, this vocabulary will need a reevaluation when a new, comprehen-
sive dictionary of Muskogee becomes available. Hence, these indices neither
reflect the pidgin's etymological composition at large, nor do they provide a full
or even representative range of its lexical variation over time and space, due to
a predominance of entries from predominantly Choctaw-speaking communities
in the anonymous author's 1862 vocabulary (Anonymous 1862), as well as in
modern recordings from central Louisiana (see section 1).
Alabama
African-Americanwoman (2), bread (3), brother (2), current, enemy, friend (1), gallon,
rope (3), today (1), turkey (2), wrestle
326 ANTHROPOLOGICAL
Alabama-Koasati
African-American (1), afternoon (2), axe (1), baby (1), black (adj.) (1), blackberry (1),
body (2), bullfrog (2), buttock(s) (1), coat, corn (1), day (1), dirty (2), drown, eye (3), fast
(1), give (2), good (2), hand (4), handle (2), horse (3), hot (2), leg (2), lie down (1), male
(2), match (1), mineral water, night (2), nose (1), open (1), people (2), powder, raccoon
(1), rain (v.) (1), rain (n.) (2), rope (1), sleep (1), snake (1), stomach (1), stop (1), strong
(1), this (1), tie (1), vinegar, what (2), whiskey (3), wine (1), yes (1), young (1), your (1)
Alabama-Koasati and Other Eastern Muskogean Languages

all over, big (2), buffalo (1), dog (1) and (2), fish (1), get (1), holy water, mouth (1), pig
(1), road (2), sacred, stand, sun (1), that (1), three (2), VOCABLE(1), water (2),
watermelon
Algonquian
baby (2), bobcat, chicken hawk (2), eye (1) and (2), gourd, hominy (1), legging(s) (2),
moccassin (1), money, nerve, pecan nut (2), persimmon (2), uproar
Chickasaw
arm (2), axe (3), bad (1), Biloxi Indian, bird (1), eye (1) (originally from Algonquian),
feather, hand (2), monkey (for constituent order), name (2), run (2), star (1), string (1),
throat, plus components in compounds for: finger, finger ring (1) and (2), fingernail, fist,
hand (3), row (v.), storm, thumb
European
beer (< English), bit (< Dutch via French), cat (1) and (2) (< Spanish), cigarette (<
French, English), coffee (< Spanish, French), cow (1) (< Spanish), cow (3) (< French?),
foot ailment (< English), hat (< French), Indian (1) (< French), mother (3) (< English),
mother (4) (< French), nickel (< French), oak (< English), rice (< Spanish), silver (1) (<
Spanish), Spaniard (< Spanish), stake (< Spanish), stomach ache (< English), vest (<
Spanish)
Koasati
eighty (2), hundred (1), hunger (3), hungry, mother (1), name (1), ninety (2), pea,
peanut, seventy (2), sixty (2), thirty (2), thousand, twenty (2), two hundred (1), vagina,
watermelon (4)
Mixed Etymologies (Compounds)

ashes (1), black drink, brandy, bull, butter (2), calf (1) and (2), cow (2), dime, dollar, fifty
(2), finger ring (2), fist, forty (2), Friday, furrow, glasses, gold, ground coffee, match (2),
melon, milk (n.) (1), (2), (3), and (4), mine, my (2), myself, naked, ocean, ox, penny (1),
plow (n.), quarter (coin), sauce, sea, she-cat, silver money (1), tallow, tallow candle,
tear, this side, today (2), tomcat, tonight, variety of colors, water spring, well (n.),
whiskey (4) and (5), wine (2)
Muskogee
chief (1), dog (2), fire (2), Great Spirit (2), hand (1), horse (1), house (1), meat (2), shoe
(3), stocking(s) (1), sun (1)
Other
arm (1) (< Chitimacha?), hole (2) (< Tunica), small (3) (< Apalachee)
Uncertain or Unidentified
breechcloth (2), circle, dog (2), foot (1), moccassin (2), nerve, nose (3), shoe (1), sting,
stocking(s) (2), tear apart, tobacco (2), VOCABLE (2) and (3)
Western Muskogean and Eastern Muskogean

African American (3), afternoon (1), all, alligator, and, ask (1), bag (1) and (2), bat, be
thirsty, bear, beauty, bed (2), believe, bend (1), best, better, bird (1), bite (2), bitter,
blue, body (1), bone, brain, breechcloth (2), bustard, buy, camp, chicken, chicken egg (2),
chicken hawk (2), chief (2), child (2), Choctaw, clean, clothes (1), cook (1), count,
crawfish, cut (2), dead (1) and (2), death, die, dirt, doctor, drink (v.) (1), dull, eight,
eighteen, eighty (1), eleven, ell, enough, evening, far, fart, fat (1) and (2), fatten,
feather, female, fence, fever, few, fifteen, fifty (1), fig, fight (v.) (1), fight (n.), five, five
hundred, flea, float, fool (1), foot (2), fourteen, friend (2), gall, girl (2), gizzard, go (1),
good day, green, hair (1), ham, handkerchief, handle (1), happy, hard (1), hen, here you
are, hide (v.), hunger (1), hunt (2), hurt, I, Indian woman, intimate, itch, jaw, knife (1),
Koasati, lady, lard, large (1), laugh, lazy, left, leg (2), like (v.), limestone, live, long time,
lot, mad (1), male (1), man (2), many, marriage (3), married, me, measure, meat (2),
metal, milk (n.) (2), Mobilian Jargon (2), month, moss, much, muscadine, my (1), name
(2), negative (1) and (2), nine, nineteen, ninety (1), no, noise, north, not, not good (1)
and (2), not much, now, nurse (1), oh, one (3), palmetto, people (1), pick, pigeon, pinch,
pipe (1), pitchfork, play, play cards, potato, prostitute, pursue, rabbit, raccoon (2), rain
(n.) (1), ram a gun, red, relative, right, right side, saddle (v.), salt, scissors (2), scratch
(1) and (2), seven, seventeen, seventy, sew, shake, shame, sharp (1) and (2), she-bear,
sheep, shirt (1), shoe (2), sing, single, sit down, six, sixteen, sixty (1), skin eruption, sky,
slow (1), small (3) and (4), smoke (n.) (1) and (2), smoke (tobacco), son (1), song,
sorcerer, sour, south, spirit, stay, stickball, stone (1), strong (2), sugar (1) and (2),
sweet, ten, thigh (1) and (2), thin (2), think, thirteen, thirty (1), thorn, three, tired,
tobacco (1) and (3), tooth, touch, trader, tree stump, truth, turn, twelve, twenty (1), two,
two hundred (2), uncle (1), up, urinate, us, very (1) and (2), want, watermelon (2), we,
well (adj., adv.), well (excl.), west, white (2), wife (1), wildcat (1), wind, wipe, wise,
woman (3), womb, wool, you (1) and (2), your (1)
5. Mobilian Jargon-English Index.
A taba sky, heaven

abe to kill
aba up aca river
adaf(Da one alota full

tabafo (?) one talotaeska to fill
adeba dead alotakio empty
tadefa to wash talpesa enough, right, proper;to
acento (?) snake measure
adeteka rope talpeta (?) to load
tadofa (?) one talpoyak goods, merchandise
adokma good, well talpoyak gale peddler
aokmrni good talpecek nest
acokmo good taltak(a)la orphan
adokmakso not good, bad taltalowa (?) church
ta~ole to sew amose uncle
tac3pa trader, merchant tanakfe brother
tac6pa coka store tanakfe ta(y)ek sister
ahe potato, sweet potato taneta (?) young
taka down, low tanokfele to think, reflect
takamme to close tanose bed
takamme (?) closed tanoka inside, within
takane elder tano5kaholehta (?) yard
takanowa to walk anopa language, speech, talk; to say,
akdikabe (chicken) hawk speak, talk
akik ceto turkey anopa ela MobilianJargon
akdikoge (chicken) egg tanopa lawa prattler
akika chicken anopa togole interpreter
ak ika Jeto turkey tanpesage toaim
akdika6oba turkey anopole to speak, talk; speech, talk
akika ose (chicken) egg anote again, another time
akika posko£ (chicken) egg tanote to add
aktka poikod (chicken) egg apa to eat; food
takikr tayek hen ape body
takconole(?) to lower tape handle
takkoa to descend ape losa (?) black handle
takne elder apeh&e body, handle
takoa to descend tapelta(?) to load
t akie vein tapelek (?) nest
akgego unavailable tapesa glass, window, mirror
tala arrive tapofade to blow
talata to hatch, incubate tappalasko bread
albe to pay asehka to tie
talberna camp, encampment asovag Indian
alek&e doctor,medicine person aga to have
talfabe left agekgso unavailable
talhpetta (?) to ram a gun taobohle smoke, fireplace, chimney
talkona woman's clothes, petticoat aobol(1)e smoke, fireplace, chimney
talla child, baby asovas Indian
talla aa to give birth taska pipe
talla cele (?) midwife tassowa to smell
talla gele (?) midwife atak person, human (n.), man
alokba sharp atloba African American, Black (n.)
alokbaklso dull atoge baby
alokpa sharp awa and (in complex numerical
alokpakgo dull constructions)
awa caf(fa eleven tbadokia red sumac

