MINDANAO STATE UNIVERSITY

MAIGO SCHOOL OF ARTS AND TRADES

Introduction to Information and

Communication Technology -2
(TLE 107)
Module 1

Source image: Cloud Computng, 11 September 2020, https://images.app.goo.gl/JA29Pd66HwgwTzMx6 Prepared by:

SIXIE ROZZ O. PENASO
Prepared by:
LIDA G. ALBARAN. MIS
Email Address: lida.albaran@upou.edu.ph
Contact No: 09164383799
FB Account: Lidz Albaran ; stef_keth@yahoo.com
Learning Management System : https://www.schoology.com
Course Access Code: 8D2P-5V5H-34GG3

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 Module 1

Introduction

All computing is based on the coordinated use of computer devices, called

hardware, and the computer programs that drive them, called software, and all
software applications are built using data and process specifications, called data
structures and algorithms. These fundamentals have remained remarkably stable
over the history of computing, in spite of the continual advance of the hardware
and software technologies, and the continual development of new paradigms
for data and process specifications. This chapter defines the notion of
computing, discusses the concepts of hardware and software, and concludes
with an introduction to the development of software, called computer
programming. The remainder of the text focuses in on the development of
computer software, providing a detailed discussion of the principles of software
as well as a snapshot of the current culture of the software development field.

There are two reasons why everyone should study computing:

1. Nearly all of the most exciting and important technologies, arts, and
sciences of today and tomorrow are driven by computing.
2. Understanding computing illuminates the deep insights and questions
into the nature of our minds, our culture, and our universe.

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 WHAT I NEED TO KNOW
LESSON 1: What is Information and Communications
Technology?

Information and Communications Technology (ICT) often deals with the

use of different technologies such as mobile phones, telephones, computer, Internet, and
other devices, as well as software and applications to locate, save, send, and manipulate
information. Empowering ICT is important for its innovative uses impacts our daily lives.
It has affected our ways of communicating, made our lives more convenient, and assisted
countries towards their modernization plans. Thus, there is a need to create a foundation
of understanding in the world of ICT.

What are my goals?

By the end of this lesson, you are expected to:
1. Identify varied online platforms and sites.
2. Compare and contrast the nuances of varied online platforms, sites, and content
to best achieve specific class objectives or address situational challenges.
3. Evaluate existing online creation tools, platforms and applications in developing
ICT content.

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 WHAT I KNOW
You must be excited to flip over the pages and begin with the lessons.
But first, please answer the pre-test to measure what topics have you known so far.

Direction: Read each item carefully and choose the letter of the correct answer. Write
your answers on a separate sheet of paper or in your notebook.

1. What type of web page is classified as flat or stationary?

A. Web 1.0 B. Web 2.0 C. Web 3.0 D. Web 4.0

2. What web 2.0 feature allows users to subscribe to a data plan that charges for
the amount of time spent on the internet?
A. Folksonomy B. Long Tail C. User Participation D. Application
3. What is the name of the symbol that is used to classify and categorize
information?
A. Hashtag B. Question Mark C. Asterisk D. At sign
4. What specific type of social media allows you to connect with other people?
A. Microblogging C. Media Sharing
B. Social Networks D. Social News

5. Twitter is an example of what specific type of social media?

A. Microblogging C. Media Sharing
B. Social Networks D. Social News

6. YouTube and Instagram are examples of what specific type of social media?
A. Blogs and Forums C. Media Sharing
B. Social Networks D. Bookmarking Sites

7. What specific type of social media allows its users to post their original content
on websites such as WordPress, Blogger, and Tumblr?
A. Blogs and Forums C. Media Sharing
B. Social Networks D. Bookmarking Sites

8. What type of social media allows you to manage links to various websites?
A. Blogs and Forums C. Media Sharing
B. Social Networks D. Bookmarking Sites

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 9. What do you call the global system of interconnected computer networks that use
servers to link billions of devices worldwide?
A. Websites B. Web browser C. Internet D. World Wide Web

10. What type of web page is classified as a dynamic page?

A. Web 1.0 B. Internet C. Web 2.0 D. Web 3.0

WHAT’S IN
Reflect on the following questions:
 How many times have you checked your phone this morning?
 How many updates have you posted on Facebook, Twitter, or
Instagram today?
 Do you use the internet/ mobile for an hour after you woke up this
morning?
 Have you followed a celebrity/ a crush on his/ her social media
account?

