Cambridge IGCSE™: Economics 0455/23 October/November 2021

Cambridge IGCSE™
ECONOMICS 0455/23
Paper 2 Structured Questions October/November 2021
MARK SCHEME
Maximum Mark: 90
Published
This mark scheme is published as an aid to teachers and candidates, to indicate the requirements of the
examination. It shows the basis on which Examiners were instructed to award marks. It does not indicate the
details of the discussions that took place at an Examiners’ meeting before marking began, which would have
considered the acceptability of alternative answers.
Mark schemes should be read in conjunction with the question paper and the Principal Examiner Report for
Teachers.
Cambridge International will not enter into discussions about these mark schemes.
Cambridge International is publishing the mark schemes for the October/November 2021 series for most
Cambridge IGCSE™, Cambridge International A and AS Level components and some Cambridge O Level
components.
This document consists of 28 printed pages.
© UCLES 2021 [Turn over

0455/23 Cambridge IGCSE – Mark Scheme October/November 2021
PUBLISHED
Generic Marking Principles
These general marking principles must be applied by all examiners when marking candidate answers. They should be applied alongside the
specific content of the mark scheme or generic level descriptors for a question. Each question paper and mark scheme will also comply with these
marking principles.
GENERIC MARKING PRINCIPLE 1:
Marks must be awarded in line with:
• the specific content of the mark scheme or the generic level descriptors for the question
• the specific skills defined in the mark scheme or in the generic level descriptors for the question
• the standard of response required by a candidate as exemplified by the standardisation scripts.
Marks awarded are always whole marks (not half marks, or other fractions).
Marks must be awarded positively:
• marks are awarded for correct/valid answers, as defined in the mark scheme. However, credit is given for valid answers which go beyond the
scope of the syllabus and mark scheme, referring to your Team Leader as appropriate
• marks are awarded when candidates clearly demonstrate what they know and can do
• marks are not deducted for errors
• marks are not deducted for omissions
• answers should only be judged on the quality of spelling, punctuation and grammar when these features are specifically assessed by the
question as indicated by the mark scheme. The meaning, however, should be unambiguous.
Rules must be applied consistently, e.g. in situations where candidates have not followed instructions or in the application of generic level
descriptors.
© UCLES 2021 Page 2 of 28

PUBLISHED
Marks should be awarded using the full range of marks defined in the mark scheme for the question (however; the use of the full mark range may
be limited according to the quality of the candidate responses seen).
Marks awarded are based solely on the requirements as defined in the mark scheme. Marks should not be awarded with grade thresholds or
grade descriptors in mind.

PUBLISHED
Social Science-Specific Marking Principles

(for point-based marking)
1 Components using point-based marking:

• Point marking is often used to reward knowledge, understanding and application of skills. We give credit where the candidate’s answer
shows relevant knowledge, understanding and application of skills in answering the question. We do not give credit where the answer
shows confusion.
From this it follows that we:
a DO credit answers which are worded differently from the mark scheme if they clearly convey the same meaning (unless the mark
scheme requires a specific term)
b DO credit alternative answers/examples which are not written in the mark scheme if they are correct
c DO credit answers where candidates give more than one correct answer in one prompt/numbered/scaffolded space where extended
writing is required rather than list-type answers. For example, questions that require n reasons (e.g. State two reasons …).
d DO NOT credit answers simply for using a ‘key term’ unless that is all that is required. (Check for evidence it is understood and not used
wrongly.)
e DO NOT credit answers which are obviously self-contradicting or trying to cover all possibilities
f DO NOT give further credit for what is effectively repetition of a correct point already credited unless the language itself is being tested.
This applies equally to ‘mirror statements’ (i.e. polluted/not polluted).
g DO NOT require spellings to be correct, unless this is part of the test. However spellings of syllabus terms must allow for clear and
unambiguous separation from other syllabus terms with which they may be confused (e.g. Corrasion/Corrosion)
2 Presentation of mark scheme:

• Slashes (/) or the word ‘or’ separate alternative ways of making the same point.
• Semi colons (;) bullet points (•) or figures in brackets (1) separate different points.
• Content in the answer column in brackets is for examiner information/context to clarify the marking but is not required to earn the mark
(except Accounting syllabuses where they indicate negative numbers).