awa .ak(k)ale nineteen tbagokefoka (?) finger ring
awa han(n)ale sixteen tbaokta (?) red sumac
awa ontocena eighteen baipo knife
awa ontok(o)lo seventeen bayok bayou, creek, river
awa talape fifteen bea beer
awa tocena thirteen tbehe fig
awa tokolo twelve tbela fat, grease
taweha (?) fool, idiot beleso6(?) to sting
aya to go benele to sit (down), stay, live
tayepa (?) bowl, cup, vase besa to see
tayokpace good day besane nose
ayome married; marriage bessa to see
ayomeklo single tbessa blackberry
tayonada benele chair, seat tbeiak homa cardinal
tayowa to pick up, gather tbegak(a)ne nose, beak
bes~ane nose
tbegkoko robin
A tbeyaka chicken hawk, hawk
blaka to lay down, lie down
ti~e clothes, dress tbok bayou
tide ahta (?) shirt, jacket bole to beat, strike, whip, fight
t~ie tapaske handkerchief bolokfa(?) nose
tile truth tbolokta leyole (?) to pursue
tile ekdo lie tbono6ta fist
tiphata plate bostena cafa (?) penny
tdie (?) arm bota flour
tidekdo nothing tbota hata flour
B C
tbabela (?) midway point in the ball tcenke (?) hand

field (where the ball is thrown up ceto big, large
at the beginning of a racketball cetokgo small, little
game) tcoko house
babegele brother cokama good, well
tbabelele friend cokfe rabbit
tbahta bag, sack comme buttock(s)
tbak oge foka (?) finger ring
bakco blackberry
tbakseyama breechcloth
tbala tohbe (?) bean
tbalaka behind cafa one
tbalaykestafoa (?) circle dafe axe
balele to run, hurry (up) daffa one
bana to want, wish daffe(?) axe
tbana toask tjahe hoe
banna to want, wish cahta Mobilian Jargon
baga to cut cakale nine
basle to cut tdakefa gizzard
tbajle knife; to chop cakkale nine
330 ANTHROPOLOGICAL
5ak(k)o blue, green okmnikso not good, bad

tdakta Choctaw &okmokgonot good, bad
tjalpe (?) bark dokm5 good
5analle wheel tjokoma good, well; beauty
5analle laipa car, automobile tjokoma ekdo not good, bad
tanriha to roll; wheel tjokoma fena better, best
tdaple (?) bark tjokomakio not good, bad
tcasek wasp t'okom, good
casse corn &okpe hundred
tdbole sweet; sugar &okpeaf(f)a one hundred
tale to cut, chop Jokpe oba daf(fa thousand
Yapole sweet; sugar &okpetok(o)lo two hundred
teas'wa (?) nerve tcokie watermelon
&ekama good, well tjolok hole
Jek(a)makso not good, bad t&olokeska to make a hole
tdeldwa (?) lizard tjolale to split
tdele to have sexual intercours &ome like (comp.),so
mate tdona lean, poor
tdelpa(ha)pe(?) white oak t&Soba alligator
tdenef(f)e to pinch tc5fa (?) bandy-legged
5ento snake tcakai heart, stomach
&eteka rope &ipa to buy
Jeto big, large topa trader, merchant
tjeto ek4o small, little
tetokso small, little
&etokso small, little E
td(a)loko horse
coba big; horse e yes
tJofak nail tebaye nephew
tdofaknoskobole(?) pin tebaye ta(y)ek niece
tdofakode needle tebelkan snot
5oka house te&olako horse
tdoka(?) melon efa dog
tdokaapotoka room tefa (?) dog
tdokaeit asana key teglana middle, half, quarter
tdokakamas(s)a jail, prison tehan egt basa (?) plow, furrow, row
50ka kamis(s)a jail, prison tehat(t)ak (?) 'husband'
tcokahne fly tehome 'gall'
tdokapa(?) melon ekcole vagina
tokete (?) vest tekfe (?) stomach, belly
oklama good, well tekhed medicine
&okfe rabbit, sheep tekola neck
tcokfealpowa sheep eklzo no, not
tdokfehere wool tekgo
not good, bad
&okha house -ekzo NEGATIVE
cokhalbe mouth ela different, other, else, strange
Jokka house elap he, she, it, they; his, her, its,
Jokka kam~is(s)a jail, prison their
tdoklzipole spider's web telap hers, one's, theirs
5okmnagood, well telap acafa alone
cokmak~o not good, bad telappa here
&okmi good telbak hand, arm
telbak bon6ta fist teiken eye

telbak o£ fingernail es'kefa axe
telbak eske thumb teiked (?) buttock(s)
telbak oie finger egko to drink
telbak ose foka (?) finger ring eskose (?) aunt
telbak patassa hand esla Here you are! Hello! Howdy!
telbak t6la finger ring Welcome!
telbadokefoka (?) finger ring esno you (sg., pl.), your (sg., pl.)
elbe hand teino elap your (sg., pl.), yours (sg.,
telkoma (?) cover pl.)
elle to die; dead; death INSTRUMENTAL
telle taha dead tes(t)
teit adefa soap
elokfa shirt teit aholo sorcerer, witch, devil
ema to give eit alpesa ell
emafo grandfather teit aiana lock
tembak hand tegtatapa3e (?) button
temehakse to forget tegt ayope (?) last (adj.)
emma to give teit baska (holeso) playing card
termosana forehead teit bela (?) fork
tempaya to call test ~pa spoon
tempota to lend, loan teit fama (?) whip
temposa to kiss test hosa dart
eno I, me, my test kadaya scissors
teno elap my, mine, myself testpa&pole(?) to sweep
entakobe lazy tet pd~ipdaabroom
tepateka (?) foot test pesa nesken glasses, spectacles
tepedek breast, teat tetibes'(?) navel(?)
ese to get, take, receive etapeha (?) family
tese nea pedele&e woodcock tetawaya marriage
tesed 'blood' ete tree, wood
tesel ekoce 'to bleed' tete mouth; stick, table
teseto pumpkin tete abe (?) elm
teska to do, make ttee akie root
eske mother tete alpowa chinaberry tree
teske anakfe maternal uncle, tteteanka forest
mother's brother tete behe fig tree
teske dome aunt tete baka (?) barrel
tesketene small, little tete balane wagon, vehicle
teskona intestines, bowels tete Janal(l)e wagon, vehicle
tessa to let go ttee ~dile to chop wood
tessade (?) to finish tete delpa(ha)pe(?) white oak
tessap louse tete hakes~ root
esse deer tete ha~tap leaf
tesse kosoma goat tteteheka copal
tesse nea peselede woodcock tete kate locust tree, water locust,
tessed blood thorn tree
tessedekode to bleed tete kolofa tree stump
essoba horse tte lekde cherry tree
ted you (sg., pl.) tete nakseg (?) branch
ege to get, take, receive tete nosafe (?) oak
tejka bana (?) to be thirsty tete nosape (?) oak
egke mother tete os(s)ak walnut tree
tete os(s)ak fala pecan tree fane squirrel