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 Information and Communications Technology (ICT) often deals with the use of
different technological inventions like mobile phones, telephones, computer, Internet, and
other devices, as well as software and applications to locate, save, send, and manipulate
information. ICT has greatly contributed to how easy our lives has been today. Our
gadgets have become part of our necessity that we check on them after we wake up. It
made communication easier. We can use cellular phones that are designed for
communicating with other people even they are miles away from us. It has also assisted
us in our work since there are Internet-based jobs. It has revolutionized our education
and in the modernization of our economy.

WHAT’S NEW
ACTIVITY 1.1: Internet and Computer Readiness Test

Directions: Read and reflect each item carefully. State whether you agree or
disagree to each of the statements by drawing a happy face () if you agree and a sad
face () if you disagree. There are no right or wrong answers for this activity. Write your
answers on your notebook.
SITUATIONS
1. I have reliable access to a computer, mobile phone, tablet, or any gadget that
can act as substitute to computers.
2. I have access to a high-speed internet connection with video streaming
capabilities.
3. I have experience using email: I can create, send, forward, reply to, and save
email messages and attachments.
4. I have experience in word processing: I can create, edit, save, and navigate
documents using software program such as Microsoft Word or Pages for Mac.

5. I have experience in creating slide presentations: I can use programs such as

Microsoft PowerPoint or Keynote for Mac.
6. I know how to search the web using Internet browsers such as Firefox or
Google Chrome.

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7. I have experience using online or mobile social media (ex. Facebook, Twitter)

8. I have experience viewing videos online (YouTube)

9. I have experience filling out forms and taking quizzes online.

10. I have experiences using cloud-based programs such as Google Drive or
Google Docs.
11. I have experience searching online for academic resources (ex. Google
Scholar)
12. I have experience with video conferencing (ex. Skype).

Did you agree to all or most of the questions? If so, then you must have
experienced using the different online platforms and sites!

WHAT IS IT

ICT in the Philippines

Philippines is dubbed as the “ICT Hub of Asia” because of huge growth of ICT-
related jobs, one of which is BPO, Business Process Outsourcing, or call centers. In a
data gathered by the Annual Survey of Philippines Business and Industries in 2010, the
ICT industry shares 19.3% of the total employment population.
When the internet was fully commercialized in 1995, it has tremendously impacted
culture and commerce, including the rise of near instant communication by email, instant
messaging, telephony (Voice over Internet Protocol or VoIP), two-way interactive video
calls, and the World Wide Web with its discussion forums, blogs, social networking,
and online shopping sites. Internet is the global system of interconnected computer
networks that uses the Internet protocol suite (TCP/IP) to communicate between networks
and devices.

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The World Wide Web
The World Wide Web is an information system on the Internet that allows
documents to be connected to other documents by hypertext links, enabling the user to
search for information by moving from one document to another. It was invented by Tim-
Berners Lee. The World Wide Web browser software, such as Microsoft's Internet
Explorer/Edge, Mozilla Firefox, Opera, Apple's Safari, and Google Chrome, let users
navigate from one web page to another via the hyperlinks embedded in the documents.
These documents may also contain any combination of computer data, including
graphics, sounds, text, video, multimedia and interactive content that runs while the user
is interacting with the page. The Web has enabled individuals and organizations to publish
ideas and information to a potentially large audience online at greatly reduced expense
and time delay.
Types of Web Pages
 Web 1.0 or The Web. It is the first stage of the World Wide Web evolution. It is a
flat or stationary page since it cannot be manipulated by the user.
 Web 2.0 or The Social Web allows users to interact with the page, the user may
be able to comment or create a user account. Most website that we visit today are
Web 2.0.
 Web 3.0 or Semantic Web. The semantic web provides a framework that allows
data to be shared and reuse to deliver web content specifically targeting the user.
Search Engine will learn about you and your habits from each search you perform
and will gather details about you from your previous activities like likes and social
postings and present the answers as per your preferences.