PUBLISHED
3 Calculation questions:
• The mark scheme will show the steps in the most likely correct method(s), the mark for each step, the correct answer(s) and the mark
for each answer
• If working/explanation is considered essential for full credit, this will be indicated in the question paper and in the mark scheme. In all
other instances, the correct answer to a calculation should be given full credit, even if no supporting working is shown.
• Where the candidate uses a valid method which is not covered by the mark scheme, award equivalent marks for reaching equivalent
stages.
• Where an answer makes use of a candidate’s own incorrect figure from previous working, the ‘own figure rule’ applies: full marks will be
given if a correct and complete method is used. Further guidance will be included in the mark scheme where necessary and any
exceptions to this general principle will be noted.
4 Annotation:
• For point marking, ticks can be used to indicate correct answers and crosses can be used to indicate wrong answers. There is no direct
relationship between ticks and marks. Ticks have no defined meaning for levels of response marking.
• For levels of response marking, the level awarded should be annotated on the script.
• Other annotations will be used by examiners as agreed during standardisation, and the meaning will be understood by all examiners
who marked that paper.

PUBLISHED
Examiner annotations
Uncertain what the candidate means – Maximum mark on one side.

an illogical line of thought
Benefit of the doubt NAQ
Blank page Not established – a statement made without any support
Caret – a word is missing. Repetition
Confused SEEN
Cross Tick – a credit worthy point
Nothing creditworthy Too vague

L
Level 1
Level 2
Level 3

PUBLISHED
Question Answer Marks Guidance
1(a) Calculate the number of obese people in the UK in 2016. 1 Accept 18 million.
18.2 million/18 200 000/18.2 × 106
1(b) Identify two reasons why the demand for vegan food has 2 One mark each for each of two reasons.
increased in the UK.
Two from:
• (concerns about) health
• (concerns about) obesity
• (compassion for) animal welfare
• rise in income/getting richer/higher standard of living
• advertising of vegan products
• less consumption of meat
1(c) Explain one external benefit that may arise from eating 2 One mark for the external benefit identified and one mark
less meat. for the explanation.
Healthy/less obese people (1) are more productive/higher

output/live longer/government can spend more on education
and raise skills (1).
Improved environment/air/water quality (1) less greenhouse

gases/pollution/people sick (1).

PUBLISHED
1(d) Explain how food consumption in Senegal differed from 4 Accept a response from the viewpoint of the US e.g. US
the US in 2015. citizens ate more meat.
Senegalese citizens consumed fewer calories (1) consumed

less than the recommended amount/US consumed more than
the recommended amount (1).
Senegalese may have suffered malnourishment (1) US may

have suffered from obesity (1).
Senegalese had a healthier diet (1) e.g. more fruit and

vegetables (1).
A higher proportion of the Senegalese diet consisted of

cereals/grains (1) because it was cheap (1).
Senegalese citizens consumed less meat (1) because it was

expensive/low incomes (1).
Senegalese citizens consumed less sugar and/or sweeteners

(1).
Senegalese consumed a higher proportion of fruit and/or

vegetables (1).
Senegalese consumed less added fats and/or oils (1).

PUBLISHED
1(e) Analyse how an increase in labour mobility could 4

improve the performance of a country’s trade in goods.
Coherent analysis which might include:
Labour markets will become more efficient (1) workers

become more skilled (1) workers will move more easily
between industries/become more occupationally
mobile/respond quickly to changes in demand (1).
Workers can move more easily from one place to

another/become more geographically mobile (1).
If demand for a product rises (1) it will be easier to recruit new

workers/fill vacancies (1) more can be produced/supplied (1)
less need for imports (1) import expenditure could fall (1)
more can be exported (1) export revenue could rise (1).