tete ogof persimmon tree fayle to stop
ttetepatapo bridge fehna very, especially, really;
tete patassa board, plank, picket intimate
tete &ikolo(k)(?) cypress tfelema (?) to turn
tete takhoma box fena very, especially, really; intimate
tete tak6 peach tree tfena better, best
tete tak6 ceto apple tree tfend very, especially, really
tetetandbo bow tfeyopa to breathe; breath
te(y)ak pine tree
etete tfeyopa taha (?) out of breath
etebe to fight tfobe deep
tetesope (?) face tfofek star
eto tree, wood tfojol duck
etola to lie down tfoco0detoekgo teal
tetola to fall, lay down tfohe bela honey
tettibes (?) navel (?) tfohe neya wax
ette tree, wood tfoheskeeska (?) bee
etto tree, wood tfoka losa (?) priest
ettola to lie down tfolota to go around
eya togo tfone bone
teyabeha legging(s) tfose bird
eye foot tfoie hege feather
teye (?) thigh fot trabal foot ailment
teye enkotoba heel tfoyo (?) to look for
teyeeske toe
teyepatassa foot, sole
eyye foot H
teyye (?) thigh
thabeiko to sneeze
haMale to stand
E thafateka (?) stocking(s), legging(s)
thahwa to yawn
tihome gall hakden penis
eke father hak&o ear
take male cousin hakcoma tobacco
takeanakfe paternal uncle, father's thakdomasote (?) pipe
brother hakdomak tobacco
take ta(y)ek female cousin hakdomma tobacco
£la different, other, else, strange hakalo to hear
teale more hak(o)lo to hear, listen, understand
hakse deaf; to get drunk, intoxicate
thaksoba noise
F haksobeg ear, mule
haksobegfalaya mule
faket turkey thaksobe&takale earring
tfaket hela minuet (dance) hakge drunk;fool, idiot
tfalakto pitchfork haksen penis
falama to go back, return; back (adv.) thakied vein
tfalame north hakgobeg ear
falaya long, tall thakgop skin, rawhide, hide, leather
falayakio short halale to pick
tfama (?) to whip thalale to pull, draw
halalle to pick thattak apa cannibal

halalowe (?) bullfrog, frog hattak ape homma Indian
thalanle(?) to prevent thattak belokie (?) Biloxi (Indian)
thalele to touch hattak hat(t)a white person, white
halokpa sharp people
thalopa sharp; thorn hattak homma Indian
thalopa solede to sharpen hattak losa African American, Black
thalos leech (n.)
hanale six; leg hattak losa African American, Black
thandle leg (n.)
hanono bullfrog, frog hattak nagane man
hannale six hattak nanta who
hape salt thattak nepe body
thape 5abole sugar hattak ta(y)ek woman
hape losa (?) pepper (?) thawe (?) fool, idiot
thapolo buttock(s) hayone marriage
thaponak(o)lo to listen thayop twin
thase sun haypalana peanut
thalaya (?) mad thikha bustard
hate sun, month th~ik(o)lo to hear, listen, understand
thade koda east thede skin eruption, tetter
thas'elapa sun theka gum, copal;to fly
thane la~pa etola olase evening thekekes'ttabe (?) to poison
thade nenak moon hekeya to stand up
tha-e opeya west thekeya to stop
thade tabokoa noon, midday thela to dance
thadbes (?) tail theloha to thunder; thunder
thadokhaftap grass hemaka now
thaltap leaf hemaka net(t)a today
hata white hemeta young
thata etola snow themona new
hatak person, people, man; human hena road, way, trail
(adj., n.) hene road, way; VOCABLE
hatak ananta who theie hair, body hair, feather
hatak ape homma Indian thetok gunpowder
thatak belokde(?) Biloxi (Indian) thobak gelding
hatak hat(t)a white person, white thocafo (?) hunger
people thofahya shame
hatak homma Indian thofobe bottom
hatak homm5 Indian thohpe cemetary
hatak losa African American, Black thokco(?) to fart
(n.) (?) breechcloth
hatak lola African American, Black thok.ogo
thokce to plant
(n.) holabe to lie, tell a lie
hatak nagane man tholabe to trick, cheat; lie, falsehood
hatak nanta who tholafa to excrete
hatak ta(y)ek woman tholakie to lick
hatloia African American, Black (n.) tholakte (?) chief
hatta white tholat(a)ke (?) chief
hattak person, people, man; human holdefo name
(adj., n.) tholefoka (?) coat, hood
hattak ananta who tholefoka ?ife (?) naked
tholeso playing card tkale to bet

tholeso tole to play cards tkamas(s)a strong
tholesso playing card tkana~ile(?) scissors, chisel
tholesso eska to write kane(y)a gone, lost; to go away; leave
tholesso takoma book tkane(y)a to lose
tholeta fence tkane(y)a (?) good-bye
tholetopa expensive kano good
tholkopa (?) to steal kanome a little bit
tholtena to count tkantalede to press, bend
tholo sacred, holy kapasa cold;winter, ice
holhefo name tkapasa hard
holtena cafa penny tkapasa eklzo soft
homa red kapassa cold;winter, ice
home bitter, sour tkapassa eklo soft
homma red kapala cold
homm~i red kapoca stickball stick, ball stick,
honod rice racket
thopa owl tkas'olee to wipe, clean
thopake far, long distance, long time tkaite flea
thopJisa to chew kate cat
hopone to cook katema anywhere, where; place
thopopoyo(?) blind katemo where
thopowa hunger kato cat
hos(s)a to shoot tkato nagane tomcat
hoge bird tkato ta(y)ek she-cat
tho~5teka(?) parasol katome how much, how many
thod6te cloud tkg3e to sell
thosowa to urinate tk~igose (chicken) egg
hoita (?) four kik ode (chicken) egg
thotelko to cough, catch a cold; kgIka chicken
cough, cold k~ikaoie (chicken) egg
thoweta to vomit ki~kaposkod (chicken) egg
hoyaple tired kdka poikod (chicken) egg
hoyA VOCABLE kikii chicken
hoyba rain tkiki nagane rooster
hoylba (?) rain tkdkd here chicken feather
hoyo to hunt kIki pos'ko chicken egg
thoyo (?) to look for tkikdi ta(y)ek hen
thokso (?) to fart kako6posko£ chicken egg
tho"a to have sexual intercourse, tke lowak brandy, spirits, whiskey
mate; intercourse, copulation tkefiiha to groan, moan
tkesele to bite
tkele basket
K tketo0 to pound
kobafa to break; broken
kabasa cold; ice tkoda to go out; weather
kafe coffee tkodapolo storm
kafe ode ground coffee tkofe partridge
kafehel(1)e(?) strong kom5sa strong
tkalafe to scratch tkopole to bite
tkale well (n.) tkostene wise, smart; spirit, ghost
tkalle to scratch tkostenedeto Great Spirit, God
1996 J. DRECHSEL
EMANUEL 335
Koasati tlope brain, marrow

koaate
tkotoba bottle losa black
tkotoba eit alkama cork loga black
tkowe wildcat tloikobo head, neck
tkdla neck tlowa to burn
tkolak knife tlowa (?) great light
tkota to whistle lowak fire
-kso NEGATIVE tlowak lebe flame
kso no, not tlowak lalle (?) to boil
-kgo NEGATIVE lowak lifa match
lowak tlifa match
tlobo ball, round thing
L
labe to lie, tell a lie £

tlaca wet, damp; to sweat
tlaca eska to wet tlakoffe to miss
lagana yellow, orange (adj.) lao fish
tlagana to rust tlelle (?) to tear apart
lakna yellow, orange (adj.) tltka to blow one's nose
lap he, she, it, they, his, her, its, tlEka(?) to suffocate
their tepa (?) flat
tlaped horn ttokata whip
laspa hot; heat, summer, year ttopole through
tlaipa taha past year tlofe to skin
lawa many, much, plenty, very; lot tbople to pierce
tlawa(?) large
tlawa eklo not much, a little bit,
scarce, rare M
lawakzo not much, a little bit, few,
scarce, rare ma that, there
tlee clean, neat tma oh!
tlekce cherry mafo grandfather
tieteha dirty tmahle wind
tletowa to crush maka now
tlobafe to pull out, uproot makano (?) hunger; hungry
loca black, dirty tmala(k) relative, kin, parents
tloffe to pick tmalatha lightning
tlohme to hide malele to run
lokba hot, sharp; match mama mother
lokbase match mam~i mother
tlokdok mud manole to ask
tlokefe basle to plow tmastabe cekceke a variety of colors,
lokfe dirt, earth, ground a motley piece
tlokfe basle to plow mayokoba(?) to like
tlokfe eit kola shovel (?) moccassin, shoe
tmtgasen nose
tlokfepaska brick tmekel(?)
tlokfe gebole dust mente to come
lokse turtle, tortoise mega way off, way out, after
tlokse padlock tmeia tanap other side
tlokse paska tortoise shell megke mother
lokge turtle, tortoise tmetas (?) legging(s)
336 ANTHROPOLOGICAL
tmete to come tnane hata caspurgo

