A TECHNICAL REPORT

ON
STUDENT INDUSTRIAL WORK EXPERIENCE SCHEME
AT
661 NIGERIA AIR FORCE HOSPITAL LABORATORY
ALONG LOCAL AIRFORT ROAD, IKEJA. LAGOS.
BY
LAWRENCE AMARACHI CONFIDENCE
(20/06/0155)
PRESENTED TO THE
DEPARTMENT OF SCIENCE LABORATORY TECHNOLOGY (SLT),
SCHOOL OF SCIENCE ABRAHAM ADESANYA POLYTECHNIC IJEBU
IGBO

IN PARTIAL FULFILMENT OF THE REQUIREMENT FOR THE AWARD

OF SCIENCE LABORATORY TECHNOLOGY

FROM 10THDecember, 2021 TO 4TH MARCH 2022

MARCH, 2022
 CERTIFICATION

This is to certify that this report of SIWES program for the

2021/2022 session is written and submitted by LAWRENCE
AMARACHI CONFIDENCE with matriculation number (20/06/0155)
to the department of SCIENCE LABORATORY TECHNOLOGY (SLT),

………………………….. …………………….

Student signature Date

………………………………………………………………

Department SIWES Coordinator

 DEDICATION

This work is first dedicated to God almighty for his immeasurable

love and faithfulness upon my life throughout my period of
Industrial Training.

This work is also dedicated to my entire family especially my parent

Mr. and Mrs. LAWRENCE for their care, love, and provision.
 ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

I sincerely offer priceless and invaluable gratitude to the Almighty

God for his boundless love and mercy upon me throughout the
period of my industrial training.

I am most grateful to my parents Mr. and Mrs. LAWRENCE for their

financial and moral support throughout the period of my Industrial
Training.

Not left out my siblings, friends and loved ones especially my

brother future and favor. I love you all.

My profound gratitude goes to the managements, staff and my

fellow industrial trainee at the SCHOOL OF SCIENCE ABRAHAM
ADESANYA POLYTECHNIC IJEBU IGBO

Finally I want to say a big thank you to my HOD, all my lecturers,

the SCHOOL OF SCIENCE ABRAHAM ADESANYA POLYTECHNIC IJEBU
IGBO and every other person that has been helpful during the
period of my Industrial Training. I say may God bless you all beyond
measures amen.
TABLE OF CONTENT PAGE

1. TITLE PAGE………………………………………………………………………… i

2. CERTIFICATION…………………………………………………………………… ii

3. DEDICATION………………………………………………………………………. iii

4. ACKNOWLEDGEMENT ……………………………………………………… iv

5. ABSTRACT………………………..………………………………………………… v

6. TABLE OF CONTENT………………………………..
……………………………………………. vi

1.0 CHAPTER ONE…………………………………………………………………... 1-9

1.1 MEANING AND BRIEF HISTORY OF SIWES

1.2 MORE FACTS ABOUT SIWES

1.3 AIMS AND OBJECTIVES OF SIWES

1.4. FUNCTIONS OF THE SIWES UNIT

1.5. ORGANIZATION CHART

1.6 HISTORY 661 NIGERIA AIR FORCE HOSPITALLABORATORY

CHAPTER TWO

2.0 The Factory…………………………………………………………...

2.1 Introduction to the Factory……………………………………....

2.2 Laboratory Equipment and their Uses………………………………………

2.3 Parameters to be observed ………………………………………..

Organizations’ Chart and

Organogram…………………………………………………….
CHAPTER THREE

3.0 The Laboratory Sections and Various Tests

Performed………………..

CHAPTER FOUR

4.0 Summary, Challenges Encountered, Recommendation and

Conclusion………………………………………………………………..….