PUBLISHED
1(f) Analyse how an increase in meat consumption could 5

benefit African economies.
May reduce malnutrition/make people healthier (1) make

workers more productive/efficient (1) improve quantity/quality
of output (1) lower costs of production (1) more competitive
internationally (1) exports increase/imports reduce (1)
economic growth (1).
Increase demand for vets and transport firms (1) increase

number of meat processing firms (1) greater investment by
firms (1) will increase output (1) raise employment (1) raise
incomes/standard of living (1).
Reduces government spending on health care (1) can spend

more on education/unemployment benefits/infrastructure
increasing skill levels/productivity (1).

PUBLISHED
1(g) Discuss whether or not an increase in Senegalese 6 Apply this example to all questions with the command
government spending will stop the country experiencing word DISCUSS
a recession. (1g, 1h, 2d, 3d, 4d and 5d)
Award 1 mark for explanation of recession. Each point may be credited only once, on either side of an
argument, but separate development as to how/why the
Award up to 4 marks for logical reasons for why it might, outcome may differ is rewarded.
which might include:
Generic example Mar
• Government spending part of total (aggregate) demand k
(1) may increase total (aggregate) demand (1) may offset
fall in consumer expenditure (1) this may encourage Tax revenue may decrease 1
firms to produce more/attract new firms to set up (1)
employ more staff/lower (cyclical) unemployment (1) earn because of reason e.g. incomes may be 1
more income (1) purchase more goods and services (1). lower.
• Government spending on Tax revenue may increase because 0

education/training/healthcare infrastructure (1) improves incomes may be higher i.e. reverse of a
productivity (1) make products more internationally previous argument.
competitive (1) increasing total (aggregate) demand (1)
raising output (1). Tax revenue may increase because of a 1
different reason i.e. not the reverse of a
• Government subsidies (1) will lower costs of production previous argument e.g. government
(1) encouraging firms to produce more (1). spending on subsidies may stimulate the
economy more than spending on education.
Award up to 4 marks for logical reasons for why it might not,
• May not be great enough to offset fall in investment (1)

business confidence may be low (1). firms may not
increase output after being given government subsidies
(1)

PUBLISHED
1(g) • Consumer expenditure may fall (1) investment may not

rise (1) exports may fall (1)
• if consumer confidence is low (1).
• May be global recession (1) exports may fall (1).
• If taxes are raised to pay for the increase in government
spending (1) government borrows (1) effect on total
(aggregate) demand may be small (1).
Higher spending on education/health/infrastructure may not

result in increased workforce/greater productivity (1).

PUBLISHED
1(h) Discuss whether or not emigration would reduce poverty 6

in Senegal.
Award up to 4 marks for logical reasons for why it might,

• Workers’ remittances may increase/emigrants may send

money home to Senegal (1) working abroad may enable
them to provide more financial support for their families
(1) than working at home (1) if wages are higher abroad
(1)
• Unemployment may fall (1) if potential emigrants could
not gain work at home (1)
• Increase ability of people to gain skills/work experience
(1) increasing their ability to earn more (1) can share
those skills with workers when they return to Senegal (1)
• Emigration may move the country towards the optimum
population (1) if the country lacks resources (1) this could
increase income per head (1) increasing ability to
purchase basic necessities (1)
Award up to 4 marks for logical reasons for why it might

not, which might include:
• Skilled workers may leave the country (1) reducing

output (1) discouraging MNCs (1) reducing jobs (1)
reducing income (1)
• There will be fewer people to pay taxes (1) lower tax
revenue available to spend to reduce poverty (1) e.g. on
education (1)
• May be more dependents on the government (1) if
parents leave children and elderly relatives behind (1)
• Fewer workers in the population (1) will make it harder to
finance state pensions (1) may reduce income of
pensioners (1)