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Below is a comparison of Web 1.0, Web 2.0 and Web 3.0:
https://lcy0210.wordpress.com/2019/01/11/web-3-0-to-5-0-is-coming-soon/
CRITERIA WEB 1.0 WEB 2.0 WEB 3.0
Communication Broadcast Interactive Engaged/ Invested
Information Static/ Read-only Dynamic Portable & Personal
Focus Organization Community Individual
Content Ownership Sharing Immersion
Interaction Web Forms Web Application Smart Applications
Search Directories Tags/ Keywords Context/ Relevance
Metrics Page Views Cost per Click User Engagement
Advertising Banners Interactive Behavioral
Technologies HTML/ FTP Flash/ Java/ XML RDF/ RDFS/ OWL
Features of Web 2.0
FEATURES WEB 2.0
FOLKSONOMY allows users to collectively classify and find information using
freely chosen keywords (e.g. "tagging" by facebook). Tagging
uses the pound sign #, often referred to as hastag.
RICH USER dynamic content that is responsive to user input (e.g., a user
EXPERIENCE can "click" on an image to enlarge it or find out more
information)
USER the owner of website is not the only one who is able to put
PARTICIPATION content. Others are able to place a content on their own by
means of comments, reviews, and evaluation.
LONG TAIL services that are offered on demand rather than on a one-time
purchase. This is synonymous to subscribing to a data plan that
charges you for the amount of time you spent in the Internet, or
a data plan that charges you for the amount of bandwidth you
used.
SOFTWARE AS users will subscribe to a software only when needed rather
A SERVICE than purchasing them.

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 WHAT IS IT
ACTIVITY 1.2: Where do I belong?
DIRECTIONS: Using the Internet, look for the webpages of the pages listed below.
Evaluate whether they are Web 1.0, Web 2.0, or Web 3.0. Write your answers in your
activity notebook.

1. Amazon.co.uk 6. Siri’s Apple Voice Recognition

2. 7.

3. 8. Encyclopedia Britannica

4. 9. Trio Healthcare Group

5. 10.

WHAT’S NEW
LESSON 1.1: ONLINE PLATFORMS AND SITES
Because of the wide capacity of Web 2.0, it has helped in creating dynamic online
platform sites. Online platform is a specially developed platform using Internet technology.
Online platforms have revolutionized access to any information. Online platforms
currently include, but are not limited to:

Presentation or Visualization
Cloud Computing
File Management
Mapping
Social Media

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Let us go through them one by one!

1. Presentation or Visualization Platform allows you to present and share

presentations, infographics and videos with other people. It is used to
communicate information clearly and efficiently.
2. Cloud Computing Platform is also called as “The cloud.” It is the practice of using
a network of remote servers hosted on the internet. Instead of using your
computer’s hard drive, you store and access your data and programs over the
Internet.
3. File Management Platform is used for the storing, naming, sorting, and handling
of computer files. Allows you to convert and manage files without download in the
software tool.
4. Mapping Platform is a transformation taking the points of one space into the
points of the same or another space. Uses GPS to detect location and used for
navigation.
5. Social Media Platform is a computer-mediated tools that allow large group of
people to create, share or exchange information, interest and the information
shared can be in the form of ideas, pictures, videos or anything that you want to
create and share to virtual communities. It can be in the following platforms:

Social Networks. These sites allow you to connect with other people
with the same interests or background.