4.1 Summary……………………………………………………….……...

4.2 Challenges Encountered ………………………………………………

4.3 Conclusion ………………………………………………………….…

4.4 Recommendation …………………………………………………...…

CHAPTER ONE
1.1 INTRODUCTIONWHAT IS SIWES:
SIWES (students industrial work experience scheme) is a scheme
designed by the federal ministry of education, the industrial training
fund is the National board for technical education and institution of
high students in Nigeria .SIWES (students industrial work experience
scheme) is aimed at granting or exposing students to experience the
nature of work they are to encounter when they finish their program
in school depending on one discipline. The scheme also gives
students opportunity to gain experience practically what was not
taught in school during their programme. It also helps students to
practicalise the theory aspect of their lecture in school. It also gives
the students the opportunity to be versatile . It makes the students
popular, it also act as a medium of job opportunity when they finish
their programme in school .It gives a detailed account of all work carried
out during SIWES and as well as the problems faced.

1.2 BRIEF HISTORY OF SIWES

The student Industrial Work Experience Scheme (SIWES) was
established in 1973/1974 session by the Industrial Training Fund(ITF).
Prior to the establishment of this scheme, there was a growing
concern among our industrialists that graduates of our institutions of
higher learning lacked adequate practices background studies
preparatory to employment in the industries. It is against this
background that the aim of initiating and designing the scheme washinged
Consequently, the scheme affords students the opportunity of
familiarizing and exposing themselves, to the needed experience in
handling equipment and machinery that are usually not available in the
institutions The ITF solely funded the scheme during its formative
years. It withdraws from the scheme in 1978 due to the financial
problem. The federal government handed the scheme in 1979 to
both the National University Commission (NUC) and the National
Board of Technical Education (NBTE). Later, in November 1984, the
federal government changed the management and implementation
of the scheme to ITF and it was effectively taken over by the Industrial
Training Fund (ITF) in July 1985 with the funding being solely borne
by the federal government.
1.3 AIMS AND OBJECTIVES OF SIWES
I. It act as medium for job opportunity for students.
II. It provides students with experience outside their programme in
school.
III. It grants students opportunity to practicalize the theoretical
aspect of their course in school.
IV. Expose student to the kind of work experience they will
encounter when they graduate. 
V. Expose students to know the operation and function of theinstrum
ents involved in their course of study.
 VI. It makes students know how to manage difficult in work when
they graduate
 1.4 ORGANISATION CHAT:

COMMADER
445 NAFH

PROGRAMME CO LAB/LAB DIRECTOR PERSONAL

TRG OFFICER ASSISTANT

-----------------------------------------------

PROGRAMME QUALITY ASSURANCE OFFICER

LOG OFFICER

SAFETY HEAD TRAINING & PHLEBOTOMISTS

OFFICER COORDINATION

STATISTICIAN

HEAD HEAD HEAD HEAD HEAD

CLINICAL CHEMISTRY HAEMATOLOGY/BGS IMMUNOSERO MICRO/PARA
LOGISTIC

MLS MLS MLS MLS Electrician

Bench Officers Bench Officers Bench Officers Bench Officer Store Officer
Interns Interns Interns Interns Facility Officer
1.5 HISTORY 661 NIGERIA AIR FORCE HOSPITAL LABORATORY

The 661 Nigerian Air Force Hospital Laboratory (661 NAFH), Ikeja has
won the International Organisation for Standardisation (ISO)
15189:2012 accreditation certificate for quality management
systems and excellent service delivery for the second consecutive
time.

This was contained in a statement made available to newsmen in

Abuja b the NAF, Director of Public Relations and Information Air
Commodore Edward Gabkwet.
According to the statement, “the award was presented to the Chief
of the Air Staff (CAS), Air Marshal Oladayo Amao at the NAF
Headquarters, Abuja by the Registrar, Medical Laboratory Science
Council of Nigeria (MLSCN), Dr Tosan Erhabor

“The Laboratory is among the first facilities in Nigeria to embrace

quality management system for about 20 years and also awarded 5-
Star status in 2011 by the MLSCN

“In 2013, the African Society for Laboratory Medicine using the
World Health Organization’s African Regional Office Checklist also
graded the Laboratory 5-Star rating while in 2016, the Laboratory
became accredited to ISO 15189:2012 standard making it the first
among 3 laboratories in Nigeria to become accredited to ISO 15189″.