tmgko chief tnane kamas(s)a garfish
tmkoaeto God tnane lokfapa carp
tmogasen (?) moccassin, shoe tnane patassa flatfish, sunfish, perch
mogola friend tnane se~te eel
mokla friend tnannable to swallow
mokofa to quit nanta what, which, who
tmokofa to give up tnapeg (?) horn
mona back (adv.) nase what
tmona after a while tnadoba wolf
tmolohle to extinguish, put out tndholo white person, white people
moyba (?) rain tn2kedwana catfish
mngola friend tndle (?) to sting, prick
tmdgola ekgo enemy nate again, another time
tmokato bladder tnehe grain
tnenak night
tnenak eglana midnight
N nepe meat
tnepe flesh, body
na (?) to reach, get there tnepe homa mulatto
nagane male; man tnepe oke sauce, gravy
nahele morning; tomorrow nesYkeneye
tnahele fena early morning tneken 6afa (?) one-eyed
tnahele mega day after tomorrow tnesken hata (?) blind
nahe"le morning; tomorrow tnesken oke tear
nahol(1)o white person, white people tneiken pAe pak(a)na eyebrow
tnakbatepole rainbow neta bear; day
nake bullet, shell tneta ta(y)ek she-bear
tnake lead netak hollo bale (?) Friday
tnake bela bullet mold net(t)ak day
tnake 6eto (?) bullet net(t)ak anote tomorrow
tnake oge shot, lead shot net(t)ak gla yesterday, tomorrow
tnake poskoi shot, lead shot net(t)ak ela mesa day before yester-
nakfe brother day
nakne male; man net(t)ak hollo Sunday, week
tnakne hobak eunuch net(t)ak hollo klana (?) Thursday
tnalapes(s)a (?) loin, kidney net(t)ak hollo nakfed Saturday
tnale back (n.) net(t)ak hollo taha Monday
tnale kobafa humpback net(t)ak hollo tokolo mesa Tuesday
tnam pakahle flower tneya fat, grease
tnan egt albe fishhook tneya wak (?) tallow candle, dip
tnan egt albe ponola fishing line candle
tnan egt ekhana watch tneyade to fatten
tnan egt ekhana ceto clock no I, me, my
tnana thing noae to sleep
tnanable to swallow nokowa angry, mad
nane male (adj.) tnokowa to become angry
tnane fish tnokdela hoarse
tnane es'talbe fishhook tnokgohpa wild
tnane egt albe ponola fishing line nokiopa afraid, frightened, scared
tnane hak op fish scale tnokgopa fear
tnane halale to fish tnokiopa ekso courageous
tnokiopa lawa coward toke lowak brandy, spirits, whiskey

nokopa afraid, frightened, scared tokep~ike wine
tnoksopa wild oke sepe ocean
tnoktelefe to strangle toke tob(o)le water spring
tnona cooked, done, ripe; to cook tokeyanalle current
tnosape oak tokes(s)a door
nose to sleep tokfopahotopa (?) colic
tnose to dream; acorn tokhaeyale squint-eyed
noskobo head, neck tokhata lake
tnoskobole(?) head, neck okla people
tnosse acorn tokle (?) powder, dust, gunpowder
node to sleep toklele evening
nos~kobohead, neck tokpalale to float
tnotakfa jaw, chin tokpata shoulder
tnotakheI beard toksila mouse
tnotakhedife to shave toksefa (?) axe
tnote tooth toksonole to swim
nowa to walk, travel toktak prairie
noweya VOCABLE okte ice
tnoka throat, neck tokte etola to hail
tokte kamas(s)a ice
tokte kapassa ice
O toktepoke snow
ola people
tobe thigh, buttock(s) tolase near
ofe dog oliefo name
tofe ta(y)ek bitch ona (?) to reach, get there
ogola people onos(e) rice
ok oak tonod(?) stake, stick, oar (?)
oka water onos(e) rice
toka (?) liquor ontodena eight
oka home whiskey ontok(o)lo seven
toka lowak whiskey opeya afternoon, evening, night
toka mahle south topolo bad, ugly
tokata lake tosaba field
okcakalbe greenish tosak nut
tokdak(?) blue tosak fala pecan nut
okcak(k)o blue, green ose small, little, DIMINUTIVE
okdak(k)o (?) watermelon tose (?) womb
tokcako blue oske reed, cane
oke water toske cibole sugar cane
toke alekie mineral water toske nake domate arrow of a blow-
toke ceto sea gun
toke colok kale well (n.) toske tanibo blowgun
toke elle to drown toskefa (?) axe
toke est alpisa gallon toskobo head, neck
toke holo holy water tossak nut
oke home whiskey, vinegar tossakfala pecan nut
oke homma whiskey, wine tosan otter
oke losa black drink, busk (drink) ode small, little; child; DIMINUTIVE
oke losa (?) whiskey tose son
oke lo~ia black drink, busk (drink) tole kaya pregnant
tose ta(y)ek girl, daughter tpdie (?) beard

osko to drink tpaspole (?) to sweep
ogta four tpeakemena persimmon
tos'tapokole forty pekayo nickel
oya all over tpela away, off; quiet
toya to climb, go up pelada(s) yesterday
oyba rain; to rain pelesa to work; busy
toyya to climb, go up pella away, off; quiet
tpene boat, canoe, dugout, pirogue
tpene ceto ship, vessel
O tpene lowak steamboat
tpene malele to row
oba rain pesa to see, look
toba to rain tpesa to find
tdgof persimmon pesa ahokoma beautiful, good-
oha all, every, everything looking
tos(s)e eagle pede milk, hair
toksop bead tpese to milk, suck, nurse
oya all over pesek milk; to nurse
tpesek to milk, suck
tpedeklee to milk
P tpedekneya butter
tpedekpaska cheese
tpace pigeon tpedo bobcat, lynx, wildcat
pacotle to wrestle peta to give, lend, loan
tpakan (?) pecan nut tp~sek breast, teat
pake far, long distance tpete mouse
tpala light, candle tpete eto rat
tpala ayo(he)keya candlestick tplata silver, silver money
palama strong plesa to work
palana pea pogone grandmother
palas~o yesterday pokne grandmother
tpalaso mesa day before yesterday pokol awa caf(f)a eleven
tpalata (?) to groan, moan; bored; pokol awa cak(k)ale nineteen
boredom pokol awa han(n)ale sixteen
tpale bat pokol awa ontodena eighteen
palke fast, quick pokol awa ontok(o)lo seventeen
tpalke eklso slow, gentle pokol awa os~ta fourteen
patke fast, quick pokol awa talape fifteen
palkeklo slow pokol awa tocena thirteen
tpapesele friend pokol awa tokolo twelve
tpapedelo friend pokol ontocena eighty
papo(s) baby, child pokol ontok(o)lo seventy
papos' baby, child pokol os~ta forty
paska bread pokole ten
paska dipole cake pokole awa caf(f)a eleven
palpa bread pokole awa cak(k)ale nineteen
tpatale to saddle pokole awa han(n)ale sixteen
tpatatpo saddle pokole awa ontodena eighteen
patassa flatfish, sunfish, perch pokole awa ontok(o)lo seventeen
tpike grape pokole awa osta fourteen
tpise hair pokole awa talape fifteen
pokole awa tocena thirteen hubbub, war-whoop