Bookmarking Sites. These are sites that allow you to store and
manage links to various websites and resources.

Social News. These are sites that allow users to post their own news
items or links to other news sources.

Media Sharing. These are sites that allow you to upload and share
media content like images, music, and video. Media sharing sites can
be specific for video sharing, photo sharing, slide sharing, social
bookmarking, and gaming.

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 Microblogging. These are sites that focus on short updates from the
user. Those subscribed to the user will be able to receive these updates.
Posts are brief that range typically from 140 – 200 characters.

Blogs and Forums. These are websites that allow users to post their
content. Other users can comment on the said topic.

WHAT CAN I DO
ACTIVITY 1.3: Which Website Is It?

DIRECTIONS: Listed below are some of the platforms. Complete the table below
by providing name of website and a short description using the internet. Write your
answers on your notebook.

PLATFORMS NAMES OF WEBSITES DESCRIPTION

Presentation or
Visualization

Cloud Computing

File Management

Mapping

Social Networks

Social News

Microblogging

Blogs and
Forums

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 WHAT I HAVE LEARNED
Reflect on the following questions and answer them briefly on your
activity notebook. Please refer to the rubrics on the next page.

1. How dependent are we on technology?

________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________

2. How do the different online platforms help you as a student in your chosen course?
________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________

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 ASSESSMENT
Directions: Read each item carefully and choose the letter of the correct answer. Write
your answers on a separate sheet of paper or in your notebook.

1. What type of web provides a framework that allows data to be shared and reuse to
deliver web content specifically targeting the user?
A. Web 1.0 B. Web 2.0 C. Web 3.0 D. Website
2. Which of the following is an example of sites under web 2.0?
A. Facebook B. YouTube C. Wikipedia D. All of the above
3. What type of web page is classified as flat or stationary?
A. Web 1.0 B. Internet C. Web 2.0 D. Web 3.0
4. Twitter statuses are only composed of a few characters. What type of social media site
does Twitter belong?
A. Micro blogging C. Social Networks
B. Media Sharing D. Bookmarking Sites
For #’s 4-5, use the choices inside the box.
A. If only the FIRST statement is TRUE. C. If BOTH statements are TRUE.
B. If only the SECOND statement is TRUE. D. If BOTH statements are FALSE.

5. Social networks are sites that allow you to connect with other people having the same
interests. It allows you to share your own news and other news from other sources.

6. The Philippines is considered as the “ICT Hub in Asia.” The ICT Industry shares 19.3%
of the total employment population in the Philippines coming from the government
agencies.

7. Marisa wants to publish her collections of original poems online. Which online platform
must she do this?
A. Social News B. Bookmarking Site C. YouTube D. Blogs

8. Watson is creating a cover video of his favorite song. Which online platform must he
publish this?
A. Social News B. Bookmarking Site C. YouTube D. Blogs

9. Cathy has created a very good slideshow presentation on a certain topic, and she
wants to share it to other teachers around the world. Which online platform must she
publish this?
A. Presentation Platforms C. File Management Platforms
B. Cloud Computing Platforms D. Social Media Platforms

10. What is the name of the symbol that is used to classify and categorize information?
A. Hashtag B. Question Mark C. Asterisk D. At sign

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History of Computing

Historically, computers were human clerks who calculated in accordance

with effective methods. These human computers did the sorts of calculation
nowadays carried out by electronic computers, and many thousands of them
were employed in commerce, government, and research establishments. The
term computing machine, used increasingly from the 1920s, refers to any machine
that does the work of a human computer, i.e., any machine that calculates in
accordance with effective methods. During the late 1940s and early 1950s, with
the advent of electronic computing machines, the phrase ‘computing machine’
gradually gave way simply to ‘computer’, initially usually with the prefix
‘electronic’ or ‘digital’.