PUBLISHED
2(a) Identify two reasons why a country may have more 2

women than men in its population.
Two from:
• women living longer

• more girls being born
• fewer female emigrants or male immigrants
• more female immigrants or male emigrants
• more men killed in wars
2(b) Explain two advantages of raising the retirement age. 4 One mark each for each of two advantages identified and
one mark each for each of two explanations.
Logical explanation which might include:
Reduction in pensions paid (1) money could be spent for

other purposes e.g. infrastructure (1).
Increase in size of the labour force/(1) increase in

output/productive potential/GDP/reduction in firms’ wage
costs (1).
Reduction in size of dependency ratio (1) less burden on

working population (1).
Rise in tax revenue/improve budget position (1) government

can spend more on e.g. public sector wages (1).
May increase health of the old (1) work may be mentally

challenging (1).
People can work longer (1) and earn more income/enjoy

higher living standards (1).
Older people have greater skills/more years of training (1)

can raise productivity/pass on skills to younger workers (1).
PUBLISHED
2(c) Analyse how the price mechanism answers the three key 6
resource allocation questions.
Definition of price mechanism e.g. where forces of demand

and supply determine the prices of goods and services (1) in
a market economy (1).
What to produce (1) the price mechanism acts a signal/the

price mechanism acts as an incentive on what to produce (1)
rations goods and services (1) price will rise for products in
higher demand (1) encouraging more to be made (1).
How to produce (1) e.g. more labour-intensive/more capital-

intensive methods of production will be used (1) if wages
fall/if cost of capital goods fall (1).
Who to produce for (1) those whose services are most in

demand will have the highest income (1) will be able to buy
the most (1)

PUBLISHED
2(d) Discuss whether or not indirect taxation can reduce 8

market failure. Level Description Marks
In assessing each answer, use the table opposite. 3 A reasoned discussion which 6–8
accurately examines both sides of
Why it might: the economic argument, making
use of economic information and
• demerit goods are overconsumed and cause external clear and logical analysis to
costs evaluate economic issues and
• demerit goods and other products causing external costs situations. One side of the
can be taxed argument may have more depth
• indirect taxation on demerit goods can discourage their than the other, but overall, both
consumption sides of the argument are
• merit goods are under-consumed and create external considered and developed. There
benefits is thoughtful evaluation of
• indirect tax revenue can be used to subsidise or produce economic concepts, terminology,
merit goods information and/or data appropriate
• public goods would not be produced by the private sector to the question. The discussion
as they have the characteristics of non-rival and non- may also point out the possible
excludable uncertainties of alternative
• indirect tax revenue can be used to finance the decisions and outcomes.
production of public goods
2 A reasoned discussion which 3–5
Why it might not: makes use of economic information
and clear analysis to evaluate
• difficult to measure external costs economic issues and situations.
The answer may lack some depth
• demerit goods may be overtaxed, changing from being
and development may be one-
overconsumed to being under-consumed
sided. There is relevant use of
• demand for some demerit goods is price inelastic
economic concepts, terminology,
• indirect taxes may fall more heavily on the poor
information and data appropriate to
• demand may just shift to imports if other countries do not the question.
impose indirect tax or have lower tax rates
• tax revenue may not be used to promote the
consumption of merit and public goods

PUBLISHED
2(d)
Level Description Marks
1 There is a simple attempt at u sing 1–2

economic definitions and
terminology. Some reference may
be made to economic theory, with
occasional understanding.
0 A mark of zero should be awarded 0

for no creditable content.
3(a) Identify two ways unemployment is measured. 2
• claimant count/claiming benefits

• labour force survey/ILO measure/without a job and
seeking work
• formula for the unemployment rate/number of
unemployed divided by labour force × 100/through the
unemployment rate
• total labour force minus those currently employed
3(b) Explain two ways an increase in wages can cause 4 One mark each for each of two ways identified and one
inflation. mark each for each of two explanations.
Logical explanation which might include: Allow 1 mark if refer to prices rise but no mention of
Increase in wages may increase total (aggregate) demand-pull or cost-push inflation
demand/consumption (1) causing demand-pull inflation (1).
Increase in wages may increase costs of production (1)
causing cost-push inflation (1).