pokole awa tokolo twelve sawa raccoon
pokole cak(k)ale ninety segaret cigarette
pokole han(n)ale sixty sepe old
pokole ontodena eighty tsepe ekdo new, young
pokole ontok(o)lo seventy sepeklo new, young
pokole ogta forty tseto pumpkin
pokole talape fifty sete snake
pokole todena thirty tsete holo rattlesnake
pokole tok(o)lo twenty tskale bit
pol ak(k)ale ninety skale kono (?) dime
pol han(n)ale sixty skale tokolo quarter (coin)
pol ontocena eighty tskefose hatchet, club
pol ontok(o)lo seventy tskona intestines, bowels
pol ogta forty slaio fish
pol talape fifty soba horse
pol tocena thirty tsoba ano6kapatatpo saddle blanket
pol tok(o)lo twenty tsoba benele to ride
tpolo bad, ugly; buttock(s) tsoba &ofaknale to spur
tpolona string, cord tsoba eye hoof
tpotole spark tsoba haksobesfalaya donkey, mule
tpotome to bend, fold tsoba kapale bridle
ponola cotton soba nagane stallion
tponola string, thread soba nakne stallion
posko£ &etokdobaby tsoba patalpo saddle
posko(s) baby, child tsoba pos~ko foal
poiko& baby, child, daughter, son tsoba tabak(a)le to gallop; gallop
poikos' etokdo baby soba taek mare
pokos~ nagane boy, son tsoba talahable stirrup
poiko&nakne boy, son soba tayek mare
poikod ta(y)ek girl, daughter tsoba tekba kapale 8ekale (?)
poino we, us martingale
pota to lend, loan, give tsobahei (?) help
tpotone to look after, guard, keep sok(h)a pig, hog
tsokha meat
sok(h)a nepe pork
R sok(k)o muscadine
sokse watermelon
rehkan(?) hole sonak money
sonak (a)daf(fla dollar
tsonak hat(t)a silver money
S tsonak lagana gold
tsonal (?) tongue
tsakamete hominy tsotko (?) thick
tsakak(o)wa (?) uproar, racket, tsotko ekdo(?) thin, liquid
hubbub, war-whoop tsotkokgo(?) thin, liquid
tsakak(o)ya (?) uproar, racket, tsotolaykate Great Spirit, God
hubbub, war-whoop sova& Indian
tsalakha liver tsolas tongue
sapota(k) mosquito tspane Spaniard
tsapotak $oka mosquito net tstellepayka shoe
tsasak(o)wa (?) uproar, racket, stomak trabal stomach ache
340 ANTHROPOLOGICAL
t0olos moccassin
tsolo0 &aha boot
t&(?) you (sg., pl.); INSTRUMENTAL tsolo0 kamas(s)a (?) shoe
tsadona onion tsom5 moss
tiakba alpesa right side gonak money
tsakbatena wildcat gone money
tsakle crawfish dopek bowfin, mudfish
tialaklak goose tiote pot
tiale to carry, bring goval Indian
tiana to twist, wring t0ka to smoke
Japo hat tkane(?) ant, elbow
tsatale to swell t~ololo quail
t~ata Mobilian Jargon tioe caterpillar, worm, insect, fly
sawe raccoon tiste (?) star
dawe hat(t)ak ape, monkey tit INSTRUMENTAL
tsikolo(k) (?) cypress
t 5kolo(k) anoka (?) cypress grove
t~sehma to dress T
tiekala pearl
tieke buzzard tta well (excl.), now (excl.)
tsela dry; dryness ttabage mourning
tselle comb tabe leg
tdelokwa toad taboke belly
tiesekode gourd, calabash, gourd taek female; woman, lady, wife, girl,
rattle, rattle, drum Indian woman
t edekowa gourd, calabash, gourd ttaek alota pregnant; to conceive
rattle, rattle, drum ttaek elap (?) wife
t~aloko horse ttaek hawe prostitute, whore
ikefa axe taek hemeta girl
&la Here you are! Hello! Howdy! taek homma Indian woman
Welcome! taek losa African-Americanwoman,
glado fish Black woman
tflokata whip taha completed, finished; no more;
tiloko horse past; PAST
gno you (sg., pl.), your (sg., pl.) ttaha perfect
s'oba horse tahi PAST
gobol(l)e smoke, fireplace, chimney ttahne to rise
tsoha to stink tak hollo week
goka pig, hog tak hollo bale (?) Friday
tgokaneya lard tak hollo klana (?) Thursday
tokane (?) ant, elbow tak hollo nakfed Saturday
tiokatte frog tak hollo taha Monday
tsokbo blanket tak hollo tokolo mega Tuesday
tiokda bag, pocket, saddle bag ttaka nagane man
gokha pig, hog ttaka nakne man
t~okhaneya lard ttakale buckle; to hang
tsokhaobe ham takalosa African American, Black (n.)
tiokhata opossum takaloga African American, Black (n.)
tiokobo blanket ttakag(g)e spleen
oklse watermelon takce to tie; rope
tgolop devil ttakde (?) to tie down
golog shoe taklosa African American, Black (n.)
1996 EMANUEL
J. DRECHSEL 341
taklosa tayye African-American tanapo gun

woman, Black woman ttanpopopkoi pistol
takloia African American, Black (n.) ttane to rise
ttakoba belly tanka afternoon, night
takobe lazy ttapak basket
ttako peach ttapaske thin
ttako deto apple tapas(s)a cold
ttako lagana orange (n.) tapeha family
ttako oge plum ttasaha to shout
ttakto (?) stocking(s) ttasanok stone
ttala palmetto ttasanok lowak eska flint
talakde watermelon tasebo crazy
talambo gun, pistol taslape five
tale stone, rock, metal, iron ttasnok stone
ttale bole blacksmith ttasnok lowak eska flint
ttale 5alale (?) chain taike to lie down
tale hat(t)a silver tailape five
tale lagana copper ttasokpa tinder
ttale lowak flint ttawaya sweetheart
ttalepaska stone taya woman
ttale pota (?) limestone ttaydbo bowl, cup, vase
talek&o rope ttayabo ayepa (?) bowl, cup, vase
ttalop testicles taye woman
ttal(o)wa to sing; song tayek female; woman, lady, wife, girl,
talape five Indian woman
ttateba (adafa) hundred ttayek alota pregnant; to conceive
ttateba sepe thousand ttayek elap (?) wife
ttaleba talabe five hundred ttayek hawe prostitute, whore
talepa hundred tayek hemeta girl
ttalepa (?) drum tayek homma Indian woman
talepa (a)caf(f)a one hundred tayek losa African-American woman,
talepa sepe thousand Black woman
talepa sepe caf(f)a one thousand ti.ie corn
talepa tok(o)lo two hundred t~ie bota corn meal
ttako tanned hide straw
ttce here
tamaha town, village tide paska cornbread
ttamaha eto city ttifola hominy, soup
ttamaha sepe town t~lwa corn
tamaha na to go to town (?) tte mouth
tana to know te 5analle wagon, vehicle
ttanap side teak pine
tanap os~e pistol tteak anoka pinewood
tanapo gun tebe to fight
ttandbo gun ttebe fight, battle, war
ttanibo deto cannon ttehalbe lips, mouth
ttandbo &etoeklo pistol tehaple to fight
ttand~bolapale gunlock ttehle to pluck
ttanabo 6fole (?) ramrod ttekba in front of, before
ttandbo patale rifle, carbine tele eye
ttanabo pokta double-barreled gun tewaple to open
tanabo ode pistol teyak pine
tanip ode pistol tteyak anoka pine wood
ttobakse coal twas (?) cow

ttobe(?) bean twa3ko itch
toena three twata to hunt
ttoiena pokole thirty weiha (?) to move (in a dance)
ttodeno(?) three tweke heavy;pound
ttofa to spit tweke (?) to balance
ttoffa summer welba (?) rain
toh(o)be white weles6 (?) to sting
tokafa to explode, shoot twenalece to shake
ttokafa ekso to misfire twedakde end
ttokdobe ashes twohwoha to howl
tok(o)lo two twohwoya tobark
ttok(o)lo taleba two hundred
toksale to work
ttokiebota (?) ashes Y
ttole to play
tole (kapoca) stickball yaka (?) to look
ttolople to jump tyakkonenak tonight
topa sick, ill; to hurt tyakko tanap this side
ttopa bed yako this, that, right here, right
ttop(o)le to push there
ttosole empty yako mome like this, like that
ttotka fire tyako nenak tonight
ttowa ball yako net(t)ak today
to6ksale to work tyako tanap this side
ttoksale worker, hired hand tyakoke thank you
ttola bohle (?) to put tyalke holafa excrement
yama ACKNOWLEDGMENT,
yes, right
(excl.), all right, indeed; this, that
W (in answer to 'Which one?');
MobilianJargon
wa and (in complex numerical con- yamai yes, right (excl.); Mobilian
structions) Jargon
twahya fruit, pistachio yamma ACKNOWLEDGMENT,
yes, right
wak cattle, cow (excl.), all right, indeed; this, that
wak empedneha butter (in answer to 'Whichone?');
wak nagane bull MobilianJargon
wak nakne bull tyamo6 yes, right (excl.); Mobilian
wak ose calf Jargon
wak pes milk tyanaga (?) fever
wak pei neha butter yanasa buffalo
wak pese(k) milk tyanas (?) cow
wak ta(y)ek cow tyanag(e)(?) buffalo
waka cow yanha fever
twaka bela tallow yaple tired
twaka hobak ox yaya to cry, weep
waka nagane bull tyekofa gnat
waka nakne bull tyekopa(?) calm
twaka poizkos calf tyekopaekso (?) restless
waka ta(y)ek cow yem(m)e to believe
twakamme to open tyo (?) yes
wakatele (?) milk yoka domestic, domesticated; ser-
vant, slave yokpa happy, glad; to laugh

