Dr.

RAM MANOHAR LOHIYA NATIONAL

LAW UNIVERSITY

ACADEMIC SEESION:2020-2021

BASICS OF LEGISLATION

NATIONAL EDUCATION POLICY 2020

Submitted to: Submitted by:

Dr. Shashank Sekhar Saddhvi Nayak

Assistant Professor 200101114

Basics of Legislation 1st semester (Section B)

RMNLU B.A.L.L.B(Hons.)
 CONTENTS

S.NO. Topic Pg.NO.

1. Declaration 3

2. Acknowledgement 4

3. Introduction 5-6

4. History 7-8

5. Development in Indian education system 9

6. Perspective of national education policy 10

7. Changes brought in national education policy 11-14

2020
8. Issues 14-15

9. Conclusion and references 15-16

 DECLARATION

I hereby declare that the project work entitled “National

Education Policy 2020” submitted to the Dr. Ram Manohar
Lohiya National Law University, Lucknow is a record of an
original work done by me under the guidance of Dr. Shashank
Shekhar, faculty of sociology, the Dr. Ram Manohar Lohiya
National Law University and this project is submitted in the
partial fulfillment of the requirements for the award of the
degree of B.A.L.L.B (Hons.). The results embodied in this have
not been submitted to any other University or Institute for the
award of any degree or diploma.
 ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

This research paper would not have been accomplished without the
generous contributions of individuals. First of all, I express my gratitude
to the Almighty, who aided me with his strength, wisdom and patience to
complete this project as a term paper.

Additionally, I express my gratitude and deep regards to my teacher for

the subject Dr. Shashank Shekhar for giving me the freedom to work
on “National Education Policy 2020” and also for her exemplary
guidance, monitoring and constant encouragement throughout the
course of this research paper.

I would also like to thank the authorities of Dr. Madhu Limaye Library
who provided the remote access of the library to provide the research
material.

Moreover, I also thank all my batchmates and seniors who aided me

along the way, and my family and friends for their constant
encouragement without which this assignment would not have been
possible.

I know that despite my best effort some discrepancies might have crept
in which I believe my humble professor would forgive.

THANKING YOU ALL.

Saddhvi Nayak.
 INTRODUCTION

Education comprises knowledge and is very important element of one’s life,

having which you can succeed in life. Having education not only gives knowledge
but also gives the values, discipline which one will cherish in life. Education is
designed to guide people in learning culture, learning to behave in adulthood and
their role in society. Education decides one’s future life, a preteen focused at
studying from his age is destined to be a good person with good values, discipline
and a name in society. There was education in history as well, the adults used to
train young ones giving essential knowledge about society that time. Knowledge ,
values and skills were passed through story telling from generation to generation.
As the world was developing day to day slowly, it’s way of getting education was
also developing. So, “SCHOOL” came in world, now the question arises what is
school. School is an institution where the one’s giving knowledge is called
“TEACHER” and one achieving it is called “STUDENT”. Student goes through
various series of classes and going for higher education. In India, there were
“GURUKUL” first, where the “GURU” used to teach his “SHISHYA” ,which
comprised of male child of every family, who used to stay at Guru’s house . they
used to do all house tasks and in the morning the guru used to give them basic
knowledge about everything. The guru used to make them ready for all the
problems they may get in their future. In the end, the guru used to take his “GURU
DAKSHINA” as his fees for teaching the children, he can ask anything as his guru
dakshina. But the girls were not sent to gurukul, they were taught household things
by their mother. Earlier, everyone believed that a girl is born only to get married,
to give birth and take care of the family. When schools came in India, boys only
were going to school and in that also there was discrimination. Rich parents send
their children for studies and no poor or lower caste child was allowed to enter in
school. Later, they were allowed to enter the school but they used to sit at another
place, not with the rich kids. Discrimination was at its best in education also but
education is for every one regardless of gender, caste, religion, etc. Slowly, girls
also started going to school but in very less number. The rate of literacy in girls
was very less as compared to boys. During British colonial rule, Britishers brought
many education administrations in India but they did not spread the attention of
education among Indians. After getting independence, the literacy rate was only
18.3% out of which female literacy rate was 8.9% and male literacy rate was
27.2%1 . To increase the rate, there were many policies run by government to make
people of India educated and knowledgeable. As a newly independent country,
there were very less resources for quality education. The enrollment rate for
primary school was 43%, children from 11-14 years enrollment rate was 13%.
High school rate was 5.3% and college level rate was 0.33%. The numbers show
how the education in british rule was unproductive . Schedule tribe and schedule
caste did not get any chance to study. With growing modernization and
technologies, the Indian education system was also growing slowly. The literacy
rate was increasing and dropout rate was decreasing. Along with increasing
literacy rate, the population rate of India was also increasing. The policies which
could have easily be available to everyone now it will take time. Now, the literacy
rate has grown but the quality of education has declined. Most of the citizens now
know the importance of education, they are sending their kids, irrespective of
gender, to get knowledge but the quality of education has declined. The
uneducated parents now want their kids to become someone big and do what they
could not do. To maintain the quality of education “NEP 2020” was passed.

