Chapter 9: Multiarea OSPF

CCNA Routing and Switching

Scaling Networks v6.0

Chapter 9 - Sections & Objectives
 9.1 Multiarea OSPF Operation
• Explain how multiarea OSPF operates in a small to medium-sized business network.
• Explain why multiarea OSPF is used.
• Explain how multiarea OSPFv2 uses link-state advertisements.
• Explain how multiarea OSPF establishes neighbor adjacencies.

 9.2 Implement Multiarea OSPF

• Implement multiarea OSPFv2 and OSPFv3.
• Configure multiarea OSPFv2 and OSPFv3 in a routed network.
• Verify multiarea OSPFv2 and OSPFv3 operation.

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9.1 Multiarea OSPF
Operation

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Why Multiarea OSPF?
Single-Area OSPF
 Issues in a large single area
OSPF:
• Large routing table
• Large link-state database (LSDB)
• Frequent SPF algorithm
calculations
 To make OSPF more efficient and
scalable, OSPF supports
hierarchical routing using areas.

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Why Multiarea OSPF?
Multiarea OSPF
 Multiarea OSPF:
• Large OSPF area is divided into smaller
areas.
• Reduces processing and memory
overhead.
• Requires a hierarchical network design.
• The main area is the backbone area
(area 0) and all other areas connect to it.
 Advantages of Multiarea OSPF:
• Smaller routing tables - Fewer routing
table entries as network addresses can
be summarized between areas.
• Reduced link-state update overhead.
• Reduced frequency of SPF calculations.
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Why Multiarea OSPF?
OSPF Two-Layer Area Hierarchy
 Multiarea OSPF is implemented in a
two-layer area hierarchy.
 Backbone (Transit) area - An OSPF
area whose primary function is the fast
and efficient movement of IP packets:
• Interconnects with other OSPF area
types.
• Also called OSPF area 0.
 Regular (nonbackbone) area -
Connects users and resources:
• Usually set up along functional or
geographical groupings
• All traffic from other areas must cross a
transit area.
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Why Multiarea OSPF?
Types of OSPF Routers
 There are four different types of
OSPF routers:
• Internal router –A router that has all
of its interfaces in the same area.
• Backbone router - A router in the
backbone area. The backbone area
is set to area 0
• Area Border Router (ABR) – A router
that has interfaces attached to
multiple areas.
• Autonomous System Boundary Router
(ASBR) – A router that has at least one
interface attached to an external
internetwork.
 A router can be classified as more than
one router type.
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Multiarea OSPF LSA Operation
OSPF LSA Types

 LSAs individually act as database records and provide specific OSPF network details.

 LSAs in combination describe the entire topology of an OSPF network or area.

 Any implementation of multiarea OSPF must support the first five LSAs

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Multiarea OSPF LSA Operation
OSPF LSA Type 1
 Routers advertise their directly
connected OSPF-enabled links in a
type 1 LSA .
 Type 1 LSAs are also referred to as
router link entries.
 Type 1 LSAs are flooded only within
the area in which they originated.
 ABRs advertise the networks learned
from the type 1 LSAs to other areas
as type 3 LSAs.
 The type 1 LSA link ID is identified by
the router ID of the originating router.

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Multiarea OSPF LSA Operation
OSPF LSA Type 2
 Type 2 LSAs have the following
characteristics:
• Only found on multiaccess and nonbroadcast
multiaccess (NBMA) networks
• Contain the router ID and IP address of the
DR, along with the router ID of all other
routers on the multiaccess segment
• Give other routers information about
multiaccess networks within the same area
• Not forwarded outside of an area
• Also referred to as network link entries
• Link-state ID is DR router ID

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Multiarea OSPF LSA Operation
OSPF LSA Type 3
 Type 3 LSAs have the following
characteristics:
• They are used by ABRs to advertise networks
from other areas.
• The ABR creates a type 3 LSA for each of its
learned OSPF networks.
• ABRs flood type 3 LSAs from one area to
other areas.
• To reduce impact of flooding in a large OSPF
deployment, configuration of manual route
summarization on the ABR is recommended.
• The link-state ID is set to the network address.

