Mathematics

Polynomials
(factorisation)

To express a given polynomial as the product of polynomials, each of degree less than that of given polynomial
such that no such a factor has a factor of lower degree, is called factorisation.
Standard formulae
(i) (a + b) 2 = a 2 + 2ab + b 2
(ii) (a – b) 2 = a 2 – 2ab + b 2
(iii) (a + b) (a – b) = a 2 – b 2
(iv) (a + b) 2 + (a – b) 2 = 2(a 2 + b 2 )
(v) (a + b) 2 – (a – b) 2 = 4ab
(vi) (a + b + c) 2 = a 2 + b 2 + c 2 + 2ab + 2bc + 2ca = a 2 + 2 ab
(vii) (a + b) 3 = a 3 + b 3 + 3ab(a + b) = a 3 + 3a 2 b + 3ab 2 + b 3
(viii) (a – b) 3 = a 3 – b 3 – 3ab(a – b) = a 3 – 3a 2 b + 3ab 2 – b 3
(ix) (x + a) (x + b) = x 2 + (a + b) x + ab
(x) (x + a) (x + b)(x + c) = x 3 + x 2 (a + b + c) + x(ab + bc + ac) + abc
(xi) a 3 + b 3 = (a + b) (a 2 – ab + b 2 )
(xii) a 3 – b 3 = (a – b)(a 2 + ab + b 2 )
(xiii) a 3 + b 3 + c 3 – 3abc = (a + b + c)(a 2 + b 2 + c 2 – ab – bc – ca)
(xiv) If a + b + c = 0, then a 3 + b 3 + c 3 = 3abc
1
(xv) a 2 + b 2 + c 2 – ab – bc – ca = [(a – b) 2 + (b –c) 2 +(c –a) 2 ]
2

Factorisation by taking out the common factor

Factorise x3 – 3x2 + (x – 3)
Node5\e\Data\CBSE-2016\09th\Advance\CCP\Maths-1\3_Polynomials (factorisation).p65

Solution
x3 – 3x2 + (x – 3)
= x 2 (x – 3) + 1(x – 3)
= (x – 3)(x 2 + 1)
Factorisation by grouping terms

Factorise x 2 – ab + (a – b)x
Solution
x2 – ab + ax – bx = x2 + ax – ab – bx
= x(x + a) –b(x + a) = (x + a)(x – b)

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Class IX
Factorisation by making a trinomial a perfect square

2
1 1 1 1
Factorise 3a – – 6 3a – + 9 + c + – 2a 3a – – 3‚
b b b b
Solution
2
1 1 1 1
3a – – 6 3a – + 9 + c + – 2a 3a – – 3‚
b b b b

2
1 1 1 1
= 3a – – 2.3 3a – + 32 + c + – 2a 3a – – 3‚
b b b b

2
1 1 1
= 3a – –3 + c+ – 2a 3a – – 3‚
b b b

1 1 1
= 3a – –3 3a – –3 c – 2a
b b b

1
= 3a – – 3 [a c – 3]
b

Factorisation by using the formula a2 – b2 = (a + b)(a –b)

1 1
Factorise (i) 4x 2 + + 2 – 9y 2 (ii) a 4 + –3
4x 2 a4
Solution
1
(i) 4x2 + + 2 – 9y2
4x2
Node5\e\Data\CBSE-2016\09th\Advance\CCP\Maths-1\3_Polynomials (factorisation).p65

2
1 1
= (2x) 2 +2.(2x). + – (3y)2
2x 2x ‚

2
1
= 2x + – (3y)2
2x ‚

1 1
= 2x + + 3y 2x + – 3y‚
2x 2x

2
1 1
(ii) (a 2 ) 2 +
2
– 2.(a2 ) ‚ –1
a a2

2
1 1 1
= a2 – – (1)2 a2 – 1 a2 – –1
a2 a2 a2
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 Mathematics
Factorisation by using the formula of a3 + b3 and a3 – b3