According to it, ” while presenting the accreditation certificate to

CAS, the Registrar MLSCN, Dr Tosan Erhabor noted that the 661
NAFH Laboratory was the first to be accredited in 2016 thereby
blazing the trail in quality management systems for others to follow
“The facility was also the first in the entire military to key into ISO
15189 which, as we all know, is the hallmark of quality.
Dr Erhabor encouraged CAS to go a step further in his commitment
to quality and excellent service delivery by ensuring that other NAF
facilities across the country key into the quality management system.

He stated that the Gazette on National Quality Infrastructure was

recently released, indicating that the issue of Quality is now being
taken seriously at the highest level of decision-making in the country.
The first name was 445 NAFH LABORATORY and it was later changed
to 551 and now 661 NIGERIA AIRFORCE HOSPITAL LABORATORY.
CHAPTER TWO

2.1 VARIOUS DEPARTMENT OF THE LABORATORY.

(1) RECEPTIONIST /COLLECTION SECTION: This is the unit where

patients are received and attended to regarding to the
investigation written on their laboratory request forms by the
doctor. Activities such as collection of clinical specimens and
issuing of laboratory result forms are carried out in this section.

(2) SEROLOGY SECTION: This section is concerned with the

laboratory investigation which involved the formation of immune
complex (agglutination) from antigen and antigen and antibody
reaction in the blood (serum). Clinical tests carried out in this
section include Widal tests, PT Pregnancy test, hepatitis B surface
Antigen (HBsAq), hepatitis C virus [HCV] and Veneral Disease
Research Laboratory also known as syphilis, HIV TESTS and other
sensitive test.

(3)PARASITOLOGY SECTION:
This is the unit where clinical specimens are analyzed in search for
parasitic organisms. The clinical specimens analyzed include stool,
urine analysis.
 
(4) HEMATOLOGY 
 This section is concerned with Hemoglobin (blood penalty test),
FBC, malaria test, HB-genotype, ABO groups, Erythrocytes
Sedimentation Rate [ESR TEST]

(5)CHEMISTRY SECTION
This section is concerned with cholesterol, FBS and RBS, Lipid
profile etc.

(6)MICROBIOLOGY SECTION
Deals with urine, stool, HVS (urine Swab), urethral,

 
2.2 LABORATORY RULES AND REGULATIONS

 I. Laboratory coat and hand gloves should be worn in the laboratory
II. Eating, drinking, smoking and dancing should be avoided in the
laboratory
III. Hands should be washed after handling a sample and when
leaving the laboratory
IV. All benches should be cleaned before and after the day work. 
V. Avoid being bare footed, cover shoes should be worn in the
laboratory 
VI. Hairs should be covered with Hair net. 
VII. Fingers and nails should be cut short
 VIII. Labeling of sample should be done with care
 
2.3 LABORATORY EQUIPMENTS AND THEIR USES
MICROSCOPE

This equipment is used of the examination of samples and

magnification of microorganisms that cannot be seen with the
naked eyes. its parts include object lens which havel00x,40x,and l0x
objective lenses other parts are fine and coarse adjustment
knobs

 AUTOCALVE:
This is used in sterilsation of glass wares and media used in the
laboratory to avoid contamination. It consists of chamberson
which the articles are placed and treated with steam At high
pressure.

INCUBATOR
It is used for incubating cultured plate for 24 hours -48 hours
at the temperature between 37oc-4000c so as to obtain proper
growth of microorganisms.

LABORATORY OVEN:
It is used for sterilization of Meta wares and also for
preservation.

CENTRIFUGE:
It is used for sedimentation of particles, is used in separating
components of different densities in a liquid, using centrifugal
force.

WEIGHING BALANCE:
This is used for measuring mounts of substance required for
analysis which measure in grams.