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Multiarea OSPF LSA Operation
OSPF LSA Type 4
 Type 4 LSAs have the following
characteristics:
• They identify an ASBR and provide a route to
it.
• They are generated by an ABR only when an
ASBR exists within an area.
• They are flooded to other areas by ABRs.
• The link-state ID is set to the ASBR router ID.

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Multiarea OSPF LSA Operation
OSPF LSA Type 5
 Type 5 LSAs have the following
characteristics:
• They advertise external routes, also
referred to as external LSA entries.
• They are originated by the ASBR and
flooded to the entire routing domain.
• The link-state ID is the external network
number.

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OSPF Routing Table and Types of Routes
OSPF Routing Table Entries
 OSPF routes in an IPv4 routing table are
identified using the following descriptors:
• O - The routing table reflects the link-
state information with a designation of O,
meaning that the route is intra-area
• O IA - Summary LSAs appear in the
routing table as IA (interarea routes).
• O E1 or O E2 - External LSAs appear in
the routing table marked as external type
1 (E1) or external type 2 (E2) routes.

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OSPF Routing Table and Types of Routes
OSPF Route Calculation
 The order in which the best paths are
calculated is as follows:
• All routers calculate the best path or
paths to destinations within their area
(intra-area). These are the type 1 and
type 2 LSAs – O.
• All routers calculate the best path or
paths to the other areas within the
internetwork. Type 3 LSAs - O IA.
• All routers calculate the best path or
paths to the external autonomous system
(type 5) destinations - O E1 or an O E2 .

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9.2 Configuring Multiarea OSPF

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Configuring Multiarea OSPF
Implementing Multiarea OSPF
 There are 4 steps to implementing multiarea OSPF:
• Step 1. Gather the network requirements and parameters
• Step 2. Define the OSPF parameters
• Single area or multiarea OSPF?
• IP addressing plan
• OSPF areas
• Network topology
• Step 3. Configure the multiarea OSPF implementation based on the parameters.
• Step 4. Verify the multiarea OSPF implementation

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Configuring Multiarea OSPF
Configuring Multiarea OSPFv2

 There are no special commands to

implement multiarea OSPFv2.

 A router becomes an ABR when it has two

network statements in different areas.

 R1 is an ABR because it has interfaces in

area 1 and an interface in area 0.

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Configuring Multiarea OSPF
Configuring Multiarea OSPFv3

 There are no special commands required to

implement multiarea OSPFv3.
 A router becomes an ABR when it has two
interfaces in different areas.

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Verifying Multiarea OSPF
Verifying Multiarea OSPFv2
 Commands to verify multiarea OSPFv2
• show ip ospf neighbor
• show ip ospf
• show ip ospf interface
• Show ip protocols
• show ip ospf interface brief
• show ip route ospf
• show ip ospf database

Note: For the equivalent OSPFv3 command,

simply substitute ipv6 for ip.

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Verifying Multiarea OSPF
Verify General Multiarea OSPFv2 Settings
 Use the show ip protocols command to
verify the OSPFv2 status.
• Lists routing protocols configured on router,
number of areas, router ID and networks
included in routing protocol.
 Use the show ip ospf interface brief
command to display OSPFv2-related
information for OSPFv2-enabled interfaces.
• Lists the OSPFv2 process ID, area that the
interfaces are in, and interface cost.

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Verifying Multiarea OSPF
Verify the OSPFv2 Routes

 Use the show ip route ospf command to verify the muliarea OSPFv2 configuration..
• O represents OSPFv2 routes and IA represents interarea, which means that the route
originated from another area.

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Verifying Multiarea OSPF
Verify the Multiarea OSPFv2 LSDB
 Use the show ip ospf database
command to verify the contents of
the OSPFv2 LSDB.

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Verifying Multiarea OSPF
Verify Multiarea OSPFv3
 Use the show ipv6 protocols command to
verifyOSPFv3.

 Use the show ipv6 interface brief to verify the OSPFv3-

enabled interfaces and the area to which they belong.
 Use show ipv6 route ospf to display the routing table.

 Use show ipv6 ospf database to display the contents of

the LSDB.

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9.3 Chapter Summary

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Conclusion
Chapter 9: Multiarea OSPF
 Explain how multiarea OSPF operates in a small to medium-sized business network.

 Implement multiarea OSPFv2 and OSPFv3.

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