x
Factorise p 3 q 2 x 4 + 3p 2 qx 3 + 3px 2 + – q2r3x
q
Solution
x
p3 q 2 x 4 + 3p 2 qx 3 + 3px 2 + – q 2 r3 x
q
x 3 3 3
= [p q x + 3p 2 q 2 x 2 + 3pqx + 1 –q 3 r 3 ]
q
x
= [(pqx) 3 + 3(pqx) 2 .1 + 3pqx. (1) 2 + (1) 3 –q 3 r 3 ]
q
Let pqx = A & 1 = B
x
= [A 3 + 3A 2 B + 3AB 2 + B 3 – q 3 r 3 ]
q
x
= [pqx + 1] 3 – (qr) 3 ]
q
x
= [pqx + 1 – qr][(pqx + 1) 2 + (pqx + 1) qr + (qr) 2 ]
q
x
= [pqx + 1 – qr][(p 2 q 2 x 2 + 1 + 2pqx + pq 2 xr + qr + q 2 r 2 ]
q

Factorise (i) a 3 + b 3 + c 3 – 3abc (ii) a 6 + 4a 3 – 1 (iii) (a 2 – b 2 ) 3 + (b 2 – c 2 ) 3 + (c 2 – a 2 ) 3

Solution
(i) (a3 + b3) + c3 – 3abc = (a+ b)3 – 3ab(a + b) + c3 – 3abc
= [(a + b) 3 + c 3 ] – {3ab (a + b) + 3abc}
= (a + b + c)[(a + b) 2 + c 2 –(a + b)c] –{3ab(a + b + c)}
= (a + b + c)[a 2 + b 2 + 2ab + c 2 –ac – bc –3ab]
Node5\e\Data\CBSE-2016\09th\Advance\CCP\Maths-1\3_Polynomials (factorisation).p65

= (a + b + c)[a 2 + b 2 + c 2 – ab – bc – ca]
(ii) a 6 + a 3 + 3a 3 – 1
= (a 2 ) 3 + (a) 3 + (–1) 3 –3(a 2 )(a)(–1)
= (a 2 + a – 1)(a 4 + a 2 + 1 + a 2 + a – a 3 )
= (a 2 + a – 1)(a 4 – a 3 + 2a 2 + a + 1)
(iii) Let A = a 2 – b 2 , B = b 2 – c 2 & C = c 2 –a 2
A 3 + B 3 + C 3 = 3ABC If A + B + C = 0
a2 – b 2 + b 2 – c2 + c2 – a 2 = 0
(a 2 – b 2 ) 3 + (b 2 – c 2 ) 3 + (c 2 – a 2 ) 3
= 3(a 2 – b 2 ) (b 2 – c 2 ) (c 2 – a 2 )
= 3(a + b) (a – b) (b + c) (b – c) (c + a) (c – a)

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Class IX

In the form of ax2 + bx + c where a 0, firstly take common 'a' in the whole expression, then factorize

b c
by converting the expression a x2 + x+ as the difference of two squares.
a a

Factorise (i) x 2 – 31x + 220 (ii) –10x 2 + 31x – 24

Solution

2 2
31 .x + 31 31
(i) x2 – 2. – + 220
2 2 2‚

2 2
31 961 31 81
= x– 220 x– –
2 4 2 4

2 2
31 9 31 9 31 9
= x– – x– x– –
2 2 2 2 2 2

= (x – 11) (x – 20)

2 31 24
(ii) – [10x 2 – 31x + 24] = –10 x – x+
10 10

2 2
2 31 31 31 24
= –10 x – 2. .x + – ‚ +
20 20 20 10
Node5\e\Data\CBSE-2016\09th\Advance\CCP\Maths-1\3_Polynomials (factorisation).p65

2
31 1
= –10 x– ‚ –
20 400

2 2
31 1 31 1 31 1
x– – = –10 x – + x– –
= –10 20 20 ‚ 20 20 20 20

2x – 3 5x – 8
= –10 = –(2x – 3)(5x – 8) = (3 – 2x)(5x – 8)
2 5

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 Mathematics

There are three methods of finding square roots of algebraic expressions which are not monomials.
(a) Inspection (b) Division (c) Undetermined coefficients method
Inspection method

Find the square root of a 2 – 2ax + x 2 + 2a – 2x + 1

Solution
(a)2 + (x)2 + (1)2 – 2ax – 2x + 2a
= (a – x + 1) 2
The required square root is (a – x + 1)
Division method

Find the square root of x 4 – 2x 2 + 3x 2 – 2x + 1 by using division method.