ELECTROPHORESIS MACHINE:
It is used for carrying out test on genotype.

REFRIGERATOR:
This is for the preservation of samples.

HAEMATOCRITE CENTRIFUGE
This is used for sampling blood with microhaeamatocrit
capillary tubes to know the blood percentage of an individual

SYRINGE:
They are used to give injection and also for collection of blood
sample through venous blood collection in the lab for
laboratory practical.

2.4 HAEMATOLOGY TEST

This is the test used in carrying out the investigation of
anemia, infection and pyrexia 9 fever) of unknown origin,
investigation heamoglobinopathics and monitoring patients
receiving antiretroviral therapy (ART).

2.5 BLOOD GROUP

This is all ABC blood group system are clinically the most
important. Blood group donors and patients must be grouped
correctly to avoid the death of the patients when the ABC is
incompatible. The ABC blood group w have :AB ,AB ,A,
K ,B+,B,O+,0

 AIM:
The aim is to determine a patient’s blood group
 
 Apparatus:
 Anti sera A,B, and C clean and dry title applicators, sterile bloo
dlancet, sterile swap and hand glove.
TECHNIQUES:
 After a patient thumb has being cleaned
with sterile swap and allow to dry, a puncture is made with the
lancet and the first drop of the blood is cleaned
off. And then pressed to get another drop of blood which is dro
oped at three division on a
tile. Add one volume of the respective anti-sera A B and 0 to th
e bloodsamplesUsing applicators mix the anti-sera with the
blood respectively Rock for 2-3 minutes and then record
your result.

2.6 GENOTYPE
Genotype or hemoglobin electrophoresis is used to separate and identify the
different hemoglobin by their migration within an electric field. Hemoglobin
variants separate at different rates due to different in their surface electric
charges as determined by the iramino acid structure .the predominant
Genotype are AA and AS ,SSwhile AC ,SC etc
 Aim
 :to detect ones
genotype. Apparatus: sterile swap, 2m1 syringe ,harid glove ,Tris buffercellulos
e acetate membrane, clean and dry tile ,application ,a positive
and negative control i.e. AS and. AA ,water, pasture’s pipettes,
electrophoresis machine.

PROCEDURE:
 After blood collection using pasture’s pipette
 The blood is placed using on a clean tile also your control placed at a different division.
Using another pasture’s pipette ,pipette small volume of water and add to the
respective blood samples. Then mix separate using an
 
Application to make the mixture light for easy separate of the samples. Using
respectively applicators place the sample on a cellulose acetate member
respectively .Pour l00mis of this EDTA borate buffer ip each of the
electrophoresis chamber. Put the cellulose acetate member in an
electrophoresis machine placed side down. Cover the tank and correct to
power supply leave for 25 minutes to separate.

RESULT
: if the result is AA when there are two lines when the Smigrate to the positive
electrode and then A to the negative electrode then is AS. When A migrates
only to the negative electrode then it
is AA and when the S riigrate to positive electrode and another Smigrate to the
positive electrode then it is SS.
CHAPTER THREE

3.0 SEROLOGY TESTS

Serology tests are tests that make use of the reaction between antigens and antibodies
in serum. It is a study of blood serum and other body fluids especially with
regard to the response of the immune system to the pathogens .It is defined as
the portion of blood that can be found in a veil of blood is left standing long
enough to separate
3.1 PREGNANCY TESTS (P.T)
 AIM: Qualitative determination of Human Chorionic Gonadotropin (HCG) in
serum or urine.
PRINCIPLE:
 The P.T strip membrane is pre-coated with HCG antibodies on the test line region
of the strip. During testing, the serum or urine specimen reacts with the particle
coated with a HCG antibody. The mixture migrates upwards on the membrane
chromatographically by capillary action to react with anti-HCG antibodies.