1
Pooja Mehta, STATE OF EDUCATION IN INDIA ON THE EVE OF INDEPENDENCE ECONOMICS
DISCUSSION (2015), https://www.economicsdiscussion.net/articles/state-of-education-in-
india-on-the-eve-of-independence/2289 (Jan 19, 2021).
 HISTORY

1968

As stated above, after getting independence, there were many measures taken by
the government to address the problems of illiteracy in rural and urban areas. One
of them was, National Education Policy (1968), in which it covers education in
elementary and higher in both rural and urban areas. The first education minister of
India, Maulana Abdul Kalam Azad, took control over education in whole country
creating a uniform educational system. The government also made some
committee for advancement in education, the first Prime Minister of India, Pandit
Jawaharlal Nehru, adopted The Resolution on Scientific Policy. The government
made a council called “National Council of Educational Research and
Training(NCERT)” in 1961 who would govern and advise both, Union and State
on formulating and implementing education policies. Based on the reports of the
committee , the government under Prime Minister Indira Gandhi, announced the
first national education policy, 1968, in which the education was compulsory till
the age of 14 years. The policy also focused on specializing and qualification of
teachers, also made three languages, Hindi, English and Sanskrit, compulsory for
every Indian to learn. There were many controversies to make Hindi as national
language and it was encouraged uniformly to make Hindi a common language for
all Indians.

1986

After 18 years, i.e., in 1986, the government under Prime Minister Rajiv Gandhi
announced a new National Education Policy. This policy ensured that everyone
gets education especially women, Schedule Tribe and Schedule castes. This policy
launched “child-cent red approach”, “open blackboard” to improve primary
schools, expanded open university with Indira Gandhi National Open University
and created “rural university” based on the philosophy of Leader Mahatama
Gandhi to improve economic and social development in rural areas. This policy
focused on special emphasis on the removal of disparities and to equalize
education opportunity.

1992

In 1992, P. V. Narasimha Rao’s government modified the National Education

Policy 1986 and it was adopted in 2005 by PM Manmohan Singh, which was
recognized as “Common Minimum Programme.” i This policy made a common
entrance in all India bases for admission in technical and professional institutes.
This policy also made three level examination for admission in engineering and
architecture/planning programmes that would reduce the burden on parents and
students which was due to multiplicity of entrance examinations. They are as
follows:

1. JEE
2. AIEEE at national level
3. SLEEE at state level

State level institutes had option to join AIEEE.

i
Examrace Team, JOURNEY OF NATIONAL POLICY OF EDUCATION 1968, 1986 AND 1992
(IMPLEMENTED IN 2005 ) EXAMRACE (2020) ,
https://www.examrace.com/Current-Affairs/NEWS-Journey-of-National-Policy-of-Education-
1968-1986-and-1992-Implemented-in-2005.amp.htm

DEVELPOMENT IN INDIAN EDUCATION SYSTEM

India has seen rise in its educational system and has changed herself according to
global standards of education. As stated above, in history there was gurukul system
for education but after independence there were many changes in India. There has
been rise in literacy rate as well as the number of educational institution in India. If
we see the growth of literacy rate from independence till now, we would see the
growth:

80%

70%

60%

50%
Series 1
40%

30%

20%

10%

0%
1947 1951 2001 2020
I

Kerala is still the most literate state with 93.91% and Bihar is still the least with
63.82%. Right after independence, i.e., in 1947, we had only 19 universities, 400
schools and 5000 students. Now we have 751 universities, 35539 colleges, 1.5
million schools and 26 million students. We made an act, Right to Education Act
which came into force in 2010 which made education a basic right for all children.
This act made private schools to ensure 25% of seats to be allocated for
underprivileged children and free and compulsory education for children aging
between 6 to 14 years.