Solution

The required square root is (x 2 – x + 1)

Undetermined coefficients method
Node5\e\Data\CBSE-2016\09th\Advance\CCP\Maths-1\3_Polynomials (factorisation).p65

Find the square root of a 2 – 2ax + x 2 + 2a – 2x + 1.

Solution
The given expression being of degree 2, its square root will be a linear expression and having 6 terms and hence a
trinomial.
(a 2 – 2ax + x 2 + 2a – 2x + 1) = (a + px + q) 2
(a + px + q) 2 = a 2 + p 2 x 2 + q 2 + 2apx + 2aq + 2pqx
thus,
a 2 –2ax + x 2 + 2a – 2x + 1 = a 2 + p 2 x 2 + 2px(a + q) + 2aq + q 2
Comparing the coefficients of powers of x on either side,
we get,
1 = p 2 2a + 1 = 2aq + q 2
p = + 1 2a + 1 = q(2a + 1)
p can't be positive q = 1
p = –1
The square root is (a + px + q) = (a – x + 1)

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Class IX

1 1 1
If x + = 7, then find the value of (i) x 2 + 2 (ii) x 4 + 4
x x x
Solution
1
(i) x + = 7
x
Squaring on both sides, we get
2
1
x+ ‚ = (7) 2
x
1 1 1
x2 + + 2 × x × = 49 x2 + = 47
2
x x x2
(ii) Squaring on both sides, we get
2
2 1
x + ‚ = (47) 2
x2
2
1 1
(x 2 ) 2 + + 2 × x2 × = 2209
2‚ x2
x
1
x 4 + 4 +2 = 2209
x
1
x 4 + 4 = 2207
x

If (2a + b) = 12 and ab = 15, then find the value of 8a 3 + b 3 .

Solution
(2a + b) = 12
Cubing both sides, we get
(2a + b) 3 = (12) 3
(2a) 3 + b 3 + 3 × 2a × b(2a + b) = 1728
8a 3 + b 3 + 3 × 2 × 15(12) = 1728 [Substituting ab = 15 and (2a + b) = 12]
8a 3 + b 3 + 1080 = 1728
8a 3 + b 3 = 1728 – 1080 = 648.
Node5\e\Data\CBSE-2016\09th\Advance\CCP\Maths-1\3_Polynomials (factorisation).p65

Find the products (i) (2x + 3y)(4x 2 – 6xy + 9y 2 ) (ii) (5x – 3y)(25x 2 + 15xy + 9y 2 )
Solution
(i) (2x + 3y)(4x 2 – 6xy + 9y 2 )
= (2x + 3y)[(2x) 2 – (2x) × (3y) + (3y) 2 ]
This is of the form (a + b)(a 2 – ab + b 2 ),
where a = 2x, b = 3y
we have, a 3 + b 3 = (a + b)(a 2 – ab + b 2 )
= (2x) 3 + (3y) 3 = 8x 3 + 27y 3
(ii) (5x – 3y)(25x 2 + 15xy + 9y 2 )
= (5x – 3y)[(5x) 2 + (5x) × (3y) + (3y) 2 ]
This is of the form (a – b)(a 2 + ab + b 2 ), where a = 5x, b = 3y
we have, a 3 – b 3 = (a – b)(a 2 + ab + b 2 )
= (5x) 3 – (3y) 3 = 125x 3 – 27y 3

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 Mathematics

Factorize
(i) 9x 2 – 16y 2 (ii) 5x 2 – 9y 2
(ii) x 2 + 4y 2 – 9z 2 – 4xy (iv) 16 – a 4
Solution
(i) 9x2 – 16y2 = (3x)2 – (4y)2 = (3x + 4y)(3x – 4y)

2
(ii) 5x 2 – 9y 2 = 5x – (3y)2 = 5x 3y 5x 3y

(iii) x 2 + 4y 2 – 9z 2 – 4xy
= x 2 – 4xy + 4y 2 – 9z 2
= (x – 2y) 2 – (3z) 2
= (x – 2y + 3z)(x – 2y –3z)
(iv) 16 – a 4 = (4) 2 – (a 2 ) 2
= (4 + a 2 )(4 – a 2 ) [since, 4 – a 2 can be factorized again]
= (4 + a 2 )(2 + a)(2 – a).