PUBLISHED
3(c) Analyse, using a production possibility curve (PPC), the 6

opportunity cost to an economy of producing more
consumer goods.
Up to 4 marks for the diagram:
Axes correctly labelled with capital/consumer goods (1).
Curve drawn as a curve/line sloping downward to the axes

(1).
Movement along the curve/along the axes (1).
Reduction in capital goods/increase in consumer goods

shown by numbers or letters or arrows (1).
Up to 2 marks for coherent analysis which might include:
Opportunity cost is the (next) best alternative forgone (1)

resources used to produce consumer goods cannot be used
to produce capital goods (1).
Producing more consumer goods now may mean fewer

consumer goods in the future (1) as there may be fewer
capital goods to make them (1).

PUBLISHED
3(d) Discuss whether or not an increase in foreign MNCs will 8 For level 3, an answer must look at both sides of
reduce a deficit on the current account of the balance of whether a deficit on the current account would be
payments of a host country. reduced.
In assessing each answer, use the table opposite. Level Description Marks
Why it might: 3 A reasoned discussion which 6–8

• MNCs tend to export a relatively high proportion of their the economic argument, making
output use of economic information and
• may produce at a low cost of production/be efficient clear and logical analysis to
• may be internationally competitive evaluate economic issues and
• may produce products that were previously imported situations. One side of the
• may bring in new technology argument may have more depth
than the other, but overall, both
Why it might not: sides of the argument are
considered and developed. There
• may buy raw materials and capital goods from their home is thoughtful evaluation of
countries economic concepts, terminology,
• MNC may send profits back to home country information and/or data appropriate
• workers/managers may send remittances back to home to the question. The discussion
country may also point out the possible
• may eliminate firms in the host country that had a good uncertainties of alternative
export record decisions and outcomes.
• may deplete non-renewable resources reducing the
ability to export in the long run
makes use of economic information
and clear analysis to evaluate
economic issues and situations.
the question.

PUBLISHED
3(d)
1 There is a simple attempt at using 1–2


4(a) Identify two benefits of free trade. 2
Two from:
• higher output/growth
• higher income/living standards
• more employment/more jobs
• more choice/access to other markets
• lower price
• greater ability to take advantage of economies of
scale/greater efficiency/specialisation
• drives competition
• better quality goods
• stronger global co-operation

PUBLISHED
4(b) Explain two differences between a floating foreign 4 One mark each for each of two differences identified and
exchange rate and a fixed foreign exchange rate. one mark each for each of two explanations.
Logical explanation which might include:
A floating exchange rate is determined by market forces (1) a

fixed exchange rate is set by the government/central bank
(1).
A floating exchange rate can change on a day-to-day basis

(1) whereas a fixed exchange does not often change in value
(1).
A rise in the value of floating exchange rate is an appreciation

/ a fall in the value of a floating exchange rate is a
depreciation (1) a rise in the value of a fixed exchange rate is
a revaluation/a fall in value of a fixed exchange rate is a
devaluation (1).
A floating exchange rate does not require a central bank to

buy and sell the currency (1) a fixed exchange rate needs
reserves of foreign currency to maintain it (1).