Computing milestones and machine evolution:

 14th C. - Abacus - an instrument for performing calculations by sliding counters

along rods or in grooves

 17th C. - Slide rule - a manual device used for calculation that consists in its
simple form of a ruler and a movable middle piece which are graduated with
similar logarithmic scales (Picture from the The Museum of HP Calculators)

 1642 - Pascaline--a mechanical calculator built by Blaise Pascal, a 17th

century mathematician, for whom the Pascal computer programming
language was named.

 1804 - Jacquard loom - a loom programmed with punched cards invented

by Joseph Marie Jacquard

 1850 - Difference Engine , Analytical Engine - Charles Babbage and Ada

Byron (See her picture.). Babbage's description, in 1837, of the Analytical
Engine, a hand cranked, mechanical digital computer anticipated virtually
every aspect of present-day computers. It wasn't until over a 100 years later
that another all purpose computer was conceived. Sketch of the Engine and
notes by Ada Byron King, Countess of Lovelace.

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 1939 -1942 - Atanasoff Berry Computer - built at Iowa State by Prof. John V.
Atanasoff and graduate student Clifford Berry. Represented several "firsts" in
computing, including a binary system of arithmetic, parallel processing,
regenerative memory, separation of memory and computing functions, and
more. Weighed 750 lbs. and had a memory storage of 3,000 bits
(0.4K). Recorded numbers by scorching marks into cards as it worked through
a problem.

 1940s - Colossus - a vacuum tube computing machine which broke Hitler's

codes during WW II. It was instrumental in helping Turing break the German's
codes during WW II to turn the tide of the war. In the summer of 1939, a small
group of scholars became codebreakers, working at Bletchley Part in
England. This group of pioneering codebreakers helped shorten the war and
changed the course of history.

 1946 - ENIAC - World's first electronic, large scale, general-purpose

computer, built by Mauchly and Eckert, and activated at the University of
Pennsylvania in 1946. ENIAC recreated on a modern computer chip. See an
explanation of ENIAC on a Chip by the Moore School of Electrical
Engineering, University of Pennsylvania. The ENIAC is a 30 ton machine that
measured 50 x 30 feet.

A reprogrammable machine, the ENIAC performed initial calculations for the

H-bomb.Mauchly drew on Alansoff's work to create the ENIAC, the Electronic
Numerical Integrator and Computer.

 1951-1959 - vacuum tube-based technology. Vacuum Tubes are electronic

devices, consisting of a glass or steel vacuum envelope and two or more
electrodes between which electrons can move freely. First commercial
computers used vacuum tubes: Univac, IBM 701.

 1950s -1960s - UNIVAC - "punch card technology" The first commercially

successful computer, introduced in 1951 by Remington Rand. Over 40 systems
were sold. Its memory was made of mercury filled acoustic delay lines that
held 1,000 12digit numbers. It used magnetic tapes that stored 1MB of data at
a density of 128 cpi. UNIVAC became synonymous with computer (for a
while). See UNIVAC photo. See UNIVAC flow chart

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 1960 IBM 1620

 1960-1968 - transistor based technology. It almost completely replaced the

vacuum tube because of its reduced cost, weight, and power consumption
and its higher reliability. The transistor is made to alter its state from a starting
condition of conductivity to a final condition of insulation.

 1969 - The Internet, originally the ARPAnet (Advanced Research Projects

Agency network), began as a military computer network.

 1969-1977 - integrated circuit-based technology. The first integrated circuit

was demonstrated by Texas Instruments inventor, Jack Kilby, in 1958. Examples
of early integrated circuit technology: Intel 4004, Dec pdp 8, CRAY 1 - a
75MHz, 64-bit machine with a peak speed of 160 megaflops, the world's fastest
processor at that time.

 1976 - CRAY 1 - The world's first electronic digital computer, developed in 1946.
A 75MHz, 64-bit machine with a peak speed of 160 megaflops, (one million
floating point operations per second) the world's fastest processor at that
time.