Factorize the following

(i) 4x 2 + 9y 2 + 16z 2 + 12xy + 24yz + 16xz
(ii) 9x 2 + y 2 + 4z 2 + 6xy – 4yz – 12xz
Solution
(i) 4x2 + 9y2 + 16z2 + 12xy + 24yz + 16xz
= (2x) 2 + (3y) 2 + (4z) 2 + 2 × 2x × 3y + 2 × 3y × 4z + 2 × 2x × 4z
= (2x + 3y + 4z) 2
(ii) 9x 2 + y 2 + 4z 2 + 6xy – 4yz – 12xz
= (3x) 2 + (y) 2 + (–2z) 2 + 2 × 3x × y + 2 × y × (–2z) + 2 × 3x × (–2z)
= (3x + y – 2z) 2
Node5\e\Data\CBSE-2016\09th\Advance\CCP\Maths-1\3_Polynomials (factorisation).p65

If x = 7– 5, y = 5 – 3 , z = 3 – 7 , then find the value of x 3 + y 3 + z 3 – 2xyz.

Solution
x + y + z = 7– 5+ 5– 3+ 3– 7 = 0
x + y + z = 0
x3 + y 3 + z 3 = 3xyz
x3 + y3 + z 3 – 2xyz = 3xyz – 2xyz
x3 + y3 + z 3 – 2xyz = xyz

x3 + y 3 + z 3 – 2xyz = ( 7 – 5 )( 5 – 3 )( 3 – 7 )
= ( 35 – 21 – 5 + 15 )( 3 – 7 )

= 105 – 7 5 –3 7 –7 3 –5 3 +5 7 +3 5 – 105

= –4 5 + 2 3 + 2 7

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Class IX

a2 b2 c2
If a + b + c = 0, then prove that + + =3.
bc ca ab

Solution
If a + b + c = 0, then a3 + b3 + c3 = 3 abc

a3 b3 c3
Dividing throughout by abc, we get + + =3
abc abc abc
a2 b2 c2
+ + =3
bc ca ab

(a2 – b2 )3 + (b2 – c2 )3 + (c2 – a2 )3

Simplify:
(a – b)3 + (b – c)3 + (c – a)3
Solution
We have, (a2 – b2) + (b2 – c2) + (c2 – a2) = 0
(a 2 – b 2 ) 3 + (b 2 – c 2 ) 3 + (c 2 – a 2 ) 3 = 3(a 2 – b 2 )(b 2 – c 2 )(c 2 – a 2 )
[since, If x + y + z = 0, then x 3 +y 3 + z 3 = 3xyz]
= 3(a – b)(a + b)(b – c)(b + c)(c – a)(c + a)
Similarly,
(a – b) + (b – c) + (c – a) = 0
(a – b) 3 + (b – c) 3 + (c – a) 3 = 3(a – b)(b – c)(c – a)

(a2 – b2 )3 + (b2 – c2 )3 + (c2 – a2 )3

(a – b)3 + (b – c)3 + (c – a)3

3(a – b)(a + b)(b + c)(c – a)(c + a)

=
3(a – b)(b – c)(c – a)
Node5\e\Data\CBSE-2016\09th\Advance\CCP\Maths-1\3_Polynomials (factorisation).p65
= (a + b)(b + c)(c + a)

Show that (3a + 2b – c + d) 2 – 12a (2b – c + d) is a perfect square.

Solution
(3a + 2b – c + d)2 – 12a (2b – c + d)
= [3a + (2b – c + d)] 2 – 4(3a) (2b – c + d)
This is of the form (A + B)2 – 4AB,
where A = 3a B = 2b – c + d
we have, (A – B) 2 = (A + B) 2 – 4AB
= (3a – 2b + c – d) 2
The given expression is a perfect square.

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 Mathematics

Find the square root of (ab – ac – bc) 2 + 4abc(a + b)

Solution
(ab – ac – bc)2 + 4abc (a + b)
= (ab – c(a + b)) 2 +4(ab) (c(a + b))
This is of the form (A + B)2 – 4AB
where A = ab, B = –c(a + b)
= (ab + bc + ca) 2
The square root is ab + bc + ca

Show that (x + 1)(x + 2)(x + 3)(x + 4) + 1 is a perfect square.