tyoka domesticated animal; worker yoma Mobilian Jargon
yoka an6pa Mobilian Jargon yome yes
yokba to laugh tyope to bathe
tyokepa (?) calm yos~kolole short
tyokepaekso (?) restless
Notes
Acknowledgments. This publication is a revised and slightly expanded version of
what has already appeared under the same title in the University of Hawai'i at Manoa
Working Papers in Linguistics, vol. 26, and accompanies the publication of a compre-
hensive linguistic and sociohistorical description of Mobilian Jargon (Drechsel in press).
In compiling this vocabulary I have relied on the assistance of many individuals and
several institutions. In particular, I wish to express my gratitude to those persons who
taught me Mobilian Jargon or about it: the late Bel Abbey, Chief Martin Abbey, the late
Carrie Barbry, the late Nathan Barbry, the late Clementine Broussard, Dennis Cole,
Dazary Fuselier, John Gidlow, the late Elsie John, Deo Langley, Boston Obe, and
especially the late Lessie B. Simon, one of the last fluent speakers of the pidgin.
Recognition is also due the late Arzelie Langley and Leonard Lavan, neither of whom I
had the privilege to meet, but whose voices have survived in James M. Crawford's
recordings. Moreover, I am indebted to those who have helped me interpret the pidgin,
especially the late Jim Crawford, Hiram F. Gregory, the late Claude Medford, and
Ernest Sickey. For assistance in my archival research over the years, I recognize
several libraries: in particular, the Memorial Library of the University of Wisconsin-
Madison, the Library of the Wisconsin State Historical Society (Madison), the Newberry
Library (Chicago), the Special Collections of the Howard-Tilton Memorial Library,
Tulane University (New Orleans), the interlibrary loan office of the University of
Oklahoma Library (Norman), the interlibrary loan office of Hamilton Library at the
University of Hawai'i at Manoa (Honolulu), and the Library of Congress (Washington,
D.C.). Special acknowledgments are due John Aubrey of the Newberry Library and
Sally H. Drake of the Interlibrary Loan Office of Hamilton Library for their generous
help. My research has also benefited from valuable comparative data and inter-
pretations by Karen M. Booker, David J. Costa, J. L. Dillard, Ian F. Hancock, Geoffrey
D. Kimball, John E. Koontz, Pamela Munro, Thurston Dale Nicklas, and Robert L.
Rankin. The vocabulary's format has been improved with suggestions from Frederic G.
Cassidy, William W. Elmendorf, Douglas R. Parks, Albert J. Schiitz, and an anonymous
reviewer.
Funding for various stages of this research has come from the following insti-
tutions: the Werenfels-Fonds der Freiwilligen Akademischen Gesellschaft der Stadt
Basel (Switzerland), the University of Wisconsin-Madison, the Newberry Library in
Chicago, the National Institute of Mental Health (National Research Service Award 5
F31 MH05926-01/02), the University of Georgia, the Phillips Fund of the American
Philosophical Society in Philadelphia (two grants), the University of Oklahoma, and the
University of Hawai'i at Minoa.
I have received permission to quote linguistic data or selected passages from the
following manuscripts: Essai sur quelquesusages et sur l'idiomedes Indiens de la basse
Louisiane, by an anonymous author, courtesy of the Special Collections of Howard-
Tilton Memorial Library, Tulane University, New Orleans; an English translation of
this manuscript entitled An Essay on the Language on [sic] the Indians of LowerLouis-
iana, courtesy of the Gilcrease Museum, Tulsa, Oklahoma; Miami-Illinois Dictionary,
by David J. Costa;untitled notes on Choctawand MobilianJargon by CarolineDormon,

courtesy of the Caroline Dormon Collection, Cammie G. Henry Research Center, Wat-
son Memorial Library, Northwestern State University of Louisiana, Natchitoches;
Journal d'un voyage fait avec M. d'Iberville de la rade des Billochis dans le haut du
Mississipi avec un detail de tout ce qui s'est fait depuis ce temps jusqu'au depart du
vaisseau . .., by Paul du Ru, courtesy of the Edward E. Ayer Collection, Newberry
Library, Chicago;Memoirede lxx dxx officieringenieur, contenant les evenemensqui se
sont passes a la Louisiane depuis 1715 jusqu'z present ainsi que ses remarquessur les
moeurs, usages et forces des diverses nations de l'Ameriqueseptentrionale et de ses
productions, by Jean Benjamin FranCoisDumont de Montigny, courtesy of the Edward
E. Ayer Collection, Newberry Library, Chicago; Ata'kapa Language and Words and
Sentences of the Biloxi Language, Siouan Family, by Albert S. Gatschet, courtesy of the
National AnthropologicalArchives, Smithsonian Institution, National Museum of Na-
tural History, Washington, D.C.; Muskogean Cognate Sets, by Pamela Munro; and
Itineraries VI, by Ezra Stiles, courtesy of the Beinecke Rare Book and Manuscript
Library, Yale University, New Haven.
I am truly thankful to all of the above, and dedicate this vocabulary to my long-
time mentor Bill Elmendorf. Any shortcoming of the present research remains solely
my responsibility.
1. The division of Muskogean languages into Eastern and Western branches has
followed Mary Haas's traditional classification,which Pamela Munro (1987) and others
have recently challenged with a mirror version by aligning Western Muskogean with
Alabama and Koasati into Southwestern Muskogean and these two subbranches with
Hitchiti and Mikasuki into Southern Muskogean against a fourth division of Northern
Muskogeans consisting of Creek and Seminole. At this time, there still exists con-
siderable disagreement about the internal division of Muskogean languages, which re-
flects some of the sociolinguisticcomplexities of southeastern North America as well as
the difficulty of sorting out "genetic"from areal features. The specifics of Muskogean
classification do not significantly affect the present discussion, which employs the
categories of Eastern and Western Muskogeanmuch less as specifichistorical-linguistic
lineages than as broad geographic divisions in recognition of both "genetic"and areal
relationships.
2. Significantly, Geoffrey D. Kimball (1987:139) has described Apalachee proper,
the primary source of the third variety, as a language that-unlike other Muskogean
languages-lacked true case suffixes for nouns other than a few survivals, and that
distinguished its grammatical functions principally by word order, as reconstitutable
from a letter written in 1688 to Charles II of Spain. Its comparativelyanalytic structure
has led Kimball (p.c. 1989) to wonder whether the Apalachee materials represented "a
legitimate daughter of Proto-Muskogean"or instead a creole, presumably deriving from
an Apalachee-based pidgin. The numerous lexical similarities of Apalachee (tradi-
tionally classified with Alabama and Koasati, Eastern Muskogean)with Western Mus-
kogean (see Kimball 1988) perhaps serve as secondary evidence for an earlier pidgini-
zation and its intermediate link between the lingua franca Creek and "the Chickasaw-
Choctaw trade language."
Through its Creek varieties, Mobilian Jargon had indirect historical ties to
Seminole Pidgin (English?) and Afro-SeminoleCreole. Recognizedfrom a sociopolitical
perspective as separatist Creek Indians since the mid-eighteenth century, the linguis-
tically diverse Seminole of Florida used a contact medium, based primarily on Mus-
kogee, among themselves as well as with their new neighbors, associated Africans plus
European traders and settlers, well into the early twentieth century. The supporting
evidence, while inconclusive, is suggestive. An Americanbrevet captain named John T.
Sprague (1964 [1848]:99,268-69, 309) mentioned "amixture of Indian and Spanish"in
use among Spanish Indians in southern Florida around 1836 to 1840, and made refer-
ence to Spaniards and African Americans speaking "Seminole"in 1841. Alanson Skin-
ner (1913:63) similarly noticed a trade jargon composed of Muskogee, Spanish, and
English among the Seminole of the Everglades and the Big Cypress Swamp in 1910,
just as William C. Sturtevant (1971:112) observed an incipient, partially Muskogee-
based jargon in use by Mikasuki with non-Indians. References to a traders' "patois"
drawing principally on Muskogee and English vocabularies and accompaniedby occa-
sional samples, some rather stereotypical, appear in historical documentation for a
period as a late as the 1930s (see, e.g., Kersey 1975:vi,35, 66-67, 75, 82, 90, 95, 99, 104,
110-11, 113-14, 120, 123, 136, 139, 178). Since the mid-nineteenth century, this con-
tact medium had apparentlybecome increasingly relexified with an English vocabulary
in semi-autonomous African-Americancommunities associated with Seminole Indians.
Descendants of Africans, Seminole and other Southern Indians eventually acquiredby
way of creolization some form of this Muskogee-English pidgin as their first language,
which they continued identifying as "Creek"or "Seminole."Until recently, a so-called
Afro-Seminole Creole survived in isolated communities on Andros Island in the Baha-
mas, in eastern Oklahoma,and in the vicinity of Nacimiento on the border of Texas and
Mexico (Hancock 1980a, 1980b).
3. For examples, see the duplicate or even multiple synonyms for the following
entries: AFRICANAMERICAN,AFRICAN-AMERICAN WOMAN,AXE,BABY,BIG, BLACK(adj.),
BLACKBERRY, BODY,BREAD,BROTHER,BUFFALO,BUTIOCKS,CAT(although originally a
loan from Spanish), COOK,CORN,DAY,DIRTY,DOG,EAR,EIGHTY,EYE,FAST,FIFTY,FISH,
FORTY,FRIEND,FROG,GET,GOOD,HAND,HANDLE,HORSE,HOT,HUNDRED,HUNGER,LEG,
MATCH,MILK,MOTHER, MOUTH,NAME,NIGHT,NINETY,NOSE,OPEN,PEOPLE,PIG,RACOON,
RAIN (v., n.), ROAD,ROPE,SEVENTY,SHIRT,SIXTY,SLEEP, SNAKE,STAND(UP), STOP,
STRONG, THIRTY, THOUSAND, TREE, TWO HUNDRED, WATER, WHISKEY, WOMAN, YES, and
YOUNG.
4. This vocabulary incorporates a few words that are identifiable as the lingua
franca Creek on good sociohistorical grounds from documents by Austrian settlers to
early colonial Georgia (see Urlsperger 1735, 1738; for further discussion, see Drechsel
in press: chapters 8 and 9). I identify these entries for those skeptical of my hypothesis
that the lingua franca Creek is an eastern variety of Mobilian Jargon: BREAD(1), DOG
(2), FIRE(2), GREATSPIRIT(2), HAND(1), HOUSE(1), MEAT(2), SHOE(3), STOCKING(S)
(1),
and SUN(1). Note that not all of these words are derived from Muskogee, with BREAD
(1) apparently revealing a Western Muskogean etymology. Nor were these terms the
only ones with Muskogee as a primary source; others were CHIEF(1) and HORSE (2).
Moreover,there are several entries of Eastern and even Western Muskogean origin in
the pidgin that by their identicalness or close similarity would have been easily intel-
ligible to Muskogee speakers without any previous exposure to their neighbors' lan-
guages: BAG (2), BED (2), BONE, BUFFALO (1), BU'TER (2), CHIEF (2), CHOCTAW, COFFEE,
cow (1), DAY (1), DOG (1), FAT (2), FISH (1), HURT, ITCH, KOASATI, LARD, MILK (n.) (2),
MOBILIAN JARGON (2), MONTH, PALMETITO,PIG, PIGEON, the short form of SUN (2), THAT
(1), TOOTH, and TREE (2). Muskogee Indians who had some familiarity with other Mus-
kogean languages-a sociolinguistically and historically more reasonable assumption
than the notion of a Muskogee monolingual in light of widespreadbi- and multilingual-
ism among Southeastern Indians--undoubtedly understood many other words, espe-
cially those listed under Alabama-Koasati and Other Eastern Muskogean Languages
and Western Muskogean and Eastern Muskogean in the etymological indices (see
section 4).
5. For this reason, I do not separately list Mobilian Jargon entries with such
resemblances, although they deserve closer attention with any better evidence for the
lingua franca Creek that may yet come forth.
6. His vocabulary specifically includes the following items (with cross-references to

