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    Module 3 ELN

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    balakrishnak ece
    This document discusses sensors and interfacing in instrumentation and control systems. It describes how physical quantities are measured by sensors that produce electrical output signals, and these signals are then conditioned and processed. Control systems are also discussed, how they use negative feedback to regulate outputs by comparing them to inputs. Transducers are defined as devices that convert one energy form to an equivalent electrical signal. Sensors are described as transducers that generate input signals for measurement and control systems. Sensors can be active or passive, and analog or digital, and the choice depends on factors like accuracy and cost.

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    Module 3 ELN

    Uploaded by

    balakrishnak ece
    37 views21 pages
    This document discusses sensors and interfacing in instrumentation and control systems. It describes how physical quantities are measured by sensors that produce electrical output signals, and these signals are then conditioned and processed. Control systems are also discussed, how they use negative feedback to regulate outputs by comparing them to inputs. Transducers are defined as devices that convert one energy form to an equivalent electrical signal. Sensors are described as transducers that generate input signals for measurement and control systems. Sensors can be active or passive, and analog or digital, and the choice depends on factors like accuracy and cost.

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    Basic Electronics Notes

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    This document discusses sensors and interfacing in instrumentation and control systems. It describes how physical quantities are measured by sensors that produce electrical output signals, and these signals are then conditioned and processed. Control systems are also discussed, how they use negative feedback to regulate outputs by comparing them to inputs. Transducers are defined as devices that convert one energy form to an equivalent electrical signal. Sensors are described as transducers that generate input signals for measurement and control systems. Sensors can be active or passive, and analog or digital, and the choice depends on factors like accuracy and cost.

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as pdf or txt
    37 views21 pages

    Module 3 ELN

    Uploaded by

    balakrishnak ece
    This document discusses sensors and interfacing in instrumentation and control systems. It describes how physical quantities are measured by sensors that produce electrical output signals, and these signals are then conditioned and processed. Control systems are also discussed, how they use negative feedback to regulate outputs by comparing them to inputs. Transducers are defined as devices that convert one energy form to an equivalent electrical signal. Sensors are described as transducers that generate input signals for measurement and control systems. Sensors can be active or passive, and analog or digital, and the choice depends on factors like accuracy and cost.

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    21ELN14 Module 3 Dr.

    BK
    Sensors and interfacing

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    Instrumentation and control systems


    Fig. 1 shows the arrangement of an instrumentation system. The physical quantity to be measured (e.g.
    temperature) acts upon a sensor that produces an electrical output signal. This signal is an electrical
    analogue of the physical input but note that there may not be a linear relationship between the physical
    quantity and its electrical equivalent. Because of this and since the output produced by the sensor may
    be small or may suffer from the presence of noise (i.e. unwanted signals) further signal conditioning
    will be required before the signal will be at an acceptable level and in an acceptable form for signal
    processing, display and recording. Furthermore, because the signal processing may use digital rather
    than analogue signals an additional stage of analogue-to-analogue conversion may be required.

    Figure 1 Instrumentation and control systems.


    Fig. 1(b) shows the arrangement of a control system. This uses negative feedback in order to regulate
    and stabilize the output. It thus becomes possible to set the input or demand (i.e. what we desire the
    output to be) and leave the system to regulate itself by comparing it with a signal derived from the
    output (via a sensor and appropriate signal conditioning).

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    A comparator is used to sense the difference in these two signals and where any discrepancy is
    detected the input to the power amplifier is adjusted accordingly. This signal is referred to as an error
    signal (it should be zero when the output exactly matches the demand). The input (demand) is often
    derived from a simple potentiometer connected across a stable d.c. voltage source while the controlled
    device can take many forms (e.g. a d.c. motor, linear actuator, heater, etc.).
    Transducers
    Transducers are devices that convert energy in the form of sound, light, heat, etc., into an equivalent
    electrical signal, or vice versa.
    Before we go further, let’s consider a couple of examples that you will already be familiar with. A
    loudspeaker is a transducer that converts low frequency electric current into audible sounds. A
    microphone, on the other hand, is a transducer that performs the reverse function, i.e. that of
    converting sound pressure variations into voltage or current. Loudspeakers and microphones can thus
    be considered as complementary transducers.
    Transducers may be used both as inputs to electronic circuits and outputs from them. From the two
    previous examples, it should be obvious that a loudspeaker is an output transducer designed for use
    in conjunction with an audio system. A microphone is an input transducer designed for use with a
    recording or sound reinforcing system.
    Sensors
    A sensor is a special kind of transducer that is used to generate an input signal to a measurement,
    instrumentation or control system. The signal produced by a sensor is an electrical analogy of a
    physical quantity, such as distance, velocity, acceleration, temperature, pressure, light level, etc. The
    signals returned from a sensor, together with control inputs from the user or controller (as appropriate)
    will subsequently be used to determine the output from the system. The choice of sensor is governed
    by a number of factors including accuracy, resolution, cost and physical size.
    Sensors can be categorized as either active or passive. An active sensor generates a current or voltage
    output. A passive transducer requires a source of current or voltage and it modifies this in some way
    (e.g. by virtue of a change in the sensor’s resistance). The result may still be a voltage or current but it
    is not generated by the sensor on its own.
    Sensors can also be classed as either digital or analogue. The output of a digital sensor can exist in
    only two discrete states, either ‘on’ or ‘off’, ‘low’ or ‘high’, ‘logic 1’ or ‘logic 0’, etc. The output of an
    analogue sensor can take any one of an infinite number of voltage or current levels. It is thus said to be
    continuously variable.

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