 1976 - Apples/MACs - The Apple was designed by Steve Wozniak and Steve
Jobs. Like modern computers, early Apples had a peripheral keyboard and
mouse, and had a floppy drive that held 3.5" disks. The Macintosh replaced
the Apple.

 1978 to 1986 - large scale integration (LSI); Alto - early workstation with
mouse; Apple, designed by Steve Wozniak and Steve Jobs. Apple was the first
to have a "windows" type graphical interface and the computer mouse. The
PC and clone market begin to expand. This begins first mass market of
desktop computers.
 1986 to today - the age of the networked computing, the Internet, and the
WWW.

 1990 - Tim Berners-Lee invented the networked hypertext system called

the World Wide Web.

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 1992 - Bill Gates' Microsoft Corp. released Windows 3.1, an operating system
that made IBM and IBM-compatible PCs more user-friendly by integrating a
graphical user interface into the software. In replacing the old Windows
command-line system, however, Microsoft created a program similar to the
Macintosh operating system. Apple sued for copyright infringement, but
Microsoft prevailed. Windows 3.1 went to Win 95, then Win 98, now Windows
XP There are other OSs, of course, but Windows is the dominant OS today.

 1995 - large commercial Internet service providers (ISPs), such as MCI, Sprint,
AOL and UUNET, began offering service to large number of customers.

 1996 - Personal Digital Assistants (such as the Palm Pilot became available to
consumers. They can do numeric calculations, play games and music and
download information from the Internet.

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Forms of Computing

Parallel Computing

Your computer has a processor (CPU) that runs all your programs. Let’s say
you ask your computer to do (1+2) * (10–7). If you have only one processor, it will
first calculate 1+2 and then 10–7 and then both these results will be multiplied. But
imagine you had two processors. Now you can ask the first processor to do 1+2
and at the same time, the second processor can calculate 10–7 and these results
will be multiplied to give you the answer. Which case do you think, will give you a
faster result? Of course, the case where you had two processors.

Distributed Computing

Let’s say you are the controller of examination (COE) and have 100 answer
sheets to be evaluated. You ask the course instructor (CI) to evaluate and return
them in a day. Obviously, the CI cannot check them all in a day, so she decides
to distribute them amongst her teaching assistants (TA(s)). Now she got all the
work done in a very short time and returns them back to COE. This is what
distributed computing means.

In simple words, distributed computing is a network of computer systems

that all perform together to give a feeling as if the whole work has been done by
one single system. For the COE in our example, it looks as if the CI did all the work
because he is unaware of what happened after he gave the answer sheets to
the CI, but he got the required work done from her.
The major goal of Distributed computing is to give users easy access to a wide
variety(heterogeneous) of computer resources.

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 Each TA here is an individual computer that has its own memory and
processors, unlike parallel computing that shares memory between multiple
processors.

Types of Computing Environment

Personal Computing Environment

In the personal computing environment, there is a single computer system. All the
system processes are available on the computer and executed there. The
different devices that constitute a personal computing environment are laptops,
mobiles, printers, computer systems, scanners etc.

Time Sharing Computing Environment

The time-sharing computing environment allows multiple users to share the

system simultaneously. Each user is provided a time slice and the processor
switches rapidly among the users according to it. Because of this, each user
believes that they are the only ones using the system.

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Client Server Computing Environment

In client server computing, the client requests a resource and the server
provides that resource. A server may serve multiple clients at the same time while
a client is in contact with only one server. Both the client and server usually
communicate via a computer network but sometimes they may reside in the
same system.

Distributed Computing Environment

A distributed computing environment contains multiple nodes that are

physically separate but linked together using the network. All the nodes in this
system communicate with each other and handle processes in tandem. Each of
these nodes contains a small part of the distributed operating system software.

Cloud Computing Environment

The computing is moved away from individual computer systems to a cloud

of computers in cloud computing environment. The cloud users only see the
service being provided and not the internal details of how the service is provided.
This is done by pooling all the computer resources and then managing them using
a software.