this vocabulary in parentheses): AXE(1), BABY(4), BAD(2), BEAR,BELIEVE,BIG(1), BLACK
(adj.) (2), BREAD(2), BREAK(v.), BROTHER (1), BUFFALO (1), BULL,BUY,CAT(1), CHICKEN,
CIGARETTE, COFFEE,COLD(adj.), come, corn (2) and (3), CORNMEAL,COW(1), CUT(2),
DAUGHTER (2), DAY(2), DEAD(1) and (2), DIFFERENT (1), DOCTOR, DOG(3), DRINK(1) and
(2), DULL, EAT, (CHICKEN) EGG (2), EIGHT, EMPTIY(1), EVERYTHING,FATHER, FIRE (1), FISH
(n.) (1), FIVE, FOOD, FOOT(2), FOUR, FRIEND (2), FRIGHTENED,FULL, GIVE (4), GO (1), GOOD
(1), GREEN, GROUND, HEAD, HEAR,HOG (2), HORSE(3), HOT (1) and (2), HOUSE (2), I, ICE (1),
INDIAN(1), (2), and (3), KILL,KNIFE(2), KOASATI,LAUGH,LAZY,LEARN(see KNOW),LIE
DOWN (2) and (3), LITTLE (see SMALL (1)), (BE) LOCATED (see WHERE), LONG, MAN (1),
MANY, MARRIAGE(3), MATCH(ES) (2) and (3), ME, MEAT(1), MEDICINE (see DOCTOR), MILK
JARGON(3), MONEY,MY(1), NAME(1), NEGROMAN(see AFRICANAMERI-
(n.) (3), MOBILIAN
CAN(2)), NEGROWOMAN(see AFRICAN-AMERICAN WOMAN (2)), NIGHT(3), NO,NOT,OAK(2),
OLD,ONE(3), PERSON(see HUMAN(n.)), PINE,PISTOL(1), POTATO,RABBIT,RAIN(n.) (4),
RED, RETURN, RICE, ROAD (1), ROPE (2), RUN (1), SALT, SAY, SHARP (1), SHOOT (1) and (2),
SHORT(1) and (2), SICK,SIT, SLEEP(v.) (2), SNAKE(2), SON (2), SQUIRREL,STAND(see
STAND(UP)), STRONG(3), SUGAR(1), SUN(2), TALK(v.), TALL,TEN,THIS(1), THREE,TIE(2),
TOBACCO(2), TODAY (2), TOWN, TREE (1), TURKEY (3), TURTLE, TWO, UP, VERY (1), WANT,
WATER(2), WE, WHAT(1), WHERE, WHIP (v.) (1), WHISKEY(4), WHITE (1), WHO, WOMAN(3),
WOOD, WORK(1), YES (2) and (4), YESTERDAY(2), YOU (2), YOUNG (2), and YOUR (1).
7. The distinctive entries by Crawford are: a variation of BABY(4), BUFFALO(1), two
variations of CHICKENEGG(2), CIGARETTE, a variation of COLD(adj.), CORN(3), CORN
MEAL,a variation of DAUGHTER (2), DEAD(1), GIVE(4), a variation of GOOD(1), a varia-
tion of HEAR,a variation of ICE(1), two variations of INDIAN(1), a variation of INDIAN
(3), KOASATI,a variation of LAUGH(v.), a variation of LAZY,a variation of MAN (1),
MARRIAGE (3), a variation of MOBILIAN JARGON(3), a variation of MONEY,a variation of
PERSON/HUMAN, PISTOL(1), RAIN(n.) (4), a variation of SON(2), STRONG(3), a variation
of WHERE,WHISKEY (4), a variation of YES(2)/MOBILIANJARGON(3), and YES(4). Most of
these entries merely reflect phonological variations of words that Crawford and I re-
corded among Choctaw-speaking Coushatta Indians near Elton.
Gregory provided a variation of BELLY(1), CUT (v.) (1), and GROUNDCOFFEEas
unique items, which come from Choctaw Indians of central Louisiana.
Kimball's distinctive entries are: AFRICAN-AMERICANWOMAN(2), BLACK (adj.) (1),
(1), BUTTOCK(S)(1), DIRTY(2), GOOD(2), MILK(n.) (1), a variation
BLACKBERRY of
MOBILIAN JARGON (3), MULE (1), VAGINA,WHAT (2), and YES (1), provided by speakers of
Koasati near Elton. With the exception of AFRICAN-AMERICANWOMAN(2), the variation
of MOBILIANJARGON(3), and MULE(1), Kimball's entries reflect a dominant influence
from Koasati (Eastern Muskogean) in comparison to the data that Crawford and I gath-
ered, which lends further support to a variationist interpretation of Mobilian Jargon.
8. Using the data collected by the Louisiana naturalist Caroline Dormon demands
special prudence. She gathered words and phrases of Mobilian Jargon intermixed with
samples of Choctaw, as indicated by morphological and syntactic differences, and did
not distinguish between the two kinds of data when she drew on multiple, apparently
alloglossic sources. Sorting Mobilian Jargon out from Choctaw in this case is further
complicated by the fact that a few short phrases are interpretable as Choctaw (Pamela
Munro p.c. 1995) as well as Mobilian Jargon. As a precaution, the present vocabulary
incorporates data from constructions identifiable exclusively as the pidgin.
9. Source term does not suggest common ancestry as implied by cognate, a concept
closely linked to the tree model of language diversification of conventional historical-
comparative linguistics, and permits application to phenomena of linguistic conver-
gence, including language contact.
10. For the printer's convenience, the symbol a in this vocabulary represents the
basic vowel of low central quality and its variations, rather than exclusively the low
front vowel known as "the Boston a."
11. In light of this evidence, Pamela Munro erred when she suggested in her con-
trast of the pidgin with Chickasaw that "nasalized vowels are exceedingly rare in the
Mobilian [Jargon] corpus" (1984:441). Her conclusion was possibly based on a perfunc-
tory review of Crawford's short vocabulary (1978:81-97), and apparently did not take
into consideration the evidence available in my doctoral dissertation (Drechsel 1979:55).
Yet even a closer examination of Crawford's data alone confirms vowel nasalization:
kika 'chicken', td:s'wa, a variant form for 'corn', kazki puszus kaik6 pos'kosY'small
chicken, egg', dukmi ukm6 'good', hatak hommo 'Indian', yamn - yamo 'yes, Mo-
--
bilian Jargon', and yo:mi 'yes'; secondary regressive nasalization of vowels also occurs
in the vowels preceding nasals as in (a)kajka 'chicken', tandi 'corn', inklE 'father',
6ampule 'sugar', and anompa - anompole 'talk' (Crawford 1978:82-97). Further anal-
ysis of vowel nasalization in Mobilian Jargon reveals that this feature was not limited
to any particular group, such as French speakers with their wide use of nasalized
vowels (as might be deduced from Crawford's data), but occurred throughout the con-
tact speech community, including speakers of Muskogean languages and probably
Southern English. Previous sources, moreover, document vowel nasalization for the
pidgin's entire written history. Thus, the author of the Essai (Anonymous 1862) already
rendered nasalized vowels throughout his manuscript in characteristic French tran-
scription as, e.g., in "Kankan" or k[iki 'chicken', "Hinki" or eke 'father', "Mangoula" or
m6gola 'friend', and "Sapantak" or sap6tak 'mosquito'. Earlier, Antoine Simon Le Page
du Pratz (1758, vol. 3:6), a Dutch settler writing in French, had similarly recorded the
word for 'friend' as "mongoula," which he translated as 'my friend,' probably by drawing
on the French possessive pronoun mon [m5] 'my', instead of its Muskogean etymology
(see FRIEND(2)). While speakers of French or a nasalized variety of Southern English
perhaps reinforced vowel nasalization in Mobilian Jargon, it is unlikely that they
originated it. Otherwise, early French sources of Louisiana, recognizing nasalized as
distinct from oral vowels in both pronunciation and spelling, would have written few of
the non-nasalized original forms with nasalization. Rather, the original source of na-
salized vowels in Mobilian Jargon probably were Muskogean languages, which have
traditionally exhibited a quite widespread presence of this articulatory feature (see
Munro forthcoming).
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Integrated Vocabulary of Mobilian Jargon