Solution
(x + 1)(x + 2)(x + 3)(x + 4) + 1
= (x + 1)(x + 4)(x + 2)(x + 3) + 1
= (x 2 + 5x + 4)(x 2 + 5x + 6) + 1
Write x 2 + 5x + 4 = a then the given expression become
= a(a + 2) + 1
= a 2 + 2a + 1
= (a + 1) 2
= (x 2 + 5x + 4 + 1) 2
(since, a = x 2 + 5x + 4)
= (x 2 + 5x + 5) 2
Hence the given expression is a perfect square.
Node5\e\Data\CBSE-2016\09th\Advance\CCP\Maths-1\3_Polynomials (factorisation).p65

If ax 2 + bx + c is a perfect square, then prove that b 2 = 4ac

Solution
Suppose ax2 + bx + c = ( x + m)2
then ax 2 + bx + c = 2 x 2 + 2 mx + m 2
Comparing coefficients of various powers of x on either side
we get 2 = a
2 m = b m2 = c
4 2m2 = b2
Eliminating , m
i.e., 4ac = b 2
b 2 = 4ac

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Class IX

EXERCISE
Multiple choice questions

1 1
1. If x + = 5, then the value of x 3 + 3 is
x x
(1) 110 (2) 90 (3) 80 (4) 50
2. If x 3 –(x + 1) 2 = 2001 then the value of x is
(1) 14 (2) 13 (3) 10 (4) None of these

x2 y2 x y 3
3. The square root of 2 2
– – is
y 4x y 2x 4

x 1 y x 1 y x 1 y x 1 y
(1) (2) (3) (4) – –
y 2 2x y 2 2x y 2 2x y 4 2x
4. On simplifying (a + b) 3 + (a – b) 3 + 6a(a 2 – b 2 ) we get
(1) 8a 2 (2) 8a 2 b (3) 8a 3 b (4) 8a 3
5. Factors of (42 – x – x 2 ) are
(1) (x – 7)(x – 6) (2) (x + 7)(x – 6) (3) (x + 7)(6 – x) (4) (x + 7)(x + 6)

x 1
6. Factors of x2 – are
6 6

1 1 1 1
(1) (2x+1)(3x+1) (2) (2x+1)(3x–1) (3) (2x–1)(3x–1) (4) (2x–1)(3x+1)
6 6 6 6

a3 + b3 + c3 – 3abc
7. Value of , when a = –5, b = –6, c = 10 is
ab + bc + ca – a2 – b2 – c2

(1) 1 (2) –1 (3) 2 (4) –2

8. If (x + y + z) = 1, xy + yz + zx = –1, xyz = –1, then the value of x 3 + y 3 + z 3 is
(1) –1 (2) 1 (3) 2 (4) –2 Node5\e\Data\CBSE-2016\09th\Advance\CCP\Maths-1\3_Polynomials (factorisation).p65

9. In method of factorization of an algebraic expression, Which of the following statements is false?

(1) Taking out a common factor from two or more terms
(2) Taking out a common factor from a group of terms
(3) By using remainder theorem
(4) By using standard identities
10. Factors of (a + b) 3 – (a – b) 3 are
(1) 2ab(3a 2 + b 2 ) (2) ab(3a 2 + b 2 ) (3) 2b(3a 2 + b 2 ) (4) 3a 2 + b 2 0
11. The homogeneous function of the second degree in x and y having 2x – y as a factor, taking the value 2
when x = y = 1 and vanishing if x = –1, y = 1 is
(1) 2x 2 + xy – y 2 (2) 3x 2 – 2xy + y 2 (3) x 2 + xy – 2y 2 (4) None of these

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 Mathematics
12. The common quantity that must be added to each term of a 2 : b 2 to make it equal to a : b is
a
(1) ab (2) a + b (3) a – b (4)
b
13. The HCF of the functions
x 3 + (a + b)x 2 +(ab + 1)x + b and x 3 + 2ax 2 + (a 2 + 1) x + a is
(1) x 2 + ax + 1 (2) x 2 + bx + 1 (3) x 2 + x + a (4) x 2 + x + b
14. If the polynomial 16x 4 – 24x 3 + 41x 2 – mx + 16 be a perfect square,then the value of "m" is
(1) 12 (2) –12 (3) 24 (4) –24