Cluster Computing Environment

The clustered computing environment is similar to parallel computing

environment as they both have multiple CPUs. However a major difference is that
clustered systems are created by two or more individual computer systems
merged together which then work parallel to each other.

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 Information Systems
Defining Information System

Almost all programs in business require students to take a course in something

called information systems. But what exactly does that term mean? Let’s take a
look at some of the more popular definitions, first from Wikipedia and then from a
couple of textbooks:

 “Information systems (IS) is the study of complementary networks of

hardware and software that people and organizations use to collect, filter,
process, create, and distribute data.”
 “Information systems are combinations of hardware, software, and
telecommunications networks that people build and use to collect, create,
and distribute useful data, typically in organizational settings.”

 “Information systems are interrelated components working together to

collect, process, store, and disseminate information to support decision
making, coordination, control, analysis, and virtualization in an
organization.”

The Components of Information System

a. Hardware

Information systems hardware is the part of an information system you

can touch – the physical components of the technology. Computers,
keyboards, disk drives, iPads, and flash drives are all examples of
information systems hardware.

b. Software

Software is a set of instructions that tells the hardware what to do.

Software is not tangible – it cannot be touched. When programmers
create software programs, what they are really doing is simply typing
out lists of instructions that tell the hardware what to do. There are
several categories of software, with the two main categories being
operating-system software, which makes the hardware usable, and
application software, which does something useful. Examples of

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 operating systems include Microsoft Windows on a personal computer
and Google’s Android on a mobile phone. Examples of application
software are Microsoft Excel and Angry Birds.

c. Data

The third component is data. You can think of data as a collection of

facts. For example, your street address, the city you live in, and your
phone number are all pieces of data. Like software, data is also
intangible. By themselves, pieces of data are not really very useful. But
aggregated, indexed, and organized together into a database, data
can become a powerful tool for businesses. In fact, all of the definitions
presented at the beginning of this chapter focused on how information
systems manage data. Organizations collect all kinds of data and use it
to make decisions. These decisions can then be analyzed as to their
effectiveness and the organization can be improved.

The Role of Information Systems

Now that we have explored the different components of information

systems, we need to turn our attention to the role that information systems play in
an organization. In fact, we might say that one of the roles of information systems
is to take data and turn it into information, and then transform that into
organizational knowledge. To get a full appreciation of the role information
systems play, we will review how they have changed over the years.

The Mainframe Era

Rom the late 1950s through the 1960s, computers were seen as a way to
more efficiently do calculations. These first business computers were room-sized
monsters, with several refrigerator-sized machines linked together. This
software, running on a mainframe computer, gave companies the ability to
manage the manufacturing process, making it more efficient. From tracking
inventory to creating bills of materials to scheduling production, the MRP systems
gave more businesses a reason to want to integrate computing into their
processes.

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IBM became the dominant mainframe company. Continued improvement in
software and the availability of cheaper hardware eventually brought mainframe
computers into most large businesses.

The PC Revolution

Its immediate popularity sparked the imagination of entrepreneurs

everywhere, and there were quickly dozens of companies making these personal
computers. Though at first just a niche product for computer
hobbyists, improvements in usability and the availability of practical software led
to growing sales. The most prominent of these early personal computer makers
was a little company known as Apple Computer, headed by Steve Jobs and
Steve Wozniak, with the hugely successful Apple I. Not wanting to be left out of
the revolution, in 1981 IBM hurriedly released their own version of the personal
computer, simply called the PC Businesses, who had used IBM mainframes for
years to run their businesses, finally had the permission they needed to bring
personal computers into their companies, and the IBM PC took off. During the
1980s, many new computer companies sprang up, offering less expensive versions
of the PC.

Client-Server

In the mid-1980s, businesses began to see the need to connect their

computers together as a way to collaborate and share resources. Software
companies began developing applications that allowed multiple users to access
the same data at the same time.