SAMPLES
: Serum/plasma or urine of a pregnant woman.
MATERIAL:
 Pregnancy test-strip
 
PROCEDURE
: Spin the blood sample in a centrifuge so as to separate the plasma and the blood.
Remove the P.T strip from the pouch and dip the pregnancy test inside the
available sample.

OBSERVATION:
 Two distinct lines, one at the control line region and the other at the test line
region or just a single line at the control line region might be seen.

RESULT/CONCLUSION
: When two distinct line are seen the result is positive but if one line is seen,
the sample is negative.3

3.2 WIDAL TEST
 Widal test is a test used for the diagnosis of typhoid fever, based on
agglutination of salmonella tophi by dilution of the patient serum. -

 Aim:
To detect the presence of antibodies against salmonella organism that causes
paratyphoid (typhoid fever).

Principle:
This is based on agglutination reaction between antibodies present in the
serum, produced specifically against salmonella antigen and the salmonella
antigen suspension to form immune complex.
Materials:
• Chromatist widal kit
 
• Pasteur pipette
 
• White tile with eight (8) depressions
 
• Blood (serum)
 
• Test tube
 
• Glass rod
 
• Centrifuge
 
• Rocking machine.
 
Procedure:
1. The patient’s blood is collected •using a tourniquet and stringe.
 
2. The patient’s blood sample was transferred into a test tube and
spun for 10 minutes using the centrifuge to obtain the serum.
3. A drop of the serum was placed on each of the depressions on the
white tile using Pasteur pipette.
4. Equal amount of each of the salmonella antigen suspension
(salmonella ‘0’ and ‘H’ antigen suspensions) was dropped beside the
already dropped serum.
5. The fluid was mixed homogenously.
6. The white tile was rocked continuously for about 2 minutes and
the mixture was observed for agglutination.

Result:
The result is graded according to the degree of agglutination on each
fluid ranging from 1:20<1:80<1:160<1:320. The diagnostic tit revalue
of enteric fever is1:80. Hence, any titre value equal or greater than
1:80 is diagnostic of enteric fever. The table below is a sample
of Widal test result:

3.3 SYMPTOMS OF TYPHOID. FEVER 

 The symptoms of typhoid fever usually develop one or two weeksafter a
person becomes injected with the salmonella typhi bacteria.1. A
high temperature which can reach up to 39-40°C (103-104°F).2. Headache.3.
Muscle ache.4. Stomach pain.5. Feeling sick, weakness and fatigue.6. Loss of
appetite.7. Constipation or Diarrhea (Adults tend to constipation and children
tend to get diarrhea).8. Dry cough.9. Weight loss10. Rashes made up of small
pink spots.

3.4 CAUSES OF TYPHOID FEVER 

 1. Ingestion of contaminated water or food.
2. Eating food or touching your mouth before washing your hand safter going
to the toilet.
3. Eating seafood from a water source contaminated by infected faeces or
urine.

3.5 PREVENTION OF TYPHOID FEVER

1. Get vaccinated against typhoid fever.
2. Eat food that are thoroughly cooked-and are still hot.
3. Avoid raw vegetable and fruits that cannot be peeled. Vegetable like lettuce
are easily contaminated and are very hard to wash well.
4. Avoid food and beverages from street vendors because it is difficult for food
to be kept clean on the street, and many travelers get sick from food brought
from the street vendors.
5. Sanitation and maintenance of good hygiene.

3.6 CONTROL OF TYPHOID FEVER

1. Safe drinking water.
2. Improved sanitation and adequate medical care.
3. Taking vaccination against typhoid fever.
4. Avoid raw fruits and vegetables
3.7 HEPATITIS B SURFACE ANTIGEN (HSSAB) TEST
This is a serological test carried out to screen a patient blood for the
hepatitis B surface antigen.
 
It aids in the diagnosis of Hepatitis B viral infection. AIM: To screen a
patient
’s blood for Hepatitis B surface.
 
PRINCIPLE
: Based on the agglutination reaction between an antibody produced in
response to Hepatitis B viral infection and antigen embedded in the test
strip.