PUBLISHED
4(c) Analyse how a change in the pattern of employment in a 6 Allow up to 3 marks for why wages may change due to
country may change its average wage. changes in demand and supply with reference to a
particular industry.
Note: answers must address a change in pattern of
A higher proportion of skilled workers (1) due to better employment
education/training (1) will raise the average wage/skilled
workers tend to be highly paid (1).
An increase in proportion of workers in the tertiary

sector/smaller proportion of workers in the primary sector (1)
example of industry/as economy develops there tends to be
more workers in the tertiary sector/fewer in the primary sector
(1) will tend to increase the average wage (1).
A greater proportion of women workers (1) change in social

attitudes/anti-discrimination legislation (1) may increase the
average wage (1).
A higher proportion of workers in the public sector (1) may be

better training / may be more fringe benefits/may be more job
security (1) may increase/reduce the average wage (1).
A larger proportion of workers in the formal economy (1) more

likely to be represented by a trade union/will have legal rights
(1) may increase the average wage.
Age (1) older workers may be more experienced/in promoted

posts (1) may be better paid (1).

PUBLISHED
4(d) Discuss whether or not a government should stop firms 8

merging. Level Description Marks
In assessing each answer, use the table opposite. 3 A reasoned discussion which 6–8
Why it should: the economic argument, making
• will have greater market share clear and logical analysis to
• may abuse greater market power evaluate economic issues and
• may become complacent situations. One side of the
• consumers may experience higher prices and lower argument may have more depth
quality than the other, but overall, both
• may engage in rationalisation sides of the argument are
• may increase unemployment considered and developed. There
• may experience diseconomies of scale is thoughtful evaluation of
Why it should not: information and/or data appropriate
to the question. The discussion
• may innovate more may also point out the possible
• may provide consumers with lower prices and higher uncertainties of alternative
quality decisions and outcomes.
• may be more international competitive
• may improve current account position
makes use of economic information
• may increase economic growth and clear analysis to evaluate
• may experience economies of scale economic issues and situations.
the question.

PUBLISHED
4(d)
1 There is a simple attempt at u sing 1–2



PUBLISHED
5(a) Define division of labour. 2
Workers specialising (1) in particular tasks / repeating the

same task (1).
Breaking down production into different / separate tasks (1)

using different workers for the different tasks (1).
5(b) Explain two reasons why a loss-making firm may 4 One mark each for each of two reasons identified and one
continue to produce. mark each for each of two explanations.
Logical explanation which might include: Reward but do not expect reference to predatory pricing.
May not expect the loss to last (1) may think demand will
rise/costs will fall in the future (1).
May be subsidised by the government (1) to e.g. promote

social welfare/encourage consumption of merit
goods/increase exports/respond to dumping by other
countries (1).
May lower prices to drive out competitors/increase market

share (1) raising price when successful (1).
May accept losses in short-term (1) in order to expand in

long-term (1)
May have high retained profits (1) to allow for downturns in

demand/cover the losses (1).
May be a new firm (1) in the process of growth/trying to
survive (1).
A firm’s main objective may not be profit maximisation (1) e.g.

growing market share/charity/provides public goods (1).

PUBLISHED
5(c) Analyse the advantages that consumers may gain from a 6

competitive market.
Wide choice of producers (1) producing a similar product (1).
Efficiency (1) better quality (1) greater choice of products (1)

firms may innovate (1) as firms try to gain a larger share of
the market (1).
Lower price (1) as firms try to beat competition (1) increasing

consumers’ purchasing power/standard of living (1).
Raise consumer sovereignty (1) firms may respond quickly to

changes in consumer demand (1).

PUBLISHED
5(d) Discuss whether or not an increase in a country’s 8

manufacturing output will increase its economic Level Description Marks
development.
In assessing each answer, use the table opposite.
the economic argument, making
Why it might:
clear and logical analysis to
evaluate economic issues and
• increase products available for households
situations. One side of the
• increase capital goods enabling greater capacity argument may have more depth
• may raise incomes/profits than the other, but overall, both
• create employment sides of the argument are
• may promote growth of the other two sectors – greater considered and developed. There
demand for raw materials and greater demand for is thoughtful evaluation of
services e.g. insurance economic concepts, terminology,
• may mean firms are getting larger – economies of scale, information and/or data appropriate
reduced average costs, increased exports to the question. The discussion
• likely to have a higher value added than primary sector may also point out the possible
• greater stability in income than primary sector uncertainties of alternative
decisions and outcomes.
Why it might not:
• may create pollution/reduce open spaces makes use of economic information
• jobs may have poor working conditions and clear analysis to evaluate
• employment may not rise if capital-intensive methods are economic issues and situations.
used The answer may lack some depth
• opportunity cost/less resources used in primary and/or and development may be one-
tertiary sectors sided. There is relevant use of
• wages may be lower than tertiary sector economic concepts, terminology,
• may reduce natural resources available for future information and data appropriate to
the question.
• goods produced may be of poor quality/inefficiently
produced/uncompetitive