PERSPECTIVE OF NATIONAL EDUCATION POLICY

National Education Policy 2020 was approved by Union Cabinet of India on 29

July, 2020. It outlines the India’s future in the education system. National education
policy will make the quality of our education system better timely. It wants to make
an India-centric education system that contributes directly to transforming our
nation sustainably into an equitable and vibrant knowledge society. This policy
cannot be implemented in short time, it needs time and availability of the necessary
sources, action need to be taken by concerned groups at different level. For this, the
Central Advisory Board of Education (CABE) should be strengthened as it would
cover most of the aspects and not only remain a forum for widespread of this
policy. Its aim is to increase educational investments for high quality education of
young people. Till now, only 4.43% of GDP (2017-18) is public expenditure on
education and only 10% (2017-18) of total government expenditure on education.
To increase the rate atleast to reach 6% of GDP, we need all state and centre
government to work together. It will be beneficial for India’s economic, cultural,
social, intellectual and technological growth and progress. Financial support will be
provided for crucial elements like universal access, learning resources, nutritional
support, student safety, required staff, etc. This policy also needs to be promoted,
for this we need that some great institutions promote this. The commercialization of
education has been dealt with this policy including : the “light but tight” regulatory
approach that mandates full public self-disclosure of finances, procedure, course
and programme offerings and educational outcomes. Opportunities for cost
recovery without affecting the needy and deserving people will also be checked.
 CHANGES BROUGHT IN NATIONAL EDUCATION
POLICY 2020

There are many changes brought in NEP 2020 so that the public expenditure on
education to increase from 4% to 6% of GDP and to raise the quality of education
in India.

SCHOOL EDUCATION:

 The “10+2” structure of the school is now changed to “5+3+3+4” model

covering ages 3-18 years. The structure now starts from 6 years, i.e., from
class 1. There is no foundation for a child, to make this foundation this policy
has started 3 years “aganwadi” or pre-school to make a child aware of
reading, writing and activity based learning aging from 3 to 6 years. After
that, 2 years of class 1 and 2 aging from 6 to 8 years, which makes total of 5
years called as “foundational” stage. Then the second stage comes which is
of 3 years, i.e., from class 3 to 5 aging from 8 to 11 years called as
“preparatory” stage. Next comes the “middle” stage aging from 11 to 14
years, i.e., from class 6 to 8. Last comes the “secondary” stage aging from
14-19 years, i.e., from class 9 to 12.

 Board exams will be held twice in a year, one objective one descriptive for
class 10 and 12 whose standards will be decided by an assessment body,
PARAKH. Exams will be held in classes 2, 5 and 8 instead of every
academic year. Coding will be introduced from class 6, more focus is that a
student’s health should be fine. In midday meal scheme, breakfast will be
added and counselors should be deployed in schools. Report card will be
informing about students skills, and it’s aim is to lessen load of students and
 make them more “inter-disciplinary” and “multi-lingual.”

HIGHER EDUCATION:

 This section comprises of 4 year multi-disciplinary bachelor’s degree in an

undergraduate programme with many exit options, including professional and
vocational areas and will be executed as follows:

 A certificate after completion of 1 year programme.

 A diploma after completion of 2 year programme.

 A Bachelor’s degree after completion of 3 year programme.

 A multi-disciplinary Bachelor’s degree after completion of 4 year programme.

 MPHIL (Masters of Philosophy) courses are to be discontinued to align degree

education with how it is in Western models.A Higher Education Council of India
(HECI) will come into force to ensure growth of rate of gross enrollment ratio,
having 4 verticals which will be:

 NHERC: National Higher Education Regulatory Council to check higher

education, teacher education excluding medical and legal education.

 NAC: National Accreditation Council.

 HEGC: Higher Education Grants Council to fund and finance colleges and
universities. It will replace councils such as National Council for Teacher
Education (NCTE), All India Council for Technical Education (AICTE)
and the University Grants Commission(UGC).
  GEC: General Education Council to frame graduate attributes. The National
Council for Teacher Education will come under this as a Professional
Standard Setting Body (PSSB). Other PSSB will include professional
councils such as council for architecture, agricultural research, veterinary,
vocational education and training.

 This policy also gives NTA (National Testing Agency) the responsibility for
conducting entrance exams for admission in universities in addition to IIT and
NEET. This policy says that higher education institutes to make changes for
diversity in learning of students. Foreign universities can now open in India, this
will make increase in the GDP of education system. The fees of public and private
sector universities and colleges will be fixed.