4 4
15. If abx 2 = (a – b) 2 (x + 1), then the value of 1 + + is:-
x x2

2 2 2 2
a–b a+b a b
(1) (2) (3) (4)
a + b‚ a – b‚ a + b‚ a + b‚

16. The letters with respect to which there exists symmetry for the expression
2x 3 + 3y 3 + 2z 3 + 7x 2 z + 7xz 2 + xyz is
(1) y & z (2) x & z (3) x & y (4) none of these
17. A homogeneous expression of second degree in x & y is
(1) ax 2 + bx + c (2) ax 2 + bx + cy (3) ax 2 + bx + cy 2 (4) ax 2 + bxy + cy 2
18. Least number of changes for the expression ax2 + bxy + cy2 + dx + ey + f to be symmetric in x & y is
(1) a = b, c = d (2) b = c, e = f (3) a = c, d = e (4) a = f, b = e, c = d
19. The G.C.D of x 2 – 3x + 2 and x 2 – 4x + 4 is
(1) x – 2 (2) (x – 2)(x – 1) (3) (x – 2) 2 (4) (x – 2) 3 (x – 1)
20. The L.C.M. of 22x(x + 1) 2 and 36x 2 (2x 2 + 3x + 1) is
(1) 2x(x + 1) (2) 396x 2 (x + 1) 2 (2x + 1)
(3) 792x 3 (x + 1) 2 (2x 2 + 3x + 1) (4) None of these
21. The L.C.M of x 3 – 8 and x 2 – 5x + 6 is
Node5\e\Data\CBSE-2016\09th\Advance\CCP\Maths-1\3_Polynomials (factorisation).p65

(1) x – 2 (2) x 2 + 2x + 4
(3) (x – 2)(x 2 + 2x + 4 ) (4) (x –2)(x – 3)(x 2 + 2x + 4)
22. If the G.C.D. of the polynomials x 3 – 3x 2 + px + 24 and x 2 –7x + q is (x – 2), then the value of
(p + q) is:
(1) 0 (2) 20 (3) –20 (4) 40
23. If the L.C.M. of t wo polynomials p(x) and q(x) is (x + 3)(x – 2) 2 (x – 6) and their H.C.F. is (x – 2).If
p(x) = (x + 3)(x – 2) 2 , then q(x) =________
(1) (x + 3)((x – 2) (2) x 2 – 3x – 18 (3) x 2 – 8x + 12 (4) none of these
24. The G.C.D. of two polynomials is (x – 1) and their L.C.M. is x6 – 1. If one of the polynomials is x3 – 1,
then the other polynomial is_____.
(1) x 3 – 1 (2) x 4 – x 3 + x – 1 (3) x 2 – x + 1 (4) None of these

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Class IX
25. The L.C.M. of 2x and 8 is
(1) 2x (2) 4x (3) 8x (4) 16x

1 1
26. If x 2 + 2 = 38, then the value of x – is
x x

(1) 6 (2) 4 (3) 0 (4) None of these

27. The simplest form of (2x + 3) 3 – (2x – 3) 3 is
(1) 54 + 72x 2 (2) 72 + 54x 2 (3) 54 + 54x 2 (4) None of these
28. The simplest form of (p – q) 3 + (q – r) 3 + (r – p) 3 is
(1) 4(p – q)(q – r)(r – p) (2) 2 (p – q)(q – r)(r – p)
(3) 3(p – q)(q – r)(r – p) (4) None of these
29. The square root of x 4 + 6x 3 + 17x 2 + 24x + 16 is
(1) x 2 + 3x + 4 (2) 2x 2 + 3x + 4 (3) 3x 2 + 3x + 4 (4) None of these

30. P(x) = 3x 2 11x 6 3 is same as

(1) (x 3 3)( 3x 2) (2) (x 3 3)( 3x 2) (3) (x 3 3)( 3x 2) (4) (x 3 3)( 3x 2)

Node5\e\Data\CBSE-2016\09th\Advance\CCP\Maths-1\3_Polynomials (factorisation).p65

ANSWERS
Qu e. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15
An s . 1 2 1 4 3 2 1 2 3 3 1 1 1 3 2
Qu e. 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30
An s . 2 4 3 1 2 4 1 3 2 3 1 1 3 1 1

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