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An Integrated Vocabulary of Mobilian Jargon,

a Native American Pidgin of the Mississippi Valley

Universityof Hawai'i at Manoa

Abstract. This vocabulary offers a substantial lexical inventory of Mobilian

1. Introduction. This study presents a vocabulary of Mobilian Jargon, or

gual Creek Indians and their non-Muskogean associates or neighbors in

well as for terms revealing greater resemblances in Chickasaw than Choctaw

Table 1. Etymological Compositions of Opelousas and Elton Vocabularies

Greater Muskogean (with

European 6 (0.7%) 15 (3%)

Significantly, the two vocabularies exhibit differences of more than 20 percent

Louisiana). Caution is appropriate even with respect to Mobilian Jargon's

Jargon, warrant implication of a makeshift, on-the-spot linguistic response in

Reconstitutions derive from a variety of sources. Next to incidental attesta-

Historical recordings, lacking either phonetic or phonemic transcription,

kogean languages. Like consonant gemination, vowel lengthening was gram-

Because phonological variations and processes such as gemination, lenition,

regards to Mobilian Jargon's phonology with its considerable range of nondis-

SMALL (1), LITTLE tdeto elkso ("tchito-ekcho" [Anonymous 1862]) - detolko

Some entries further contain comparative observations on pidgin terms or

a superimposed tilde, and nasalized vowels were quite widespread in Mobilian

Table 2. Mobilian Jargon Consonants

Table 3. Mobilian Jargon Vowels

data that require clarificationof their pronunciation.)

A Anonymous (1862) m. masculine

2. English-Mobilian Jargon (with Early Attestations and Resem-

A atlo6a < Ko atloci (K), AL

AFRICAN-AMERICAN WOMAN (1), BLACK [A]; "nogwa'" [Swanton 1911:32])

AUNT(1) teske dome hicito 'big' (pl.) + CH/CHI ik-sg-o

taboke (Hiram F. Gregory p.c. measure generally' (Rankin 1988:

[A]) < CH dokbo (M) *pindiwa 'bobcat, cat' (Costa

< CH shupik 'mudfish' (B) [A]) - tpdek ("pingic"

MU/OS yanasa, HI yanasi. MI among its speakers. Moreover,

night bird', KO hakha 'raven' (M: diminutive in compounds, AP osi

a close resemblance between ("chanle" [A]) < CH cali, CHI cai'li

COAT,HOOD tholefoka (?; "ollifouka" ("tallai-lagana" [A]) < AL/KO/CH

dialects (Mary Haas in Crawford ("bachele" [A]; "biushle"[Gatschet

DAY(2) net(t)ak ("nitack" [A]) < MCH/CHI dolop 'ghost' (M)

DOMESTICATEDANIMAL tyoka CH alepa (B)?

vol. 3:7] or '[you] eat' with an prefix is~t-, AL instrumental prefix

melancholy, obscureness, opacity, Further note Powhatan neski:nsek

FAT(n.) (2), GREASE(n.) tneya FIELD tosaba ("ossaba" [A]) < CH

AP osi 'child' + CH/CHI fohka 'to CH/CHI instrumental prefix ist-,

okpala:li (M) LEG)+ CH/CHI patassa 'flat' (M)

[Dormon n.d.]) tpapedele G

GIRL(2) poekok ta(y)ek < CH poskos < CH cakiffa, AL in-caka:fa, CHI

GOOD(1) (a)6okma ("athiocma" GOURD, CALABASH,GOURDRATTLE,

GRANDMOTHER pokne - pogone GUARD(v.) see LOOKAFTER

5eto ("coustine tchito" [Le Page GUNLOCK ttandbo lapale

1994:143) located' (M)

("kankan-talk" [A]) < CH aklika HOMINY(1) tsakamete ("sagamite"

HOT (1) laspa ("lachepa" [A]; "liishpai" HUNGER(3) makano (?)

be forceful, strong, solid' (archaic; productive in Mobilian Jargon as

K frequently with derogatory

LEG (1) hanale - thanale ("houlabe" [Bossu 1768, vol. 2:38],

(MW) TREE tete kate ("ite-kat6" [A])

("tchoulouque-eska" [A]) tchiakale" [A]) < CHI issoba

METAL,IRON tale ("tallai" [A]) MU/OS ipisi: 'breast' (M)

aso:nak 'tin', AL sonok 'money' MOTHER(3) mama <English

< CH sokko, AL/KO cokko (M) tive in compounds, AP osi 'child'