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General Chemistry 1: Stoichiometry1

This document provides an overview of stoichiometry concepts including: - Atomic mass and the atomic mass unit are defined using Carbon-12 as a reference. - Isotopes have different masses and abundances that determine average atomic mass. - Molecular mass is the sum of atomic masses in a molecule. Formula mass is the sum for ionic compounds. - A mole is defined based on Avogadro's number, relating it to the gram molecular/formula mass and allowing for stoichiometric calculations.

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Raymariz Damaso
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117 views

General Chemistry 1: Stoichiometry1

This document provides an overview of stoichiometry concepts including: - Atomic mass and the atomic mass unit are defined using Carbon-12 as a reference. - Isotopes have different masses and abundances that determine average atomic mass. - Molecular mass is the sum of atomic masses in a molecule. Formula mass is the sum for ionic compounds. - A mole is defined based on Avogadro's number, relating it to the gram molecular/formula mass and allowing for stoichiometric calculations.

Uploaded by

Raymariz Damaso
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© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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G E NE RA L C H E MI STR Y 1

STOICHIOMETRY 1

CALCULATIONS FROM
CHEMICAL EQUATIONS
1
LEARNING COMPETENCIES:

1. give the similarities and differences between the formula


mass and molecular mass a compound
(STEM_GC11AMIc-e-22)
2. explain relative atomic mass and average atomic mass
(STEM_GC11S-Ie25)
3. define a mole (STEM_GC11S-Ie26)
4. illustrate Avogadro’s number with examples
(STEM_GC11S-Ie27)
5. determine the molar mass of elements and compounds
(STEM_GC11S-Ie28)
What is
stoichiometry?

oStoichiometry is about
measuring the amounts of
elements and compounds
involved in a reaction.
ATOMIC
MASS AND
THE ATOMIC
MASS UNIT
Experiments have shown that atoms have different masses
relative to one another. For example, a Mg atom is
experimentally reported to be twice as heavy as a carbon
atom; a silicon atom is twice the mass of a nitrogen atom.
(Relative, when used as an adjective, means ‘compared to
something or to someone’)
• By international agreement, the reference atom
chosen is the C-12 isotope which contains six protons
and six neutrons. By definition, one atom of C-12 has a
mass of exactly 12 atomic mass units (amu). One amu,
therefore, is one-twelfth (1/12) of the mass of a C-12
atom.
The atomic mass of Cu-63 is 63.55 amu. This means
that relative to C-12, one atom of Cu-64 is 63.55/12 or
5.296 times the mass of a C-12 atom.
• One atom of Se-77 is 6.410 times as heavy as an
atom of C-12. What is the atomic mass of Se-77?
• 6.410 x 12 amu = 76.92 amu
AVERAGE ATOMIC MASS

• The periodic table provides the average atomic mass


which takes into account the different isotopes of an
element and their relative abundances. It is not a simple
average that is taken but a weighted average.
• Isotopes of elements occur in different abundances.
• Some are more abundant than others.

Magnesium, on the other hand, has three isotopes with varying


abundances: Mg-24, Mg-25, and Mg-26, 11.01 have 78.99%, 10.00%,
and 11.01% abundance, respectively.

Chlorine has two isotopes. The natural abundance of Cl-35 is 75%


while that of Cl-37 is 25%. This means that if you have 100 atoms of
chlorine, 75 of them will be Cl-35 and 25 of them will be Cl-37.
EXERCISES:
• 1. From the periodic table, look up the average atomic mass of the
following elements: Co, Be, Al, Zn.
• 2. Copper has two stable isotopes with the following masses and %
abundances: Cu-63 (62.93 amu, 69.09% abundance) and Cu-65
(64.9278 amu, 30.91% abundance). Calculate the average atomic
mass of copper.
• 3. An element consists of an isotope with mass of 10.0129 amu and
19.91% abundance, and another isotope with mass of 11.0093 amu and
80.09% abundance. Calculate the average atomic mass of this
element. Refer to the periodic table and identify the element.
ANSWERS:

• 1. Co (58.93 amu), Be (9.012 amu), Al


(26.98 amu), Zn (65.39 amu)
• 2. 63.93 amu
• 3. 10.81 amu; the element is boron
MOLECULAR
MASS AND
FORMULA MASS
• Molecular Mass or Average Molecular Mass
-is the sum of the average atomic masses of the
atoms in the molecule
- is used for covalent compounds
• 1. What is the molecular mass of carbon dioxide, CO2?

Molecular mass of CO2


= atomic mass of C + 2 (atomic mass of O)
= 12.01 amu + 2 (16.00 amu)
= 44.01 amu
2. Determine the molecular mass of the following
molecules:
a. Water, H2O
b. Methane, CH4
a. molecular mass of water = 18.02 amu
b. molecular mass of methane
= 16.04 amu
• Formula Mass or Average Formula Mass

-is the sum of the atomic masses of the atoms in


the ionic compound
• 1. What is the formula mass of sodium chloride, NaCl?
Formula mass of NaCl
= atomic mass of Na + atomic mass of Cl)
= 22.99 amu + 35.45 amu
= 58.44 amu
2. What is the formula mass of magnesium chloride, MgCl2?

Formula mass of MgCl2 = 95.21 amu


MOLE CONCEPT AND
MOLAR MASS
MOLE

• Unit of measure used to deal with extremely large


numbers
• It is the amount of substance that contains as many
entities as there are in exactly 12g of C-12.
AVOGADRO’S NUMBER

• The number of atoms in 12g C-12 is experimentally


determined to be 6.022 x 10 ^23.
EXERCISES

• 1. How many eggs are there in one mole of eggs?