PUBLISHED
5(d)
1 There is a simple attempt at using 1–2



Cambridge IGCSE™: Economics 0455/23 October/November 2021

Uploaded by

Copyright:

Available Formats

Cambridge IGCSE™: Economics 0455/23 October/November 2021

Uploaded by

Document Information

Original Title

Copyright

Available Formats

Share this document

Share or Embed Document

Sharing Options

Did you find this document useful?

Is this content inappropriate?

Copyright:

Available Formats

Cambridge IGCSE™: Economics 0455/23 October/November 2021

Uploaded by

Copyright:

Available Formats

Cambridge IGCSE™

This document consists of 28 printed pages.

© UCLES 2021 [Turn over

GENERIC MARKING PRINCIPLE 1:

Marks must be awarded in line with:

GENERIC MARKING PRINCIPLE 2:

GENERIC MARKING PRINCIPLE 3:

Marks must be awarded positively:

GENERIC MARKING PRINCIPLE 4:

© UCLES 2021 Page 2 of 28

GENERIC MARKING PRINCIPLE 6:

© UCLES 2021 Page 3 of 28

Social Science-Specific Marking Principles

1 Components using point-based marking:

From this it follows that we:

2 Presentation of mark scheme:

© UCLES 2021 Page 4 of 28

© UCLES 2021 Page 5 of 28

Uncertain what the candidate means – Maximum mark on one side.

Benefit of the doubt NAQ

Blank page Not established – a statement made without any support

Caret – a word is missing. Repetition

Cross Tick – a credit worthy point

Nothing creditworthy Too vague

© UCLES 2021 Page 6 of 28

Healthy/less obese people (1) are more productive/higher

Improved environment/air/water quality (1) less greenhouse

© UCLES 2021 Page 7 of 28

Senegalese citizens consumed fewer calories (1) consumed

Senegalese may have suffered malnourishment (1) US may

Senegalese had a healthier diet (1) e.g. more fruit and

A higher proportion of the Senegalese diet consisted of

Senegalese citizens consumed less meat (1) because it was

Senegalese citizens consumed less sugar and/or sweeteners

Senegalese consumed a higher proportion of fruit and/or

Senegalese consumed less added fats and/or oils (1).

© UCLES 2021 Page 8 of 28

1(e) Analyse how an increase in labour mobility could 4

Coherent analysis which might include:

Labour markets will become more efficient (1) workers

Workers can move more easily from one place to

If demand for a product rises (1) it will be easier to recruit new

© UCLES 2021 Page 9 of 28

1(f) Analyse how an increase in meat consumption could 5

Coherent analysis which might include:

May reduce malnutrition/make people healthier (1) make

Increase demand for vets and transport firms (1) increase

Reduces government spending on health care (1) can spend

© UCLES 2021 Page 10 of 28

• Government spending on Tax revenue may increase because 0

• May not be great enough to offset fall in investment (1)

© UCLES 2021 Page 11 of 28

1(g) • Consumer expenditure may fall (1) investment may not

Higher spending on education/health/infrastructure may not

© UCLES 2021 Page 12 of 28

1(h) Discuss whether or not emigration would reduce poverty 6

Award up to 4 marks for logical reasons for why it might,

• Workers’ remittances may increase/emigrants may send

Award up to 4 marks for logical reasons for why it might