MATERIAL
: HBsAg test strip, Pasteur pipette, test tube, centrifuge and blood
(serum) sample

PROCEDURE:
The blood sample was transferred into a test tube2. The sample was spun
down by centrifugation at 3000 rpm for 10minutes to obtain serum.3.
Using Pasteur pipette, two drops of serum were placed on the absorbent
end of the test strip.4. The test strip was allowed to stand for 2 minutes
and the result was observed
RESULT:
POSITIVE:
 Two distinct red lines, one line should be in control region (c) and
another line should be in the test region.
NEGATIVE
: One red line appears in the control region (c) no apparent red line
appears in the test region (C).

INVALID
: This occurs when the control Line fails to appear due to insufficient
specimen volume or incorrect procedural techniques

CHAPTER FOUR

4.0 SS

4.1 URINALYSIS:
This is a non-specific test that was used to detect the presence of
some metabolites in urines whose concentration was used to
determine the health condition of a patient such as diabetes,
metabolic abnormalities, liver disease, binary and hepatic
obstructions, hemolytic disease and urinary tract infection.
Routine urinalysis consists of three testing groups which
include urine microscopy, urine chemistry and urine
microscopy.

4.2 URINE MACROSCOPY:

This measured the colour and transparency of urine sample
which were determined from the visual observation of the
sample in a
 
sterile transparent container the physical characteristics of
urine sample were noted as
• Pale amber and clear
 
• Yellow and turbid
• Pale amber and clouding
 
• Yellow and clear
 
• Bloody

4.3 URINE CHEMISTRY

This was based on the dipping of the medi test combi-9 colour
sections into the urine sample to check for the following
parameters like
•PH
 
• Glucose
• Ascorbic acid
• Protein
• Nitrite
• Ketone
• Blood
• Bilirubin
• And urobilinogen

 This test serves as a diagnostic tool which determines

pathological changes in a patient’s urine in a standard
urinalysis.
 
 AIM:
 To determine pathological changes in patient urine

MATERIAL
: Test tube, combi-9, urinalysis strip, test tube rack and
sample container which contains the urine sample.

PROCEDURE
(1) A fresh urine sample of about l0mI was transferred from
the transparent sample container into a test tube and fixed in
the testtube rack.
(2) The combi-9 strip was dipped into the well-mixed urine
sample contained in the test tube.
(3) The combi-9 strip was brought out from urine sample and
theedge of the strip the supported over the mouth of the test
tube to remove excess urine.
(4) The result was read within 60 seconds by matching the
colour changes with the standard chromatic scale provided by
the manufacturer on the combi-9 container,
CHAPTER SEVEN7.0 RELEVANCE OF THE SIWES PROGRAMME
I benefit a lot during the programme which I believed is still relevant in the
following areas: It exposed me to work methods, techniques in handling
equipment’s that are not available in school
7.1 ADVICE TO THE COMPANY/ORGANIZATION
There should be formal training and orientation for the student sunder their
care. There should be appreciative measure on the part of the company
because a student will work when he/she is appreciated even if not monetary.
Monthly defense of what the student has learnt should be done.
7.2 ADVICE TO THE INSTITUTIONS
a. Quality orientation programmes should be organized for all intending I.T.
students and should be made compulsory (it should be on
departmental/faculty levels due to the significance of each disciplines)
 
44
b. Many I.T students roam about because of lack of placement. The institution
should liaise (departmentally) with some industries/organizations who will
always be ready to assist. Each I.T students should be allowed tcr defend their
reports of SIWES programme instead of group defensed. Visiting of the
students by the institution should be taken with all seriousness.
7.3 ADVICE TO THE STUDENTS
SIWES is not money making ventures. Students should learn how to work now
to get all necessary pay in the future H. To those who refrain from active work,
going around for personal businesses or selfish interest should stop it because
the six months is not made for that but to acquire skills and knowledge .III. To
all who really participated in the SI
WES, please don’t for
get all you have learnt and never trade for anything.