• 6.022 x 10^23 eggs


• 2. How many mongo beans are there in one mole of mongo
beans?
• 6.022 x 10^23 mongo beans
• 3. Calculate the number of atoms of argon in 0.500 moles Ar?

• 4. How many moles of Co are there in 4.960 x 10 ^25 atoms of Co?


• 5. How many molecules of carbon dioxide, CO2, are there in 2.648 moles CO2?

• 6. How many atoms of oxygen are there in 2.648 moles CO2 ?


FORMULA WEIGHT
• Sum of the atomic weights for the atoms
in a chemical formula
• So, the formula weight of calcium chloride,
CaCl2, would be:
• Ca : 1 (40.1 amu)
• + Cl : 2 ( 35.45 amu)
• 111.0 amu
MOLECULAR WEIGHT
• Sum of the atomic weights of the atoms in a
molecule
• For the molecule ethanol, C2H6, the molecular
weight would be:
• C : 2 (12.01 amu)
•+ H : 6 (1.01 amu)
• 30.08 amu
Consider the chemical equation:
4NH3 + 5O2 → 6H2O + 4NO

There are several numbers involved.


What do they all mean?
• In chemical reactions, all equations
are balanced in terms of the number
of atoms and molecules in the
reaction.

• Law of conservation of matter, the


total amount of matter in the
reactants must be equal to the total
amount of matter in the products
The conservation of mass principle is shown
below:

250g rice + 250g water 500g boiled rice

Conservation of mass:

Mass of reactants = mass of product


500g = 500g
Stoichiometry
4NH3 + 5O2 → 6H2O + 4NO
Recall that chemical formulas represent
numbers of atoms

NH3 __ nitrogen and __ hydrogen atoms

O2 __ oxygen atoms

__ hydrogen atoms and __ oxygen


H2 O atom

NO __ nitrogen atom and __ oxygen atom


Stoichiometry
4NH3 + 5O2 → 6H2O + 4NO
Recall that chemical formulas represent
numbers of atoms

NH3 1 nitrogen and 3 hydrogen atoms

O2 2 oxygen atoms

H2 O 2 hydrogen atoms and 1 oxygen atom

NO 1 nitrogen atom and 1 oxygen atom


STOICHIOMETRY
4NH3 + 5O2 → 6H2O + 4NO
Recall that Chemical formulas are balanced with
coefficients

4 X NH3 = __ nitrogen + __ hydrogen

5 X O2 = __ oxygen

6 X H2O = __ hydrogen + __ oxygen

4 X NO = __ nitrogen + __ oxygen
STOICHIOMETRY
4NH3 + 5O2 → 6H2O + 4NO
Recall that Chemical formulas are balanced with
coefficients

4 X NH3 = 4(1) nitrogen + 4(3) hydrogen

5 X O2 = 5(2) oxygen

6 X H2O = 6(2) hydrogen + 6(1) oxygen

4 X NO = 4(1) nitrogen + 4(1) oxygen


STOICHIOMETRY
4NH3 + 5O2 → 6H2O + 4NO
Recall that Chemical formulas have molar masses:

NH3 __ g/mol

O2 __ g/mol

H2O __ g/mol

NO __ g/mol
Example:

Hydrogen gas reacting with nitrogen gas to obtain


the product ammonia.

H2 + N2 NH3

The equation is not balanced. To balance it:.


3 H2 + N2 2NH3
3 H2 + N2 2NH3
3 moles H2 + 1 mole N2 forms 2 moles NH3

In molar mass you get:


2g H2 28g N2 17g NH3
mole H2 mole N2 mole NH3

Total mass:
6g H2 28g N2 34g NH3

Total mass: 6g + 28g = 34g


34g = 34g
reactants = products
Example:
Ag (silver) reacts with S (sulfur) to form
Ag2S (silver sulfide)

Solution:
Not
Ag + S Ag2S balanced

2Ag + S Ag2S balanced

?
Molar mass___
Mole of molecules

Total mass
Exercise
Sodium reacts with chlorine gas to form sodium
chloride as shown in the following equations:
2Na + Cl2 2NaCl

a. How many moles of Cl2 are needed to react


with 2.0 moles Na?
b. How many moles of NaCl can be produced from
5.0 moles of chlorine?
CONVERTING GRAMS TO MOLES
AND MOLES TO GRAMS

a. Determine the mass in grams of 3.50


moles of lead chromate, PbCrO4.
b. How many moles are in 2.35g of the
salt of magnesium chloride, MgCl2?
SOLUTION:
a. Determine the mass in grams of 3.50 moles of lead chromate,
PbCrO4.
Step 1. Compute the molar mass of 1 mole
of PbCrO4.
1 Pb (207.2g) + 1 Cr (52.0g) + 4 O (16.0g)
= 323.2 g/mol
Step 2. Multiply the number of moles given
by the molar mass.
3.50 mol PbCrO4 x 323.2g/mol =
1131.2g or 1.13kg
SOLUTION:
b. How many moles are in 2.35g of the salt of magnesium
chloride, MgCl2?

Step 1. Compute the molar mass of MgCl2.


1 Mg (24.3g) + 2 Cl (35.45g) = 95.0 g/mol
Step 2. Multiply the number of grams by the
conversion factor for molar mass.
2.35g MgCl2 x 1mol/95.2g MgCl2 =
0.025 mol MgCl2

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