TEACHER EDUCATION:

This policy makes sure that students at all level are taught by motivated, qualified,
professional, trained and well-equipped teachers. So to ensure this, the policy will
strengthen and make transparent the recruitment process of teachers. For becoming a
trained and qualified teacher, one should have a minimum of 4 year Bachelor of
Education degree by 2030. Also, NCTE by 2021, will frame a national curriculum
framework for teacher education and by 2022, a professional standards for teachers.

LANGUAGES AND OTHER CHANGES:

This policy promotes usage of mother tongue and regional languages, it ensures that
medium of instruction and communication has to be done in mother tongue until class 5.
It states no languages will be imposed on students as NEP is a broad guideline and it is
upon the schools, institutions and states to decide the implementation of foreign and
sanskrit languages. It will be more clear in National Curriculum Framework in 2021.
There are many other institutions that have been given legislative permission to be
formed such as National Education Commission, Academic Bank of Credit, National
Research Foundation, Special Eduaction Zones, Gender Inclusion Fund and National
Educational Technology Forum. It also proposed many language institutions such as
Indian Institute of Translation and Interpretation and National Institute / Institutes for
Pali, Persian and Prakrit.

ISSUES

National Education Policy 2020 is best policy for education till date and will bring
ambitious changes in education of India into a modern, progressive and equitable.
Successful execution of this policy is a little bit dramatic as concerned to decision
making structures and budget in years to come. There are some problems that are
concerning such as:

The inter-disciplinary higher education demands a cultural change of Indians which is

really tough. When Britishers taught English and asked a girl to come and learn, we
thought that they are making us like them. It’s a very welcomed step but requires a
cultural shift of Indians.The need of well trained teachers is also very great but the
recruitment of teachers cannot be made transparent unless the one sitting for taking
teachers is loyal. Government wanting that is just not sufficient. We also need funds for
colleges and universities which is kind of really tough job during this time of pandemic.
Everyone is facing financial issue because of this covid-19 era and then giving funds is
not possible. To increase the gross enrollment ratio of India by 2035, we need to open a
new university or college every week which is next to possible task. We should open
university or college very week for next 15 years to reach the estimated rate and that is
undoubtedly a massive challenge seeing the condition of this time.

CONCLUSION
The policy is very awesome for our country and for its effect we have to very patient
and smart. The policy needs our support and time to make India among the best in the
field of education and having knowledge about everything. The goals of this policy is
really high and it may take time but it will reach there. The education quality in India is
growing day by day and has come a long way since Independence. It’s high time, we
have to change our minds, perspective and point of view and see the positive side. India
being a secular country, before implying any policy, it is seen that there is no harm to
any religion and then onlu it is implied and we have to respect that. This policy also has
done many changes in the languages but made sure no one’s sentiment is hurt. The
policy will be a success in the coming time.

REFERENCES

 Pooja Mehta, STATE OF EDUCATION IN INDIA ON THE EVE OF INDEPENDENCE ECONOMICS

DISCUSSION (2015), https://www.economicsdiscussion.net/articles/state-of-education-in-india-
on-the-eve-of-independence/2289

 NEP 2020: Implementation of New Education Policy in our education system, HINDUSTAN
TIMES (2020), https://www.hindustantimes.com/education/nep-2020-implementation-of-new-
education-policy-in-our-education-system/story-
bw4OiekFCamI7NPoNkgAoJ.html#:~:text=The%20Union%20cabinet%20in%20July,pre
%2Dschool%20to%20secondary%20level.&text=55%20PM%20IST-,The%20Union
%20cabinet%20in%20July%202020%20approved%20the%20New%20Education,pre
%2Dschool%20to%20secondary%20level.

 Ritika Chopra, EXPLAINED: INDIA'S NATIONAL EDUCATION POLICY, 2020 THE INDIAN EXPRESS
(2021), https://indianexpress.com/article/explained/reading-new-education-policy-india-
schools-colleges-6531603/

 Drishti IAS, NATIONAL EDUCATION POLICY, 2020 DRISHTI IAS (2020),

https://www.drishtiias.com/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/national-education-policy-2020

 Ritika Chopra, EXPLAINED: INDIA'S NATIONAL EDUCATION POLICY, 2020 THE INDIAN EXPRESS
(2021), https://indianexpress.com/article/explained/reading-new-education-policy-india-
schools-colleges-6531603/