Epitope Microbe: Active Immunization Is The Induction of Immunity After Exposure To

1. Explain the understanding of the following terminologies!
a. Antigene
b. Antibody
c. Active immunization
d. Passive immunization
Answer :
a. An antigen is a substance/molecule that, when introduced into the body,

triggers the production of an antibody by the immune system, which will
then kill or neutralize the antigen that is recognized as a foreign and
potentially harmful invader. These invaders can be molecules such as
pollen or cells such as bacteria. The term originally came from antibody
generator and was a molecule that binds specifically to an antibody, but
the term now also refers to any molecule or molecular fragment that can
be bound by a major histocompatibility complex (MHC) and presented to a
T-cell receptor. "Self" antigens are usually tolerated by the immune
system; whereas "Non-self" antigens are identified as intruders and
attacked by the immune system. Autoimmune disorders arise from the
immune system reacting to its own antigens.
b. An antibody, also known as an immunoglobulin, is a large Y-shaped protein used by

the immune system to identify and neutralize foreign objects like bacteria and viruses. The
antibody recognizes a unique part of the foreign target, termed an antigen Each tip of the "Y"
of an antibody contains a paratope (a structure analogous to a lock) that is specific for one
particular epitope (that is equivalent to a key) on an antigen, allowing these two structures to
bind together with precision. Using this binding mechanism, an antibody can tag a microbe or
an infected cell for attack by other parts of the immune system, or can neutralize its target
directly (for example, by blocking a part of a microbe that is essential for its invasion and
survival). The production of antibodies is the main function of the humoral immune system.[3]
c. Active immunization is the induction of immunity after exposure to

an antigen. Antibodies are created by the recipient and may be stored permanently.
Active immunization can occur naturally when a microbe or other antigen is received by a person who has
not yet come into contact with the microbe and has no pre-made antibodies for defense. The immune
system will eventually create antibodies for the microbe, but this is a slow process and, if the microbe is
deadly, there may not be enough time for the antibodies to begin being used.
Artificial active immunization is where the microbe is injected into the person before they are able to take
it in naturally. The microbe is treated, so that it will not harm the infected person. Depending on the type
of disease, this technique also works with dead microbes, parts of the microbe, or treated toxins from the
microbe.
2. Passive immunity is the transfer of active humoral immunity in the form of readymade
antibodies, from one individual to another. Passive immunity can occur naturally, when maternal
antibodies are transferred to the fetus through the placenta, and can also be induced artificially,
when high levels of human (or horse) antibodies specific for a pathogen or toxin are transferred to
non-immuneindividuals. Passive immunization is used when there is a high risk of infection and
insufficient time for the body to develop its own immune response, or to reduce the symptoms of
ongoing orimmunosuppressive diseases.[1]
3. Explain difference between nonspecific body immunity with specific body

immunity ! Give example !
Answer :
Nonspecific immunity is an immunity which the response appeared toward

the broken or the hurt body tissue
Specific immunity is an immunity which appeared from two different systems

which work together
4. Mention the various T-cell complete wih its own function !
Answer :
Helper T-cell : control the other specific body immunity, stimulate B-cell to
splits and production of antibody
Killer T-cell : attacks the body cells which infected and big pathogen cells
directly
Suppresor T-cell : decrease and stop the immune response
5. Mention things that can cause broken in vaccine !
Answer:
Heat can destroy all various kind of vaccine
Sun light destroy BCG vaccine and measles
Freezing can destroy vaccine which made from toxoid like DPT and TT
Antiseptic (alcohol, soap, spiritus) can destroy vaccine
6. State the sites of origin and maturation of B lymphocytes (B cell) and T

lymphocytes (T cell)
Answer :
7. Suggest why the thymus gland becomes smaller after puberty
Answer :
After puberty, thymus gland begins to atrophy, a process directed by the high
levels of circulating hormones. Proportional to thymic size, thymic activity (T-
cell output) is most active before puberty. Upon atrophy, the size and activity
are dramatically reduced, and the organ is primarily replaced with fat (a
phenomenon known as "organ involution"). The atrophy is due to the
increased circulating level of sex hormones, and chemical or physical
castration of an adult results in the thymus increasing in size and activity
8. Explain how plasma B cell are adapted to secret large quantities of antibody
molecules
Answer :
9. Explain why B cell devide by mytosis during an immune response
Answer:
10.Explain why polyseccharides would not be suitable for making antibody
molecule
Answer :
11.Explain why only some B cell response during an immune response to making
antibody pathogen.
Answer :
12.There are many diffent strains of the rhinovirus which causes the common
cold. Explain why people can catch several different colds in the space of a
few months.
Answer :
13.Explain why people are often ill for several weeks after they catch a disease
even though they can make antibodies against the disease.
Answer :
14.Outline the function of B lymphocytes and T lymphocytes and describe how

they interact during an immune response.
Answer :
15.Explain the difference between artificial active immunization (vaccination)

and artificial passive immunization !
Answer :
Artificial active immunization involve antigene injection into the body
Artificial passive immunization antibody is extracted from a person injected

to another person as a serum
16.Explain the advantages of natural passive immunity for newborn infants
Answer : To protect newborn infants’s body until their immunity system grow
up and they can produce an antibodies by themselves
17.Explain why malnourished children give very weak responses to vaccines
Answer :
18.Explain why human cannot produce and effective immune response to an

infection by Trypanosoma
Answer :
19.Name of pathogen that parasites
a. Macrophage and
b. T helper cells
Answer :

Epitope Microbe: Active Immunization Is The Induction of Immunity After Exposure To

Uploaded by

Copyright:

Available Formats

Epitope Microbe: Active Immunization Is The Induction of Immunity After Exposure To

Uploaded by

Document Information

Original Title

Copyright

Available Formats

Share this document

Share or Embed Document

Sharing Options

Did you find this document useful?

Is this content inappropriate?

Copyright:

Available Formats

Epitope Microbe: Active Immunization Is The Induction of Immunity After Exposure To

Uploaded by

Copyright:

Available Formats

1. Explain the understanding of the following terminologies!

a. An antigen is a substance/molecule that, when introduced into the body,

b. An antibody, also known as an immunoglobulin, is a large Y-shaped protein used by

c. Active immunization is the induction of immunity after exposure to

3. Explain difference between nonspecific body immunity with specific body

Nonspecific immunity is an immunity which the response appeared toward

Specific immunity is an immunity which appeared from two different systems

4. Mention the various T-cell complete wih its own function !

Suppresor T-cell : decrease and stop the immune response

5. Mention things that can cause broken in vaccine !

Sun light destroy BCG vaccine and measles

Antiseptic (alcohol, soap, spiritus) can destroy vaccine

6. State the sites of origin and maturation of B lymphocytes (B cell) and T

7. Suggest why the thymus gland becomes smaller after puberty

9. Explain why B cell devide by mytosis during an immune response

14.Outline the function of B lymphocytes and T lymphocytes and describe how

15.Explain the difference between artificial active immunization (vaccination)

Artificial active immunization involve antigene injection into the body

Artificial passive immunization antibody is extracted from a person injected

16.Explain the advantages of natural passive immunity for newborn infants

17.Explain why malnourished children give very weak responses to vaccines

18.Explain why human cannot produce and effective immune response to an

You might also like

Pfad - The Proxy pFad of © 2024 Garber Painting. All rights reserved.