Computers were now seen as tools to collaborate internally, within

an organization. In fact, these networks of computers were becoming so
powerful that they were replacing many of the functions previously
performed by the larger mainframe computers at a fraction of the cost. It
was during this era that the first Enterprise Resource Planning systems were
developed and run on the client-server architecture.

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The World Wide Web and E-Commerce

First invented in 1969, the Internet was confined to use by

universities, government agencies, and researchers for many years. One
exception to this was the ability to expand electronic mail outside the confines of
a single organization. Companies began connecting their internal networks to the
Internet in order to allow communication between their employees and
employees at other companies.

In 1989, Tim Berners-Lee developed a simpler way for researchers to share

information over the network at CERN laboratories, a concept he called the
World Wide Web. This invention became the launching point of the growth of the
Internet as a way for businesses to share information about themselves. As web
browsers and Internet connections became the norm, companies rushed to grab
domain names and create websites.

In 1991, the National Science Foundation, which governed how the Internet
was used, lifted restrictions on its commercial use. A mad rush of investment in
Internet-based businesses led to the dot-com boom through the late 1990s, and
then the dot-com bust in 2000. While much can be learned from the speculation
and crazy economic theories espoused during that bubble, one important
outcome for businesses was that thousands of miles of Internet connections were
laid around the world during that time. A whole new industry of computer and
Internet security arose.

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Web 2.0

This new type of interactive website, where you did not have to know how
to create a web page or do any programming in order to put information
online, became known as web 2.0. Web 2.0 is exemplified by blogging, social
networking, and interactive comments being available on many websites. This
new web-2.0 world, in which online interaction became expected, had a big
impact on many businesses and even whole industries.Others, such as video
rental chains and travel agencies, simply began going out of business as they
were replaced by online technologies.

This process of technology replacing a middleman in a transaction is called

disintermediation. As the world became more connected, new questions arose.
Technology moved so fast that policymakers did not have enough time to enact
appropriate laws, making for a Wild West–type atmosphere.

The Post-PC World

After thirty years as the primary computing device used in most businesses,
sales of the PC are now beginning to decline as sales of tablets and smartphones
are taking off. Just as the mainframe before it, the PC will continue to play a key
role in business, but will no longer be the primary way that people interact and
do business. The limited storage and processing power of these devices is being
offset by a move to “cloud” computing, which allows for storage, sharing, and
backup of information on a massive scale. This will require new rounds of thinking
and innovation on the part of businesses as technology continues to advance.

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 WHAT I HAVE LEARNED

Directions:

Answer the following questions in the Reflection Paper link in your Module 1
Schoology course site with course access code : 8D2P-5V5H-34GG3

Reflect on the following questions and answer them briefly on your activity notebook.
Please refer to the rubrics on the next page.

1. Why is it important to know what happened in the past about ICT?

________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________

2 What do you think the future of ICT in the Philippines?

______________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________

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 WHAT I KNOW

Directions:

Answer the Quiz 1 link in your Module 1 Schoology course site with

access code : 8D2P-5V5H-34GG3

Schneider, Michael G., Invitation to Computer Science (5th edition), Course Technology
(2010). ISBN 978-0324788594
O’Leary, Timothy J., Computing Essentials: Making IT work for you (Complete edition),
Career Education (2011). ISBN 978-0073516783

Williams, Brian K., Using Information Technology: A Practical Introduction to Computers

and Communications, McGraw-Hill (2011).
Malik, D. S., Java Programming: From Problem Analysis to Program Design, Cengage
Learning (2012). ISBN 978-1111530532

Introduction to Computer Science. Retrieved from

https://slideplayer.com/slide/7932247/

History of Computers: A Brief Timeline, Kim Ann Zimmermann - Live Science Contributor,
retrieved at https://www.livescience.com/20718-computer-history.html, on
September 07, 2017

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